The 

Howell  Collection 

OF   HISTORICAL 
MATERIALS 


Presented  by  Kay  Kyser 

And  his  Mother 

Emily  Royster  Howell  Kyser 

As  a  Memorial 

To  her  Brother 

Edward  Vernon  Howell 

Dean  School  of  Pharmacy 

1897-1931 


THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF 

NORTH   CAROLINA 

LIBRARY 

C378  v.l 

UE1  c.9 


FOR  USE  ONLY  IN 
NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLE< 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill 


http://archive.org/details/historyofuniversOObatt 


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-&—> 


HISTORY 


OF  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


FROM  ITS  BEGINNING  TO  THE  DEATH  OF 
PRESIDENT  SWAIN,   1789-1868 


BY 

KEMP  P.  BATTLE, 

ALUMNI  PROFESSOR  OF  HISTORY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY 


VOLUME  I. 

TO  BE  FOLLOWED  BY  VOLUME  II,  BRINGING  THE  HISTORY  TO  THE 

PRESENT  TIME 


*fc 


PRINTED   FOR   THE   AUTHOR    BY 

Edwards  &  Brocghton  Printing  Company.  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
1907 


Copyright,  1907, 
By  Kemp  P.  Battle. 


to  the  memory  of 

my  father  and  mother,  who 

instilled  into  my  brain  and  heart  from 

earliest  boyhood 

pride  in  and  affection  for  my  alma  mater, 

this  book  is  lovingly  dedicated. 

Kemp  Plummer  Battle. 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  history  was  written  amid  many  interruptions.  Some- 
times long  intervals  elapsed  before  the  pen  could  be  resumed. 
I  certainly  aimed  at  accuracy.  If  there  is  any  failure  in  this 
regard  it  is  accidental.  Similar  disturbances  during  the  im- 
portant process  of  proof-reading  caused  errors,  but  they  do  not 
obscure  the  meaning.  The  book  is  larger  than  I  expected,  and 
hence  some  of  the  half-tones  prepared  for  this  volume  will  be 
reserved  for  its  successor.  Except  where  absolutely  necessary 
for  true  portraiture,  I  have  carefully  refrained  from  wounding 
the  feelings  of  any  one. 

It  may  be  said  that  I  have  dwelt  too  much  on  the  pranks  and 
frolics  of  students.  My  reason  for  detailing  them  is  that  they 
show,  first,  the  social  habits  of  the  people  generally,  because  the 
University  is  a  microcosm  of  the  State,  and,  second,  they  were 
largely  caused  by  the  defective  system  of  discipline. 

I  have  endeavored  to  follow  the  careers  in  after-life  of  the 
honor  men.  It  will  be  seen  that  a  common  belief  that  success 
at  the  University  is  no  indication  of  success  afterwards  is  alto- 
gether erroneous.  I  have  endeavored  also  to  note  distinctions 
won  by  any  who  did  not  attain  honors.  In  the  Appendix,  as 
far  as  our  records  show,  the  positions,  however  humble,  held 
by  our  alumni  in  the  Confederate  Army,  are  given. 

It  may  be  objected  that  the  subjects  of  the  speeches  by  gradu- 
ates unnecessarily  encumber  the  volume.  My  reasons  for  re- 
cording them  are,  ist,  that  they  show  what  the  students  were 
thinking  about,  and,  2d,  that  the  students  of  the  present  and 
future  may  have  a  treasure-house  of  themes,  which  may  aid 
them  in  solving  the  difficult  question,  "what  must  I  write 
about?" 

I  acknowledge  with  the  deepest  gratitude  my  obligations  to 
Professor  Collier  Cobb,  for  aid  in  obtaining  the  faithful 
half-tones  which  grace  the  book,  to  Dr.  J.  G.  deR.  Hamil- 
ton, for  the  preparation  of  the  very  laborious  and  thorough 
index,  and  to  Dr.  C.  L.  Raper,  for  assistance  in  reading  proofs 
of  the  first  part  of  the  volume. 


VI  INTRODUCTION. 

One  fact,  not  appearing  on  any  record  at  Chapel  Hill,  has 
come  to  my  knowledge  since  the  volume  was  printed,  that  the 
Delta  Psi  Fraternity,  with  a  large  membership,  was  in  the  Uni- 
versity from  1854  until  some  time  during  the  war.  I  will  be 
glad  if  all  who  may  notice  such  derelictions  will  notify  me  of 
the  same.  I  promise  to  give  the  proper  corrections  in  the 
second  volume. 

I  further  express  my  thanks  to  the  Honorable  Board  of 
Trustees  for  giving  me  free  access  to  the  University  archives. 
I  have  explored  them  industriously,  and  used  them  with  pains- 
taking endeavor  to  be  accurate. 


CONTENTS. 


Chapter  I  to  p.  136. 

Constitution  of  1776  and  Charter  of 
1789 — The  Trustees,  First  meetings — Lo- 
cation of  Site — donors — Laying  Corner- 
tone — Sale  of  Chapel  Hill  lots — Mc- 
^orckle's  Plan  of  Studies;  Dr.  Ker, 
Presiding  Professor;  Opening  day — 
Hinton  James,  the  first  student;  Charles 
W.  Harris,  Professor  of  Mathematics; 
First  Public  Examination;  Grammar 
School:  The  Literary  Societies;  The 
Pettigrew  Letters;  Davie's  Plan  of 
Education;  By-Laws;  Coming  of  Joseph 
aldwell  as  Professor  of  Mathematics; 
His  first  impressions  of  the  State  and 
Jniversity.  Resignation  and  career  of 
Dr.  Ker;  Harris,  his  successor;  His 
Resignation  and  career.  Caldwell  suc- 
ceeds, gives  place  to  Gillaspie;  Exami- 
nation of  1797.  Early  donations:  Gov- 
rnor  Benjamin  Smith,  General  Thomas 
3erson,  Major  Gerrard ;  Subscriptions; 
iOtteries;  Gifts  by  Ladies  of  Newbern 
nd   Raleigh. 

Chapter  II  to  p.  230. 

Gift  of  confiscated  Property  by  the 
General  Assembly;  Extremely  unpopu- 
ar;  Repealed  and  Escheats  also  taken 
way;  Xewspaper  attacks  on  the  Uni- 
■ersity  and  defence  by  Caldwell;  His 
lefence  of  State  institutions;  Receipts 
rom  restored  Escheats;  First  Graduate.? 
798;  Disorders  under  Gillaspie;  Strict- 
ures on  Professor  Holmes;  Retirement 
f  Gillaspie;  Caldwell  again  Presiding; 
Graduates  of  1799:  of  1800;  Professor 
L  D.  Murphey;  Graduates  of  1801; 
'rofessor  Win.  Bingham;  Graduates  of 
802;  1803;  1804;  Recollections  of  Dr. 
fan.  Hooper:  Caldwell  elected  President 
804;    Graduates   of    1805;    Davie   leaves 


the  State;  his  Farewell  Letter;  Furthei 
Recollections  of  Dr.  Hooper;  Graduates 
of  1806,  1807,  1808,  1809:  Abner  W. 
Clopton;  Graduates  of  1810;  Diploma 
of  Dr.  David  Caldwell;.  Graduates  of 
1811,  1812:  By-Laws;  The  early  Stew- 
ards: Behavior  of  Old-time  Students;  A 
Duel,  others  threatened;  Col.  Polk's 
strong  denunciation  of  them;  Orgies  of 
22d  February;  The  Rebellion  against  the 
Monitor  law:  The  great  Secession;  Cald- 
well's Allegory;  Letters  of  Chambers 
and  Conner:  Davie's  letter  on  the  sub- 
ject; Faculty  firm  for  subordination; 
students  quail  on  another  question. 
Sayings  and  incidents  of  a  comical 
nature. 

Chapter  III  to  p.  324. 

Dr.  Chapman,  President;  Caldwell, 
Professor  of  Mathematics;  Difficulties 
with  students;  The  Shepard  Rebellion; 
Chapman  resigns,  1816,  His  Career; 
Caldwell  again  President;  Graduates  of 
1813,  1814,  1815;  Commencement  Exer- 
cises, 1816;  Mitchell,  Olmsted  and 
Kolloch  Professors;  Sketches  of  Mitchell 
and  Kolloch:  Enlarged  Curriculum; 
Letters  of  Students;  Uniform;  The  Vil- 
lage, Moseley's  description;  Conduct  of 
Students;  Amendments  to  Charter;  Old 
East  enlarged,  OL.  West  built;  Gerrard 
Hall  begun;  End  of  Grammar  School; 
Commencement  of  1820;  1821;  Ethan  A. 
Andrews  in  place  of  Hooper;  Commence- 
ment of  1822:  Olmsted  State  Geologist, 
then  Mitchell;  Commencement  of  1823; 
The  "Fox-hall"  (Vauxhall)  spree;  Cald- 
well's visit  to  Europe;  Commencement 
of  1824;  College  Pranks;  Olmsted  re- 
signs; Sketch  of  him;  Commencement  of 
1825;  Typhoid  fever;  New  By-laws; 
Protests     of     Faculty;     Social     Life     in 


V.ll 


CONTENTS. 


Chapel  Hill  in  the  twenties;  Commence- 
ment of  1826,  1827;  Judge  Murphey's 
address;  Commencement  of  1828;  An- 
drews resigns;  Troublesome  Escheats; 
Commencement  of  1829. 

Chapter  IV  to  p.  526. 
Commencement  of  1830;  University  in 
debt;  applies  to  Legislature;  Relief  of- 
fered refused;  The  Observatory;  Mrs. 
Roy  all;  Commencement  of  1831;  Insti- 
tute of  Education;  Temperance  Society; 
The  Dromgoole  Myth;  Commencement 
of  1832;  Gaston's  Address,  Plea  for 
Balls;  Effort  to  remove  University  to 
Raleigh;  Commencement  of  1833,  1834; 
Bandy;  Recommendations  of  Professors; 
The  Harbinger,  some  articles  reviewed; 
Sale  of  Tennessee  Land  Warrants;  His- 
tory of;  Creation  of  Executive  Com- 
mittee; Manly  appointed  to  close  out  all 
University  interests;  Success;  History  of 
University  Library;  Death  of  Caldwell; 
Mitchell  President  pro  .tempore;  Ander- 
son's Eulogy;  Caldwell's  Faculty; 
Sketch  of  Hentz  and  others;  Commence- 
ment of  1835;  Election  of  Swain;  His 
sketch;  Commencement  of  1836,  1837; 
Mitchell's  recommendations;  Dr.  Hooper 
again  resigns — His  sketch;  Commence- 
ment of  1838;  Dr.  Mitchell's  Bursar  Re- 
ports; Rock-walls;  The  abortive  Del- 
phian Society;  Separate  chairs  of  Greek 
and  Latin;  Profs.  Fetter  over  Greek,  DeB. 
Hooper,  Latin;  Irregularities  of  conduct 
by  students;  Fruitless  movement  for 
Chaplain;  Rev.  W.  M.  Green  acting 
Chaplain  and  Professor;  Commencement 
of  1839;  The  Maultby  difficulty;  Report 
of  Governor  Dudley;  Troubles  of  Dis- 
cipline; Salaries;  Change  of  Raleigh 
road;  Commencement  of  1840,  1841, 
1842;  Bibles  to  Graduates;  Secret  Fra- 
ternities forbidden;  Episcopal  Church 
organized.  Commencement  of  1843; 
Alumni  Association  organized;  Com- 
mencement  of   1844;    The   Historical   So- 


ciety; University  Magazine  of  1844; 
Abortive  University  Cemetery  planned; 
Commencement  of  1845;  Law  Depart- 
ment added;  Commencement  of  1846; 
Donations  to  Historical  Society;  Death 
of  Mrs.  Caldwell;  President  Polk's  Com- 
mencement, 1847 ;  Address  of  John  Y. 
Mason:  Captain  Maury;  Commencement 
of  1848;  New  Society  Halls;  Dr.  Deems 
and  Prof.  J.  DeB.  Hooper  resign; 
Sketches  of  them;  Dr.  Hubbard  takes  the 
Latin  Chair;  Sketch  of  him;  Compulsory 
Chapel  Worship  question;  The  Presby- 
terian Church;  Commencement  of  1849; 
Rev.  A.  M.  Shipp  Professor  of  English 
Literature  and  History;  Campus  im- 
provement. 

Chapter  V   (IV  by  mistake)    to  p.  615 

Recollections  of  U.  N.  G  in  the  40's;; 
Trustees;  Swain  described;  Anecdotes 
and  Peculiarities;  Faculty  meetings;: 
Conduct  towards  the  N".  C.  Railroad ;  I 
Professors  described,  Mitchell,  Phillips, 
Fetter,  Hooper,  Green,  Deems,  Battle, 
Graves,  Charles  Phillips,  Brown,  S.  F. 
Phillips — Their  peculiarities ;  "Bedevel- 
ing"  the  Faculty;  Curriculum  Exercises; 
Senior  Speeches;  Ante-sunrise  Prayers; 
The  Discipline;  Examinations;  The  Two 
Societies ;  Commencements — the  Mar- 
shals, Band,  Ball  Manager,  Supper. 
Facetiae — Funny  and  Absurd;  Hazing, 
Practical  Jokes;  Parody  on  Byron; 
Bathos;  The  Literary  Trumpet;  Amuse- 
ments; Athletics;  Strolls,  Marbles, 
Bandy  (or  Shinny)  ;  Dancing,  Hunting; 
Care  of  the  sick;  Social  Amusements; 
Bad  Roads;  Mails;  Music;  College  Car- 
penter, Davis,  Boot -maker;  Servants; 
Ben  Boothe,  Sam  Morphis,  George  Hor- 
ton,  the  poet;  Night  suppers;  Andrew 
Mason;  Yatney;  Jack  and  dies.  Mer- 
ritt,  the  coon  hunters;  Couch;  The  Vil- 
lage; Drs.  Jones,  Moore,  Yancey;  Deaf 
and  Dumb  Yancey;  Sale  of  lots;  Mis? 
Nancy  Hilliard;  Mrs.  Nunn;  Campus 
and   Cuddie. 


CONTENTS. 


IX 


Chapter  VI  to  p.  785. 

Commencement  of  1850;  Smith  Hall; 
Dangerous  Riot ;  Methodist  Church  built ; 
Fraternities  begin;  Office  of  Escheator- 
General  created;  the  David  Allison  Es- 
cheat; Commencement  of  1851,  andlS52; 
Students  against  Faculty  on  appointment 
of  a  sub-Marshal.  University  Magazine 
of  1852-1801;  Commencement  of  1853, 
1854;  Charles  Phillips  Professor  of  Civil 
Engineering;  B.  S.  Hedrick,  of  Applica- 
tion of  Chemistry  to  Agriculture  and 
the-  Arts;  Increase  of  Numbers;  Laws 
Revised ;  Baptist  Church  built ;  Com- 
mencement of  1855;  New  Salaries; 
Burning  of  Belfry;  Case  of  Professor 
Hedrick;  The  Herrisse  Controversy; 
New  Buildings,  Professors  and  Depart- 
ments; The  Curriculum;  Preparation  for 
Admission;  Commencement  of  1850;  In- 
vitation to  Archbishop  Hughes;  Com- 
mencement of  1857;  Death  of  Dr. 
Mitchell:  His  successor,  Martin;  Com- 
mencement of  1858;  Lawlessness — the 
President's  Circular;  New  Caldwell 
Monument;  Changes  in  Faculty;  The 
Buchanan  Commencement.  1859 ;  Disas- 
trous Investment;  Commencement  of 
1800;  Attendance  on  Sunday  services; 
Drs.  Shipp  and  Wheat  leave ;  Commence- 


ment of  1801;  Salaries  lowered;  Hard 
Times;  Commencement  of  1802  and 
1803;  Eise  of  Prices  and  Depreciation  of 
Currency;  Exemption  of  Students;  Col. 
Martin  joins  army;  Commencement  of 
1804;  Gold  Bond;  Cutting  University 
trees;  Wheeler's  Cavalry  and  Kil- 
patrick's  in  Chapel  Hill;  Mrs.  Spencer's 
elegiac  ode;  Feeling  of  Chapel  Hillians; 
Commencement  of  1805;  University  stu- 
dents in  the  war;  Commencement  of 
1800;  Securities  lost;  Transfer  of  Land 
Grant;  Death  of  Dr.  James  Phillips; 
President  Johnson's  Commencement, 
1867;  Seward  and.  Sickles;  Dwindling  of 
Faculty;  Plan  of  Reorganization;  Com- 
mencement of  1868;  History  of  Ex- 
penses ;  Reconstruction ;  Treasurer 
Manly's  Report;  Swain  not  recognized; 
He  Protests;  His  Death;  Improvements 
during  his  administration;  Scholarship; 
Successes  of  Alumni;  The  Displaced 
Professors;   The  two  Societies. 

Appendix. 

List  of  Graduates  and  of  successful 
Alumni;  List  of  Trustees  from  1789; 
List  of  Executive  Committee  from  1835; 
List  of  Subscriptions  to  Start  the  Uni- 
versity;   Murphy's  Statistics  of  Alumni. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


W.  R.  Davie,  Frontispiece.  page. 

Old  East  Building  (drawn  by  John  Pettigrew,  a  student  in  1797). 

Old  East  Building (50 

Joseph  Caldwell 172 

Dialectic  Society  Diploma  of  1807 182 

Philanthropic  Society  Diploma  of  1809 184 

U.  N.  C  Diploma  of  1809 184 

Old  West  Building,  Gerard  Hall,  South  side,  before  removal  of 

porch  280 

U.  N.  C.  Diploma  of  1820 284 

Philanthropic  Society  Diploma  of  1820 284 

Dialectic  Society  Diploma  of  1820 284 

Wm.  Hooper 416 

James  Phillips 416 

Elisha  Mitchell 416 

Shepherd  K.  Kolloch 416 

Charles  W.  Harris : 416 

D.  L.  Swain 422 

Judge  Dick's  Spring,  walled  up  by  him,  1840..... 480 

Will.  H.  Battle 494 

Manuel  Fetter 542 

W.  M.  Green 542 

J.  De  Berniere  Hooper.... 542 

Charles  Force  Deems 542 

Fordyce  M.  Hubbard 542 

Charles  Phillips 550 

Ral ph  H .  Graves.  Sr 550 

John  Kimberly 550 

View  from  the  Old  Athletic  Field  616 

Smith  Hall 616 

View  taken  1852,  showing  old  Belfry,  South  Building 632 

New  West  Building 652 

New  East  Building 652 

Wm.  J.  Martin 684 

Albert  M.  Shipp 684 

John  T.  Wheat 684 

B.  S.  Hedrick 684 

Hildreth  M.  Smith 684 

Caldwell  Monument 602 


History  of  University  of  North  Carolina. 


CHAPTER  I. 

The  Charter  and  Organization. 

It  might  be  claimed  that  the  Centennial  year  of  American 
Independence  was  likewise  the  Centennial  year  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina,  although  the  charter  was  not  granted 
until  1789. 

In  December,  1776,  a  Convention,  then  called  Congress,  of 
enlightened  men  met  at  Halifax  to  form  a  Constitution  for  the 
new  free  State  of  North  Carolina,  under  whose  protection  the 
people  could  maintain  the  independence  they  had  declared  a 
few  months  before. 

Without  an  army  or  navy,  they  had  entered  on  a  war  for 
existence  with  a  nation  powerful,  populous  and  wealthy,  having 
the  tradition  of  invincibility,  which  had,  under  Marlborough, 
within  the  century,  broken  the  power  of  the  Great  Louis  of 
France — had,  with  heavy  hand,  crushed  the  fortunes  of  the 
Pretender  at  Culloden — had  sent  Wolfe  to  storm  the  Heights 
of  Quebec;  had  swept  the  seas  with  her  fleets.  The  Revolu- 
tion, if  it  failed,  was  Rebellion.  The  penalty  of  defeat  was  the 
doom  of  traitors.  The  State  had  barely  two  hundred  thousand 
inhabitants,  widely  scattered,  and  badly  armed,  and  divided  in 
sentiment.  But,  notwithstanding  these  odds,  this  Congress, 
with  wisdom  unparalleled  and  faith  approaching  sublimity, 
provided  for  the  interest  of  unborn  children.  They  knew  that 
those  children  would  not  be  capable  of  freedom  without  educa- 
tion. They  knew  that  there  could  be  no  education  without 
teachers.  They  knew  that  teachers  could  not  be  procured  with- 
out colleges.  They  knew  that  their  leaders  in  the  pulpit  and  in 
civil  offices  had  received  their  education  in  distant  States  and 
even  in  the  mother  country  across  the  ocean.  They  resolved 
that  their  youth,  seeking  intellectual  advancement,  should  not 
be  temporarily  expatriated  in  order  to  obtain  it.  They  made 
the  requirement  of  the  University  a  part  of  the  fundamental 
law.     On  the  18th  of  December,  1776,  in  the  Constitution  of 


2  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

the  new  State,  then  first  adopted,  are  found  these  golden  words, 
written  amid  storms  and  thunderings,  to  be  made  good  when 
the  sun  shone  on  a  free  and  united  people :  "All  useful  learn- 
ing shall  be  duly  encouraged  and  promoted  in  one  or  more 
universities." 

Tradition  has  it  that  this  provision  in  the  Constitution  was 
due  to  the  Scotch-Irish  of  Mecklenburg.  Smarting  under  re- 
sentment caused  by  the  disapproval  by  the  Crown  of  the  charter 
of  Queen's  College,  its  friends  procured  from  the  people  of  the 
county  a  positive  instruction  to  their  delegates  to  the  Halifax 
Congress  of  1776  to  provide  for  a  State  college.  Among  these 
delegates  was  Waightstill  Avery,  a  graduate  of  Princeton,  like- 
wise a  member  of  the  committee  which  reported  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  the  tradition  which  credits  him  with  being  the  drafts- 
man of  the  University  and  public  school  clause  is  certainly 
plausible. 

That  our  forefathers  thought  that  the  University  and  the 
public  school  system  were  necessarily  part  of  one  organism  is 
proved  by  their  connection  in  the  Constitution.  The  section 
in  which  the  General  Assembly  is  commanded  to  provide  the 
University  is  as  follows:  Section  41 — "A  school,  or  schools, 
shall  be  established  by  the  legislature  for  the  convenient  in- 
struction of  youth,  with  such  salaries  to  the  masters,  paid  by 
the  public,  as  may  enable  them  to  instruct  at  low  prices :  and  all 
useful  learning  shall  be  duly  encouraged  and  promoted  in  one 
or  more  universities."  It  was  clear  to  the  statesmen  of  a  hun- 
dred years  ago,  and  it  ought  not  to  require  argument  to  prove 
it.  that  money  spent  for  schools  without  providing  teachers  is 
mere  waste  and  folly.  And  certainly  our  forefathers  who, 
with  their  hearts  sore  from  the  attempted  domination  of  the 
Church  of  England  in  colonial  times,  inserted  in  the  Constitu- 
tion that,  "no  clergyman,  or  preacher  of  the  gospel,  of  any 
denomination,  shall  be  capable  of  being  a  member,  either  of  the 
Senate.  House  of  Commons,  or  Council  of  State,  while  he  con- 
tinues in  the  exercise  of  the  pastoral  function,"  together  with 
other  provisions,  completely  severing  the  connection  between  the 
Church  and  the  State,  never  designed  that  state  schools  should 
look  to  religious  colleges  exclusively  for  their  teachers,  nor  did 
they  wish  to  be  dependent  on  other  States. 


CHARTER  A2\D   ORGANIZATION.  3 

During  the  War  of  the  Revolution  the  mandate  of  the  Consti- 
tution lay  dormant.  Inter  anna  silent  leges.  When  Caswell 
and  Ljllington  were  beating  McDonald  at  Moore's  Creek 
Bridge,  and  Campbell,  Shelby,  Cleveland,  Sevier,  Williams  and 
McDowell  were  capturing  Ferguson's  forces  at  King's  Moun- 
tain, and  Cornwallis  and  Greene  were  wrestling  for  the  victory 
at  Guilford,  and  Fanning  was  carrying  as  prisoner  from  Hills- 
boro  the  Governor  of  our  State,  and  the  momentous  question 
whether  our  ancestors  were  patriots  or  traitors,  was  still  unde- 
cided, there  was  no  time  for  erecting  universities.  And  after 
the  war,  industry  must  have  time  for  restoring  plenty  to  wasted 
lands  and  statesmanship  to  form  a  settled  government  in  the 
place  of  a  nerveless  confederacy.  In  the  month  of  November, 
1789,  our  State,  after  a  hesitation  of  a  year,  entered  the  Ameri- 
can Union.  In  the  month  of  December,  as  if  forming  part  of 
a  comprehensive  plan,  the  charter  of  the  University,  under  the 
powerful  advocacy  of  Davie,  was  granted  by  the  General  As- 
sembly. The  Trustees  under  the  charter  comprised  great  men 
of  the  State,  good  men  of  the  State,  trusted  leaders  of  the 
people. 

The  first  named,  and  the  chairman,  was  Governor  Samuel 
Johnston,  who,  in  legislative,  executive  and  judicial  stations,  in 
war  and  peace,  left  the  impress  of  his  wise  conservatism  on  the 
State.  There  were  James  Iredell,  one  of  the  earliest  Judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  Alfred  Moore, 
his  successor  in  this  high  office.  There  were  the  first  Federal 
District  Judge,  Colonel  John  Stokes,  and  John  Sitgreaves,  his 
successor. 

There  were  the  three  signers  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States:  Hugh  Williamson,  the  historian  William 
Blount,  afterwards  Senator  of  the  United  States  from  Ten- 
nessee, and  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  who  left  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  when  scarcely  of  age,  to  fight  for  the  independence  of 
his  native  State.  He  served  as  delegate  to  the  Congress  of  the 
Confederation,  and  of  the  United  States,  and  as  Governor  of 
North  Carolina.  Of  others  destined  to  be  Governors,  there 
were  Samuel  Ashe,  then  Judge,  Benjamin  Williams,  and  the 
first  benefactor  of  the  University,  Benjamin  Smith,  and  Wil- 
liam Richardson  Davie,  its  father.     There  were  militarv  men. 


4  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  Otf  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

who  had  been  conspicuous  fighters  in  the  Revolution:  General 
Joseph  Graham,  scarred  with  wounds  in  the  defence  of  Char- 
lotte under  Davie,  the  father  of  the  revered  statesman,  William 
A.  Graham,  whose  last  public  appearance  was  in  behalf  of  the 
University;  General  Thomas  Person,  whose  hatred  of  injus- 
tice began  with  the  disastrous  struggles  of  the  Regulation, 
William  Lenoir,  Joseph  McDowell,  the  elder,  and  Joseph  Dixon 
(or  Dickson),  who  aided  in  thwarting  the  plans  of  Cornwallis 
by  the  capture  of  Ferguson  at  King's  Mountain ;  Henry  William 
Harrington,  an  active  militia  general  in  service  on  our  south- 
ern borders. 

Of  the  State  judiciary  we  find  three  judges  under  the  court 
law  of  1777 — Samuel  Spencer,  John  Williams,  and  Samuel 
Ashe,  already  mentioned,  whose  name  is  worthily  represented 
by  his  descendants,  Thomas  Samuel  Ashe,  late  of  Anson,  and 
Samuel  A.  Ashe,  of  Raleigh;  and  of  others  distinguished  in 
the  history  of  the  State — Archibald  McLaine  and  Willie  Jones, 
bold  and  active  patriots,  Stephen  Cabarrus,  long  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  John  Haywood,  the  popular  State 
Treasurer.  There  were  the  first  two  Senators  of  the  United 
States — Samuel  Johnston  and  Benjamin  Hawkins,  and  of  those 
destined  to  be  members  of  the  lower  House  of  Congress  were 
Charles  Johnson,  then  Speaker  of  the  State  Senate,  who  had 
fought  for  the  Stuarts  at  Culloden,  James  Holland  of  Guilford, 
Alexander  Mebane  of  Orange,  Joseph  Winston  of  Surry,  and 
William  Barry  Grove  of  Cumberland.  We  find  in  the  list 
John  Hay,  the  eminent  lawyer  of  Fayetteville,  who  gave  his 
name  to  Haymount;  James  Hogg,  an  enlightened  merchant 
of  Fayetteville  and  of  Hillsboro ;  Adlai  Osborne,  the  highly 
esteemed  Clerk  of  Rowan  Superior  Court ;  the  eminent  teacher 
and  divine,  Rev.  Samuel  E.  McCorkle,  D.D. ;  and  prominent 
and  useful  members  of  the  State  legislature,  Frederick  Har- 
gett,  Senator  of  Jones,  Robert  W.  Snead,  Senator  of  Onslow, 
Joel  Lane,  Senator  from  Wake,  owner  of  the  land  bought  for 
the  site  of  the  city  of  Raleigh,  John  Macon,  Senator  of  War- 
ren, brother  of  the  more  eminent  Nathaniel  Macon,  John  Ham- 
ilton, commoner  of  Guilford,  William  Porter,  commoner  of 
Rutherford,  and  Robert  Dickson  of  Duplin. 

The  moving  spirit  of  this  distinguished  band  was  William 


CHARTER  AND  ORGANIZATION.  5 

Richardson  Davie.  He  was  no  common  man.  He  had  been  a 
gallant  cavalry  officer  in  the  Revolution.  He  had  been  a 
strong  staff  on  which  Greene  had  leaned.  He  had  been  con- 
spicuous in  civil  pursuits ;  an  able  lawyer,  an  orator  of  wide 
influence.  With  Washington  and  Madison,  and  other  great 
men,  he  had  assisted  in  evolving  the  grandest  government  of 
all  ages,  the  American  Union,  out  of  an  ill-governed  and  disin- 
tegrated confederacy.  He  was  beyond  his  times  in  the  advo- 
cacy of  a  broad,  generous  education.  His  portrait  has  been 
drawn  by  a  masterly  hand,  Judge  Archibald  Murphey,  one  of 
the  most  progressive  and  scholarly  men  our  State  has  known. 
In  his  speech  before  the  two  Societies  at  Chapel  Hill  in  1827 
he  says :  "Davie  was  a  tall,  elegant  man  in  his  person,  graceful 
and  commanding  in  his  manners.  His  voice  was  mellow,  and 
adapted  to  the  expression  of  every  passion ;  his  mind  compre- 
hensive yet  slow  in  its  operations,  when  compared  with  his 
great  rival  (Moore)  ;  his  style  was  magnificent  and  flowing;  he 
had  a  greatness  of  manner  in  public  speaking  which  suited  his 
style,  and  gave  to  his  speeches  an  imposing  effect.  He  was  a 
laborious  student,  arranged  his  discourses  with  care,  and  where 
the  subject  merited  his  genius,  poured  forth  a  torrent  of  elo- 
quence that  astonished  and  enraptured  his  audience," 

He  had,  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1787,  at  a  criti- 
cal moment,  caused  the  vote  of  North  Carolina,  then  one  of 
the  large  States,  to  be  cast  for  a  compromise,  the  equality  of 
States  in  the  Senate,  without  which  union  would  have  been  im- 
possible. In  the  State  Conventions  of  1788  and  1789  he  had 
advocated  the  adoption  of  the  new  Constitution  with  equal 
ability.  It  was  his  foresight  and  wisdom  which  provided  the 
University,  by  whose  means  North  Carolina  could  keep  pace  in 
culture  and  influence  with  her  sisters.  He  drew  for  the  Uni- 
versity the  Plan  of  Studies  pursued  for  many  years,  and  main- 
tained its  interest  by  his  purse,  his  eloquence,  his  counsels,  and 
constant  attention  to  its  exercises.  The  Dialectic  Society  is 
the  fortunate  owner  of  an  excellent  portrait  of  this  great  rrtan — 
the  picture  of  a  man  of  military  bearing,  strikingly  handsome, 
a  gentleman,  a  scholar  and  a  statesman. 

Such  were  the  guardians  into  whose  care  the  General  Assem- 
bly committed  the  institution  provided  for  trie  youth  of  North 


6  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Carolina.  Six  of  them — McLean,  Person,  Ashe,  Jones,  Lane 
and  Mebane — were  carrying  into  effect  the  mandate  of  the  Con- 
stitution for  which  as  members  of  the  Halifax  Congress  of 
1776  they  had  voted.  Twenty-three,  viz:  Hargett,  Smith,  Mc- 
Dowell, Hay,  Grove,  Cabarrus,  Samuel  Johnston,  Charles  John- 
son, Robert  Dickson,  Hamilton,  Person,  Sneed,  Mebane, 
Stokes,  Holland,  Winston,  Blount,  Williamson,  Hawkins,  Lane, 
Lenoir,  Davie,  and  Porter,  were  members  of  the  Convention  of 
1789,  and  of  them  only  Dickson,  Hamilton,  Person,  and  Lenoir 
voted  against  the  ratification  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States. 

The  charter,  granted  by  the  General  Assembly,  was  ratified 
December  11,  1789.  The  preamble,  in  wise  and  weighty  words, 
asserts  that,  "in  all  well  regulated  governments  it  is  the  indis- 
pensable duty  of  every  legislature  to  consult  the  happiness  of  a 
rising  generation,  and  endeavor  to  fit  them  for  an  honorable 
discharge  of  the  social  duties  of  life  by  paying  the  strictest 
attention  to  their  education,  and  that,  a  University,  supported 
by  permanent  funds  and  well  endowed,  would  have  the  most 
direct  tendency  to  answer  the  above  purpose." 

Among  the  provisions  of  the  charter,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
powers  of  corporations,  are.  the  following: 

The  Trustees  were  a  self-perpetuating  body,  having  coopta- 
tive  powers ;  being  authorized  to  fill  vacancies  occurring  by 
death,  refusing  to  act,  resignation  or  removal  from  the  State. 

The  principle  of  having  the  Trustees  distributed  in  the  judi- 
cial districts  was  to  be  retained  in  all  elections. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Trustees  was  directed  to  be  on  the 
third  Monday  of  the  next  General  Assembly  at  Fayetteville,  at 
which  time  were  to  be  elected  a  President  of  the  Board,  and  a 
Secretary.  At  all  subsequent,  regular,  or  annual  meetings,  the 
members  present,  with  the  President  and  Treasurer,  or  a  ma- 
jority without  either  of  these  officers,  were  to  be  a  quorum. 

Special  meetings  could  be  called  by  the  President  and  two 
Trustees,  notice  being  given  to  every  Trustee,  and  advertise- 
ment to  be  made  in  the  State  Gazette.  These  meetings  were 
prohibited  from  appropriating  money,  and  from  electing  the 
President  and  Professors  of  the  University.  They,  however, 
could  fill  a  vacancy  until  the  next  annual  meeting. 


CHARTER  AND  ORGANIZATION.  7 

The  meeting,  at  which  the  site  of  the  University  should  be 
fixed  upon,  was  to  be  advertized  in  the  Gazette  for  at  least  six 
months  and  special  notice  given  to  each  Trustee. 

The  Treasurer  was  to  give  bond,  payable  to  the  Governor,  in 
the  sum  of  £5,000  ($io,ooo),  and  to  hold  office  for  two  years. 
If  he  should  prove  delinquent  recovery  was  to  be  had  as  in  the 
case  of  Sheriffs. 

The  Treasurer  was  directed  to  publish  annually  in  the  State 
Gazette  a  list  of  moneys  and  other  donations  under  penalty  of 
£100  ($200)  at  the  suit  of  the  Attorney-General,  the  penal- 
ties to  belong  to  the  University.  The  Treasurer  was  ordered 
to  pay  annually  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  State  all  moneys  re- 
ceived by  him,  on  which  the  State  was  to  pay  six  per  cent  inter- 
est, the  principal  to  be  a  permanent  fund.  (This  was  repealed 
four  years  afterwards.) 

The  site  of  the  University  was  not  to  be  within  five  miles  of 
the  seat  of  government,  or  any  of  the  places  of  holding  the 
courts  of  law  or  equity. 

The  Trustees  could  appoint  a  President  of  the  University, 
and  the  professors  and  tutors,  whom  "they  may  remove  for 
misbehavior,  inability,  or  neglect  of  duty."  They  could  "make 
all  such  laws  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  Univer- 
sity and  preservation  of  order  and  good  morals  therein  as  are 
usually  made  in  such  seminaries,  and  as  to  them  may  appear 
necessary :  Provided,  the  same  are  not  contrary  to  the  inalien- 
able liberty  of  a  citizen  or  to  the  laws  of  the  State." 

The  power  of  conferring  degrees  was  given  to  the  Faculty  of 
the  University,  that  is  to  say,  the  President  and  Professors,  but 
the  Trustees  must  concur. 

Any  subscriber  of  £10  ($20),  payable  in  five  equal  annual 
installments,  was  entitled  to  have  one  student  educated  free  of 
tuition. 

The  public  hall,  and  the  library  and  rooms  of  the  college 
shall  be  called  by  the  names  of  one  or  another  of  the  six  largest 
subscribers  within  four  years.  "And  a  book  shall  be  kept  in 
the  library  in  which  shall  be  entered  the  names  and  places  of 
residence  of  every  benefactor  to  this  seminary,  in  order  that 
posterity  may  be  informed  to  whom  they  are  indebted  for  the 


8  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OV  NORTH  CAROUNA. 

measure  of  learning  and  good  morals  that  may  prevail  in  the 
State."  # 

The  foregoing  summary  shows  some  provisions  which  ap- 
pear strange  in  our  eyes.  For  example,  that  any  number  of 
Trustees,  no  matter  how  small,  should  be  a  quorum,  if  only  the 
President  of  the  Board  and  the  Treasurer  should  be  present, 
neither  of  whom  was  necessarily  a  member.  Then,  again,  the 
prohibition  of  locating  the  University  within  five  miles  of  the 
seat  of  government  or  of  any  court  town  is  contrary  to  our 
experience.  It  was  doubtless  on  account  of  the  rowdyism  and 
drunkenness  during  court  week,  then  so  prevalent,  now  happily 
passing  away.  The  provision  that  only  the  State  should  be  the 
custodian  of  the  donations  of  money  and  pay  interest  on  the 
same,  the  University  being  prohibited  from  using  the  principal, 
seems  inconsistent  with  the  imperative  duty  of  erecting  build- 
ings. Note  also  that  only  the  President  and  Professors,  ex- 
cluding tutors,  constitute  the  faculty,  and  that  the  Trustees 
have  no  power  of  conferring  degrees,  but  can  only  confirm  or 
reject  the  nominations  of  the  faculty.  The  provision  that  a 
student  should  have  his  tuition  for  four  years  on  a  payment  of 
$20  by  a  subscriber  seems  reckless,  unless  there  was  a  gen- 
eral idea  prevalent  that  tuition  should  be  nearly  free.  The 
appeal  to  the  vanity  of  the  wealthy  is  interesting,  firstly,  be- 
cause it  shows  that  the  projectors  of  the  University,  even  in 
those  dark  days,  had  grand  ideas  as  to  the  future,  when  without 
a  dollar  in  sight  they  estimated  no  less  than  six  buildings,  to  be 
essential,  and,  secondly,  because  the  promise  of  honoring  bene- 
factors was  made  irrespective  of  the  amounts  to  be  given. 

The  fear  that  the  Trustees  might,  in  making  their  by-laws, 
be  more  severe  on  the  students  than  would  be  consistent  with 
the  "Rights  of  Man,"  for  which  so  much  blood  had  been  spilt, 
is  shown  in  the  protective  clause  that  those  laws  should  not  be 
"contrary  to  the  inalienable  liberty  of  a  citizen."  It  will  be 
seen  in  the  sequel  that  the  young  men  interpreted  this  in  the 
broadest  latitude  as  negativing  all  restraint.  The  construction 
of  this  charter  provision  by  the  Trustees,  that  the  professors 
and  tutors  were  to  be  like  police  officers  in  carrying  out  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  institution,  led  to  serious  evils  for  very  many 
years. 


CHARTER  AND  ORGANIZATION.  9 

The  locating  of  the  Trustees  in  the  several  judicial  districts 
in  those  days  of  bad  roads,  although  possibly  propitiating  favor, 
was  fatal  to  wise  management.  The  expedient  of  giving  wide 
powers  to  an  executive  committee  of  seven,  which  works  so 
wisely  now,  had  not  then  been  thought  of. 

The  power  of  the  Trustees  of  filling  vacancies  in  their  body 
seemed  harmless,  if  not  wise.  It  was  destined,  however,  to 
place  the  institution  under  the  suspicion  of  being  aristocratic, 
a  suspicion  fatal  to  its  popularity  in  the  days  when  there  existed 
among  the  people  a  real  fear  of  the  introduction  of  English 
class  distinctions  and  of  a  government  monarchical  in  nature, 
though  not  in  name.  The  provision  was  changed  eventually, 
as  will  be  seen. 

On  the  whole,  it  seems  probable  that  some  of  these  outre 
provisions  were  inserted  on  the  motion  of  members  hostile  to 
the  movement,  or  by  its  friends  for  the  purpose  of  placating 
them.  Like  the  Fundamental  Constitutions  of  the  Lords  Pro- 
prietors, the  charter  of  the  University  is  another  evidence  that 
all  good  government  is  the  product  of  experience  and  growth, 
and  can  not  be  planned  beforehand  by  the  wit  of  man. 

There  was  no  appropriation  of  money  made  for  erection  of 
buildings  or  other  expenditure  for  the  new  institution.  An  act 
was,  however,  passed  which  conferred  on  it  certain  claims, 
which  the  officers  of  the  State  had  been  unable  to  collect. 
These  were  arrearages  due  from  sheriffs  and  other  officers  prior 
to  January  i,  1783,  none  of  them  less  than  six  years  old  and 
some  far  more.  The  proceeds  of  sales  of  confiscated  lands 
were  excepted  from  the  gift,  probably  because  the  legislature 
deemed  them  easily  collectible.  A  further  exception  was  made 
of  all  the  arrearages  due  by  Robert  Lanier,  treasurer  of  the 
judicial  district  of  Salisbury,  and  also  those  from  the  sheriff's 
of  that  district,  but  if  they  should  not  settle  their  dues  in  two 
years,  the  University  was  authorized  to  have  all  the  uncollected 
residue. 

The  delinquents,  sixty-eight  in  number,  whose  accounts  were 
turned  over  by  the  act,  were  officers  of  the  State  or  counties, 
some  distinguished  and  of  high  character — such  as  General 
Horatio  Gates,  Governor  Burke,  Colonel  Benjamin  Cleveland. 


IO  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROUNA. 

General  Hogan,  Marquis  de  Bretigny.  Evidently  many  were 
for  agencies  during  the  war,  in  which  vouchers  were  lost  or 
captured  by  the  enemy,  or  the  settlements  of  the  agencies  de- 
stroyed. Colonel  Waightstill  Avery,  for  example,  was  included 
in  the  list,  but  he  promptly  proved  that  there  was  a  mistake,  and 
his  name  was  at  once  struck  off.  The  following  list  shows  more 
clearly  the  employments  of  those  indebted  to  the  State  accord- 
ing to  the  Comptroller's  report,  which  debts  were  transferred 
to  the  University:  namely,  Clerks,  Sheriffs,  purchasers  of  con- 
fiscated property,  Judges  (fees  for  lawyer's  licenses),  entry- 
takers,  agents,  purchasers  of  lots  in  Raleigh,  commissionaries 
(commissaries?),  purchasers  of  western  lands,  buyer  of  eleven 
head  of  cattle,  also  of  four  head  of  cattle,  buyer  of  one  horse, 
hirer  of  McKnight's  negroes  (McKnight  was  a  Tory),  debtors 
for  specie  certificates,  also  for  "old  dollar  money,"  also  for  offi- 
cer's certificates,  entries  of  western  lands,  and  certificates  of  the 
Auditors  of  the  Upper  Board  of  Salisbury. 

At  the  same  session  was  granted  a  right,  shadowy,  uncertain, 
well  nigh  in  nubibus,  but  which  in  the  course  of  time  by  skillful 
management  brought  considerable  money  into  the  treasury. 
This  grant  was  such  property  as  had  escheated,  or  should  there- 
after escheat,  to  the  State.  This  by  the  energy  and  good  man- 
agement of  the  Trustees,  after  a  long  period,  was  the  source  of 
the  endowment  of  the  University,  lost  in  the  Civil  War.  Many 
denizens  of  foreign  birth  left  no  heirs,  citizens  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  under  the  law  as  it  stood  until  1831,  their  lands 
escheated  to  the  State ;  and  in  a  like  manner  obscure  soldiers  of 
the  Continental  Line,  to  whom  land  warrants  were  granted  for 
their  services  in  the  war,  died  leaving  no  heirs  to  inherit  their 
claims.  Of  course  the  revenue  from  this  source  naturally  di- 
minished as  the  years  rolled  away  from  the  Revolution,  and  it 
was  still  further  diminished  by  acts  of  the  Legislature  giving 
the  lands  to  a  remoter  heir,  being  a  citizen,  when  the  next  heir 
is  an  alien,  and  giving  the  widow  all  the  estate  if  her  husband 
should  die  without  an  heir.  At  this  day  the  chances  of  an 
escheat  are  worth  but  little,  as  an  alien  stands  on  the  same  foot- 
ing with  a  citizen  in  regard  to  the  possession  of  real  estate. 

It  was  not  from  parsimony  but  hard  necessity  that  the  long 
services  of  our  patriot  soldiers,  in  hunger,  and  thirst,  and  cold, 


CHARTER  AND  ORGANIZATION.  II 

and  nakedness,  were  paid  for  in  a  paper  currency,  like  that  of 
which  the  conquered  Confederates  have  had  such  bitter  expe- 
rience. To  this  meagre  dole  was  added  for  faithful  service 
warrants  for  land  to  be  located  in  a  country  of  great  fertility, 
but  the  homes  of  bears,  panthers,  and  Indians,  the  western 
region  of  Tennessee,  then  a  part  of  the  domain  of  North  Caro- 
lina. To  a  private  was  given  640  acres,  to  a  lieutenant  2,560, 
to  a  Captain  3,840,  to  a  Major  4,800,  to  a  Colonel,  or  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Commanding,  7,200,  to  a  Brigadier-General  12,000 
acres.  To  the  great  General  Greene,  who  had  by  his  genius 
retrieved  the  fortunes  of  the  war  after  Gates'  disastrous  failure, 
they  gave  25,000  acres. 

The  gift  of  the  unclaimed  land  warrants  was  for  years  to  the 
University  like  the  cool  waters  near  the  parched  lips  of  Tanta- 
lus. North  Carolina,  in  1789,  ceded  all  its  territory  of  Ten- 
nessee to  the  United  States.  The  new  State,  after  its  admis- 
sion into  the  Union  in  1796,  claimed  all  the  rights  of  sover- 
eignty, and  refused  to  give  effect  to  the  grants  made  by  North 
Carolina. 

The  State  of  North  Carolina  would  never  have  secured  an 
acre  of  these  lands.  No  argument  but  that  they  were  to  be 
used  for  education,  had  any  weight  with  the  legislators  of  Ten- 
nessee. The  Trustees  sent  to  plead  their  cause  one  of  their 
most  enlightened  members  and  most  skilled  in  the  arts  of  mana- 
ging men.  Judge  Archibald  Murphey.  Even  he,  with  all  his 
eloquence  and  address,  was  forced  to  a  hard  compromise.  Two- 
thirds  of  the  warrants  were  given  to  the  College  of  East  Ten- 
nessee and  College  of  Cumberland,  and  one-third  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina.  It  was  not  until  1835,  after  suffer- 
ing untold  privations,  staggering  under  a  debt  of  nearly  $40,000 
to  the  banks,  that  funds  were  gathered  from  this  source  and 
from  the  donations  of  Smith,  Gerrard  and  others,  to  lift  its  head 
above  the  waters.  A  detailed  narrative  of  the  negotiations  will 
be  given  hereafter. 

It  is  pleasant  to  note  that  by  the  providence  of  our  ancestors 
the  enemies  of  our  country's  freedom  contributed,  albeit  unwill- 
ingly, to  the  enlightment  of  our  people.  But  it  is  of  pathetic 
interest  to  know  that  the  ignorant  soldiers  of  America,  who, 


12  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

after  countless  sufferings  filled  uncoffined  graves,  were  not  only 
gaining  liberty  for  their  country  but,  unintentional  benefactors, 
were  building  a  great  institution  of  learning.  They  did  glo- 
rious work,  those  "unnamed  demigods  of  history,"  as  Kossuth 
called  them,  blindly  suffering  martyrdom  for  a  cause  they  dimly 
understood,  but  that  cause  triumphant  and  leading  to  never 
ending  blessings  of  free  institutions  and  liberal  education. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Trustees  was  on  the  18th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1789,  seven  days  after  the  ratification  of  the  charter.  To 
copy  from  the  record  those  present  were : 

The  Hon.  Charles  Johnson,  of  Bertie,  Chairman. 

Hon.  S.  Cabarrus  of  Chowan.  James  Holland  of  Rutherford. 

Benjamin  Smith  of  Brunswick.  John  Stokes  of  Surry. 

Hugh  Williamson  of  Edenton.  William  Blount  of  Tennessee. 

Thomas  Person  of  Granville.  William  Porter  of  Rutherford. 

William  Lenoir  of  Wilkes.  Joseph  Dixon  of  Lincoln. 

Robert  Dixon  of  Duplin.  Alexander  Mebane  of  Orange. 

John  Hamilton  of  Guilford.  William  R.  Davie  of  Halifax. 

Frederick  Hargett  of  Jones.  James  Hogg  of  Orange. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  only  persons  dignified  with  the 
affix  "Hon.,"  are  Johnson  and  Cabarrus.  That  was  because 
they  were  Speakers  of  the  Senate  and  of  the  House  respec- 
tively, and  represented  those  august  bodies.  The  title  was 
then  restricted  as  a  rule  to  the  actual  incumbents  of  these  and 
such  high  officers  as  President,  Governor  and  Judge.  It  is 
now  rapidly  descending  to  the  same  dead  level  as  that  occupied 
by  Mister,  which  itself  has  experienced  the  like  degradation. 
Johnson,  the  grandfather  of  the  late  eminent  Dr.  Charles  E. 
Johnson,  of  Raleigh,  was  a  relation  of  Governor  Gabriel  and  of 
Governor  Samuel  Johnston,  but  omitted  "t"  from  his  name  be- 
cause, having,  when  barely  of  age,  fought  for  Charles  Edward, 
he  wished  to  conceal  his  identity. 

It  was  thought  for  years,  until  the  Supreme  Court  settled  the 
question  by  deciding  to  the  contrary,  that  the  University  is  a 
private  corporation.  That  the  earliest  Trustees  thought  differ- 
ently is  proved  by  the  fact  that  they  did  not  formally  accept  the 
charter,  but  organized  at  once  as  public  officers. 

Messrs.  Davie  and  Hogg  were  requested  to  prepare  blanks 
for  subscriptions,  one  as  specially  directed  by  the  Act  of  Assem- 
bly, the  other  on  the  principle  of  a  mere  donation. 


CHARTER  AND  ORGANIZATION.  13 

Mr.  Davie  made  the  agreeable  announcement  that  Colonel 
Benjamin  Smith  offered  a  gift  to  the  University  of  20,000 
acres  of  land  warrants.  The  Trustees  recorded  their  thanks 
for  "the  liberal  and  generous  donation." 

Another  early  friend  of  the  institution  should  be  held  in 
grateful  remembrance.  Governor  Alexander  Martin  showed 
his  interest  by  frequent  attendance  on  the  meetings  of  the 
Board,  by  occasional  timely  gifts  and  by  advocating  in  his  mes- 
sage to  the  General  Assemblies  its  establishment  and  mainten- 
ance. In  the  fall  of  1790  he  wrote,  "This  institution  already 
stamped  with  importance,  having  the  great  cause  of  humanity 
for  its  object,  might  do  honor  to  this  and  the  neighboring 
States,  had  it  an  adequate  support,  where  our  youth  might  be 
instructed  in  true  religion,  sound  policy  and  science,  and  men 
of  ability  drawn  forth  to  fill  the  different  departments  of  gov- 
ernment with  reputation,  or  be  formed  for  useful  and  ornamen- 
tal members  of  society  in  private  or  professional  life."  He 
then  recommends  a  loan  for  erecting  buildings  to  "give  it  a 
more  essential  than  a  paper  being." 

The  second  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  the  first  pre- 
scribed by  the  charter,  was  held  likewise  in  Fayetteville  on  the 
25th  of  November,  1790.  General  William  Lenoir,  of  Wilkes 
County,  President  of  the  Senate,  a  hero  of  King's  Mountain, 
on  the  nomination  of  the  Speaker  of  the  House,  Stephen  Cabar- 
rus, was  made  President  of  the  Board.  He,  first  of  a  long 
line  of  eminent  men  who  held  this  office,  was  the  last  survivor 
of  the  original  Trustees,  dying  at  the  age  of  88,  just  fifty  years 
after  the  enactment  of  the  charter.  In  such  high  estimation 
was  he  held  that  an  eastern  county  and  a  western  town  were 
named  in  his  honor. 

Changes  had  occurred,  in  the  Board  of  Trustees.  The  old 
heroes  were  dropping  off.  The  venerable  Robert  Dixon  gave 
way  to  James  Kenan,  grandfather  of  our  worthy  Trustee  and 
President  of  our  Alumni  Association ;  and  battle-scarred  Judge 
Winston  to  Alexander  Martin,  who,  like  our  Vance,  had  been 
Governor  in  times  of  war,  and,  after  a  long  interval,  in  times 
of  peace  occupied  the  executive  chair.  James  Hogg  proceeded 
to  the  welcome  duty  of  presenting  to  the  Board  patents  for  the 
20,000  acres  of  land,   donated   at  the  preceding  meeting  by 


14  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

General  Smith.  On  the  resignation,  by  Colonel  Lenoir,  of 
the  chairmanship,  Governor  Alexander  Martin  was  chosen  as 
his  successor.  On  balloting  for  the  office  of  Treasurer,  John 
Craven,  the  State  Comptroller,  an  old  bachelor  of  Halifax 
County,  was  unanimously  elected.  His  bondsmen  were  Colonel 
John  Macon,  of  Warren,  and  General  Thomas  Person,  of  Gran- 
ville. James  Taylor,  a  Commoner  from  Rockingham  County, 
was  with  like  unanimity  chosen  Secretary.  It  was  agreed  that 
the  place  of  the  next  meeting  should  be  selected  by  ballot. 
Hillsborough,  Salem,  Williamsburg  (now  Williamsboro), 
Goshen  (in  Granville),  Rockingham  and  Wake  Court  House 
were  placed  in  nomination.  The  vote  of  the  majority  was  for 
Hillsboro.  It  is  pleasant  to  note  the  care  taken  to  satisfy  all 
sections  that  the  location  of  the  University  should  be  fairly 
made.  It  was  resolved  that  at  the  next  meeting  on  the  third 
Monday  of  July,  1791,  the  special  business  should  be  the  selec- 
tion of  the  site.  Each  Trustee  was  notified  of  this  and  a  copy 
of  the  resolutions  was  ordered  to  be  published  in  the  State 
Gazette  for  six  months.  [In  those  days  the  General  Assembly 
designated  some  newspaper  as  the  official  organ  of  the  State. 
At  this  date  it  was  the  North  Carolina  Journal  at  Halifax,  pub- 
lished by  Hodge  &  Willis.  Hodge  was  the  uncle  of  the  promi- 
nent Raleigh  citizen,  William  Boylan,  and  brought  him  from 
New  Jersey  to  assist  him  in  his  publications.] 

The  Board  of  Trustees  ordered  that  the  efforts  to  obtain  do- 
nations should  be  continued.  As  was  hoped  by  its  friends,  the 
University  was  a  more  successful  collector  than  the  State.  On 
December  6,  1790.  the  empty  treasury  was  gladdened  by  the 
receipt  of  $2,706.41,  paid  by  John  Harvey,  Clerk  of  Perquimans 
Court,  recovered  from  a  delinquent  "Commissioner  of  Speci- 
fics." This  was  by  the  Trustees,  as  then  required  by  the  char- 
ter, invested  in  United  States  stock  created  by  the  financial 
ability  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 

At  the  Juiy,  1791,  meeting  Robert  Burton,  of  Granville,  father 
of  Judge  Robert  H.  Burton,  of  Lincolnton,  and  great  grand- 
father of  the  distinguished  North  Carolina  General,  Robert  F. 
Hoke,  and  great-great-grandfather  of  the  still  more  distin- 
guished (in  athletic  circles')  Captain  of  our  football  team  which 


CHARTER   AND   ORGANIZATION.  15 

took  the  scalp  of  the  University  of  Virginia  team  at  Atlanta — 
Dr.  Mike  Hoke — was  chosen  Secretary  in  the  place  of  James 
Taylor,  resigned.  Probably  on  account  of  the  meagre  amount 
of  money  on  hand  and  in  sight,  no  steps  were  taken  to  select 
the  site,  but  vigorous  action  was  had  for  the  collection  of  the 
arrearages  and  escheats  granted  by  the  Assembly.  Each  Trus- 
tee was  authorized  to  act  as  agent  of  the  Board  in  the  matter  of 
escheats,  and  attorneys,  vested  with  full  powers  of  collection 
and  compromise  in  regard  to  them  and  the  arrearages,  were  ap- 
pointed in  each  judicial  district.  As  evidently  the  lawyers  who 
combined  ability,  integrity,  activity,  and  friendship  to  the  Uni- 
versity, were  chosen,  I  give  their  names.  They  were  Edmund 
Blount  for  the  Edenton  District,  David  Perkins  for  that  of 
New  Bern,  William  H.  Hill  for  that  of  Wilmington,  Thomas 
F.  Davis  for  that  of  Fayetteville,  Adlai  Osborne  for  that  of 
Salisbury,  Waightstill  Avery  for  that  of  Morgan,  William  Wat- 
ters  for  that  of  Hillsborough,  and  John  Whitaker  for  that  of 
Halifax.  The  sensibilities  of  the  modern  lawyer  will  be  shocked 
by  the  statement  that  they  were  required  to  give  bond  with  good 
security  for  performance  of  duty. 

The  Trustees  made  a  manly  implied  confession  of  ignorance 
on  the  subject  of  the  great  task  resting  on  their  shoulders  and 
displayed  a  proper  carefulness  to  perform  their  duties  intelli- 
gently, when  they  appointed  Rev.  Dr.  McCorckle,  the  teacher, 
Benjamin  Hawkins,  the  Federal  Senator,  and  Dr.  Hugh  Wil- 
liamson, an  ex-professor  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
then  a  member  of  Congress  from  the  Edenton  District,  to  pro- 
cure for  the  use  of  the  Board  information  respecting  the  laws, 
regulations,  and  buildings  of  the  universities  and  colleges  in 
the  United  States,  together  with  an  account  of  their  resources 
and  expenditures,  and  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  the  necessary 
buildings  for  our  University.  The  confidence  of  the  Board  in 
James  Hogg,  Alfred  Moore,  and  John  Haywood,  was  shown 
by  taking  away  from  a  large  committee,  previously  appointed, 
the  power  of  selecting  a  device  for  a  seal  of  the  corporation, 
and  conferring  it  on  them.  They  chose  the  face  of  Apollo, 
the  God  of  Eloquence,  and  his  emblem,  the  rising  sun,  as  ex- 
pressive of  the  dawn  of  higher  education  in  our  State. 


It)  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

At  New  Bern,  in  December,  1791,  William  Lenoir,  in  behalf 
of  a  committee,  consisting  of  himself,  Stephen  Cabarrus,  Ben- 
jamin Williams,  John  Haywood  (the  Treasurer),  Joseph  Mc- 
Dowell, of  Pleasant  Garden,  and  Samuel  Johnston,  made  a 
woeful  report  on  the  finances,  present  and  prospective,  of  the 
institution.  The  total  cash  was  $301.24,  received  from  arrear- 
ages. There  was  hope  that  more  would  be  realized,  which  the 
committee  estimated  at  $300.  The  University  owned  also  a  cer- 
tificate of  United  States  loan  for  $2,706.41,  of  which  under  the 
charter  only  the  interest,  six  per  cent,  could  be  used.  The  sub- 
scription papers  sent  out  had  not  been  returned  and  the  amount 
to  be  expected  from  them  was  not  ascertainable. 

The  committee  pathetically  state  that  they  are  "pained  when 
they  reflect  how  extremely  illy  the  resources  of  the  Trustees  are 
proportioned  to  their  necessities."  As  to  the  claims  due  the 
State  from  Colonial  days,  no  evidence  is  found  in  regard  to  them 
"other  than  a  report  or  list  of  balances  made  out  by  a  committee 
of  the  Assembly  in  1773." 

As  to  the  arrearages  voted  to  the  University,  which  arose 
under  the  State  government,  it  is  stated  that  for  many  years 
after  the  Revolution  the  revenue  business  was  under  a  Treasurer 
in  each  district,  some  of  whom  knew  not  how  to  keep  accounts ; 
that  the  Treasurer  of  New  Bern  had  fled  the  State,  carrying  his 
books  with  him ;  the  Treasurer  of  Salisbury  District  had  died, 
leaving  his  account  in  such  bad  shape  that  the  executor,  Wil- 
liam Lanier,  had  induced  the  General  Assembly  to  close  them 
by  settlement.  When  Treasurers  duly  settled  their  accounts, 
their  books  and  papers  were  sent  to  the  agent  of  the  State  in 
Philadelphia  to  be  used  in  supporting  the  claims  of  North  Caro- 
lina against  the  United  States  for  troops  and  supplies  furnished 
during  the  Revolution,  and  the  only  evidences  of  debts  acces- 
sible are  the  statements  of  the  Comptroller  as  to  balances  ap- 
pearing on  his  books. 

Of  these  there  had  been  delivered  to  the  Trustees  claims 
against  seventy-three  persons.  The  nominal  amount  was  in 
round  numbers  $11,410,  ranging  all  the  way  from  $2,660 
against  one  person  to  $3  against  another.  One  claim  was  for 
$4.10,  the  equivalent  of  $410  "old  Dollar  money."  Among 
them  was  an  account  against  Governor  Burke  for  about  $100, 


CHARTER  AND  ORGANIZATION.  1J 

another  for  "£1,056  Dollar  Money,''  scaled  down  to  $35.40; 
another  against  no  less  a  man  than  Colonel  Benjamin  Cleve- 
land for  $368.00.  Doubtless  many  of  these  claims  had  been 
settled  and  the  vouchers  lost  during  the  war. 

As  has  been  stated  there  had  been  collected  the  sum  of 
$2,706.41  from  the  arrearages  due  by  delinquent  collecting  offi- 
cers. By  activity  and  skill  the  attorneys  of  the  University  suc- 
ceeded eventually  in  wresting  from  this  source  the  scarcely 
hoped  for  total  of  $7,362,  of  which  the  interest  only  could 
be  used. 

Steps  were  again  taken  to  raise  money  by  subscription.  On 
November  5,  1792,  papers  were  circulated  inviting  donations 
payable  one  year  after  the  selection  of  the  site.  Most  of  the 
promises  by  citizens  of  Orange  County  were  made  on  condi- 
tion 'that  the  location  should  be  therein. 

On  December  23,  1791,  a  committee,  whose  names  are  not 
given  in  the  journal,  reported  a  memorial  to  the  General  Assem- 
bly asking  for  a  loan  of  $10,000  in  order  to  erect  the  buildings 
necessary  for  opening  the  institution.  The  measure  was  placed 
under  the  charge  of  Davie,  who  was  a  member  of  the  House  for 
the  Borough  of  Halifax.  His  speech  in  support  of  it  is  thus 
described  by  Judge  Murphey  in  his  address  of  1826:  "I  was 
present  in  the  House  of  Commons  when  Davie  addressed  that 
body  upon  the  bill  granting  a  loan  of  money  to  the  Trustees 
for  erecting  the  buildings  of  the  University,  and  although  more 
than  thirty  years  have  since  elapsed,  T  have  the  most  vivid  recol- 
lection of  the  greatness  of  his  manner  and  the  powers  of  his 
eloquence  on  that  occasion."  The  appeal  was  successful.  The 
loan  was  afterwards  converted  into  a  gift — the  only  appropria- 
tion ever  made  from  the  State  Treasury  until  the  annuity  of 
$5,000,  granted  in  1881,  with  the  exception  of  $7,000  for  the 
suffering  officers  soon  after  the  Civil  War. 

This  loan  was  not  secured  without  a  struggle.  There  were 
many  members  who  believed  that  the  people's  money  should  not 
be  expended  for  any  purpose  other  than  the  prevention  and 
punishment  of  crime,  settling  disputes  among  citizens  and  other 
similar  governmental  functions.  The  vote  was  57  to  53  in  the 
House  of  Commons  and  28  to  21  in  the  Senate.  Among  those 
2 


l8  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

who  supported  the  measure  in  the  House  were  Messrs.  Richard 
Blackledge  and  John  Lanier  of  Beaufort,  David  Stone  of  Ber- 
tie, Joseph  McDowell,  Jr.,  of  Burke,  David  Vance  of  Burke, 
Thomas  Granberry  of  Gates,  Wm.  E.  Lord  and  Benjamin 
Smith  of  Brunswick,  Richard  Benbury  of  Chowan,  Willis  Als- 
ton of  Halifax,  Ebenezer  Slade  of  Martin,  Timothy  Bloodworth 
of  New  Hanover.  The  affirmative  Senators  were  Joseph  Mc- 
Dowell (Quaker  Meadows)  of  Burke,  Gautier  of  Bladen,  F. 
Campbell  of  Cumberland,  Carney  of  Craven,  Charlton  of  Bertie, 
Dauge  of  Camden,  Kennedy  of  Beaufort,  Humphries  of  Curri- 
tuck, Reddick  of  Gates,  Eborn  of  Hyde,  Gray  of  Johnston,  Har- 
gett  of  Jones,  Dixon  of  Lincoln,  Mayo  of  Martin,  Person  of 
Granville,  Sneed  of 'Onslow,  Benford  of  Northampton,  Skinner 
of  Perquimans,  Moye  of  Pitt,  Williams  of  Richmond,  Willis  of 
Robeson,  Singleton  of  Rutherford,  Lane  of  Wake,  Macon  of 
Warren,  Swann  of  Pasquotank,  Dickens  of  Caswell,  Johnson 
of  (county  doubtful). 

Opposed  to  the  bill  were  Wade  of  Anson,  Bell  of  Carteret, 
J.  Stewart  of  Chatham,  Tyson  of  Moore,  Graham  of  Mecklen- 
burg, J.  A.  Campbell  of  New  Hanover,  Turner  of  Montgomery, 
Quails  of  Halifax,  Wynns  of  Hertford,  Hill  of  Franklin, 
Winston  of  Stokes,  Clinton  of  Sampson,  Berger  of  Rowan, 
Griffin  of  Nash,  Galloway  of  Rockingham.  Edwards  of  Surry, 
Hodge  of  Orange,  Wood  of  Randolph,  Gillespie  of  Guilford, 
Caldwell  of  Iredell,  Phillips  of  Edgecombe.  A  very  few  did  not 
vote,  among  them,  Wm.  Lenoir,  it  not  being  the  custom  for  the 
Speaker  to  vote  except  in  case  of  a  tie.  On  inspecting  the  list 
it  will  be  found  that  three  of  the  affirmative  Senators.  Stone, 
Hargett  and  Lane,  were  on  the  Committee  of  Location,  Reddick 
was  for  eleven  years  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  Dixon  and  Lane 
were  Trustees.  Of  the  opponents  Hodge  and  Stewart  would 
have  probably  voted  differently  if  they  had  foreseen  the  location 
in  Orange,  near  the  Chatham  line.  It  is  surprising  to  see  New 
Hanover,  noted  for  its  liberality,  in  this  column.  Doubtless 
Campbell  misrepresented  his  constituents.  It  is  equally  sur- 
prising to  see  General  Thomas  Wynns  and  General  Joseph  Gra- 
ham opposing  higher  education.  The  mistake  of  Graham  is 
amply  atoned  for  by  the  constant  and  active  friendship  to  the 
University  of  his  broad-minded  sons  and  grandsons. 


THE  LOCATION.  19 

It  was  not  until  January,  1792,  that  further  steps  were  taken 
to  select  the  University  site.  On  that  day  a  resolution  was 
passed  appointing  Judge  John  Williams,  General  Thomas  Per- 
son, General  Alexander  Mebane,  Colonel  John  Macon,  Colonel 
Benjamin  Williams,  Colonel  Joel  Lane,  and  General  Alfred 
Moore,  or  any  three  of  them,  to  examine  the  "most  proper  and 
eligible  situations  whereon  to  fix  the  University,  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Wake,  Franklin,  Warren,  Orange,  Granville,  Chatham 
and  Johnston,"  and  ascertain  the  terms  on  which  such  situation 
can  be  bought  and  report  to  the  next  meeting.  Probably  the 
committee  failed  to  act,  as  no  report  was  made  by  them.  Ac- 
tion under  the  resolutions  was  not  had,  by  common  consent  a 
different  method  being  deemed  advisable. 

The  Location. 

A  second  resolution  was  passed  that  the  Board  meet  at  Hills- 
borough on  the  1st  of  August,  1792,  in  order  to  determine  the 
location,  and  that  due  notice  be  given  to  each  Trustee. 

At  the  time  and  place  appointed  the  attendance  of  members 
proved  the  interest  taken  in  the  question.  There  were  present 
25  Trustees  out  of  40.  The  largest  number  in  these  days  of 
easy  railroading  is  39  out  of  80,  in  1885,  when  six  professors 
were  elected.  Such  patriotic  sacrifice  of  comfort  in  the  heated 
dog-days  deserves  to  be  recorded.  Those  who  answered  to  the 
roll-call  were  as  follows : 

Alexander  Martin,  Governor,  of  Guilford;  Hugh  William- 
son, the  historian,  of  Chowan;  Benjamin  Williams,  afterwards 
Governor,  of  Moore ;  John  Sitgreaves,  Judge  United  States 
District  Court,  of  Craven ;  Fred.  Hargett,  State  Senator,  of 
Jones ;  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  the  elder,  elected  Governor  that 
year,  of  Craven ;  William  H.  Hill,  member  of  the  Legislature 
and  of  Congress,  of  New  Hanover ;  James  Hogg,  merchant,  of  • 
Cumberland ;  Samuel  Ashe,  then  Judge,  afterwards  Governor, 
of  New  Hanover  /John  Hay,  lawyer,  of  Cumberland :  William 
Barry  Grove,  member  of  Congress,  of  Cumberland :  Col.  Wm. 
Polk,  member  of  the  Legislature,  then  of  Mecklenburg ;  Judg 
John  Williams,  of  Granville ;  Alexander  Mebane,  afterwards 
member  of  Congress,  of  Orange ;  Joel  Lane,  member  of  the 
Senate,  of  Wake ;  Alfred  Moore,  then  member  of  the  Legisla- 


/ 


V 


20  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ture,  afterwards  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  of  Brunswick; 
Willie  Jones,  of  Halifax ;  Benjamin  Hawkins,  Senator  in  Con- 
gress, of  Warren;  John  Haywood,  State  Treasurer,  then  of 
Edgecombe;  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  E.  McCorkle,  a  distinguished 
preacher  and  teacher,  of  Rowan ;  William  Richardson  Davie, 
afterwards  Governor,  of  Halifax ;  Joseph  Dixon,  State  Senator, 
afterwards  member  of  Congress,  of  Lincoln  ;  Joseph  McDowell, 
Jr.,  member  of  the  Legislature,  of  Burke;  William  Porter,  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature,  of  Rutherford ;  Adlai  Osborne,  Clerk 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  his  county,  a  well-read  and  influential 
man,  of  Rowan. 

According  to  localities,  counting  New  Hanover  as  an  eastern 
county,  and  Cumberland,  Warren  and  Guilford  as  middle  coun- 
ties, there  were  ten  eastern,  nine  middle  and  six  western  trus- 
tees. 

Willie  Jones  submitted  a  motion,  which  was  adopted,  that 
the  Board  would  not  select  any  particular  spot,  but  would 
choose  by  ballot  a  place  with  liberty  of  locating  within  fifteen 
miles  thereof. 

The  places  in  nomination  were  as  follows  :  Raleigh,  in  Wake 
County;  Williamsboro,  in  Granville  County;  Hillsboro,  in 
Orange  County ;  Pittsboro,  in  Chatham  County ;  Cyprett's 
Bridge,  over  New  Hope,  in  Chatham ;  Smithfield,  in  Johnston 
County ;  Goshen,  in  Granville  County. 

The  Board  proceeded  to  ballot  and  Cyprett's  or  Cipritz's 
Bridge,  now  Prince's  Bridge,  on  the  great  road  from  New  Bern 
by  Raleigh  to  Pittsboro,  was  chosen.  The  fifteen  miles  radius 
allowed  a  range  over  wide  areas  of  Chatham,  Wake  and 
Orange ;  from  the  highlands  of  New  Hope  to  the  hills  of  Buck- 
horn;  from  the  Hickory  Mountain  to  the  eminence  overlooking 
our  beautiful  capital  on  the  west.  The  same  influences  which 
secured  that  the  capital  sviuld  be  located  within  ten  miles  of 
Isaac  Hunter's  plantation,  in  Wake  County,  that  is,  as  near 
the  centre  of  the  State  as  possible,  carried  this  vote. 

On  the  4th  of  August,  1792,  the  Board  adopted  an  ordinance 
to  carry  into  effect  the  selection  of  the  University  site  within 
the  circle  described.  One  commissioner  from  each  judicial 
district  was  appointed  by  ballot.     There  were  from  the  Mor- 


THE  LOCATION.  21 

ganton  District,  Win,  Porter,  of  Rutherford;  the  Salisbury 
District,  John  Hamilton,  of  Guilford;  the  Hillsboro  District, 
Alex.  Mebane,  of  Orange;  the  Halifax  District,  Willie  Jones, 
of  Halifax;  the  Edenton  District,  David  Stone,  of  Bertie;  the 
New  Bern  District,  Frederick  Hargett,  of  Jones;  the  Wilming- 
ton District,  William  H.  Hill,  of  New  Hanover;  the  Fayette- 
ville  District,  James  Hogg,  of  Cumberland.  They  were  to 
meet  in  Pittsboro  on  November  i,  1792,  prepared  to  visit  in 
person  all  places  deemed  eligible. 

At  the  appointed  time  a  majority  convened  in  Pittsboro,  viz.: 
Hargett,  Mebane,  Hogg,  Hill,  Stone,  and  Jones.  It  was  an  ex- 
cellent committee.  Senator  Hargett,  a  Revolutionary  captain, 
had  already  assisted  as  commissioner  in  locating  and  laying 
out  the  city  of  Raleigh.  Alexander  Mebane  had  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Convention  which  framed  the  State  Constitution  and 
a  useful  officer  of  the  Revolutionary  army.  He  had  long  served 
the  county  of  Orange  in  the  State  Legislature,  and  the  year 
after  this  was  elected  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 
James  Hogg  was  an  influential  merchant,  afterwards  of  Hills- 
borough, among  whose  descendants  are  the  Binghams,  Nor- 
woods, Webbs,  Hoopers,  and  others.  Wm.  H.  Hill,  a  descend- 
ant of  Governor  Yeamans,  was  an  able  lawyer  of  Wilmington, 
afterwards  State  Senator  and  member  of  Congress.  David 
Stone,  then  a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons  from  Bertie, 
afterwards  Governor  and  Senator  of  the  United  States,  was  a 
well  educated  and  accomplished  young  man.  Willie  Jones  was 
one  of  the  most  active  and  influential  men  of  the  Revolutionary 
and  post-Revolutionary  periods,  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
of  Safety,  wielding  executive  authority  in  1776,  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress,  likewise  a  commissioner  to  select  the 
site  for  the  seat  of  government. 

We  have  the  journal  of  these  Commissioners,  sfivine  a  brief 
account  of  their  labors  among  the  wooded  hills  of  Chatham 
and  Oranee  in  the  early  davs  of  November,  when  the  forests 
were  clothed  with  their  chansfins:  hues  of  russet  and  o-reen, 
fold  and  crimson,  when  the  squirrels  chattered  in  the  hickories 
and  the  deer  peered  curiouslv  through  the  thick  underwood, 
and  the  hosoitable  farmers  welcomed  them  with  heartv  freer- 


22  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ings,  and  the  good  ladies  brought  out  their  foamiest  cider  and 
sweetest  courtesies,  while  on  the  sideboard,  according  to  the 
bad  customs  of  that  day,  stood  decanters  of  dark-hued  rum 
and  ruddy  apple  brandy  and  the  fiery  juice  of  the  Indian  corn, 
which  delights  to  flow  in  the  shining  of  the  moon.  I  give  some 
extracts  from  the  report  submitted  by  the  Chairman,  Senator 
Hargett,  as  it  is  more  satisfactory  to  have  the  narration  in  the 
language  of  the  old  soldier  who  saw  bloody  service  under 
Washington. 

Pittsboro,  Nov.  1st,  1792. 
Sundry  commissioners  appointed  by  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  to  view  the  country  within  fifteen  miles 
of  Cypret's  bridge,  and  to  fix  on  the  seat  of  the  University,  met  accord- 
ing to  the  order  of  the  board,  to-wit:  Frederick  Harget,  Alexander 
Mebane,  James  Hogg,  William  Hill,  David  Stone,  and  Willie  Jones. 

November  2nd. 

Appointed  Frederick  Harget  Chairman:  proceeded  to  view  the  Cum 
Spring  belonging  to  Philip  Meroney;  also  Matthew  Jones's,  John  Men- 
toe's,  and  Matthew  Ramsey's  lands  (near  Pittsboro),  and  received  their 
proposals.  Sundry  gentlemen  of  the  county  of  Chatham  offered  further 
donations  to  the  amount  of  four  hundred  and  odd  pounds,  (exclusive  of 
£1302  offered  as  a  donation  to  the  board  at  Hillsboro),  provided  the 
University  was  fixed  at  the  fork  of  Haw  and  Deep  rivers;  and  Ambrose 
Ramsey,  Patrick  St.  Lawrence,  George  Lucas,  John  Mebane,  Panthareup 
Harman  and  Thomas  Stokes,  guaranteed  to  the  amount  of  £1,500; 
they  having  all  the  subscriptions  to  themselves,  provided  the  University 
was  established  in  the  aforesaid  fork. 

November  3rd. 

Proceeded  to  view  Richard  Kennan's  place,  and  Lasseter's  Hill,  and 
received  the  proposals  of  the  respective  proprietors. 

November  4th. 

Mr.  David  Stone  absent.  The  other  commissioners  proceeded  to  Cap- 
tain Edwards'  and  the  widow  Edwards'  places,  on  the  north  side  of  Haw 
River,  and  received  proposals. 

November  5th. 

Viewed  Tignal  Jones'  place,  commonly  called  "Parker's."  No  pro- 
posals were  offered  by  the  proprietor;  but  Tignal  Jones,  junior,  and 
Robert  Cobb  offered  a  donation  of  500  acres  of  land  adjoining  the  place. 

Willie  Jones  handed  to  the  commissioners  an  offer  of  Col.  Joel  Lane, 
of  640  acres  near  Nathaniel  Jones',  at  the  cross-roads,  in  Wake  County, 
provided  the  University  was  fixed  at  said  Nathaniel  Jones'.  Then  pro- 
ceeded to  view  New  Hope  Chapel  Hill,  in  Orange  County. 


the;  location.  23 

November  6th. 
Received  offers  of  donations  of  land  to  the  amount  of  1,290  acres  of 
land,  eight  hundred  and  forty  of  which  lie  on  Chapel  Hill  or  adjoining 
thereto,  and  the  remainder  within  four  or  five  miles  or  thereabouts. 

'November  7th,  8th,  and  9th. 
Received  also  subscriptions  for  donations  in  money  to  the  amount  of 
£798,  or  thereabouts;  but  it  must  be  observed  these  donations,  both 
land  and  money  are  conditional;  that  is  to  say  that  the  University  shall 
be  established  on  Chapel  Hill  for  the  seat  of  the  University.  Same  day 
several  persons  executed  deeds  for  their  respective  land-donations  to  the 
University,  viz: 

Col.   Jno.    Hogan    for  200  acres No.  1 

Mr.   Benj.   Yergan "  51  do  "  2 

Mr.  Matthew  MeCauley "  150  do "  3 

Mr.  Alex.  Piper "  20  do  "  4 

Mr.  James  Craig "  5  do  "  5 

Mr.  Christ'r  Barbee    "  221  do  ,  .   "  6 

Mr.  Edmund  Jones "  200  do  "  7 

Mr.  Mark  Morgan  ex't'd  bond 

with  surety  to  convey "  107  do  "  8 

Mr.  John  Daniel  executed  bond 

with  surety  to  convey "  107  do  "  9 

Mr.  Hardy  Morgan,  deed "  125  do  "  10 


1,180 

Mr.  Thomas  Connelly,  who  subscribed  100  acres,  or  thereabouts,  and 
Mr.  William  MeCauley,  who  subscribed  100  acres,  could  not  immediately 
convey,  but  have  promised  to  execute  deeds  and  deliver  them  to  Mr. 
James  Hogg,  who  will  transmit  to  the  board. 

Mr.  John  Hogan  entered  into  contract  to  make  and  deliver  150,000 
bricks  at  40c.  per  hund.  as  per  contract. 

Mr.  Hogan  also  presented  proposals  for  leasing  some  of  the  land  on 
Chapel  Hill,  which  are  submitted  to  the  board. 

Mr.  Edmund  Jones  made  proposals  for  supplying  plank  and  lumber, 
which  are  presented  to  the  board. 

Frederick  Harget, 

Chairman. 
James  Hogg, 
Alex.   Mebane, 
Wm.  H.  Hill. 

The  board  taking  the  foregoing  into  consideration  concurred 
therewith. 

This  report  shows  that,  not  discouraged  at  having  failed 
to  secure  the  location  of  the  seat  of  government  at  what  is  now 


24  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OI-   NORTH  CAROLINA. 

the  village  of  Haywood,  at  the  confluence  of  Haw  and  Deep 
Rivers,  a  determined  effort  was  made  to  secure  the  University 
at  the  same  point.  If  it  had  met  with  success  our  boys  could 
add  boat  races  to  our  athletic  contests.  The  land  speculators 
of  one  hundred  years  ago  bought  lots  in  this  town  of  paper 
in  the  confident  belief  that  it  was  destined  to  be  a  commercial 
and  manufacturing  city,  but  Haywood  has  taken  its  place  by 
the  side  of  Brunswick,  Bath  and  other  vanished  or  dwarfed 
"boom-towns"  of  the  past. 

Notice  also  that  Joel  Lane,  having  secured  the  location  of 
the  capital  on  part  of  his  broad  acres,  sought  ineffectually  to  cap- 
ture the  University.  This  shows  the  combination  which  carried 
the  vote  for  Cypritt's  Bridge  as  the  centre  of  the  circle  inside  of 
which  its  home  should  be.  Lane  had  been  a  Halifax  man  and 
was  a  warm  friend  of  Davie  and  of  Willie  Jones.  The  influ- 
ence of  these  three,  together  with  that  of  the  Cape  Fear  Trus- 
tees, was  greater  than  any  other  locality  could  command. 

Let  me  describe  the  spot  selected  more  particularly,  as  it 
appeared  to  the  eyes  of  the  Commissioners. 

The  construction  of  railroads  has  made  a  wonderful  change 
in  the  relative  importance  of  our  public  highways.  In  the  old 
days  those  who  made  tobacco  rolled  it  away  to  Petersburg, 
little  wheels  being  attached  to  the  hogsheads.  Those  who 
made  corn  generally  converted  it  into  hogs  and  drove  them  on 
foot  to  Philadelphia  or  Charleston.  Wheat  was  ground  into 
flour  and  sent  by  wagon  to  distant  markets — to  Fayetteville, 
Wilmington,  New  Bern,  and  Petersburg,  and  the  villages  by 
the  way.  The  corn  and  rye  not  fed  to  swine  were  changed  to 
whiskey  and  the  fruit  into  brandy,  and  that  which  escaped  the 
capacious  throats  of  the  neighborhood  drinkers  was  peddled 
along  the  road  to  the  rural  drinkers  or  sold  in  bulk  to  the 
village  shops.  In  violation  of  all  rules  of  political  economy 
a  man  was  at  the  same  time  an  agriculturist,  a  manufacturer, 
a  transporter,  a  wholesale  merchant,  a  retailer  and  a  voracious 
consumer. 

The  returning  wagons  carried  home  supplies  of  molasses 
and  sugar,  iron  and  salt,  shot  and  powder  and  flints,  not  forget- 
ting the  ribbons  and  combs  and  such  paraphernalia  that  ladies 


THE  LOCATION.  25 

in  all  ages  will  obtain  to  gild  the  refined  gold  of  their  personal 
charms.  They  were  the  vehicles  also  of  the  news  of  the  day, 
there  being  no  post-office  nearer  than  Tarboro.  The  wonder- 
ing neighbors  heard  from  these  drivers  what  was  going  on  in 
the  big  world— that  Washington  had  consented  to  accept  a 
second  term  of  the  Presidency,  that  the  heads  of  the  King  and 
Queen  of  France  had  rolled  into  the  guillotine  basket,  that  the 
allied  armies  had  been  driven  back  from  the  Rhine ;  and  then 
what  has  proved  to  be  of  more  importance  than  all  the  vic- 
tories of  the  armies  or  the  discrowning  of  kings  that  a  Yankee 
schoolmaster,  named  Whitney,  had  invented  a  machine  for 
picking  seed  out  of  cotton;  and  every  old  lady  paused  in  the 
musical  whir  of  her  spinning-wheel  to  listen  to  the  astounding 
intelligence,  not  more  than  three  months  old,  that  in  the  old 
country  a  man  named  Arkwright  was  spinning  yarn  by  water 
power,  and  more  incredible  still  a  preacher,  named  Cartwright, 
was  weaving  cloth  by  wood  and  iron  instead  of  human  muscle. 

From  these  causes  the  roads  of  those  days,  though  over  them 
rolled  no  modern  carriages  or  effeminate  buggies,  or  bicycles,  or 
horse-scaring  automobiles,  frequently  resounded  with  the  heavy 
wheels  of  the  covered  wagons ;  and  the  cross-roads  were  places 
of  importance  where  wagoners  and  the  neighbors  met  for 
business  and  social  enjoyments,  listened  to  political  speeches, 
and  more  rarely  to  homely  but  heart-stirring  sermons. 

The  great  roads  from  Petersburg  to  Pittsboro  and  the  coun- 
try beyond,  and  from  New  Bern  towards  Greensboro  and 
Salisbury  crossed  on  this  eminence.  At  the  northeast  corner 
of  the  cross  was  a  chapel  of  the  Church  of  England,  a  sad 
relic  of  the  futile  efforts  to  establish  a  church  in  North  Caro- 
lina. The  locality  was  called  New  Hope  Chapel  Hill  or  the 
Hill  of  New  Hope  Chapel.  The  eminence  is  a  promontory 
of  granite,  belonging  to  the  Laurentian  system,  and  extends 
into  the  sandstone  formation  to  the  east,  which  was  once  the 
bed  of  a  long  sheet  of  water  stretching  from  near  New  York 
to  the  centre  of  Georgia.  We  have  in  our  Museum  pieces  of 
rock  formed  from  the  mud  and  sand  at  the  bottom  of  this  old 
bay,  on  which  are  ripple  marks  of  the  waves  and  prints  of  the 
plants    and    animals    that    grew    in    its    shallows.     It    was    on 


20  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  Ob  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

this  plateau,  elevated  250  feet  above  the  country  on  the  east, 
503  feet  above  the  ocean,  then  as  now  celebrated  for  its  magnifi- 
cent forests  of  oak  and  hickory,  its  springs  of  cool  and  purest 
water,  its  pleasant,  mudless,  dustless  soil,  its  genial,  healthful 
climate,  on  whose  hillsides  the  mountain  flora  blossom,  that 
the  home  of  the  University  was  fixed. 

We  are  fortunate  in  having  a  contemporary  description  of 
the  site  in  Davie's  own  words,  when  he  was  full  of  enthusiasm 
after  eating  his  dinner,  according  to  tradition,  under  the  old 
poplar  which  bears  his  name. 

"The  seat  of  the  University  is  on  the  summit  of  a  very  high 
ridge.  There  is  a  very  gentle  declivity  of  300  yards  to  the 
village,  which  is  situated  in  a  handsome  plain,  considerably 
lower  than  the  site  of  the  public  buildings,  but  so  greatly  ele- 
vated above  the  surrounding  country  as  to  furnish  an  extensive 
and  beautiful  landscape,  composed  of  the  heights  in  the  vicinity 
of  Eno,  Flat  and  Little  Rivers." 

"The  ridge  appears  to  commence  about  half  a  mile  directly 
east  of  the  building,  where  it  rises  abruptly  several  hundred 
feet.  This  peak  is  called  Point  Prospect.  The  flat  country 
spreads  out  below  like  the  ocean,  giving  an  immense  hemis- 
phere in  which  the  eye  seems  lost  in  the  extent  of  space." 

"There  is  nothing  more  remarkable  in  this  extraordinary 
place  than  the  abundance  of  springs  of  the  purest  and  finest 
water,  which  burst  from  the  side  of  the  ridge,  and  which  have 
been  the  subjects  of  admiration  both  to  hunters  and  travelers 
ever  since  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  this  part  of  the 
country." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  name  Point  Prospect  has  been 
changed  to  "Piney"  Prospect.  In  old  times  point  was  pro- 
nounced a  pint,  and  the  change  was  natural,  especially  as  the 
hill  has  pines  growing  on  it  and  masses  of  these  trees  are 
the  chief  features  of  the  scenery.  I  add  that  the  water  flowing 
from  these  springs  into  the  creeks  north  and  south  of  us  have 
created  an  endless  variety  of  hill  and  dale,  with  surprising 
wealth  of  flora,  even  the  rhododendron  of  the  mountains,  which 
Gray  stated  until  Dr.  Simonds  showed  him  our  plant,  could 
not  grow  below  1.800  feet. 


the  donors  of  the  site.  27 

The  Donors  of  the  Site. 

Nearly  all  of  these  donors  were  part  of  that  band  of  im- 
migrants, which  leaving  Pennsylvania  sought  on  the  waters 
of  the  Haw,  the  Deep,  the  Yadkin,  and  the  Catawba  a  more 
peaceful  home,  one  farther  removed  from  warring  Indians  and 
scheming  Frenchmen  in  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Alle- 
ghany and  the  Monongahela.  They  were  of  plain,  honest,  un- 
ambitious stock,  possibly  more  moved  to  their  generosity  by 
the  hope  of  increasing  the  value  of  the  broad  acres  retained 
by  them  than  by  love  of  letters  and  far-seeing  patriotism. 

Most  of  what  I  know  of  their  history  I  derived  from  my  most 
intelligent  friend,  the  late  Captain  John  R.  Hutchings,  whose 
farm  lies  in  full  view  from  Piney  Prospect  on  the  extreme 
right. 

Col.  John  Hogan  was  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  in  the 
militia  service,  which  was  arduous  and  perilous,  especially  when 
Cornwallis'  headquarters  were  at  Hillsboro  and  armed  bands 
of  British  and  Tories  were  harrying  the  central  counties.  His 
residence  was  in  the  county  of  Randolph,  and  his  descendants 
are  in  that  and  Davidson  counties.  One  of  them  was  the  esti- 
mable wife  of  Dr.  Wm.  R.  Holt,  a  President  of  the  North 
Carolina  Agricultural  Society  and  the  introducer  of  Devon  cat- 
tle and  other  blooded  stock  into  the  valley  of  the  Yadkin.  She 
was  the  nearest  relation  to  the  benefactress  of  the  University, 
Mary  Ruffin  Smith. 

Matthew  and  William  McCauley  were  of  the  few  who  came 
over  directly  from  the  north  of  Ireland.  They  were  from  the 
county  of  Antrim.  According  to  tradition  Matthew,  when  a 
youth,  became  involved  in  one  of  the  numerous  insurrections 
against  British  rule,  and,  concealed  in  a  hogshead,  was  shipped 
as  freight  to  the  colonies  in  the  new  world.  Settling  on  Mor- 
gan's Creek  he,  by  industry  and  skill,  succeeded  in  buying  much 
land  and  establishing  a  mill  on  that  creek  of  such  wide  celeb- 
rity that  the  roads  in  the  neighborhood  were  marked  off  by  the 
number  of  miles  to  it.  He  owned  also  a  blacksmith  shop,  which 
met  with  a  large  patronage  in  the  days  when  nails  and  horse- 
shoes were  made  by  hand.  His  dwelling  still  stands,  low- 
pitched,  high-roofed,  with  small  windows  on  the  old  Hillsboro 
and  Pittsboro  road.     The  mill  has  gone  to  decav. 


28  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Matthew  McCauley  was  thrown  on  his  own  resources  before 
having  an  opportunity  to  procure  book  education,  but  was  a 
very  intelligent  man  and  good  citizen.  A  story  told  on  him 
seems  to  prove  the  truth  of  the  statement  that  "there  are  no 
snakes  in  Ireland."  Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  Orange 
County  he  was  struck  by  the  beauty  of  a  rattlesnake  which 
crossed  his  path.  He  caught  it,  fortunately  around  the  neck, 
and  carried  it  to  an  old  lady  with  the  inquiry,  "what  is  this 
pretty  beast?"  Following  the  terrified  advice  of  the  lady  he 
succeeded  in  throwing  it  away  so  as  to  escape  its  poisonous 
fangs.  Another  story  was  considered  very  mirthful  in  the 
old  days.  A  neighbor  made  him  a  gift  of  a  pair  of  snuffers, 
most  useful  when  home-made  tallow  candles  were  in  vogue.  He 
carried  them  home  in  triumph,  and  when  the  light  became  dim 
snuffed  the  candle  with  his  fingers  as  usual  and  deposited  the 
charred  end  of  the  wick  in  the  snuffers  with  the  triumphant 
remark  that  it  was  very  "usiary,"  (useful). 

He  was  a  faithful  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  army.  The 
General  Assembly  raised  the  grades  of  officers  of  the  line,  so 
that  he  was  after  the  war  a  captain,  but  on  the  roster  of  Conti- 
nental officers  he  is  placed  as  first  lieutenant  of  the  ioth  Regi- 
ment of  Continental  troops,  his  commission  being  dated  April 
19,  1777,  Abraham  Shepard  being  his  colonel.  While  engaged 
under  orders  in  recruiting  service  he  was  captured  by  the 
Tories  and  imprisoned  for  three  months.  Such  was  his  hatred 
of  Tories  that  even  in  old  age,  though  of  only  medium  size, 
he  was  eager  to  pick  a  quarrel  and  fight  with  any  of  that  party 
whom  he  chanced  to  meet. 

He  left  many  children.  One  of  his  sons  settled  in  Kentucky. 
Another,  a  lawyer,  William  by  name,  was  a  student  and  then 
steward  of  the  University.  William  left  two  sons,  one  of  them, 
Samuel,  was  once  Mayor  of  Monroe;  the  other,  Charles  Mau- 
rice Talleyrand  McCauley.  was  a  gallant  captain  in  the  Con- 
federate army,  a  good  lawyer  and,  as  Senator  from  Union  in 
the  General  Assembly,  was  always  a  supporter  of  the  institu- 
tion, which  his  grandfather  helped  to  provide.  A  grandson, 
bearing:  the  honored  name  of  Matthew  McCauley,  resides  on  a 
part  of  the  old  plantation,  though  not  in  the  old  home. 


THE  DONORS  OF  THE  SITE.  20, 

William  McCauley,  a  brother  of  the  first  Matthew,  lived  a 
few  miles  west  of  Chapel  Hill  in  the  district  called  the  "Great 
Meadows,"  a  leader  in  his  county.  He  is  the  ancestor  of  the 
prosperous  merchant  of  Chapel  Hill,  David  McCauley,  who  is 
also  a  descendant  of  Matthew  McCauley,  by  the  "spindle,"  i. 
e.,  female  line.  William  was  a  member  of  the  lower  house 
of  the  General  Assembly  during  most  of  the  Revolutionary 
War,  and  of  the  Senate  from  1784  to  1788  inclusive.  The  con- 
fidence of  the  people  of  Orange  was  further  shown  to  him  by 
sending  him  as  a  delegate  to  the  Convention  of  1788  held  at 
Hillsborough,  which  postponed  the  ratification  of  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.  In  common  with  the  rest  of  the 
Orange  delegates  he  voted  for  the  postponement. 

Benjamin  Yeargin  was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Andrew  Yeargin, 
a  Methodist  preacher  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  after 
whom  the  first  Methodist  church  in  Virginia,  Yeargan's 
Chapel,  was  named.  Benjamin  was  a  worthy  farmer,  owning 
the  land  for  a  long  distance  along  Bowlin's  Creek.  He  was 
also  the  schoolmaster  of  the  neighborhood.  His  mill,  part  of 
the  mudsill  still  in  situ,  at  a  romantic  defile  called  Glenburnie, 
was  the  first  in  the  southern  part  of  Orange  County.  His 
dwelling-house  was  near  the  creek.  The  northern  part  of  his 
land  is  the  farm  owned  by  Air.  Oregon  Tenney,  and  in  it 
boarded  President  Polk.  Judge  William  H.  Battle  and  other 
students  who  preferred  to  walk  nearly  two  miles  over  the 
rough  hills  rather  than  take  meals  at  Steward's  Hall.  One 
of  his  sons,  Mark  Morgan  Yeargin,  was  a  student  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  1807,  and  settled  at  Henderson  in  Kentucky.  His 
descendants  are  now  over  many  States,  principally  North  Car- 
olina, Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  Two  of  them,  Ueonidas 
Hillary  Yeargan,  of  New  York,  and  Hillary  H.  L.  Yeargan, 
M.D.,  of  Murfreesboro.  Tennessee,  have  published  a  neat  book- 
let— the  origin  and  genealogy  of  the  Yeargan  family  from  1730 
to  1890.* 

Christopher  Barbee,  familiarly  known  as  "Old  Kit,"  one  of 
the  largest  landowners  of  this  county,  had  his  residence  on 
a    commandinsf   eminence    called    The    Mountain,    three    miles 


*The  Dame  was  spelt  differently  by  different  members  of  the  family. 
Yeargin,  Yeargan,  Yeargon. 


3,0  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  Ol'   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

east  of  the  village  of  Chapel  Hill.  He  was  a  familiar 
figure  for  many  years,  said  Dr.  Charles  Phillips,  riding  into 
the  village  on  horseback  with  a  little  negro  behind  him, 
mis  destination  being  his  blacksmith  shop  on  Main  street. 
He  had  two  son's,  William  and  Willis.  William  increased  an 
estate  already  considerable,  and  at  one  time  represented  the 
county  in  the  Legislature.  Willis  was  a  physician  in  the  same 
neighborhood,  after  being  a  student  of  the  University  in  1818. 
One  of  the  granddaughters  of  William  Barbee  married  Wm. 
R.  Kenan,  of  Wilmington.  Their  son  was  a  recent  student  and 
instructor  in  the  University.  A  great-grandson,  William  13. 
Stewart,  was  a  graduate  in  1881,  and  another,  John  Guthrie,  was 
a  student  in  1896.  A  grandson,  Belfield  William  Cave,  was  a 
graduate  of  1848;  and  another,  William  F.  Hargrave,  was  a 
student  in  1866.  The  mill  at  the  foot  of  the  upper  Laurel  Hill, 
to  which  so  many  pilgrimages  are  made  by  young  men  and 
maidens,  was  known  for  many  years  as  Barbee's  Mill,  and 
then  Cave's  Mill,  after  the  name  of  one  of  his  sons-in-law. 

The  land  on  which  the  mill  just  mentioned  was  built  was 
in  1792  the  property  of  John  Daniel,  another  of  the  donors. 
His  residence  was  on  the  road  between  the  mill  and  the  village, 
and  the  grave  of  the  owner  is  very  near  it.  He  was  the  sur- 
veyor for  the  Trustees,  and  his  map  of  the  University  lands  and 
vicinity  is  in  our  archives.  After  his  death  his  family  moved 
to  the  Mississippi  Territory,  now  State. 

Mark  Morgan,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers,  lived  on  his  lands, 
bought  of  Earl  Granville,  three  miles  southeast  of  the  village, 
the  land  reaching  to  the  summit  of  New  Hope  Chapel  Hill. 
Of  his  two  sons  John  moved  west  in  1823,  and  Solomon  lived 
and  died  on  the  homestead.  Half  of  his  land,  about  800  acres, 
including  the  homestead,  descended  to  his  daughter,  Mary 
Elizabeth,  the  wife  of  Rev.  James  Pleasant  Mason.  She  be- 
queathed it  to  the  University  to  found  a  fund  in  memory  of 
her  daughters,  Martha  and  Varina,  who  died  within  a  month 
of  one  another  just  after  budding-  into  womanhood. 

In  the  latter  part  of  his  life.  Solomon,  who  had  been  a  man 
of  neighborhood  prominence,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  became 
feeble-minded  and  a  guardian  of  his  property  was  appointed 


THE  DONORS  OF  THE  SITE.  3 1 

He  was  allowed  to  have  a  horse  of  his  own,  and  on  one  occa- 
sion swapped  horses  with  a  traveler,  obtaining  in  exchange  a 
noble  black  much  superior  to  his  own.  Discovering  that  he 
had  been  overreached  the  trader  endeavored  to  procure  a  re- 
scission of  the  trade,  and  on  Solomon's  refusal  threatened  to 
appeal  to  his  guardian.  "Oh,"  said  Solomon,  "my  guardian 
was  appointed  to  keep  people  from  cheating  me  and  not  to 
keep  me  from  cheating  them."  And  he  kept  his  horse.  It 
was  his  son  Samuel  who,  when  under  conviction  of  his  sins 
in  consequence  of  the  eloquent  preaching  at  a  revival,  was 
heard,  when  on  his  knees  in  a  solitary  hay-loft,  to  utter  this 
unique  prayer,  "Oh,  Lord !  they  accuse  Sam  Morgan  of  doing 
this  and  that  wicked  thing,  but,  Oh  Lord !  it's  a  d — d  lie." 

Hardy  Morgan  was  the  brother  of  Mark.  His  lands  lay  on 
Bowlin's  Creek,  east  of  the  village,  now  the  property  of  Robert 
F.  Strowd.  The  son,  Samuel,  who  inherited  the  home  place 
is  described  as  "one  of  nature's  noblemen,"  so  free  from  guile 
as  to  lose  nearly  all  his  property  by  becoming  surety  for  Sheriff 
Nat  King  who  fled  to  Tennessee  after  bankrupting  his  friends. 
One  of  his  slaves,  Tom,  having  been  bought  by  a  trader  who 
designed  to  carry  him  to  the  Southwest  for  sale,  ran  away  and 
for  several  years  had  two  hiding  places,  one  a  cave  on  Morgan's 
Creek  and  the  other  in  a  very  thick  copse  of  wood  near  his  old 
master's  residence,  under  the  lee  of  overhanging  rocks.  Rough 
boards  leaning  against  the  rocks  made  a  dismal  shelter  from 
the  rain.  Under  them  was  a  shoemaker's  bench  and  a  pile  of 
leaves  for  his  couch.  He  lived  partly  by  robbery,  partly  by 
food  brought  by  his  mother,  whose  cabin  was  near,  but  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  hill.  There  seemed  to  be  little  desire  to 
molest  him  until  he  began  to  break  into  the  stores  of  the  village 
in  search  for  meat.  Then  a  posse  was  summoned  for  his  cap- 
ture. Marching  through  the  forest  at  regular  intervals — a  pro- 
cess known  as  "beating  the  woods" — the  men  aroused  him  from 
his  lair,  and,  on  his  refusal  to  stop  when  commanded,  he  was 
shot  in  the  legs,  captured  and  then  sent  south  for  sale.  I  have 
never  seen  the  cave  on  Morgan's  Creek  but  visited  the  den  in 
the  woods  the  day  after  his  capture.  I  remember  the  shoe- 
maker's bench  and  the  fragments  of  leather,  the  scattered  bones. 


32  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  oi-'  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

relics  of  his  solitary  meals,  and  my  young  mind  was  shocked 
inexpressibly  at  the  resemblance  of  poor  Tom's  habitation  to 
the  lair  of  a  wild  beast. 

It  is  gratifying"  to  know  that  the  old  age  of  Samuel  Morgan 
was  relieved  by  the  acquisition  of  a  competent  livelihood  in 
right  of  his  wife.  Allen,  the  other  son  of  Hardy  Morgan,  was 
dissipated  and  he  and  his  descendants  became  impoverished. 

James  Craig  lived  in  the  house  still  occupied  by  one  of  his 
descendants  in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  village.  He 
was  a  quiet,  reserved,  good  man,  so  absent-minded  that  on  one 
occasion  he  rode  on  horseback  to  New  Hope  church  and  then 
walked  home  about  seven  miles,  forgetting  that  he  had  a 
horse,  saddled  and  bridled,  hitched  near  the  church  door.  I 
heard  President  Andrew  Johnson,  in  a  speech  delivered  from 
President  Swain's  front  steps,  tell  how,  when  on  his  way  from 
Raleigh  to  seek  his  fortune  in  Tennessee,  having  walked  from 
Raleigh,  28  miles,  penniless  and  weary,  he  begged  for  a  supper 
and  a  night's  lodging  at  James  Craig's.  With  softened  voice 
he  spoke  of  the  cordial  hospitality  with  which  he  was  received, 
and  how  after  abundant  meals  and  a  good  night's  rest  he  was 
cheered  on  his  lonely  journey  by  kind  words  and  a  full  supply 
of  food  in  his  pockets. 

For  many  years  "Craigs,"  or  "Fur  (far)  Craigs,"  as  the 
place  was  called,  to  distinguish  it  from  a  Craig  residence  nearer 
the  village,  was  a  favorite  boarding  house  for  those  not  ad- 
verse to  long  walks.  Dr.  Hooper  tells  in  his  "Fifty  Years 
Since"  how  ambitious  "spreads"  of  fried  chicken  and  other 
dainties  were  served  up  to  parties  of  students,  seeking  a  change 
from  the  monotony  of  the  ancient  Commons.  I  remember 
that  on  one  sad  occasion  a  squad  of  unfortunates,  among  them 
one  destined  to  be  an  eminent  Confederate  general,  whose  hands 
bore  the  signs  of  the  presence  of  the  dreaded  sarcoptes  scabei, 
were  quarantined  at  this  remote  spot  in  sulphurous  loneliness, 
under  the  sway  of  the  terrible  demon,  "Old  Scratch  " 

Two  of  James  Craig's  children  lived  to  the  advanced»age  of 
84  or  85  years  on  the  homestead.  His  son  James  graduated  at 
the  University  in  181 6  in  the  class  of  John  Y.  Mason,  Wm. 
Julius  Alexander,  and  others.     James  Francis  Craig,  his  grand- 


LAYING  THE  CORNER  STONE.  33 

son,  a  student  of  the  "-University  in  1852,  recently  died  on  the 
old  homestead.  Another  grandson,  Wm.  Harrison  Craig,  a 
graduate  of  1868,  is  a  successful  lawyer  in  Arkansas. 

Alexander  Piper  was  a  plain  farmer  who  removed  to  Fayette 
County,  Tennessee,  many  years  ago. 

Edmund  Jones,  a  most  valuable  citizen  in  his  county,  was  a 
soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Marrying  Miss  Rachel 
Alston  he  settled  as  a  farmer  near  Chapel  Hill,  but  soon  after 
the  location  of  the  University  removed  to  Chatham  County  and 
established  himself  on  Ephraim's  Creek,  on  the  present  line 
of  the  Cape  Fear  and  Yadkin  Valley  Railroad,  midway  between 
Siler  City  and  Ore  Hill.  He  is  buried  about  twelve  feet  from 
the  road.  He  died  in  1834  at  the  age  of  85  years.  He  left 
three  sons,  two  of  whom  resided  in  North  Carolina,  and  the 
third  moved  West.  His  descendants  are  scattered  all  over  the 
South  and  Southwest.  One  of  his  sons,  Atlas  Jones,  was  an 
alumnus,  then  a  tutor  of  the  University,  i8o4-'o6,  then  a  Trus- 
tee. He  was  a  lawyer  of  prominence  and  a  member  of  the 
General  Assembly  from  Moore  County.  A  lawyer  of  much 
natural  ability,  but  of  irregular  habits,  often  in  the  Legislature 
from  Anson,  noted  for  his  power  of  discomforting  opponents 
by  humorous  ridicule.  Atlas  Jones  Dargan,  was  named  after 
him. 

Thomas  Connelly  was  once  owner  of  the  Matthew  McCauley 
mill  tract.  Seized  by  the  fever  for  emigrating  he  removed  to 
Georgia.  He  sold  his  Orange  County  possessions  and  his 
name  has  disappeared  from  this  neighborhood.  He  was  a  Vir- 
ginian and  married  Miss  Mary  Price,  of  Norfolk,  in  that  State. 
He  died  at  the  age  of  82,  leaving  eleven  sons  and  five  daugh- 
ters, most  of  them  married.  His  descendants  are  scattered 
from  Georgia  to  Texas. 

The  Laying  of  the  Cornerstone  of  the  Old  East 
Building. 

The  report  of  the  Commissioners  was  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee consisting  of  Davie,  McCorckle,  Jones,  Ashe,  and  Sit- 
greaves.     Jones,  as  chairman,  reported  an  ordinance  ratifying 
their  action,  which  was  unanimously  adopted.     At  a  previous 
3 


34  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

meeting  a  committee  of  which  Senator  Hawkins  was  chairman, 
recommended  the  plan  of  a  building  120  feet  by  50,  three 
stories  high,  with  a  dining-room  on  the  first  floor  40  feet  by  30, 
and  a  public  hall  on  the  second  and  third  floors  of  the  same 
dimensions.  This  plan  was  for  want  of  means  not  approved, 
and  on  motion  of  Davie  the  location  and  construction  of  a 
building  sufficiently  large  to  accommodate  50  students,  and 
also  the  laying  out  the  village  of  Chapel  Hill  and  selling  lots 
therein,  were  directed  to  be  entrusted  to  seven  commissioners, 
styled  the  Building  Committee,  to  be  elected  by  ballot. 

The  following  were  chosen :  Alfred  Moore,  W.  R.  Davie, 
Fred.  Hargett,  Thomas  H.  Blount,  Alexander  Mebane,  John 
Williams  and  John  Haywood,  certainly  worthy  of  full  confi- 
dence. 

The  committee  reported,  through  John  Haywood,  at  their 
meeting  in  Fayetteville  in  December,  1793.  They  had  met  in 
Hillsboro  in  April  of  that  year  and  contracted  with  George 
Daniel,  of  Orange  County,  for  making  350,000  bricks  for  40 
shillings  ($4)  per  thousand.  On  the  10th  of  August  following 
they  met  at  Chapel  Hill,  marked  off  sites  for  the  buildings, 
"together  with  the  necessary  quantity  of  land  for  offices,  ave- 
nues and  ornamental  grounds."  They  then  laid  off  the  village 
into  lots.  In  addition  to  the  beauty  and  natural  advantages  of 
the  place,  they  reported  that  it  is  "happily  accommodated  to  the 
introduction  and  direction  of  several  important  public  roads, 
which  it  is  highly  probable  will  in  the  future  lead  through 
it."  They  found  that  a  tract  of  eighty  acres,  belonging  to 
Hardy  Morgan  ran  inconveniently  near  the  buildings,  and 
therefore  bought  it  for  $200.  On  the  19th  of  July  they  con- 
tracted with  James  Patterson,  of  Chatham  County,  for  erecting 
a  two-storied  brick  building,  96  feet  7  inches  long  and  40  feet 
1  1-2  inches  wide,  for  $5,000,  the  University  to  furnish  the 
brick,  sash  weights,  locks,  hooks,  fastenings  and  painting.  The 
building  was  to  contain  16  rooms  with  four  passages,  and  to 
be  finished  by  the  1st  of  November,  1794.  The  cornerstone 
was  laid  on  the  12th  of  October,  T793.  and  on  the  same  day 
the  lots  in  the  village,  reserving  a  four-acre  lot  for  a  residence 
for  the  President,  were  sold  for  £1.534  ($3,168),  payable  in 
one  and  two  years,  good  security  being  given.     It  was  thought 


LAYING  THE  CuRXIiR  STONE.  35 

that  "the  amount  of  the  sales  furnishes  a  pleasing  and  unde- 
niable proof  of  the  high  estimation  in  which  the  beautiful  spot 
is  held."  The  report  is  signed  by  Davie,  Moore,  Mebane, 
Blount,  and  Haywood,  from  which  it  is  inferrible  that  Hargett 
and  Williams  did  not  act.  The  8o-acre  tract  included  the  land 
east  of  the  buildings  next  to  the  Raleigh  road,  which  is  prop- 
ably  the  oldest  cleared  land  of  the  University  site.  There  are 
traces  on  it  of  a  cottage,  which  was  probably  tenanted  at  the 
time  of  the  purchase. 

The  1 2th  of  October  was  the  date  of  many  great  events  in 
the  world's  history — of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus, 
of  the  birth  of  that  grand  evolution  of  Anglo-Norman-Ameri- 
can character,  Robert  E.  Lee,  and  of  our  active,  progressive, 
and  able  ex-President  of  the  University,  George  Tayloe  Win- 
ston. In  the  year  1877  it  was  made  a  holiday,  University  Day. 
General  Davie,  as  Grand  Master  of  the  Free  and  Accepted 
Order  of  Masons,  officiated,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  E.  Mc- 
Corckle  delivered  the  address,  on  -the  occasion  of  the  laying  of 
the  corner-stone. 

We  have  fortunately  an  account  of  the  proceedings  of  this 
day  so  memorable,  written  by  Davie  himself,  the  chief  actor. 
I  will  endeavor  to  take  the  veil  from  this  picture  of  long  ago. 
and  wipe  off  the  dust  which  obscures  it. 

The  Chapel  Hill  of  113  years  ago  was  vastly  different  from 
the  Chapel  Hill  of  to-day.  It  was  covered  with  a  primeval 
growth  of  iorest  trees,  with  only  one  or  two  settlements  and 
a  few  acres  of  clearing.  Even  the  trees  on  the  East  and  West 
Avenue,  named  Cameron  by  the  Faculty  in  recognition  of  the 
wise  and  skillful  superintendence  by  P.  C.  Cameron  of  the  ex- 
tensive repairs  of  our  buildings  prior  to  the  re-opening  in  1875, 
were  still  erect.  The  sweetgums  and  dogwoods  and  maples 
were  relieving  with  their  russet  and  golden  hues  the  general 
green  of  the  forest.  A  long  procession  of  people  for  the  first 
time  is  marching  along  the  narrow  road,  afterwards  to  be 
widened  into  a  noble  avenue.  Many  of  them  are  clad  in  the 
striking,  typical  insignia  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity,  their  Grand 
Master  arrayed  in  the  full  decorations  of  his  rank.  They  march 
with  military  tread,  because  most  of  them  have  seen  service, 
manv  scarred   with   wounds  of  horrid  war.      Their   faces   are 


?6  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

serious,  for  they  feel  that  they  are  engaged  in  a  great  work. 
They  are  proceeding  to  lay  the  foundations  of  an  institution 
which  for  weal  or  woe  is  to  shape  the  minds  of  thousands  of 
unborn  children;  whose  influence  will  be  felt  more  and  more, 
ever  widening  and  deepening  as  the  years  roll  on,  as  one  of  the 
great  forces  of  civilization. 

Let  us  transport  ourselves  in  imagination  and  look  on  this 
strange  procession  and  see  if  we  can  recognize  any  of  them 
as  they  step  firmly  in  the  pleasant  sunshine  of  the  autumnal 
sun. 

The  tall,  commanding  figure  most  conspicuous  in  the  Grand 
Master's  regalia  is  that  of  William  Richardson  Davie,  whom  I 
have  heretofore  described.  The  distinguished  looking  man, 
"small  in  statue,  neat  in  his  dress,  elegant  in  his  manner,"  next 
to  Davie,  is  Davie's  great  rival,  Alfred  Moore.  Judge  Murphey 
gives  us  a  vivid  picture  of  him  also:  "His  voice  was  clear  and 
sonorous,  his  perception  quick  and  judgment  almost  intuitive. 
His  style  was  chaste  and  manner  of  speaking  animated.  Hav- 
ing adopted  Swift  for  his  model,  his  language  was  always 
plain.  The  clearness  and  energy  of  his  mind  enabled  him  al- 
most without  an  effort  to  disentangle  the  most  intricate  subject 
and  expose  it  in  all  its  parts  to  the  simplest  understanding.  He 
spoke  with  ease  and  with  force,  enlivened  his  discourse  with 
flashes  of  wit,  and  where  the  subject  required  it  with  all  the 
bitterness  of  sarcasm.  His  speeches  were  short  and  impressive. 
When  he  sat  down  every  one  thought  he  had  said  everything 
he  ought  to  have  said."  His  learning  and  acquirements  secured 
for  him  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  one  of  the  most  august  tribunals 
in  the  world — the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

In  that  procession  appeared  one  too  who  had  highest  reputa- 
tion among  his  contemporaries  as  an  enlightened  lawyer,  Wil- 
liam H.  Hill,  heretofore  described,  father  of  the  brilliant  young 
man  whose  death  filled  the  whole  State  with  grief,  Toseph  A. 
Hill. 

We  next  see  one  who  was  for  many  years  the  most  popular 
man  in  North  Carolina,  John  Haywood.  For  forty  years — - 
1787  to  1827 — he  was  Treasurer  of  the  State.  His  hospitality 
was  unbounded.  He  made  it  a  rule  to  invite  specially  to  an 
entertainment  at  his  house  at  each  session  of  the  General  As- 


LAVING  THE   CORNER   STONE.  37 

sembly,  which  then  met  annually,  every  member.  His  kindness 
and  charity  were  absolutely  inexhaustible.  In  reading  over  the 
University  records  I  find  that  for  over  thirty  years  he  scarcely 
missed  a  meeting  of  the  Board,  whether  held  at  Chapel  Hill  or 
Raleigh.  His  name  is  perpetuated  not  only  by  the  memory  of 
his  distinguished  sons,  but  by  one  of  our  loveliest  mountain 
counties  and  by  a  neighboring  town,  which  once  aspired  to  be 
the  capital  of  the  State  and  site  of  the  University. 

Marching  with  Haywood  was  Gen.  Alexander  Mebane,  of 
the  old  Scotch-Irish  stock,  who  settled  the  Haw  Fields  in  Ala- 
mance, something  of  whose  history  has  been  given. 

In  that  procession  was  also  John  Williams,  founder  of  Wil- 
liamsboro,  in  Granville  County,  whose  strong,  sturdy  sense 
enabled  him  to  step  with  short  interval  from  the  bench  of  the 
carpenter  to  the  bench  of  the  judge  of  the  first  court  under 
the  Constitution  of  1776.  He  was  likewise  a  member  of  the 
Congress  of  the  Confederation. 

Thomas  Blount,  member  from  Edgecombe,  soon  to  enter 
Congress  and  to  become  an  attached  colleague  of  Nathaniel 
Macon,  was  likewise  present. 

Prominent  in  this  procession  was  the  venerable  Hargett, 
Senator  from  Jones,  plain,  solid,  but  eminently  trustworthy. 

After  these  came  other  Trustees.  Who  they  were,  with  the 
exception  of  McCorkle,  we  have  no  record. 

After  the  Trustees  march  State  officers,  not  Trustees ;  among 
them  Judge  Spruce  McKoy,  of  Salisbury,  and  doubtless  John 
Taylor,  the  first  Steward  of  the  University,  and  the  officers  of 
the  county;  and  then  followed  the  gentlemen  of  the  vicinity, 
the  donors  of  the  land  and  their  neighbors,  and  among  them 
Patterson,  of  Chatham,  the  contractor  for  the  building.  Since 
that  day  we  have  had  processions,  year  by  year,  on  our  Com- 
mencement days,  and  in  their  columns  men  learned  and  dis- 
tinguished in  all  the  pursuits  of  life,  but  never  has  there  been  a 
procession  more  imposing  than  that  which  laid  the  cornerstone 
of  the  Old  East,  on  the  12th  day  of  October,  1793. 

The  orator  of  the  day,  Dr.  Samuel  E.  McCorkle,  was  one 
of  the  most  noted  educators  of  that  period.  He  was  one  of  the 
sturdy  Scotch-Irish,  who-  made  the  north  of  Ireland  famous 
throughout  all  lands  for  triumphs  of  intelligent  industry  and 


38  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

thrift,  whose  glorious  defence  of  Londonderry  stands  unexcelled 
in  the  annals  of  human  valor  and  endurance ;  who  gave  to 
North  Carolina  many  of  its  leaders  in  war  and  peace — Grahams 
and  Jacksons,  Johnstons,  Brevards,  Alexanders,  Mebanes  and 
hosts  of  others,  but  above  all  most  of  its  faithful  and  zealous 
instructors  of  youth,  such  as  Dr.  Caldwell,  of  Guilford,  and 
Dr.  Caldwell,  of  the  University,  Dr.  Ker  and  Mr.  Harris,  its 
first  professors,  and  that  progenitor  of  a  line  of  able  and  cul- 
tured teachers  and  founder  of  a  school  eminent  for  nearly  a 
century  for  its  widespread  and  multiform  usefulness,  William 
Bingham,  the  first. 

Dr.  McCorkle  was  among  the  foremost  of  these.  He  was 
beyond  his  generation  as  a  teacher.  His  school  at  Thyatira, 
six  miles  west  of  Salisbury,  spread  abroad  not  only  classical 
learning  but  sound  religious  training.  He  attached  to  it  a  de- 
partment specially  for  teachers — the  first  normal  school,  I  feel 
sure,  in  America.  The  first  class  which  graduated  at  our  Uni- 
versity consisted  of  seven  members ;  six  of  them  had  been 
pupils  of  Dr.  McCorkle.  And  it  is  gratifying  that  one  of  the 
first  graduates  of  the  revived  University  was  a  relative  of  his, 
George  McCorkle,  of  Catawba,  the  Chief  Marshal  of  1876. 

The  name  Zion-Parnassus,  which  he  gave  to  his  school  at 
Thyatira,  shows  how  he  combined  the  culture  of  the  Bible  and 
the  culture  of  the  Muses.  The  first  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
University  was  composed  of  the  greatest  men  of  the  State,  and 
among  them — Senators,  Governors,  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  State — was  Dr.  Mc- 
Corkle, the  solitary  preacher  and  solitary  teacher.  He  was  one 
of  the  best  friends  the  University  had ;  worked  for  it,  begged 
for  it,  preached  for  it.  It  was  most  fitting  that  he  should 
deliver  the  first  address  at  the  University,  to  be  followed  by  a 
long  line  of  eloquent  men. 

We  have  a  report  of  the  address  made  by  Dr.  McCorkle 
on  this  momentous  occasion.  It  is  replete  with  wisdom  and 
noble  thoughts,  and  pioves  that  the  estimation  placed  on  him 
by  the  men  of  his  day  was  fully  earned. 

"Observing  on  the  natural  and  necessary  connection  between 
learning  and  religion,  and  the  importance  of  religion  to  the 


LAYING  THE  CORNER  STONE.  39 

promotion  of  national  happiness  and  national  undertakings, 
he  said,"  "It  is  our  duty  to  ackowledge  that  sacred  scriptural 
truth,  except  the  Lord  build  the  house  they  labor  in  vain  who 
build  it.  Except  the  Lord  watcheth  the  city  the  watchman 
walketh  but  in  vain."  For  my  own  part  I  feel  myself  prostrated 
with  a  sense  of  these  truths,  and  this  I  feel  not  only  as  a  min- 
ister of  religion,  but  also  as  a  citizen  of  the  State — as  a  member 
of  the  civil  as  well  as  the  religious  society." 

After  laying  down  the  proposition  that  the  happiness  of 
mankind  is  increased  by  the  advancement  of  learning  and 
science,  the  doctor  observed,  "Happiness  is  the  centre  to  which 
all  the  duties  of  man  and  people  tend.  ...  To  diffuse  the 
greatest  possible  degree  of  happiness  in  a  given  territory  is  the 
aim  of  good  government  and  religion.  Now  the  happiness  of 
a  nation  depends  on  national  wealth  and  national  glory  and 
cannot  be  gained  without  them.  They  in  like  manner  depend 
on  liberty  and  good  laws.  Liberty  and  laws  call  for  general 
knowledge  in  the  people  and  extensive  knowledge  in  matters 
of  the  State,  and  these  in  turn  demand  public  places  of  educa- 
tion. .  .  .  How  can  any  nation  be  happy  without  national 
wealth?  How  can  that  nation  or  man  be  happy  that  is  not 
procuring  and  securing  the  necessary  conveniences  and  accom- 
modations of  life;  ease  without  indolence  and  plenty  without 
luxury  or  waste?  How  can  glory  or  wealth  be  procured  with- 
out liberty  and  laws?  They  must  check  luxury,  encourage  in- 
dustry and  protect  wealth.  They  must  secure  me  the  glory 
of  my  actions  and  save  me  from  a  bow-string  or  a  bastille.  And 
how  are  these  objects  to  be  gained  without  general  knowledge? 
Knowledge  is  wealth — it  is  glory — whether  among  philoso- 
phers, ministers  of  State  or  religion,  or  among  the  great  mass 
of  the  people.  Britons  glory  in  the  name  of  Newton  and  have 
honored  him  with  a  place  among  the  sepulchres  of  their  kings. 
Americans  glory  in  the  name  of  Franklin,  and  every  nation 
boasts  of  her  great  men,  who  has  them.  Savages  cannot  have, 
rather  cannot  educate  them,  though  many  a  Newton  has  been 
born  and  buried  among  them.  Knowledge  is  liberty  and  law. 
When  the  clouds  of  ignorance  have  been  dispelled  by  the  radi- 
ance of  knowledge  power  trembles,  but  the  authority  of  the 


40  TUSTOKY    UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA 

laws  remain  inviolable;  and  how  this  knowledge  productive  of 
so  many  advantages  to  mankind  can  be  acquired  without  pub- 
lic places  of  education  I  know  not." 

The  eyes  of  the  orator  kindled  as  he  looked  into  the  future. 
"The  seat  of  the  University  was  next  sought  for,"  he  said, 
"and  the  public  eye  selected  Chapel  Hill — a  lovely  situation  in 
the  centre  of  the  State,  at  a  convenient  distance  from  the  capi- 
tal, in  a  healthy  and  fertile,  neighborhood.  May  this  hill  be  for 
religion  as  the  ancient  hill  of  Zion ;  and  for  literature  and  the 
muses,  may  it  surpass  the  ancient  Parnassus !  We  this  day 
enjoy  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  cornerstone  of  the  University, 
its  material  and  the  architect  for  the  building,  and  we  hope 
ere  long  to  see  its  stately  walls  and  spire  ascending  to  their 
summit.  Ere  long  we  hope  to  see  it  adorned  with  an  elegant 
village,  accommodated  with  all  the  necessaries  and  conveniences 
of  civilized  society." 

"The  discourse  was  followed  by  a  short  but  animated  prayer, 
closed  with  the  united  amen  of  an  immense  concourse  of  peo- 
ple." 

We  thank  thee  for  thy  golden  words,  thou  venerable  father 
of  education  in  our  State.  On  this  foundation  the  University 
desires  to  rest,  the  enlightenment  of  the  people,  their  instruc- 
tion not  alone  in  secular  learning  but  in  religious  truth,  leading 
up  to  and  sustaining  liberty  by  demanding  and  shaping  benefi- 
cent laws  under  which  wealth  may  be  accumulated  and  individ- 
ual happiness  and  national  glory  be  secured,  all  sanctified  by  the 
blessings  of  God ;  these  are  the  objects,  these  are  the  methods, 
these  are  the  good  rewards  of  the  University. 

But  the  beginnings  of  the  University  were  in  troublous  times. 
Its  struggles  were  not  only  with  want  and  penury,  but  with 
ignorance  and  prejudice  and  a  wild  spirit  of  lawlessness. 

All  the  world  was  in  a  ferment.  The  passions  of  the  era 
flamed  across  the  ocean  and  enkindled  sympathetic  passions 
in  our  midst.  Furious  efforts  were  made  to  force  the  United 
States  into  alliance  with  the  French  Republic.  The  vision  of 
the  sister  democracies  of  the  Old  World  and  the  New,  marching 
shoulder  to  shoulder  to  plant  in  every  capital  the  standard  of 
universal  freedom,  and  conquering  together  a  universal  peace, 


LAYING  THE  CORNER  STONE.  41 

aroused  every  sentiment  of  romantic  philanthropy  and  quixotic 
gratitude. 

The  rage  of  parties  was  strong  in  North  Carolina,  as  else- 
where. It  stood  in  the  way  of  all  measures  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  public  good.  It  stimulated  bad  passions,  prevented 
co-operation,  divided  the  people  into  hostile  camps.  In  the 
general  excitement  the  cause  of  education  was  little  regarded, 
and  but  for  the  wisdom  of  such  men  as  Davie  and  Moore  and 
Mebane  and  Haywood  and  Hill  the  new-born  University  would 
have  been  strangled  in  its  infancy. 

The  population  of  the  State  was  only  about  400,000,  of  whom 
about  100,000  were  slaves.  The  permanent  seat  of  government 
had  just  been  chosen.  The  city  of  Raleigh  was  located  in  1792, 
the  State-house  was  not  finished  until  1794.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  State  lived  remote  from  one  another,  and  mutual  inter- 
course was  prevented  not  only  by  long  distances  but  by  the 
execrable  roads  and  the  almost  entire  absence  of  spring  vehicles. 
The  two-wheeled  sulky  and  stick-back  gig  were  possessed  by 
the  better  class,  while  only  a  few  of  the  wealthiest  could  boast 
of  the  lumbering  coach.  Most  traveling  was  on  horseback,  it 
being  quite  the  fashion  for  the  lady  to  sit  behind  the  gentleman 
and  steady  herself  by  an  arm  around  his  waist. 

The  diffusion  of  intelligence  through  most  of  the  regions 
of  the  State  was  by  the  chance  traveler  or  the  wagoner.  In 
1790  there  were  only  75  post-offices  in  all  the  Union,  now  there 
are  over  70,000.  There  were  only  1,875  niiles  of  post  roads  in 
all  the  Union,  now  there  are  over  400,000.  Then  there  was  only 
one  letter  to  17  people,  now  there  are  over  20  letters  to  each 
person.  Then  there  were  only  265,500  letters  carried  in  a  year; 
now  there  are  largely  over  1 ,000,000,000.  Then  the  postage  was 
from  seven  to  33  cents,  according  to  distance ;  now  for  two  cents 
a  letter  will  go  with  great  certainty  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific, 
even  to  distant  Alaska  among  the  frozen  latitudes.  In  his  mes- 
sage to  the  Legislature  of  1790  Governor  Alexander  Martin 
complained  that  there  is  only  one  mail  route  in  the  State,  and 
that  runs  only  through  the  seaboard  towns ;  that  only  a  few 
inhabitants  derive  advantage  from  that  establishment  in  com- 
parison to  the  general  bulk  of  the  people  of  the  interior  coun- 


42  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

try.  Five  years  afterwards  Prof.  Harris,  when  a  weekly  mail 
had  been  established,  writes,  "Our  news  at  this  place  (Chapel 
Hill)  has  given  us  more  trouble  and  disappointment  than  in- 
formation. 1  joined  Mr.  Ker,  acting  president,  in  getting 
Browne's  daily  paper,  but  it  has  not  arrived  by  the  two  last 
posts,  and  if  it  does  not  come  more  regularly  we  must  discon- 
tinue it."  The  old  records  show  that  it  was  a  common  practice 
to  send  a  special  messenger,  called  an  "express,"  when  impor- 
tant communication  became  necessary  between  the  University 
authorities  and  the  Trustees. 

The  state  of  education  was  at  a  low  ebb.  There  were  no 
public  schools  and  few  private  schools.  I  am  fortunately  able 
to  give  information  on  this  subject  from  Judge  Archibald 
Murphey,  an  early  student  of  the  University ;  after  his  gradua- 
tion one  of  its  professors.  He  says:  "Before  this  University 
came  into  operation  in  1795  there  were  not  more  than  three 
schools  in  the  State  in  which  the  rudiments  of  a  classical  edu- 
cation could  be  acquired.  The  most  prominent  and  useful  of 
these  schools  was  kept  by  Mr.  David  Caldwell,  of  Guilford 
County.  He  initiated  it  shortly  after  the  close  of  the  war  and 
continued  it  for  more  than  thirty  years.  The  usefulness  of 
Dr.  Caldwell  to  the  literature  of  the  State  will  never  be  suffi- 
ciently appreciated,  but  the  opportunities  of  instruction  in  the 
school  were  very  limited.  There  was  no  library  attached  to 
it.  His  students  were  supplied  with  a  few  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  classics,  Euclid's  Elements  of  Mathematics  and  Martin's 
Natural  Philosophy.  Moral  Philosophy  was  taught  from  a 
syllabus  of  lectures  by  Dr.  Witherspoon  in  Princeton  College. 
The  students  had  no  books  on  history  or  miscellaneous  liter- 
ature. There  were  very  few  indeed  in  the  State,  except  in  the 
libraries  of  lawyers  who  lived  in  the  commercial  towns.  I  well 
remember  that  after  completing  my  course  of  studies  under 
Dr.  Caldwell,  I  spent  nearly  two  years  without  finding  any 
books  to  read  except  old  works  on  theological  subjects.  At 
length  I  accidentally  met  with  Voltaire's  History  of  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden,  and  an  odd  volume  of  Smollett's  Roderick  Random 
and  an  abridgement  of  Don  Quixote.  These  books  gave  me  a 
taste  for  reading  which   I  had   no  opportunity  of  gratifying 


LAYING  THE  CORNER  STONE).  43 

until  I  became  a  student  of  the  University  in  1796  Few  of 
Dr.  Caldwell's  students  had  better  opportunities  of  getting 
books  than  myself,  and  with  those  slender  opportunities  of  in- 
struction it  is  not  at  all  surprising  that  so  few  have  become 
eminent  in  the  liberal  professions.  At  this  day  (1827)  when 
libraries  are  established  in  all  our  towns,  when  every  profes- 
sional man  and  every  respectable  gentleman  has  a  collection 
of  books,  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  the  inconvenience  under 
which  young  men  labored  thirty  or  forty  years  ago."  And  yet 
there  were  men  who,  like  Judge  Murphey,  conquered  all  these 
difficulties  and  rose,  conspicuous  for  learning  and  science. 

I  am  satisfied  that  Judge  Murphey  was  mistaken  as  to  the 
number  of  classical  schools.  There  were  others,  but  very  far 
from  being  sufficient  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  State. 

The  North  American  Review  in  1821  said  that,  "In  an  ardent 
and  increasing  zeal  for  the  establishment  of  schools  and  acade- 
mies for  several  years  past,  we  do  not  believe  North  Carolina 
has  been  outdone  by  a  single  State.  The  academy  at  Raleigh 
was  founded  in  1804,  previously  to  which  there  were  only  two 
institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  State.  The  number  at  present 
is  nearly  forty,  and  is  rapidly  increasing.  Great  pains  are 
taken  to  procure  the  best  instructors  from  different  parts  of  the 
country,  and  we  have  the  best  authority  for  our  opinion,  that  in 
no  part  of  the  Union  are  the  interests  of  education  better  under- 
stood and  under  better  regulation  than  in  the  middle  counties 
of  North  Carolina.  The  schools  for  females  are  particularly 
celebrated  and  are  much  resorted  to  from  Georgia,  South  Caro- 
lina and  Virginia.  Tn  the  year  1816  the  number  of  students  at 
academies  within  the  compass  of  forty  miles  amounted  to  more 
than  one  thousand." 

Soon  after  the  laying  of  the  cornerstone  of  the  Old  East,  the 
President's  dwelling  was  begun.  This  was  located  opposite  to 
the  present  Commons  Hall,  and  is  now  occupied  by  Prof.  Gore. 
It  was  the  residence  of  Professor  Ker,  then  of  Professor  Gil- 
laspie ;  then  for  some  years  of  President  Caldwell.  In  the  year 
1807  he  married  the  widow  of  William  Hooper,  son  of  the 
signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  who  had  removed 
from  Hillsboro  to  Chapel  Hill  in  order  to  educate  her  sons ;  he 


44  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

then  removed  to  her  residence  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Frank- 
lin and  Hillsboro  streets.  This  caused  the  "President's  house" 
to  become  the  residence  of  professors. 

Sale  of  Village  Lots. 

After  the  ceremonies  of  laying  the  cornerstone,  was  had  the 
sale  of  villages  lots.  A  careful  inspection  of  the  map  of  the 
town  preserved  among  the  Harris  papers  and  of  the  deeds  given 
by  the  Commissioners  of  sale  show  clearly  the  plan.  A  broad 
avenue,  called  the  Grand  Avenue,  290  feet  wide,  being  the  dis- 
tance between  the  eastern  side  of  the  East  Building  and  the 
western  side  of  the  West  Building,  was  laid  out  on  paper,  ex- 
tending from  the  north  front  of  the  South  Building  north- 
wardly to  the  limits  of  the  University  land,  considerably  beyond 
the  present  village  school-house.  Person  Hall  (Old  Chapel) 
was  located  to  front  on  this  avenue. 

Another  avenue  about  150  feet  wide  was  designed  to  extend 
from  the  South  Building  eastwardly  to  Piney  Prospect.  The 
lots  on  both  sides  of  Franklin  or  Main  street,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  those  included  in  the  Grand  Avenue,  were  squares  of 
two  acres  each,  as  were  also  those  along  Columbia  Avenue. 
These  two-acre  lots  were  numbered  1  to  24;  those  west  of 
Columbia  Avenue,  beginning  at  the  south,  being  numbers  1,  3, 
5,7;  those  on  the  east  being  2,  4,  6,  8 ;  the  two  latter  as  well 
as  5  and  7  being  on  Franklin  street.  To  the  east  of  6  on  Frank- 
lin street  were  the  odd  numbers  9  to  23,  the  spaces  occupied 
by  Grand  Avenue  and  Raleigh  street  not  being  included;  that 
at  the  southeast  corner  of  Franklin  and  Raleigh  streets  being 
No.  19.  Similarly  on  the  north  side  of  Franklin  street  from 
No.  8,  usually  known  as  the  Hargrave  lot,  to  the  east  are  the 
even  numbers  10  to  24;  that  known  as  the  Thompson  lot  being 
No.  18. 

Besides  these  there  were  five  lots  of  four  acres  each,  Nos.  1 
and  2  being  the  lots  from  Commons  Hall  to  the  Pittsboro  road. 
Nos.  3  and  4  being  east  and  west  of  Grand  Avenue  and  north  of 
Rosemary  street,  No.  5  being  east  of  Hillsboro  street  and  north 
of  Rosemary,  and  No.  6  being  the  Battle  lot,  touched  by  no 
street,  evidently  set  apart  for  sale  because  a  spring  was  within 
its  limits. 


SALE  OF  TOWN  LOTS.  45 

The  campus,  then  called  ornamental  grounds,  was  planned 
to  be  far  larger  than  at  present.  It  was  a  square,  extending 
eastwardly  to  the  front  line  of  No.  6  four-acre  lot.  and  the 
same  distance  into  the  forest  on  the  south,  beyond  the  old 
brickyard.  The  general  changes  in  the  plan  have  been  the  re- 
stricting of  the  campus  into  its  present  stone-wall  limits  and  the 
sale  of  that  part  of  the  Grand  Avenue  which  lies  north  of 
Franklin  street.  The  first  encroachment  was  a  Union  church, 
called  the  village  chapel,  for  holding  religious  services  on  Sun- 
day nights,  on  Franklin  street  about  the  middle  of  Grand 
Avenue,  the  professors  contributing  the  major  part  of  the 
building  fund.  In  the  course  of  time  the  lot  on  which  it  was 
situated  was  sold  to  the  Presbyterians  for  their  church,  and  the 
lots  to  the  west  of  it  were  disposed  of  for  various  purposes. 
The  old  village  chapel  was  moved  northward  and  was  recently 
the  town  school-house.  Another  portion  of  Grand  Avenue  was 
bought  by  the  Methodists  as  a  site  for  their  church,  and,  when 
they  concluded  to  build  another,  some  northern  Congregation- 
alists  bought  it  for  a  school  and  church  for  the  colored.  It 
has  since  been  sold  into  private  hands. 

Long  afterwards,  about  1830,  when  Gerrard  Hall  was  built, 
the  authorities  of  that  day  had  a  quixotic  notion  to  force  the 
University  to  turn  its  back  to  the  village  and  its  face  towards 
the  south,  a  stately  east  and  west  avenue  to  run  from  the  Ra- 
leigh to  the  Pittsboro  road.  The  southern  porch  of  Gerrard 
Hall,  recently  taken  down,  is  a  memento  of  this  abortive  pro- 
ject. 

It  is  interesting  to  read  the  list  of  purchasers  at  the  sale 
of  1793.  I  regret  that  I  have  been  unable  to  find  the  number 
of  the  lots  each  purchased,  but  by  the  researches  of  Mr.  S.  M. 
Gattis  I  can  give  fair  specimens.  The  last  descendant  of  an 
original  purchaser  who  continued  to  hold  the  land  bought  was 
Mrs.  Mary  Kenan,  of  Wilmington,  wife  of  Wm.  R.  Kenan, 
whose  mother,  Mrs.  Jesse  Hargrave,  was  a  granddaughter  of 
Christopher  Barbee.  She  has  recently  sold  it.  The  following 
is  the  list  of  purchasers,  the  terms  of  sale  being  twelve  months' 
credit : 


46  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Christopher  Barbee  £  105 .  10  $211. 

Wm.  Hayes   £   50.5  100.50 

John   Daniel    28 .  56 . 

Samuel  Hopkins,  No.  14 33 .  66 . 

Hardy  Morgan,  No.  12 75 .  150 . 

Edmund  Jones,  No.  13 100.  200. 

George  Johnston,  No.   11 71 .  142 . 

Nathaniel  Christmas   40 .  80 . 

Alfred  Moore,  No.  17 32 .  64 . 

Charles  Collier   67 .  134 . 

Stephen  Gapins 40. 10  81 . 

James  Patterson,  Nos.  4  and  5 108.10  217. 

John  Caldwell  29 .  58 . 

Jesse  Neville   76.10  153 . 

John   Grant   Rencher,   Nos.   20   and   19 

and  4  acre  No.  5 114.5  228.50 

Daniel  Booth '. 52 .  104 . 

Cheslcy  Page  Paterson   82.  164. 

Lewis  Kirk    58.  116. 

Ephraim  Frazier 55 .  110. 

Archibald  Campbell   54. 10  109. 

John  Carrington   107.  214. 

Andrew    Burke,    four    acre   No.    6    and 

four  acre  No.  3   125 .  250 . 

Total £1504.  $3008. 

The  Commissioners  reported  £30  more  than  this.  The  auc- 
tioneer was  John  G.  Rencher,  and  he  was  paid  $20.  John 
Daniel  was  the  surveyor  and  received  $16. 

The  lot  bid  off  by  Alfred  Moore,  one  of  the  Commissioners, 
for  £32  ($64)  was  transferred  to  William  H.  Hill,  and  by  him 
to  Thomas  Taylor,  a  merchant.  After  building  a  house  on  it 
and  living  therein  for  many  years  Taylor  removed  to  Tennessee, 
selling  it  to  the  University.  It  is  the  land  east  of  the  Episcopal 
church  extending  to  the  Raleigh  road,  now  occupied  by  Dr. 
Alexander. 

The  Charles  Collier  lot  ($134)  is  that  at  the  cor-wer  of  Hills- 
boro  and  Franklin  street,  now  owned  by  the  heirs  of  Henry 
Thompson. 

John  Grant  Rencher  was  the  father  of  the  late  Abram 
Rencher,  member  of  Congress  and  Charge  d'  Affairs  to  Portu- 
gal.   He  bought  No.  5  lot  of  four  acres  for  $74.50,  No.  19,  that 


6 ALU,  OF  TOWN   LOTS.  47 

at  the  southeast  corner  of  Franklin  and  Raleigh  streets,  and 
that  opposite  for  §77  each. 

The  four-acre  Battle  lot,  No.  6,  was  purchased  by  Andrew 
Burke,  a  merchant  of  Hillsboro,  for  $150.  The  highest  priced 
were  the  two-acre  lots  No.  11,  where  is  now  Roberson's  Hotel, 
$142,  or  $71  per  acre,  the  purchaser  being  George  Johnston; 
No.  12  opposite,  on  part  of  which  is  the  residence  of  the  late 
Dr.  W.  P.  Mallett,  sold  to  Hardy  Morgan  for  $150,  or  $75  per 
acre;  and  No.  13  (the  Chapel  Hill  Hotel  lot)  to  Edmund  Jones 
for  $200,  or  $100  per  acre.  The  two-acre  lot  adjoining  the 
campus  on  the  west,  brought  only  $95,  and  that  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  Franklin  street  and  Columbia  Avenue,  was  sold 
to  James  Paterson,  the  contractor  for  the  East  Building,  for 
$122. 

Nearly  all  of  these  purchases  were  for  speculative  purposes 
and  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  money  was  made  on  the  re-sales. 
Investors  should  take  warning  by  these  figures  of  the  danger 
of  holding  unimproved  land  in  towns  of  slow  growth.  Number 
19  ($77),  one  of  the  most  beautiful  building  sites  in  the  village, 
the  house  on  which,  burnt  in  1886,  was  the  residence  of  Presi- 
dents Caldwell  and  Swain  and  which  sheltered  three  Presidents 
of  the  United  States,  Polk,  Buchanan,  and  Johnson,  is  now 
worth  exclusive  of  buildings  about  $1,000.  The  $77  paid  in 
1793  at  six  per  cent  compound  interest  would  be  over  $12,000, 
and  until  1848  moneys  lent  were  not  taxed. 

It  is  noticeable,  as  showing  the  progress  of  prices  in  real 
estate,  that  the  acre  which  is  now  the  Presbyterian  Manse,  then 
without  a  building  on  it,  was  in  1847  bought  by  Prof.  W.  M. 
Green,  since  Bishop  of  Mississippi,  for  $37.50.  In  1892  Prof. 
Collier  Cobb  gave  for  three-fourths  of  an  acre  adjoining  $300. 

The  first  effort  to  start  the  University  on  its  educational 
career  was  peculiar  and  proved  abortive.  On  the  12th  of  De- 
cember. 1792,  the  Curriculum  Committee  inserted  an  advertise- 
ment in  the  newspapers  as  follows :  "Proposals  from  such 
gentlemen  as  may  intend  to  undertake  the  instruction  of  youth'' 
are  invited,  the  instruction  to  embrace  "Languages,  particu- 
larly the  English  :  the  Belles  Lettres ;  Logic  and  Moral  Philoso- 
phy ;  Agriculture  and  Botany,  with  the  principles  of  Architec- 


48  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

ture."     No  gentlemen  offered  themselves  for  this  stupendous 
task. 

First  Plan  of  Studies  and  By-Laws. 

On  Decemher  4,  1792,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  at  New 
Bern,  Messrs.  McCorckle,  Stone,  Moore,  Ashe,  and  Hay  were 
appointed  a  committee  to  report  a  plan  of  education,  and  Hugh 
Williamson  was  afterwards  added.  Of  these  McCorkle,  Stone, 
Moore,  and  Ashe  have  already  been  described.  Hay  was  an 
able  lawyer  from  Fayetteville,  from  whom  Haymount  is  called, 
occasionally  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly,  a  strong  Fed- 
eralist with  a  sharp  tongue,  which  often  embroiled  him  with 
the  Republican  judges,  Ashe,  Spencer  and  Williams.  His  beau- 
tiful daughter  was  the  first  wife  of  Judge  Gaston.  Dr.  Hugh 
Williamson  had  the  reputation  of  having  much  varied  learning, 
especially  in  the  sciences.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  Literary 
Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylavnia,  was  educated 
to  be  a  Presbyterian  preacher,  but  after  serving  two  years  left 
the  ministry  on  account  of  ill  health.  After  being  Professor  of 
Mathematics  in  his  alma  mater  for  a  short  while  he  obtained 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  practiced  his  profession  in  Philadelphia.  Engaging 
in  a  coasting  commercial  venture  at  the  opening  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War,  he  was  forced,  in  order  to  avoid  capture,  to  run 
into  Edenton,  in  North  Carolina,  and  there  concluded  to  settle. 
When  the  militia  was  called  out  for  the  unfortunate  Camden 
campaign  he  volunteered  his  service  as  surgeon,  and  remained 
in  the  hands  of  the  British  in  order  to  care  for  the  American 
wounded.  He  was  afterwards  member  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina Legislature,  member  of  the  Congress  of  Confederation 
and  of  the  Convention  of  1787.  and  a  signer  of  the  United  States 
Constitution.  Marrying  a  lady  of  wealth  living  in  New  York, 
he  removed  his  residence  to  that  city  and  there  wrote  his  His- 
tory of  North  Carolina.  He  also  published  a  volume  on  the 
climate  of  America  as  compared  with  that  of  Europe,  and  was 
an  active  co-operator  in  advancing  the  interests  of  the  LJniver- 
sity  of  North  Carolina  until  his  death  in  1819.  Jefferson  said 
of  him  that  he  was  a  "very  useful  member  of  the  Congress 
of  the  Confederation,"  of  "acute  mind  and  of  a  high  degree  of 


PLAN  OF  STUDIES.  49 

erudition."  Of  the  committee  the  only  college-bred  men  were 
McCorkle,  Stone  and  Williamson. 

Dr.  McCorkle,  as  Chairman,  reported  in  December,  1792,  in 
general  terms  that,  considering  the  poverty  of  the  University, 
the  instruction  in  literature  and  science  be  confined  to  the  study 
of  the  languages,  particularly  the  English,  the  acquirement  of 
historical  knowledge,  ancient  and  modern ;  Belles  Lettres,  Math- 
ematics and  Natural  Philosophy;  Botany  and  the  theory  and 
practice  of  Agriculture,  best  suited  to  the  climate  and  soil  of  the 
State;  the  principles  of  Architecture.  The  committee  recom- 
mended the  procurement  of  apparatus  for  Experimental  Phil- 
osophy and  Astronomy.  In  this  they  included  a  set  of  Globes, 
a  Barometer,  Thermometer,  Microscope,  Telescope,  Quadrant, 
Prismatic  Glass,  Air-pump,  and  an  Electrical  Machine.  They 
were  of  the  opinion  that  a  library  be  procured,  but  the  choice 
should  be  deferred  until  additional  funds  should  be  provided. 

The  report  is  remarkable  as  being  far  ahead  of  the  times. 
Notwithstanding  that  the  chairman  and  the  second  on  the  list, 
Stone,  were  graduates  of  Princeton,  a  seat  of  the  old  curricu- 
lum, viz. :  the  Classics,  Mathematics  and  Metaphysics,  promi- 
nence is  given  to  scientific  studies  and  those  of  a  practical 
nature.  It  is  strikingly  like  the  plan  adopted  by  Congress  for 
the  establishment  of  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges, 
in  which,  to  use  the  words  of  the  act,  "Without  excluding  the 
classics,  and  including  military  tactics,  shall  be  taught  the 
branches  of  learning  relating  to  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic 
Arts."  And  I  find  that  the  course  of  studies,  from  which  the 
classics  were  excluded,  was  called  by  the  name  adopted  in  1870, 
the  Scientific  Course,  although  the  Faculty  adopting  the  latter 
had  no  knowledge  of  the  scheme  of  1792. 

It  is  certainly  to  the  honor  of  Dr.  McCorckle  that,  while  he 
established  over  a  hundred  years  ago  in  the  wilds  of  North 
Carolina  a  Normal  School,  the  first  probably  in  America,  he  like- 
wise drew  up  a  scheme  for  the  more  practical  instruction  which 
all  institutions  of  higher  learning  at  the  present  day  have  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  adopted.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  as 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  the  alma  mater  of  Dr.  Hugh 
Williamson,  was  conspicuous  in  exalting  scientific  studies,  his 

4 


50  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

influence  had  weight  in  the  report  of  the  committee.  I  find  that 
Dr.  John  Andrews,  Provost  of  that  institution,  as  late  as  1810, 
writes  that  the  principal  teachers  of  Latin  and  English  are  not 
styled  professors,  but  masters — that  these  schools  were  con- 
sidered distinct  from  the  college,  subordinate  to  it  and  only 
kept  up  as  nurseries  of  the  philosophical  classes.  He  thought 
that  on  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rogers,  the 
head  of  the  English  school,  it  would  be  abolished  altogether. 

On  January  10,  1794,  the  Board  ordered  the  scheme  of  the 
Committee  to  be  carried  into  effect,  and  that  the  exercises 
should  begin  on  the  15th  of  January,  1795.  The  annual  Com- 
mencement was  to  be  on  the  Monday  after  the  10th  of  July 
each  year,  after  which  "there  should  be  a  time  of  recreation  or 
holiday  of  one  month  only."  The  next  vacation  was  to  begin 
on  the  15th  of  December  and  end  on  the  15th  of  January  of 
each  year. 

The  prices  for  tuition  were  as  follows : 

For  Reading,  Writing,  Arithmetic  and  Bookkeeping,  $8  per  annum. 

For  Latin,  Greek,  French,  English  Grammar,  Geography,  History 
and  Belles  Lettres,  $12.50  per  annum. 

Geometry  with  practical  branches,  Astronomy,  Natural  Philoso- 
phy, Moral  Philosophy,  Chemistry  and  the  principles  of  Agri- 
culture, $15.00  per  annum. 

No  President  was  to  be  chosen,  but  a  Presiding  Professor 
only,  to  occupy  the  President's  house  and  to  be  responsible  for 
all  the  teaching.  His  style  was  "Professor  of  Humanity,"  his 
salary  $300  a  year  and  two-thirds  of  the  tuition  money. 

The  Professor  of  Humanity  and  three  Trustees,  or  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board,  were  authorized  to  employ  assistance  when 
needed.  The  salary  of  a  tutor  was  to  be  $200,  one-third  of  the 
tuition  money,  free  board  at  Commons,  and  the  use  of  a  room 
in  the  "Old  East."  The  word  "Humanity,"  more  often  in  the 
plural  form,  "the  Humanities,"  was  held  to  include  grammar, 
logic,  rhetoric,  poetry  and  the  ancient  classics,  opposed  to 
mathematics  and  the  natural  sciences. 

Charles  Wilson  Harris,  a  recent  graduate  of  Princeton,  was 
chosen,  in  the  spring  of  1795.  Tutor  of  Mathematics. 

It  was  likewise  resolved  to  build  a  Steward's  House,  to  be 


PLAN  OF  STUDIES.  5 1 

ready  at  the  opening  of  the  institution,  the  size  of  the  edifice  to 
be  at  the  discretion  of  the  Building  Committee. 

The  students  were  to  be  allowed,  but  not  compelled,  to  live 
in  the  University  building  and  board  at  Commons. 

Absalom  Tatom,  of  Hillsborough,  who  was  afterwards  a 
Commoner  from  that  borough  and,  by  his  criticism  of  the  Uni- 
versity as  being  aristocratical,  provoked  violent  denunciation  by 
President  Caldwell,  and  Walter  Alves,  of  the  same  town,  the 
new  Treasurer,  were  added  to  the  Building  Committee. 

A  committee,  composed  of  John  Haywood,  Davie,  James 
Taylor,  Adlai  Osborne  and  Rev.  Dr.  McCorkle,  reported  that, 
as  instructed,  they  had  examined  into  the  financial  condition  of 
the  institution.  That,  "on  the  ist  of  November,  1794,  the  in- 
stitution would  have  in  ready  cash  £6,297,  9s,  6d,  ($12,594.95), 
exclusive  of  the  hard  money,  which  by  that  time  for  interest 
will  be  three  hundred  dollars,  or  thereabout.  This  interest  was 
payable  by  the  United  States  on  bonds  invested  in  the  new  debt 
created  for  discharging  the  Revolutionary  obligations  of  the 
General  and  State  governments. 

The  Committee,  to  report  "the  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
meats  and  drinks  to  be  furnished  to  students,"  was  composed  of 
Col.  Wm.  Lenoir,  David  Stone,  Joel  Lane,  Robert  Porter  and 
John  Haywood.  The  diet  recommended  seems  sufficiently 
generous. 

For  Breakfast. — Coffee  and  tea,  or  chocolate  and  tea,  one  warm  roll, 
one  loaf  of  wheat  or  corn  flour  (the  secretary  spells  it  flower),  at  the 
option  of  the  student,  with  a  sufficiency  of  butter. 

For  Dinner. — A  dish  or  cover  of  bacon  and  greens,  or  beef  and  turnips, 
together  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  fresh  meats,  or  fowls,  or  pudding 
and  tarts,  with  a  sufficiency  of  wheat  and  corn  bread. 

For  Supper. — Coffee,  tea,  or  milk  at  the  option  of  the  Steward,  with 
the  necessary  quantity  of  bread  or  biscuit. 

The  Committee  adds  that  "it  is  expected  Potatoes  and  all 
other  kinds  of  vegetable  food  will  be  furnished,  and  plentifully, 
by  the  Steward,"  with  a  clean  table  cloth  every  other  day. 
"They  are  of  opinion  that  no  drink  other  than  water  be  pro- 
vided, the  word  "drink"  here  meaning  spirituous,  vinous  or 
malt  fluids."     The  report  was  adopted. 


52  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

It  is  manifest  that  there  is  abundant  room  for  differences  be- 
tween the  Steward  and  his  hungry  patrons.  Neither  the  size, 
nor  the  weight  of  the  rolls,  loaves,  bacon,  beef,  is  specified.  As 
no  fresh  meats  and  fowls  were  required  when  puddings  and 
tarts  were  on  hand,  the  first  course,  bacon  with  beans,  or  in  lieu 
thereof,  beef  and  turnips,  must  have  been  a  trifle  lonesome. 
And  if  the  Steward,  as  he  had  the  right  to  do,  concluded  to 
serve  corn-bread,  hot  or  cold,  without  butter,  even  the  advocate 
of  Spartan  simplicity  might  find  it  unsavory.  It  must  be  noted 
too  that  the  age  and  strength  of  the  butter,  which  was  not  im- 
perative except  at  breakfast,  might  be  a  matter  of  serious 
wrangling.  It  seems  to  have  depended  on  the  sympathetic  tem- 
perament of  the  Steward  whether  the  expectation  of  the  un- 
limited supply  of  vegetables  was  realized  in  all  seasons.  Our 
history  will  show  abundant  heart-burnings  resulting  from  the 
want  of  more  stringent  provisions  in  the  summary  of  that  offi- 
cer's duties. 

In  addition  to  furnishing  food,  the  Board  required  the  Stew- 
ard to  give  the  floors,  passages  and  staircases  a  fortnightly 
washing,  to  have  the  students'  rooms  swept  and  beds  made  once 
a  day,  and  to  have  brought  from  "the  spring"  at  least  four  times 
a  day  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water  in  the  judgment  of  the 
Faculty.  The  spring  mentioned  was  near  the  Episcopal  Church 
rear  wall,  the  head  of  the  streamlet  going  through  Battle  Park. 
It  was  then  bold  and  pure.  General  Clingman  informed  me 
that  it  was  used  as  late  as  1831. 

The  first  Steward  was  John  Taylor,  usually  called  Buck  Tay- 
lor. For  his  services  he  was  to  receive  $30  a  year  for  each 
student.  He  was  required  to  enter  into  bond  with  good  security 
in  the  sum  of  $400  for  the  performance  of  his  duty.  An  inspec- 
tion of  a  copy  of  the  bond  shows  that  the  uncertainty  in  regard 
to  the  vegetables  was  partly  removed  by  adding  other  words, 
so  as  to  read  "potatoes  and  all  kinds  of  vegetable  food  usually 
served  up  in  Carolina  in  sufficient  quantities."  The  hours  of 
meals  were  for  breakfast  and  dinner  eight  and  one,  and  for 
supper  "before  or  after  candle  light,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
faculty."  The  provision  was  added  that  if  milk  should  be 
served  at  supper,  neither  coffee,  tea,  nor  chocolate  should  be 


PLAN  OF  STUDIES.  53 

required,  "unless  by  boys  who  eat  no  milk."  Eating  milk  has 
an  odd  sound  to  our  ear,  but  it  must  not  be  understood  that  the 
lacteal  fluid  hardened  into  the  likeness  of  cheese.  In  1796,  for 
some  reason  not  explained,  the  requirement  of  milk  was  dis- 
pensed with  until  after  July  1st,  while  wheat  bread  and  biscuit 
might  be  lacking  until  the  same  date.  The  house  of  the  Stew- 
ard stood  for  fifty  years  at  the  crown  of  the  hill  east  of  Smith 
Hall,  in  the  middle  of  Cameron  Avenue — a  two-storied  wooden 
building  painted  white.  Taylor  held  the  contract  until  he  gave 
place  to  Major  Pleasant  Henderson,  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 
uncle  of  Chief  Justice  Leonard  Henderson. 

John  Taylor  was  a  fine  specimen  of  the  bold,  frank,  rough, 
honest,  Revolutionary  veteran,  a  good  citizen,  but  perhaps  too 
ready  to  assert  his  rights  and  resent  injuries  by  fist  law.  He 
owned  a  plantation  three  miles  west  of  Chapel  Hill,  now  called 
the  Snipes  place.  When  he  came  to  his  death-bed  he  requested 
to  be  buried  on  the  summit  of  a  woody  hill  overlooking  the 
cultivated  fields,  so  that  he  could  watch  the  negroes  and  keep 
them  at  their  work.  The  monument  is  a  sandstone  slab,  and 
on  it,  "To  the  Memory  of  John  Taylor.  Born  June  22,  1747; 
died  May  28,  1828.     A  Patriot  of  1776." 

At  this  meeting  General  Davie  was  requested  to  prepare  a 
book-plate  for  the  University  books.  It  will  be  noticed  that  his 
Revolutionary  title  of  Colonel  is  dropped  for  that  of  a  higher 
rank,  which  of  course  was  in  the  militia.  There  is  a  tradition 
that  when  he  was  afterwards  a  special  Commissioner  to  France, 
Napoleon,  although  generally  treating  him  with  marked  con- 
sideration, showed  disgust  when  he  learned  that  the  title  was 
not  gained  on  the  gory  battlefield. 

The  names  of  the  earliest  donors  of  books  to  the  Library 
should  be  known.  They  were:  Honorable  Judge  Williams,  3 
volumes;  James  Reid,  Esq.,  of  Wilmington,  21  volumes;  Wm. 
R.  Davie,  6  volumes ;  Rev.  David  Ker,  3  volumes ;  Richard 
Bennehan,  32  volumes ;  Araham  Hodge,  10  volumes ;  Centre 
Benevolent  Society  of  Iredell,  11  volumes;  Francis  W.  N.  Bur- 
ton, 2  volumes.  In  1797  Joseph  P.  Gautier,  Senator  from 
Bladen,  a  lawyer,  made  the  handsome  gift  of  174  volumes  of 
French  books. 


54  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  Trustees  placed  in  the  hands  of  Hugh  Williamson  $200, 
to  be  used  in  the  purchase  of  "such  Grammar,  Classical  and 
other  books  as  in  his  opinion  will  be  first  needed,"  and  the  Pro- 
fessor of  Humanity  was  directed  to  sell  them  to  the  students  at 
cost.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the  titles  of  some  of  these  books 
and  their  prices : 

48  Ruddiman's  Rudiments   each  $0 .  28 

24  Whittenhall's  Greek  Grammar   "  .37% 

48  Webster's  Grammar    "  .  33  1-3 

6  Scot's  Dictionary  "  1 .  00 

36  Corderii    "  .28 

24  Erasmus   "  .47 

2  Clark's  Nepos   "  1 .  33 

10  Sallust "  .  87y2 

6  Cicero  Delphini "  2 .  00 

6  Virgil  Delphini   "  2.25 

6  Horace  Delphini "  2 .  25 

6  Young's  Dictionary   "  2 .  25 

6  Schrevelius'  Lexicon   "  .25 

6  Greek  Testaments    "  1 .  67 

4  Lucian    "  .90 

3  Xenophon    "  2 .  50 

6  Nicholson's  Philosophy  (Natural)   "  2.67 

4  Homer "  3.75 

6  Epictetus "  .31 

It  will  be  observed  that  Dr.  Williamson  rightly  estimated  the 
paucity  of  numbers  likely  to  be  in  the  higher  Greek  classes. 
The  prices  also  point  to  the  general  slender  demand  for  both 
Latin  and  Greek :  $2.50  for  Xenophon,  $3.75  for  Homer,  $2.25 
for  Cicero,  Virgil,  and  Horace  would  distress  the  average  stu- 
dent even  in  our  day.  Money  was  much  more  difficult  of  at- 
tainment then  than  now. 

The  by-laws  of  the  University  were  written  at  first  by  Dr. 
McCorkle,  then  referred  to  a  committee,  amended  and  adopted 
finally  on  the  6th  of  February,  1795.  The  following  is  a  faith- 
ful summary. 

The  duties  of  the  President,  or  Presiding  Professor,  were  to 
superintend  all  studies,  particularly  those  of  the  Senior  class, 
provide  for  the  performance  of  the  morning  and  evening  prayer, 
to  examine  each  student  on  every  Sunday  evening  on  questions 
previously  given  them  on  the  general  principles  of  morality  and 


PIvAN  OF  STUDIES.  55 

religion ;  to  deliver  weekly  lectures  on  the  Principles  of  Agri- 
culture, Botany,  Zoology,  Mineralogy,  Architecture  and  Com- 
merce; report  annually  at  least  to  the  Trustees  on  the  state  of 
the  University,  with  such  recommendations  as  he  saw  fit  to 
suggest. 

The  officers  of  the  University  collectively  were  called  the 
Faculty,  with  power  to  inflict  the  punishments  prescribed  by  the 
Trustees,  and  to  make  temporary  regulations  when  the  Board 
was  not  in  session. 

No  officer  to  be  removed  without  a  fair  hearing. 

Four  literary  classes  were  prescribed,  called  First,  Second, 
Third,  and  Fourth. 

The  studies  of  the  First  Class  were  English  Grammar, 
Roman  Antiquities,  and  such  parts  of  the  Roman  historians, 
orators  and  poets  as  the  professors  might  designate,  and  also  the 
Greek  Testament. 

The  Second  Class  to  study  Arithmetic,  Bookkeeping,  Geog- 
raphy, including  the  use  of  globes,  Grecian  antiquity  and  Greek 
classics. 

The  exercises  of  the  Third  Class  to  be  the  Mathematics,  in- 
cluding Geometry,  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy. 

The  Fourth  Class  to  study  Logic,  Moral  Philosophy,  Princi- 
ples of  Civil  Government,  Chronology,  History,  Ancient  and 
Modern,  the  Belles  Lettres,  "and  the  revisal  of  whatsoever  may 
appear  necessary  to  the  officers  of  the  University." 

It  was  provided  that  if  any  studies  should  not  be  finished  in 
one  year,  they  should  be  completed  in  the  next.  B  converso, 
if  those  assigned  to  one  year  should  be  finished  before  the  end 
of  the  session,  those  of  the  next  should  be  anticipated. 

For  admission  into  the  First,  i.  e.,  the  lowest  class,  successful 
examinations  should  be  had  on  Caesar's  Commentaries,  Sallust, 
Ovid  or  Virgil  and  the  Greek  Grammar.  Equivalent  Latin 
works  were  accepted. 

Those  electing  to  study  the  Sciences  and  the  English  lan- 
guage to  be  formed  into  a  Scientific  class,  or  pursue  the  chosen 
subjects  with  the  Literary  classes. 

Those  entering  the  Third  class  at.  or  after,  the  middle  stage 
of  its  progress,  should  pay  eight  dollars ;  those  entering  the 
Fourth  in  its  first  half,  $12.50;  in  the  second  half,  $15.00. 


56  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Three  quarterly  and  a  final  examination  were  required  of 
each  class. 

Attendance  on  prayers  twice  a  day  was  required,  and  morn- 
ing prayer  was  at  sunrise. 

From  morning  prayer  to  breakfast  was  to  be  study  hour. 
One  hour  was  allowed  for  breakfast  and  amusement,  after 
which  three  hours  were  devoted  to  study  and  recitation,  i.  e., 
until  12  o'clock. 

Study  hours  began  again  at  2  o'clock  p.  m.  and  continued 
until  prayers  at  5  o'clock,  after  which  was  a  "vacation"  until  8 
p.  m.,  "when  the  students  shall  return  to  their  lodgings  and  not 
leave  them  until  prayers  the  next  morning." 

Each  class  to  have  one  of  its  members  a  monitor  to  report 
those  absent  without  leave,  and  also  the  disorderly  and  vicious. 

Students  all  to  speak,  read  and  exhibit  compositions  on  Satur- 
day mornings.  Saturday  afternoons  were  allowed  for  amuse- 
ments. 

All  were  required  to  attend  divine  service  on  the  Sabbath. 
In  the  afternoon  they  were  examined  on  the  general  principles 
of  religion  and  morality.  They  were  enjoined  to  reverence  the 
Sabbath,  to  use  no  profane  language,  not  to  speak  disrespect- 
fully of  religion  or  of  any  religious  denomination.  Keeping 
ardent  spirits  in  their  rooms,  association  with  evil  company, 
playing  at  any  game  of  hazard,  or  other  kind  of  gaming,  and 
betting,  were  prohibited.  They  must  treat  their  teachers  with 
respect.  And  an  aristocratic  principle  was  introduced  when  it 
was  further  ordered  that  they  treat  "each  other  according  to 
the  honor  due  each  class."  A  general  injunction  to  observe  the 
rules  of  decency  and  cleanliness  was  prescribed. 

A  fee  of  $5.00  per  term,  payable  half  yearly  in  advance,  was 
exacted  for  room  rent  and  repairs  of  accidental  damages.  One 
causing  wilful  damage  must  pay  four-fold.  If  the  mischief- 
maker  was  unknown,  the  real  damage  was  assessed  on  all  the 
students.     Payment  of  dues  was  necessary  to  obtaining  degrees. 

The  students  were  required  to  cleanse  their  beds  and  rooms 
of  bugs  every  two  weeks. 

To  ensure  understanding  of  the  rules  it  was  ordered  that  the 
students  copy  them  in  note  books. 


BY-LAWS.  57 

With  regard  to  punishment  the  by-laws  were  framed  with 
conscious  recognition  of  the  fact  that  University  life  is  separate 
and  apart  from  that  of  the  State.  A  "Declaration  of  Rights" 
was  prefixed.  "The  students  charged  shall  have  timely  notice 
and  testimony  taken  on  the  most  solemn  assurance  shall  be 
deemed  talid  without  calling  on  a  magistrate  to  administer  an 
oath  in  legal  form." 

The  grades  of  punishment  were : 

i.  Admonition  by  any  University  officer,  or  by  the  Faculty. 

2.  Admonition  before  the  whole  University. 

3.  Admonition  before  the  Trustees. 

4.  Suspension. 

5.  Total  and  final  expulsion. 

It  was  gravely  provided  that  no  pecuniary  mulcts  should  be 
inflicted  for  non-attendance  on  prayers  or  recitations,  but  in 
addition  to  admonition,  an  abstract  of  the  report  of  the  monitors 
of  such  absence  must  be  sent  to  the  offender's  parent  or  guar- 
dian. 

The  "monitors'  bills,"  or  reports,  were  to  be  read  publicly 
every  Monday  evening,  and  offenders  "brought  to  account." 

The  laws  were  to  be  publicly  read  once  a  year,  and  an  address 
delivered  on  the  advantage  and  necessity  of  observing  the  laws. 
This  address  was  to  be  either  by  a  member  of  the  Faculty,  or 
by  a  student  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

A  hundred  years'  experience  discloses  a  marked  change  not 
only  in  words,  but  in  the  spirit  of  the  University  laws. 

In  the  administration  of  the  criminal  law  a  regular  trial  of 
offenders  was  originally  contemplated.  Witnesses  were  called 
for  and  against  the  accused,  their  solemn  affirmation  being 
taken  as  an  oath.  In  practice  it  was  found  of  course  that  stu- 
dents could  not  be  compelled  to  inform  on  one  another.  Now 
the  practice  is  to  have  no  witnesses  at  all.  The  executive  offi- 
cer satisfies  himself  that  there  is  strong  presumption  of  guilt, 
so  strong,  that  if  the  accused  refuses  to  answer,  this  refusal  is 
to  be  considered  as  confession.  If  the  accused  positively  affirms 
certain  facts,  they  are,  as  a  rule,  accepted  without  calling  any 
witnesses.  His  denial,  unless  inconsistent  with  known  facts, 
is  admitted  to  be  true.     It  is  not  a  criminal  trial  at  all,  but  the 


58  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROUNA. 

accused  is  allowed  to  exculpate  himself  from  suspicion,  so 
grave,  that  without  such  exculpation,  guilt  is  conclusively  pre- 
sumed. The  executive  officer  never  arraigns  a  supposed  of- 
fender on  a  mere  suspicion  or  guess,  with  the  intention  of  call- 
ing up  one  after  another  until  the  offender  is  discovered.  This 
would  ruin  his  authority  and  would  justify  students  in  refusing 
to  answer,  because  obviously  the  plan  would  be  equivalent  to 
making  students  indirectly  inform  on  one  another.  After  much 
disturbance  and  many  clashes  this  is  the  final  outcome — the  evo- 
lution of  University  trials.  It  is  more  satisfactory  than  any 
preceding  method.  A  practice  of  many  years  has  shown  not 
one  serious  mistake  on  the  part  of  the  executive  officer,  and 
extremely  rare  cases  of  deception  on  the  part  of  the  accused. 
In  these  the  scorn  of  their  fellows  was  sufficient  punishment. 

It  is  occasionally  urged  that  the  Faculty  should  invoke  the 
power  of  the  courts  for  punishment  of  student  offenders.  It 
has  been  done  once  at  least,  and  threatened  oftener  in  old 
times,  but  it  seems  to  be  against  principle.  The  Faculty  stand 
in  loco  parentis,  and  ought  except  in  extreme  cases  rather  to 
employ  counsel  to  defend  their  children  "in  law"  than  prose- 
cute them. 

The  evolution  of  punishments  is  interesting. 

Up  to  a  recent  period  admonition  before  the  Faculty  was 
practiced  freely.  Experience  has  shown  that  this  created  irri- 
tation without  effecting  reformation,  and  it  has  been  discon- 
tinued.    The  President  takes  the  duty. 

Admonition  before  the  whole  University  has  been  long  ago 
abandoned  as  mischievous  and  useless.  The  same  may  be  said 
of  admonition  before  the  Trustees.  Suspension  for  from  two 
weeks  to  six  months  was  practiced  until  1868.  Obviously  this 
punishment  was  very  injurious  to  the  scholarship  of  the  stu- 
dent. It  was  not  dreaded  to  a  great  extent  by  those  who  were 
not  in  awe  of  parents.  Often  the  offenders  engaged  board  a 
few  miles  from  Chapel  Hill  and  had  a  jolly  time  "rusticating," 
reading  novels,  hunting  or  fishing.  Sometimes  they  plunged 
into  the  dissipations  of  neighboring  towns.  So  the  "total  and 
final  expulsion"  was  divided  into  "dismission."  and  "expulsion," 
the  latter  being  only  inflicted  in   cases  of  flagrant  enormity. 


BY-LAWS. — PRESIDING   PROFESSOR.  59 

For  offenses  for  which  formerly  suspension  for  a  definite  term 
was  inflicted,  the  punishment  is  now  dismission  from  the 
University  without  report  to  the  Trustees.  It  then  rests  en- 
tirely with  the  Faculty  whether  the  offender  shall  be  allowed  to 
return,  and  if  so,  when  and  on  what  conditions.  If  the  offence 
is  an  atrocious  one  the  case  is  reported  to  the  Trustees  and,  in 
addition  to  dismission,  expulsion  is  recommended.  If  the 
Trustees  concur,  on  no  terms  can  there  be  re-admission.  A 
milder  form  of  dismission  is  a  notification  to  the  offender  that 
he  must  withdraw,  or  a  request  to  the  parents  to  order  him 
home.  This  allows  easier  admission  to  other  institutions. 
Sometimes  offences  are  overlooked  in  consideration  of  pledges 
to  refrain  from  the  particular  misconduct.  General  pledges  of 
good  conduct,  once  a  favorite  with  the  Faculty,  are  now  not 
required,  as  being  a  snare  for  the  thoughtless. 

If  it  should  become  absolutely  necessary,  the  Presiding  Pro- 
fessor, with  the  advice  of  three  Trustees,  could  employ  a  teacher 
of  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  and  bookkeeping. 

The  Trustees  had  a  high  conception  of  the  office  of  President. 
Before  going  into  the  election  of  the  Professor  of  Humanity, 
it  was  ordered  that  neither  he  nor  any  assistant  shall  have  "any 
manner  of  claim,  right  or  preference  whatever  to  the  Presidency 
of  the  University,  nor  to  such  employments  as  it  may  hereafter 
be  thought  advisable  to  fill,  but  they  shall  be  considered  as 
standing  in  the  same  situation  as  though  they  had  received  no 
appointment  from  the  Board." 

Election  of  Presiding  Professor. 

The  election  was  by  ballot  on  the  ioth  of  January,  1794.  It 
does  not  appear  that  there  were  any  applicants,  but  the  follow- 
ing were  placed  in  nomination :  Rev.  John  Brown,  who  had 
been  a  pupil  of  Dr.  McCorkle,  pastor  of  Waxhaw  Church, 
afterwards  a  Professor  in  the  University  of  South  Carolina, 
and  President  of  that  of  Georgia ;  Rev.  Robert  Archibald,  a 
graduate  of  Princeton,  pastor  of  Rocky  River  Church,  after- 
wards embracing  the  doctrine  of  universal  salvation,  but  it  did 
not  save  him  from  being  dropped  from  the  Presbyterian  roll; 
Rev.  James  Tate,  an  excellent  Presbyterian  divine  from  New 
Hanover ;    Rev.    George    Micklejohn,    generally   called   Parson 


60  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Micklejohn,  who  had  been  a  minister  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land in  Colonial  times,  having  under  his  jurisdiction,  besides 
many  others,  the  New  Hope  Chapel.  He  was  a  Tory  and  was 
forced  to  change  his  residence  to  the  Albemarle  country  for 
fear  of  his  influence  over  the  Regulators.  He  was  a  rough, 
honest  gentleman  of  the  old  Scotch  school,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, who  would  hire  a  man  to  attend  his  services  by  the  bribe 
of  a  generous  drink  out  of  his  bottle  of  brandy.  Many  sur- 
mised that  the  choice  would  fall  on  Dr.  McCorkle,  a  Trustee, 
who  delivered  the  address  at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of 
the  Old  East ;  but,  while  his  learning  was  conceded,  Davie  dis- 
trusted his  executive  ability.  A  story  of  McCorkle  as  a  farmer 
shows  that  this  distrust  was  well  founded.  He  was  used  to 
carry  into  the  field  volumes  on  theological  subjects  for  his  di- 
version in  intervals  of  manual  labor.  A  neighbor  seeking  him 
on  business  found  him  stretched  sub  tegmine  querci,  deep  in 
his  studies,  while  his  negro  plowman  was  fast  asleep  under 
another  tree,  and  the  mule  was  cropping  the  grateful  corn-tops. 

In  a  letter  of  Davie's,  written  at  a  later  period,  is  the  sugges- 
tion of  another  objection  to  Dr.  McCorkle,  by  reason  of  a  dis- 
trust of  the  wisdom  of  all  preachers.  Speaking  of  some  criti- 
cisms of  the  University,  he  wrote,  "Bishop  Pettigrew  has  said 
it  is  a  very  dissipated  and  debauched  place.  Some  priests  have 
also  been  doing  us  the  same  good  office  to  the  westward.  Noth- 
ing, it  seems,  goes  well  that  these  men  of  God  (the  italics  are 
his)  have  not  some  hand  in."  Dr.  McCorkle  must  have  been 
included  in  this  sneer.  Davie,  in  truth,  had  imbibed  some  of 
the  skepticism  then  so  prevalent  among  the  educated  classes. 

Although  he  was  not  chosen,  the  good  Doctor  had  no  resent- 
ment against  the  University.  This  is  proved  by  his  collection 
of  a  subscription  from  his  congregation  at  Thyatira  for  the  use 
of  the  University,  the  only  instance  of  congregational  help 
given  in  the  early  days.  Whether  a  business  man  or  not  he 
was  possessed  in  a  large  measure  of  piety  and  force.  Born 
August  23,  1746,  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  he  was 
brought  to  North  Carolina  when  nine  years  of  age  to  a  farm 
fifteen  miles  west  of  Salisbury.  He  was  a  bright  student  at 
the  school  of  Dr.  David  Caldwell,  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1772  in  the  class  of  Aaron  Burr,  whose  father  of  the  same  name 


§&M       }/}?/?<:,///?/   o/ .    \?fl 


Old  East  Building. 
(Drawn  bv  John  Pettierew,  a  student   1797/ 


Old  East  Building. 


PRESIDING  PROFESSOR.  6l 

was  President  of  the  College.  After  his  ordination  as  a  minis- 
ter of  the  Presbyterian  Church  he  was  for  awhile  a  missionary 
in  the  counties  of  Hanover  and  Orange  in  Virginia.  He  then 
settled  at  Thyatira,  near  his  father's  homestead  in  Rowan 
County,  in  North  Carolina,  and  connected  himself  with  the 
Presbytery  of  Orange.  In  1785  he  established  his  school.  His 
person  is  described  as  tall  and  manly,  his  delivery  in  the  pulpit 
grave  and  solemn,  his  language  impressive  and  thrilling.  He 
lived  until  January  21,  181 1,  on  his  death-bed  dictating  minute 
directions  as  to  his  funeral.  His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  William  Steele,  a  sister  of  General  John  Steele,  a  prominent 
Congressman  of  his  day. 

Of  Andrew  Martin,  also  nominated,  I  have  been  able  to  learn 
nothing.     Possibly  he  was  a  relative  of  the  Governor. 

Over  these  nominees  Rev.  David  Ker,  thirty-six  years  old, 
born  in  North  Ireland  and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, a  recent  immigrant,  Presbyterian  pastor  in  Fayetteville, 
adding  to  his  small  salary  by  conducting  the  high  school  in  the 
town,  was  chosen  to  inaugurate  the  new  institution. 

In  order  to  be  ready  for  the  opening  on  the  15th  of  January, 
1795,  the  work  on  the  East  Building  and  the  President's  house 
was  ordered  to  be  pushed.  The  contractor  was  Samuel  Hop- 
kins, as  Martin  Hall  was  the  builder  of  Steward  Hall,  and 
Phileman  Hodges  of  the  Old  Chapel,  or  Person  Hall.  It  may 
be  of  interest  to  some  that  George  Daniel  made  150,000  bricks 
for  $266.67  at  one  time  and  at  another  for  $333.30.  In  the 
same  year  John  Hogan  received  $400  for  the  same  work. 
The  clay  and  the  fuel  for  burning  were  from  the  University 
lands.  It  certainly  shows  a  striking  difference  between  old 
ways  and  new  that  the  lime  for  mortar  was  obtained  from  shells 
brought  up  the  Cape  Fear  to  Fayetteville  and  thence  hauled  by 
wagons  to  be  burned  in  Chapel  Hill.  Now,  instead  of  from 
the  ocean  which  breaks  upon  our  coast,  we  get  our  lime  from 
the  far-distant  State  of  Maine. 

The  Opening  of  the  University,  January  15,  1795. 
The  opening  of  the  University  on  the  memorable  January  15, 
I795>  gave  no  prophecy  of  the  swarms  of  students  annually  ap- 
pearing at  the  openings  of  our  day.     The  winter  was  severe  and 


62  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

the  roads  almost  impassable.    Governor  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight, 
whose  energy  and  devotion  to  duty  had  been  shown  when,  as  a 
student  of  twenty,  he  hastened  to  sail  for  America,  ran  the 
hazard  of  being  captured  by  British  vessels  in  order  to  throw  in 
his  fortunes  with  his  native  State,  had  braved  the  discomforts 
of  twenty-eight  miles  of  red  mud  and  pipe  clay  and  jagged 
rocks  stretching  from  Chapel  Hill  to  Raleigh.     It  is  recorded 
that  he  had  attendants,  and  we  can  assuredly  guess  that  among 
them  were  State  Treasurer  John  Haywood,  and  John  Craven, 
the  Comptroller,  the  first  University  Treasurer.     The  gazette 
of  the  period,  the  North  Carolina  Journal,  merely  states  that 
there  were  present  "several  members  of  the  corporation  and 
many  other  gentlemen,  members  of  the  General  Assembly,"  then 
in   session.     We  may  almost   certainly   see   in   attendance  the 
members    from    Hillsborough    and    Orange,    Samuel    Benton, 
father     of  the   great   Senator,   "Old    Bullion,"   Thomas   Hart 
Benton ;  Walter  Alves,  son  of  James  Hogg ;  and  William  Lytle, 
son  of  Colonel  Archibald  Lytle  who  fought  so  bravely  under 
Sumner    at    Eutaw ;    also    William    Cain,    the    Senator    from 
Orange,  whose  liberality  to  the  institution  has  been  mentioned ; 
William  Person  Little,   Senator   from*  Granville,  and  Thomas 
Person,  Commoner,  both  nephews  of  the  University's  benefac- 
tor, detained  at  home  by  the  infirmities  of  age ;  John  Baptist 
Ashe,  Commoner  from  Halifax,  afterwards  elected  Governor 
but  dying  before  taking  his  seat,  in  place  of  General  Davie  then 
employed  on  official  duty  elsewhere.     O'f  course  the  ever-active 
Joel  Lane,   Senator  from  Wake,  who  offered  broad  acres  to 
secure  the  University  at  Cary,  was  on  hand.     And  it  is  reason- 
ably certain,  judging  from  the  interest  they  took  in  the  new 
institution,   that  John   Macon,    Senator   from   Warren,   Daniel 
Gillespie,   Senator  from  Guilford,  whose  son  was  afterwards 
Presiding  Professor ;  and  the  brilliant  young  Commoner  from 
Fayetteville,  afterwards  the  first  Chief  Justice  of  our  Supreme 
Court,  John  Louis  Taylor,  were  willing  to  add  eclat  to  the  occa- 
sion by  their  presence.     Of  course  in  attendance  were  Alex- 
ander Mebane,  the  Congressman,  and  James  Hogg,  the  rich 
merchant,  Trustees,  Commissioners  to  select  the  site,  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Building  Committee. 


OPENING   DAY.  63 

The  morning  of  the  15th  of  January  opened  with  a  cold, 
drizzling  rain.  As  the  sighing  of  the  watery  wind  whistled 
through  the  leafless  branches  of  tall  oaks  and  hickories  and  the 
Davie  poplar  then  in  vigorous  youth,  all  that  met  the  eyes  of  the 
distinguished  visitors  were  a  two-storied  brick  building,  the 
unpainted  wooden  house  of  the  Presiding  Professor,  the  avenue 
between  them  filled  with  stumps  of  recently  felled  trees,  a  pile 
of  yellowish  red  clay,  dug  out  for  the  foundation  of  the  Chapel, 
or  Person  Hall,  a  pile  of  lumber  collected  for  building  Steward's 
Hall,  a  Scotch-Irish  preacher-professor,  in  whose  mind  were 
fermenting  ideas  of  infidelity,  destined  soon  to  cost  him  his 
place,  and  not  one  student. 

The  proverbial  optimism  of  the  press  as  to  matters  hoped  for 
did  not  fail  the  ancestor  of  our  modern  newspapers.  The  edi- 
tor of  the  Journal  kindly  comments :  "The  Governor,  with  the 
Trustees  who  accompanied  him,  viewed  the  buildings  and  made 
report  to  the  Board,  by  which  they  are  enabled  to  inform  the 
public  that  the  buildings  prepared  for  the  reception  and  accom- 
modation of  students  are  in  part  finished,  and  that  youth  dis- 
posed to  enter  the  University  may  come  forward  with  the 
assurance  of  being  received."  The  editor  goes  on  to  state  the 
terms  of  tuition  and  board  in  apparently  naive  unconsciousness 
that  he  was  giving  the  University  a  first-class  advertisement. 
When  I  state  that  this  important  item  appears  in  the  issue  of 
February  23d,  forty-nine  days  after  the  event,  we  must  give  the 
palm  for  furnishing  news  more  promptly,  if  not  more  reliably, 
to  the  modern  reporter. 

The  learned  Presiding  Professor,  Dr.  David  Ker,  reigned  in 
his  solitary  greatness  for  the  greater  part  of  the  period  of  revo- 
lution of  the  wintry  moon.  It  was  not  until  the  12th  of  Feb- 
ruary that  the  first  student  arrived,  with  no  companion,  all  the 
way  from  the  banks  of  the  lower  Cape  Fear,  the  precursor  of  a 
long  line  of  seekers  after  knowledge.  His  residence  was  Wil- 
mington, his  name  Hinton  James. 

For  two  weeks,  in  his  loneliness,  he  constituted  the  entire 
student  body  of  the  University,  with  no  Sophomores  saluting 
his  ears  with  diabolical  yells,  nor  teaching  him  to  keep  step  to 
the  rhythm  of  whistling  music.  For  two  weeks  he  was  the 
first-honor  man  of  his  class. 


64  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

It  was  of  good  omen  that  this  first-fruit  of  the  University  was 
worthy  to  head  the  list  of  her  students.  The  Faculty  records 
show  that  he  performed  his  duties  faithfully  and  with  ability. 
For  several  years  the  students  were  required  to  read  original 
compositions  on  Saturdays,  and  those  deemed  especially  meri- 
torious were  posted  in  a  record  book.  The  name  of  Hinton 
James  occurs  often  on  this  Roll  of  Honor.  His  taste  took  a 
scientific  and  practical  direction.  One  of  his  subjects  was 
"The  Uses  of  the  Sun,"  another  "The  Motions  of  the  Earth," 
a  third  "The  Commerce  of  Britain,"  a  fourth  "The  Slave 
Trade,"  a  fifth  "The  Pleasures  of  College  Life,"  and  a  sixth  the 
"Effects  of  Climate  on  the  Minds  and  Bodies  of  Men." 

After  leaving  the  University,  James  became  a  civil  engineer 
of  usefulness  in  his  section  of  the  State,  as  an  assistant  to  Chief 
Engineer  Fulton,  who  was  brought  from  Scotland  at  a  salary 
of  $6,000  a  year  payable  in  gold,  to  improve  the  navigation 
of  our  rivers.  In  passing  from  Wilmington  down  the  beautiful 
Cape  Fear,  I  was  shown  by  my  intelligent  friend,  the  late  Henry 
Nutt,  some  of  James'  works  for  deepening  the  channel,  which 
had  withstood  the  floods  and  tides  of  sixty  years.  He  was 
likewise  called  into  the  service  of  his  country  as  a  legislator  for 
three  terms,  beginning  with  1807,  for  two  of  them  being  the 
colleague  of  a  lawyer  of  great  reputation  in  the  old  days,  Wil- 
liam Watts  Jones. 

The  next  arrivals  were,  a  fortnight  later,  Maurice  and  Alfred 
Moore  of  Brunswick,  and  their  cousin,  Richard  Eagles,  of 
New  Hanover ;  John  Taylor  of  Orange,  and  from  Granville 
William  M.  Sneed,  and  three  sons  of  Robert  H.  Burton,  the 
Treasurer  of  the  University,  namely,  Hutchins  G.,  Francis  and 
Robert  H.  Burton,  Junior.  It  is  pleasant  to  record  that  all  of 
these  turned  out  to  be  good  men.  The  two  Moores  were  sons 
of  Judge  Alfred  Moore.  Maurice  served  Brunswick  County 
in  the  General  Assembly  and  then  became  a  planter  in  Lousiana. 
He  it  was  who  had  the  misfortune  to  shoot  Governor  Benjamin 
Smith  in  a  duel.  Alfred  Moore,  whose  bust  may  be  seen  in 
Gerrard  Hall,  was  a  cultivated  and  popular  man,  reaching  the 
dignity,  once  considered  as  nearly  equal  to  that  of  Governor,  of 
the  Speakership  of  the  House  of  Commons.  He  would  have 
gone  higher,  if  he  had  not  lacked  ambition.     His  name  and 


tflRST  STUDENT.  O5 

talents  have  descended  to  his  scholarly  grandson,  Alfred  Moore 
Waddell.  The  father  of  Richard  Eagles  gave  the  name  to 
Eagles  Island,  opposite  Wilmington.  The  son,  like  the  father, 
was  a  man  of  wealth  and  high  standing  in  a  cultivated  com- 
munity. John  Taylor,  son  of  the  first  steward  of  the  Univer- 
sity, was  for  many  years  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Orange 
and  was  the  grandfather  of  our  big-brained  mathematician — the 
late  Ralph  H.  Graves.  Of  the  Granville  men,  William  Mor- 
gan Sneed  was  seven  times  State  Senator  and  twice  Commoner. 
Of  the  three  Burtons,  Hutchins  G.  was  thrice  elected  Governor 
of  the  State,  after  being  a  Congressman.  Francis  Nash  Wil- 
liams Burton  was  a  lawyer  of  large  practice  in  Lincoln  and  the 
adjoining  counties,  while  Robert,  his  partner,  was  at  one  time 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court.  A  daughter  of  Judge  Burton 
married  the  eminent  lawyer,  Michael  Hoke,  and  was  the  mother 
of  one  of  General  Lee's  best  Major-Generals,  Robert  F.  Hoke, 
and  grandmother  of  Secretary  Hoke  Smith.  I  give  these  par- 
ticulars in  order  to  show  that  the  University  made  a  good  start 
on  its  grand  career.  Its  earliest  sons  were  leaders  in  good 
works. 

The  numbers  reached  forty-one  by  the  end  of  the  term.  Dur- 
ing the  second  term  they  rose  to  nearly  one  hundred,  but  such 
was  the  dearth  of  good  schools  in  the  State  that  at  least  one- 
half  of  them  were  unprepared  to  enter  the  University  classes. 

It  became  necessary  to  inaugurate  a  Preparatory  Department, 
or  "Grammar  School,"  for  the  benefit  of  these  juveniles,  many 
of  them  belonging  to  the  "small-boy"  genus.  The  profession 
of  teachers  was  then,  and  years  afterward,  at  such  a  low  ebb 
that  obtaining  competent  professors  was  a  most  troublesome 
problem. 

Among  the  earliest  students  besides  those  I  have  named  we 
find  men  afterwards  notable  for  good  works :  such,  for  example, 
as  Ebenezer  Pettigrew,  a  member  of  Congress,  father  of  Gen- 
eral J.  Johnston  Pettigrew,  a  still  more  eminent  son  of  the  Uni- 
versity ;  Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  famed  for  bounteous  hospitality, 
long  a  Trustee  of  the  institution,  which  his  father,  Richard 
Bennehan,  assisted  in  its  young  days;  James  Mebane,  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  father  of  another  University  grad- 


66  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROUNA. 

ute  and  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  Giles  Mebane.     I  could  name 
many  others. 

Harris  EJECTED. 

The  increase  in  numbers  led  to  the  election  of  a  Tutor  of 
Mathematics,  in  the  sphing  of  1795.  The  choice  fell  on  Charles 
Wilson  Harris,  a  recent  hrst-honor  graduate  of  Princeton, 
nephew  of  Dr.  Charles  Harris,  a  noted  physician  of  his  day, 
who  taught  at  his  home  probably  the  first  medical  school  in  the 
State.-  Young  Harris  had  a  strong  mind,  elegant  literary 
tastes,  courtly  manners,  and  weight  of  character.  These  two, 
Ker  and  Harris,  sustained  the  burdens  of  instruction  and  discip- 
line during  the  first  year  of  University  life,  and  sustained  it 
with  conspicuous  fathfulness  and  ability.  It  was  a  great  mis- 
fortune that  Ker  the  next  year  went  off  into  infidelity  and  wild 
democracy,  thus  raising  up  two  sets  of  enemies  in  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  Christians  and  Federalists,  so  that  he  deemed  it  pru- 
dent after  eighteen  months  to  resign  his  charge. 

For  the  first  year  and  a  half,  however,  these  two,  Ker  and 
Harris,  had  the  difficult  and  unpleasant  task -of  classifying  and 
instructing  the  unorganized  mass  of  all  ages  from  mature  young 
men  to  mere  boys,  some  with  a  smattering  of  algebra  and  the 
classics,  others  innocent  even  of  arithmetic  and  grammar. 

We  have  no  letters  of  Dr.  Ker  written  from  Chapel  Hill,  but' 
by  the  kindness  of  William  Shakespeare  Harris  and  other  rela- 
tives this  want  is  abundantly  supplied  by  those  of  his  associate. 
Charles  W.  Harris  was  an  elegant  writer.  His  style  is  free  from 
ostentation,  his  ideas  are  clearly  and  strongly  expressed,  his 
penmanship  is  good,  and  his  spelling  in  advance  of  his  age  as  a 
rule.  It  is  strange,  however,  that  he  gives  to  Chapel  in  Chapel 
Hill  two  p's  instead  of  one. 

On  the  10th  of  April  Harris  writes  to  his  uncle.  Dr.  Charles 
Harris :  "We  have  begun  to  introduce  by  degrees  the  regula- 
tions of  the  University  and  as  yet  have  not  been  disappointed. 
There  is  one  class  in  Natural  Philosophy  and  four  in  the  lan- 
guages." He  continues,  "The  constitution  of  this  college  is  on 
a  more  liberal  plan  than  that  of  any  other  in  America,  and  by 
the  amendment,  which  I  think  it  will  receive  at  the  next  meet- 
ing of  the  Trustees,  its  usefulness  will  probably  be  much  pro- 


LETTERS  OF  HARRIS MUSEUM.  6j 

moted.  The  notion  that  true  learning  consists  rather  in  exer- 
cising the  reasoning  faculties  and  laying  up  a  store  of  useful 
knowledge,  than  in  overloading  the  memory  with  words  of 
dead  languages,  is  daily  becoming  more  prevalent."  He  then 
enters  upon  praises  of  Miss  Wollstonecraft's  book  on  the 
"Rights  of  Women,"  as  containing  the  true  principles  of  edu- 
cation, and  states  that  though  the  laws  at  present  require  that 
Latin  and  Greek  be  understood  by  a  graduate,  they  will  in  all 
probability  be  mitigated  in  their  effect. 

He  was  of  a  social  nature,  and  deplored  the  lack  of  congenial 
society.  "My  only  resort,"  he  wrote,  "is  to  Mr.  Ker,  who 
makes  ample  amends  to  me  for  the  want  of  any  other.  He  is 
a  violent  republican  and  is  continually  deprecating  the  aristoci- 
cal  principles  which  have  lately  prevailed  much  in  our  execu- 
tive." We  can  see  that  Harris'  political  faith  was  swerved  by 
this  well-educated,  able  and  experienced  middle-aged  clerical 
politician,  for  he  sneers  at  some  strong  words  of  praise  of  Wash- 
ington by  one  Rev.  Stanhope  Smith,  saying  that  "tho'  he  be 
the  greatest  man  in  America  the  encomium  smells  strong  of 
British  seasoning." 

He  rejoiced  that  the  Trustees  resolved  to  inaugurate  a  mu- 
seum and  took  active  steps  to  procure  for  it  specimens. 

Although  the  articles  given  have  been  lost,  the  names  of  the 
donors  should  be  remembered  and  the  objects  given  recorded. 
The  context  shows  that  some  of  the  specimens  were  given  three 
years  later. 

"Honorable  Judge  Williams,"  An  Ostrich  egg. 

Mrs.  Allen  Jones,  Halifax,  Pieces  of  Cloth  made  of  bark  brought  from 

Otaheite  by  Capt.  Cooke.     The  tooth  of  a  young  mammoth  from 

the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 
Frank  Burton,  Granville,  A  sea  leaf.     A  viol  containing  a  reel. 
Col.  Adlai  Osborne,  Centre,  A  piece  of  Asbestos.     A  pine  limb  and  a 

piece  of  resin  petrified. 
Hutchins  Burton,  Senior,  The  incisors  of  a  Beaver. 
Messrs.  Caldwell  and  Gillaspie,  A  Pocupine  skin. 

A  Beech  nut  petrified. 
His  Excel.  Gov.   Davie,  A  testaceous  bracelet  from   an  Indian  grave 

near    Nashville.     Curious   stones,   bones   of   nondescript   animals. 

specimens  of  Indian  clothing,  and  their  arts  and  manufactures. 


68  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

As  Harris'  had  read  some  medical  books  while  living  with 
Dr.  Harris,  and,  as  there  was  no  physician  nearer  to  Chapel 
Hill  than  Hillsboro,  he  charitably  kept  a  small  stock  of  medi- 
cine for  the  students  and  the  neighborhood,  to  be  sold  at  cost. 
He  sent  a  plot  of  the  University  lands,  well  drawn,  with  a  broad 
avenue  leading  N.  69  E.  from  the  contemplated  Main  (now 
South)  Building  to  "point-prospect"  (now  Piney  Prospect). 
The  campus  then  contained  98§  acres ;  about  twice  as  large  as 
the  present  campus.  His  opinion  of  the  suitableness  of  the  local- 
ity for  its  purpose,  accords  with  Davie's — "Most  happily  situ- 
ated ;  a  delightful  prospect,  charming  groves,  medicinal  springs, 
light  and  wholesome  air,  and  inaccessible  to  vice."  "This  last 
enconium  by  Mr.  Charles  Pettigrew,  the  Bishop-elect  from 
Edenton,  added  when  he  visited  us."  The  inaccessibility  to  vice 
was  a  pleasing  delusion,  as  the  good  Dr.  Pettigrew  found  on  a 
subsequent  visit.  Two  years  afterwards  he  writes  to  Caldwell 
of  his  dread  lest  his  sons,  John  and  Ebenezer,  may  have  "all 
fear  of  the  Almighty  eradicated  from  their  minds  by  the  habit- 
ual use  of  oaths  and  imprecations,  which  report  says,  and  which 
my  own  ears  have  informed  me,  are  too  common  impletives*  in 
the  conversation  of  the  students."  Those  conversant  with  the 
social  history  of  the  times  know  well  that  the  students  used  no 
worse  language  than  was  common  in  all  social  gatherings  of 
men. 

Harriss  expressed  much  concern  about  the  education  of  his 
younger  brother,  Robert.  "He  is  growing  fast  and  receiving 
none  of  those  improvements  which  he  ought.  I  could  not  pre- 
vail with  my  father  to  let  him  come  to  this  place. — It  can 
scarcely  be  pecuniary  want  that  hinders  his  complying  with  my 
request.  Nor  can  it  be  I  hope  any  distrust  of  my  principles, 
as  I  have  heard  suggested.  He  and  I  have  been  very  free  in 
speaking  on  tenets,  and  I  never  observed  any  great  degree  of 
disapprobation.  If  the  latter  be  the  cause  I  have  no  more  to 
say." 

There  is  only  one  other  allusion  in  all  his  letters  to  the  devia- 
tion of  his  faith  from  that  of  his  Presbyterian  forefathers. 
That  looked  only  to  the  denial  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity 


*  This  word  is  not  in  Webster. 


FIRST  EXAMINATION.  69 

as  usually  understood,  not  by  any  means  atheism,  or  denials  of 
other  truths  of  Christianity.  If  his  apostasy  had  been  rank, 
his  Ruling  Elder  father  would  have  regarded  it  not  only  with 
disapprobation,  but  horror.  Nor  would  that  father  have  placed 
his  peculiarly  beloved  son,  as  within  a  few  weeks  he  did,  under 
the  charge  of  an  infidel  elder  brother,  all  the  more  dangerous 
because  of  his  winning  manners,  strong  mind  and  wide  and 
varied  reading.  I  think  it  is  clear  that  Charles  Harris'  unbelief 
would  in  our  day  be  regarded  as  not  more  heterodox  than  that 
preached  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Briggs,  Dr.  Wm.  Robertson  Smith  and 
other  able  divines,  who  have  a  large  following  in  their  respec- 
tive churches,  although  regarded  by  the  majority  as  lacking  the 
true  faith.  In  other  words,  he  was  like  those  called  among 
Episcopalians,  "Broad  Churchmen."  It  must  be  remembered 
that  a  hundred  years  ago  there  was  much  greater  intolerance 
of  differences  of  opinion  than  now. 

The  first  public  examination  was  held  on  the  13th  of  July, 
1795,  the  first  of  the  long  series  of  Commencements,  which 
have  produced  more  eloquence,  brought  together  more  distin- 
guished men  and  beautiful  women,  provided  a  more  abundant 
supply  of  unadulterated  fun,  and  married  off  more  congenial 
couples  than  any  other  similar  occasion,  in  the  land.  Previous 
notice  was  given  in  the  newspapers,  over  the  signature  of  the 
Governor,  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight.  In  an  enthusiastic  editorial 
in  the  North  Carolina  Journal,  it  was  stated  that  the  "young 
gentlemen"  had  submitted  with  a  degree  of  cheerfulness  and 
promptitude  to  the  regulations  of  the  University,  which  does 
them  the  greatest  honor. — The  Commons  have  exceeded  the 
expectations  both  of  students  and  of  strangers.  The.  spirit  of 
improvement,  order  and  harmony,  which  reigns  in  this  little 
community,  emulously  engaged  in  the  noble  work  of  cultivating 
the  human  mind,  is  most  commendable."  The  editor  at  the 
same  time  gives  glowing  praises  of  the  Academies  of  Thya- 
tira,  under  Dr.  McCorkle,  the  Warrenton,  under  Rev.  Marcus 
George,  the  Chatham  under  Rev.  Wm.  Bingham,  and  the  New 
Bern,  under  Dr.  T.  P.  Irving,  as  capable  of  furnishing  students 
to  the  University. 

There  is  no  contemporary  account  of  this  first  Commence- 


JO  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ment,  but  the  deficiency  is  partly  supplied  by  a  letter  from 
Hinton  James,  heretofore  mentioned,  written  when  he  was 
about  sixty  years  old.  The  public  interest  had  not  been  aroused 
sufficiently  to  ensure  a  large  attendance  of  visitors.  Only  one 
lady  graced  the  occasion,  the  wife  of  the  Governor,  the  first  of 
the  long  procession  of  the  thousands  of  the  brightest  and  best 
of  the  womanhood  of  the  land, — Mary  (Leach)  Spaight,  well 
remembered  as  one  of  the  most  handsome  and  attractive  of  her 
sex. 

There  were  only  about  a  dozen  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  State, 
the  leaders  of  the  hosts  of  the  friends  of  higher  education. 
Among  them  were  "the  University  Father,"  General  Davie,  and 
the  Secretary  of  State,  James  Glasgow,  whose  frauds  in  his 
office  had  not  been  discovered ;  the  merchant,  James  Hogg,  and 
the  eminent  Attorney-General  and  Judge,  Alfred  Moore,  the 
elder.  These  Trustees  attended  in  pursuance  of  an  ordinance 
of  the  Board  that  at  every  examination  it  should  be  the  duty 
of  one  Trustee  from  each  judicial  district  in  alphabetical  order 
to  visit  the  classes  and  report  the  result  of  their  inspection  to 
the  Board.  As  might  have  been  expected,  the  attendance  of 
the  Trustees,  at  all  times  spasmodic,  soon  ceased  altogether. 

It  must  have  been  an  occasion  of  a  staid  and  dignified  nature, 
with  no  regaliad  marshals,  or  dancing,  or  other  amusements,  to 
attract  the  fancy  of  young  people. 

Oral  examinations  in  the  class-rooms  and  declamations  and 
reading  of  compositions  in  one  of  the  East  Building  rooms,  fitted 
up  for  a  public  hall,  in  the  presence  of  elderly  gentlemen  and 
Mrs.  Spaight  and  probably  Mrs.  Mary  Ker,  the  wife  of  the 
Presiding  Professor,  constituted  the  exercises. 

We  have  a  letter  from  Davie  written  a  few  days  afterwards, 
in  which  he  says  that  the  students  acquitted  themselves  well, 
but  with  the  refrigerating  addition,  "everything  considered." 
The  Trustees  were  disgusted  with  the  exorbitant  charges  of  the 
contractors,  Patterson  of  Chatham  and  Hopkins,  for  extra 
work;  in  Davie's  opinion  four  times  what  they  ought  to  have 
been.  There  is  abundant  evidence  all  through  the  early  records 
of  the  watchful  economy  of  the  guardians  of  the  interests  of  the 
University. 


PREPARATORY   DEPARTMENT.  Jl 

The  letter  was  addressed  to  Treasurer  John  Haywood,  who 
was  absent  from  the  meeting  on  account  of  the  death  of  his 
first  wife.  It  is  interesting  to  see  what  kind  of  consolation  the 
free-thinker,  Davie,  offers  to  one  afflicted.  "I  regret  exceed- 
ingly the  various  causes  which  produced  your  absence  from  th« 
Board.  However,  as  the  Arabs  say,  'God  would  have  it  so  and 
men  must  submit.'  Under  misfortunes  like  yours  there  is  no 
comfort  because  nothing  can  be  substituted.  The  only  re- 
course of  the  human  mind  in  such  cases  is  in  a  kind  of  philo- 
sophic fortitude,  the  calm  result  of  time,  reason  and  reflection." 
Contrast  this  with  the  Christian's  consolation,  "Sorrow  not  as 
they  who  have  no  hope." 

Grammar  School. 

On  this  occasion  the  Board  determined  to  erect  a  house  for 
a  Grammar  School,  which  should  contain  three  or  four  lodging 
rooms,  and  thus  relieve  the  congested  state  of  the  dwellers  in 
the  Old  East  Building.  It  would  also  separate  from  the  older 
the  very  young  students,  some  of  whom  were  of  such  tender 
years,  though  tough  in  conscience,  that  it  was  necessary  for 
their  benefit  to  introduce  corporal  punishment.  This  school 
building  was  situated  in  the  woods,  south  of  Rosemary  Street 
and  west  of  the  late  public  school,  a  place  peculiarly  lonely, 
but  near  two  never- failing  springs  of  purest  water. 

Richard  Sims,  an  advanced  student  from  Warren  County, 
seems  to  have  been  the  first  master  of  the  Grammar  School. 
In  the  month  of  December,  1796,  was  chosen  Nicholas  Delvaux, 
and  with  him  on  account  of  the  rapid  increase  of  numbers,  was 
associated  Samuel  Allen  Holmes,  who  had  been  a  preacher. 
The  antecedents  of  both  of  these  teachers  are  unknown.  Soon 
afterwards  Holmes  was  promoted  to  the  University  and  Wil- 
liam Richards,  late  a  teacher  in  the  Academy  of  Mr.  Marcus 
George  in  Warrenton,  was  placed  in  the  Grammar  School  in  his" 
stead. 

It  has  been  mentioned  that  those  of  the  early  students  who 
wrote  the  best  compositions  were  rewarded  by  having  their 
names  posted  on  an  honor  roll.  The  first  who  won  this  dis- 
tinction was  in  August,   1795,  Richard   Sims,   of  Warrenton, 


J2  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

his  theme  being  "The  Employment  of  Time."  The  second  was 
Thomas  A.  Osborne  on  Habit.  The  third  was  Thomas  A.  Os- 
borne on  the  question,  "Do  Savage  or  Civilized  Nations  Enjoy 
the  Most  Happiness."  The  fourth  Edwin  Jay  Osborne  on  "The 
Uses  of  Geometry."  The  fifth  by  Edwin  Jay  Osborne  on  "Self 
Government."  He  divided  honors  in  the  sixth  with  Hinton 
James,  the  themes  respectively  being,  "The  Uses  of  the  Pas- 
sions" and  "The  Uses  of  the  Sun."  In  the  next  week  the  same 
Osborne  and  Henry  Kearney  were  the  first,  on  "The  Distinction 
Between  Resentment  and  Revenge,"  by  the  former,  and  "The 
Uses  of  the  Moon,"  by  the  latter.  This  honor  roll  was  discon- 
tinued after  the  first  year. 

The;  Literary  Societies. 

The  Dialectic  and  Philanthropic  Societies  have  been  such  a 
large  part  of  our  university  life  that  I  must  give  their  origin. 

It  was  doubtless  through  the  influence  of  Tutor  Harris,  who 
had  seen  the  benefits  of  the  renowned  Whig  Society  of  Prince- 
ton, of  which  he  was  a  member,  that  the  first  literary  society 
of  the  University  was  formed,  as  his  name  is  the  first  on  the 
list  of  signers  to  the  preliminary  articles.  It  was  organized  on 
the  3d  day  of  June,  1795,  under  the  name  of  "The  Debating 
Society."  The  first  President  was  James  Mebane,  of  Orange, 
afterwards  of  Caswell;  the  first  Clerk  or  Secretary  was  John 
Taylor,  of  Orange ;  the  first  Treasurer  was  Lawrence  Toole, 
who  changed  his  name  to  Henry  Irwin  Toole,  of  Edgecombe, 
grandfather  of  Bishop  Joseph  B.  Cheshire ;  the  first  Censor 
Morum,  Richard  Sims,  of  Warren,  afterwards  Principal  of 
the  Grammar  School. 

The  objects  of  the  society  were  expressed  to  be  the  cultiva- 
tion of  a  lasting  friendship  and  the  promotion  of  useful  knowl- 
edge. The  members  pledged  themselves  under  hands  and 
seals  to  obedience  to  the  laws  of  the  society  and  due  perform- 
ance of  the  regular  exercises.  I  give  the  names  of  those  fathers 
of  the  Dialectic  and  Philanthropic  Societies. 

Charles  Wilson  Harris    Cabarrus. 

Adam  Haywood    Edgecombe. 

Robert  Smith   Cabarrus. 

Alexander  Osborne    Iredell. 


THE  DEBATING  SOCIETY.  73 

Edwin  Jay  Osborne    Rowan. 

William  Houston  Iredell. 

William  Dickson    Burke. 

James  Mebane Orange. 

John  Pettigrew   Tyrrell. 

Richard  Eagles. New  Hanover. 

Hinton  James New  Hanover. 

Haywood  Ruffin  Greene. 

Richard  Sims   Warren. 

Lawrence  Toole    Edgecombe. 

Henry  Kinchen Franklin. 

William  Morgan  Sneed   Granville. 

Ebenezer   Pettigrew    Tyrrell. 

William  C.  Alston Halifax. 

Hut  chins  G.  Burton.  Senior Granville. 

Evan  Jones New  Hanover. 

John  Taylor   Orange. 

Maurice  Moore   Brunswick. 

Alfred  Moore Brunswick. 

Thomas  Davis  Bennehan Orange. 

Francis  Nash  Williams  Burton Granville. 

Allen  Green  South  Carolina. 

Allen  Jones  Davie   Halifax. 

Hyder  Ali  Davie Halifax. 

David  Cook   Unknown. 

Nicholas  Long   Franklin. 

George  Washington  Long    Halifax. 

There  was  no  constitution  eo  nomine,  but  there  were  "Laws 
and  Regulations,"  some  of  which  are  worthy  of  mention.  The 
officers  were  a  President,  Censor  Morum,  two  Correctors,  a 
Clerk,  and  Treasurer.  The  President  and  Treasurer  held  offie 
for  three  weeks,  the  other  officers  for  six  weeks. 

The  Censor  Morum  was  clothed  with  powers  and  duties 
which  would  not  be  tolerated  in  this  generation,  "to  inspect  the 
conduct  and  morals  of  the  members  and  report  to  the  society 
those  who  preserve  inattention  to  the  studies  of  the  University, 
in  neglect  of  their  duties  as  members,  or  in  acting  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  reflect  disgrace  on  their  fellow-members."  This 
making  the  society  responsible  for  attention  to  University  exer- 
cises has  been  long  ago  abandoned,  after  the  effort  came  near 
breaking  it  into  fragments.  This  powerful  officer,  evidently 
modelled  after  the  august  Censors  of  Rome,  presided  in  the 
absence  of  the  President. 


74  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  Ol1'  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  society  met  on  Thursday  evenings  only.  The  members 
were  divided  into  three  classes.  These  read,  spoke  and  com- 
posed alternately.  There  was  a  debate  at  each  session,  two 
opposing  members  previously  appointed  opening,  and  then  the 
other  members  had  a  right  to  discuss  the  question,  but  were 
not  compelled  to  do  so. 

It  was  the  duty  of  each  member  of  the  class  whose  turn  it 
was  to  "read"  to  hand  in  a  "query,"  then  called  "subject  of  de- 
bate," and  out  of  these  one  was  chosen  for  the  next  meeting 
by  the  society. 

It  must  be  noticed  that  the  "reading"  mentioned  above  meant 
the  reading  aloud  of  an  extract  from  some  author.  Of  the  other 
two  classes  one  declaimed  memorized  extracts,  and  the  other 
read  aloud  short  essays  of  their  own  composition. 

Two  votes  were  sufficient  to  negative  an  application  for 
membership.  The  term  "black-ball"  was  not  then  in  vogue. 
The  new  members  when  admitted  were  required  to  "promise 
not  to  divulge  any  of  the  secrets  of  the  society."  The  strin- 
gency of  this  provision  has  been  since  materially  modified. 

It  was  made  dangerous  to  "take  umbrage  at  being  fined," 
and  to  denote  it  by  word  or  action,"  because,  if  the  fine  should 
be  found  to  be  legal,  the  accused  must  pay  a  quarter  of  a  dollar 
for  his  squirming.  There  was  mercifully  no  penalty  for  show- 
ing umbrage  by  a  gloomy  countenance  unless  the  gloom  was 
evidenced  by  frowning  or  other  facial  action. 

There  seems  to  have  been  no  fine  for  laughing  or  talking, 
unless  a  speaker  was  interrupted. 

The  practice  of  wearing  hats  in  the  society,  as  is  permitted 
in  the  English  Parliament,  was  forbidden.  The  President, 
however,  of  at  least  one  society,  the  Dialectic,  was  after  some 
years  required  to  preside  with  hat  on,  often  a  high-crowned 
beaver  borrowed  for  the  purpose. 

The  admission  fee  was  one  quarter  of  a  dollar.  If  a  member 
absented  himself  for  three  months,  without  obtaining  a  diploma 
of  dismission,  he  must  seek  a  new  admission. 

A  member  could  leave  the  society  without  asking  its  consent, 
nor  was  any  student  compelled  to  join  it.  But  having  once 
left  there  could  be  no  re-admission. 


A  SECOND  SOCIETY.  75 

It  shows  the  high  purpose  of  the  founders  of  the  society, 
that  the  first  motion  made  after  the  admission  of  members,  at 
the  first  meeting  on  June  3d,  1795,  was  for  the  purchase  of 
books.    It  passed  unanimously.    The  mover  was  Tutor  Harris. 

The  first  speech  made  in  this  parent  of  the  Dialectic  and 
Philanthropic  Societies  was  by  James  Mebane  who  sustained 
the  affirmative  of  the  first  query  ever  debated,  "Is  the  study 
of  ancient  authors  useful?"  He  was  answered  by  Robert 
Smith.     I  am  proud  to  state  that  the  classics  won  the  day. 

At  the  second  meeting,  on  June  II,  1795,  it  was  agreed  to 
admit  no  more  new  members.  A  great  moral  question  was 
then  discussed,  the  names  of  the  speakers  being  omitted.  This 
was  "Is  the  truth  always  to  be  adhered  to?"  the  decision  being 
"that  breaches  of  faith  are  sometimes  proper."  It  is  gratifying 
to  observe  that  the  decisions  of  the  queries  debated  were  as  a 
rule  conservative  and  sensible. 

On  the  25th  of  June,  1795,  Maurice  Moore  moved  that  the 
society  be  divided.  The  motion  was  laid  over  for  one  week 
and  on  July  2d  was  taken  up  and  carried.  The  new  organiza- 
tion was  called  "The  Concord  Society."  We  can  only  con- 
jecture the  cause  of  the  new  movement,  as  no  reason  appears 
on  the  journal.  It  is  possible  that  there  was  in  it  an  element 
of  party  feeling.  Jeffersonian  Democracy  claimed  to  be  the 
peculia  advocate  of  the  "Rights  of  Man."  The  name  Con- 
cord, and  the  substituted  Philanthropic,  and  the  addition  of  the 
word  Liberty  to  the  motto  of  the  other  society,  look  in  this 
direction. 

Another  reason  for  the  division  was  probably  to  have  the 
number  so  small  as  to  allow  and  require  every  member  to  per- 
form some  duty  at  each  weekly  meeting.  The  prohibition  of 
further  addition  to  the  membership  of  the  first  societv  seems 
to  show  this. 

A  third  reason  for  the  change  was,  I  think,  hostility  to  the 
extensive  powers  and  duties  of  the  Censor  Morum,  heretofore 
described.  I  make  this  conjecture  because  the  officer  was 
omitted  in  the  new  body,  and  when  it  was  restored  after  many 
months  his  duties  were  carefully  confined  to  behavior  of  mem- 
bers in  society.     Even  this  however  proved  unsatisfactory  and 


70  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

the  name  was  changed  to  Vice-President.  It  will  now  be  ad- 
mitted that  the  seceding  students  were  right  in  their  attitude. 
The  Dialectic  Society  eventually  came  to  the  same  conclusion. 

For  some  weeks  it  was  allowable  to  belong  to  both  societies, 
which  was  practicable  as  they  met  on  different  nights  in  order 
to  have  the  use  of  the  same  room.  The  first  student,  Hinton 
James,  and  Maurice  and  Alfred  Moore  were  for  awhile  active 
members  of  both.  When  the  duplicate  membership  was  for- 
bidden they  elected  the  new. 

I  cannot  find  an  official  list  of  the  "Fathers"  of  the  Concord 
or  Philanthropic  Society,  but  after  carefully  examining  the 
journal  I  think  that  the  following  can  be  relied  on : 

Hinton  James    New  Hanover. 

Richard  Eagles    New  Hanover. 

George  Washington  Long   Halifax. 

John  Taylor    .  .' Chapel   Hill. 

William  McKenzie  Clark    Martin. 

David  Gillespie   Duplin. 

Edwin  Jay  Osborne    Salisbury. 

Evan  Jones    Wilmington. 

Nicholas  Long    Franklin. 

James  Paine    Unknown. 

Alexander  McCulloch    Halifax. 

David  Evans   Edgecombe. 

Henry   Kearney    Warren. 

Thomas  Hunt    Granville. 

Lewis  Dickson    Duplin. 

John  Bryan Sampson. 

Lawrence   Ashe   Dorsey    Wilmington. 

Joseph   Gillespie    Duplin. 

In  all,  18. 

The  residence  of  James  Paine  does  not  appear  further  than 
that  he  was  from  North  Carolina. 

The  records  of  the  Dialectic  Society  state  that  the  following 
remained  in  the  Debating  Society  at  the  time  of  the  division, 
their  full  names  and  residences  having  already  been  given,  viz. : 
Messrs.  Harris,  Houston  Toole,  H.  and  F.  Burton,  R.  Smith, 
Bennehan,  Kinchen,  Sims,  Haywood,  Ruffin,  James,  Green,  A. 
Osborne,  W.  Dickson,  Sneed,  J.  and  E.  Pettigrew,  Davie,  Me- 
bane,  M.  and  A.  Moore.  Of  these,  as  was  said,  James  and  the 
two  Moores  soon  became  members  of  the  other,  and  John 
Pettigrew  followed  a  year  afterwards. 


CHANGE  OF  NAMES  OF  SOCIETIES.  JJ 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Concord  Society  was  August  10, 
1795.  David  Gillespie  was  the  first  President,  Evan  Jones  the 
first  Treasurer,  Henry  Kearney  the  first  Clerk.  The  first  de- 
baters were  George  W.  Long  and  Henry  Kearney,  on  the  ques- 
tion "Which  is  best — an  Education  or  a  Fortune?"  It  is  con- 
sistent with  the  honorable  career  of  the  society  that  the  decision 
was  in  favor  of  education. 

The  first  President,  son  of  James  Gillespie,  of  Duplin,  mem- 
ber of  Congress  for  eight  years,  was  evidently  a  most  promising 
student.  By  the  courtesy  of  David  S.  Nicholson,  I  give  a  copy 
of  the  certificate  granted  him  on  his  leaving  the  University,  the 
first  document  in  the  nature  of  a  diploma  ever  granted. 

We,  the  undersigned  Professors  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
have  had  under  our  particular  care  Mr.  David  Gillespie  of  this  State. 
He  has  studied  Greek  and  Latin  and  the  elementary  Mathematics  in 
their  application  to  Surveying,  Navigation,  etc.  He  has  also  read  under 
our  care  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy.  His  behavior,  while  at 
this  place,  has  met  with  our  warmest  approbation.  Mr.  Gillespie,  being 
about  to  leave  the  University  to  attend  Mr.  Ellicot  in  determining  the 
Southern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  we  have  thought  proper  to  give 
him  this  certificate. 

Chas.  W.  Harris. 
Prof,  of  Math,  and  N.  Phil. 
Sam'l  Holmes, 

Prof,  of  Lang. 
W.  L.  Richards, 
Teacher  of  French  and  English. 
University,  N.  C.,  September  22,  1796. 

To  this  was  attached  the  certificate  of  Sam.  Ashe,  Governor, 
attested  by  Roger  Moore,  Private  Secretary,  with  the  great 
seal  of  the  State,  that  the  above-named  were  professors  of  the 
University  as  alleged. 

After  working  for  about  a  year  it  occurred  to  the  members 
of  both  societies  that  English  names  were  not  of  sufficient 
dignity.  Accordingly  on  the  25th  of  August,  1736,  in  pursu- 
ance of  a  motion  made  by  James  Webb,  of  Hillsboro,  a  week 
preceding,  the  name  Debating  was  changed  into  its  Greek  equiv- 
alent, Dialectic.  And  four  days  afterward,  on  the  29th  of 
August,  1796,  the  Greek  Philanthropic  took  the  place  of  Con- 
cord, on  motion  of  David  Gillespie.     I  have  no  information 


78  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

as  to  whether,  when  this  name  was  adopted  the  pronunciation 
was  wrongly  Phi-lanthropic  instead  of  Phil-anthropic.  John- 
son's dictionary,  then  the  standard,  gives  no  countenance  to 
it,  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  mispronunciation,  pre- 
valent here  for  many  decades,  arose  from  the  custom  universal 
among  students  of  abbreviating  names  in  common  use,  and 
from  the  euphonic  wish  to  have  the  nickname  sound  like  Di. 
Those  familiar  with  university  life  know  well  that  under- 
graduates would  smash  every  dictionary  in  the  land  before 
they  would  be  called  Phils.,  or,  as  it  soon  would  have  become, 
Phillies. 

The  Fundamental  Laws,  afterwards  called  Constitution,  and 
the  course  of  proceedings  of  the  two  societies  were  much  alike. 

In  the  Concord  for  a  short  while  new  members  could  be  ad- 
mitted by  a  majority  vote.  The  first  restriction  was  the  re- 
quirement of  two-thirds  in  case  the  applicant  was  under  fifteen 
years  of  age.  I  notice  no  other  material  differences,  and  I 
make-no  further  distinction  between  the  two  in  endeavoring 
to  reproduce  their  action. 

In  the  declamations,  then  called  "speaking,"  we  miss  Patrick 
Henry's  "give  me  liberty  or  give  me  death,"  because  that 
speech  was  written  by  Wirt  long  afterwards,  nor  of  course  do 
we  find  Emmet's,  "Let  no  man  write  my  epitaph."  In  their 
places  were  Cicero's  denunciations  of  Verres,  and  Demosthenes' 
thunderings  against  Philip,  Micipsa's  plea  against  Jugurtha, 
Brutus  over  the  body  of  Lucretia,  Catalines'  speech  to  his 
soldiers,  and  the  like. 

It  is  surprising  that  the  stock  utterances  of  our  Revolutionary 
sires,  such  as  Otis,  Adams,  Henry,  Rutledge,  R.  H.  Lee,  were 
not  reproduced  in  our  halls.  It  is  in  accord  with  the  hatred  of 
Great  Britain  which  had  not  all  waned  that  there  were  no 
selections  from  the  great  English  orators. 

The  readings  were  extracts  from  history,  poetry,  the  Spec- 
tator, and  the  like  literature.  They  were  generally  serious ;  oc- 
casionally comic,  for  example,  "The  Stuttering  Soldier,"  "The 
Bald-headed  Cove,"  "Anecdote  of  Miss  Bush."  It  shows  the 
difference  in  the  habit  of  matutinal  sleeping  that  one  of  the 
essavs  was  in  ridicule  of  "The  Bov  Who  Lav  in  Bed  After 


QUERIES  DEBATED.  79 

Sunrise."  The  extract  chosen  by  David  Gillespie  from  the 
preface  to  Murray's  Grammar,  just  out  of  press,  was  of  suffi- 
cient gravity. 

Not  many  of  the  subjects  of  composition  are  given.  Among 
them  I  notice  "Oratory,"  "Eloquence,"  "Unpoliteness,"  "In- 
dustry." 

But  the  subjects  chosen  for  debates,  and  the  votes  taken 
thereon,  throw  much  greater  light  on  the  intellectual  attitude 
of  the  students.  I  therefore  cull  from  the  records  of  both 
societies  such  of  those  subjects  as  will  show  the  tastes  and 
opinions  of  the  members  during  the  first  two  years  of  the 
university  life. 

I  have  already  shown  that  the  decision  was  that  education 
is  better  than  riches.  It  was  likewise  decided  that  public  edu- 
cation is  of  more  advantage  than  private,  and  horribile  dictu, 
that  the  schoolmaster  is  of  more  advantage  to  society  than  the 
preacher.  The  members  were  of  the  opinion  that  wisdom  tends 
to  happiness;  that  modern  history  is  of  more  value  to  students 
than  ancient ;  that  a  liberal  education  is  more  conducive  to  hap- 
piness than  a  savage  life.  The  theory  of  Rousseau,  that  savage 
is  on  the  whole  happier  than  civilized  life,  was  at  one  time 
affirmed;  at  another,  negatived.  It  was  voted  that  the  French 
language  is  of  more  value  than  the  Latin. 

In  an  unguarded  moment  one  of  the  societies  agreed  to  dis- 
cuss whether  traveling  improves  the  mind,  whereupon  there  is 
the  following  curious  entry,  "As  the  question  intended  for 
debate  is  not  "thinkable,"  the  opponents  coincided  in  opinion. 
The  debate  was  therefore  not  a  good  one,  but,  after  the  regular 
business  was  over,  we  debated  on  this  question,  "Does  a  man 
with  a  competency,  or  he  who  is  in  a  very  affluent  station, 
enjoy  most  happiness."  The  admirers  of  Solomon  will  be 
gratified  to  know  that  competency  was  successful. 

This  incident  reminds  me  that  Mrs.  Delphina  E.  Mendenhall, 
of  Guilford,  a  Quakeress,  presented  to  the  Dialectic  Society 
Dymond's  Essays,  advocating  universal  peace.  When  a  stu- 
dent I  induced  the  Query  Committee  to  report  the  question, 
taken  from  the  essays,  "Is  War  Ever  Justifiable?"  The  great 
debaters  in  the  society  declared  that  it  was  altogether  one-sided, 


80  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

refused  to  discuss  it,  and  censured  the  committee  for  adopting  a 
query  on  one  side  of  which  nothing  could  be  said.  As  it  was 
not  my  turn  to  speak,  I  had  not  crammed  on  the  subject  from 
Dymond  and  was  unable  to  bring  forward  a  single  Quaker 
argument  in  order  to  avert  the  displeasure  of  the  house. 

The  last  educational  topic  will  astonish  readers  of  this  gen- 
eration. It  was  however  discussed  seriously  in  a  literary  so- 
ciety of  an  American  university,  "Shall  Corporal  Punishment 
be  Introduced  Into  the  University?"  The  memory  of  smarting 
backs  and  knuckles  produced  an  emphatic  No !  I  must  explain 
that  the  small  boys  in  the  institution  had  not  then  been  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  and  placed  in  a  preparatory  department. 

The  members  were  fairly  orthodox,  although  infidelity  and 
lawless  theories  were  so  prevalent  throughout  the  world.  It  was 
decided  that  Religion  makes  mankind  happy,  that  Self-Conceit 
does  not  produce  happiness,  that  the  Bible  is  to  be  believed, 
that  the  Profligate  is  more  unhappy  than  the  Moralist,  that 
Polygamy  is  not  consistent  with  the  will  of  God,  that  tempo- 
rary marriages  would  not  conduce  to  the  good  of  society,  that 
Suicide  can  never  be  justifiable.  Even  on  the  concrete  ques- 
tion, whether  Lucretia  was  justifiable  in  killing  herself,  it  was 
voted  that  the  poor  lady  was  blameable,  although  by  her  mar- 
tyrdom she  inaugurated  popular  government  in  Rome. 

On  what  is  called  the  Jesuitical  doctrine  of  Pious  Frauds,  it 
was  voted  that  they  are  wrong,  although  on  the  similar  question 
whether  it  is  ever  allowable  to  tell  lies  the  members  agreed 
with  military  men,  statesmen  and  others  that  occasion  may 
arise  to  justify  them.  As  to  which  is  most  despicable  the 
Thief  or  the  Liar,  the  decision  was  that  the  Thief  was  the 
worst.  Indeed  on  another  occasion  it  was  solemnly  voted  that 
he  ought  to  be  hung  instead  of  receiving  the  milder  punishment 
of  forty  stripes  save  one.  On  the  question,  "Is  Debauchery  or 
Drunkenness  most  prejudicial,"  drunkenness  was  pronounced 
the  lesser  evil.  The  miser  was  considered  an  unworthy  char- 
acter evidently,  because  it  was  discussed  whether  we  have  the 
right  to  kill  him  and  distribute  his  property.  He  was  spared. 
A  blow  was  struck  at  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount  when  it  was 
decided  that  it  is  not  consistent  with  reason  to  love  one's  ene- 


THE  TWO  SOCIETIES.  8 1 

mies.  It  is  gratifying  that  they  thought  that  actions  cannot 
be  politically  right  and  morally  wrong.  Whether  duelling  is 
ever  justifiable  was  discussed  several  times.  Twice  it  was  sus- 
tained and  once  the  decision  was  adverse,  though  it  is  significant 
that  Tutor  Harris  then  opened  the  debate.  Salaried  ministers 
of  the  gospel  should  breathe  more  freely  on  learning  that  the 
students  of  1796  deemed  it  conformable  to  the  Christian  re- 
ligion for  preachers  to  get  wages.  Fun-lovers  should  be  com- 
forted in  knowing  their  opinion,  that  "moderate  fortune  and 
good  humor  are  preferable  to  a  large  estate  and  bad  disposi- 
tion." 

Other  decisions  were :  that  Health  is  better  than  Riches ;  that 
love  of  mankind  is  more  prevalent  than  love  of  money;  that 
Flattery  is  sometimes  useful;  that  the  pursuit  of  an  object  gives 
greater  happiness  than  the  enjoyment;  that  Pride  is  essential  to 
happiness ;  that  a  man  is  happier  in  seeking  his  own  approba- 
tion than  in  seeking  that  of  others ;  that  a  state  of  Nature  is  a 
state  of  war;  that  the  Immortality  of  the  soul  is  not  deducible 
from  reason ;  that  beasts  have  no  souls.  It  is  surprising  that 
young  men  in  the  last  decade  of  the  18th  century,  with  the 
war  spirit  hot  throughout  the  world,  debated  with  warmth, 
but  could  not  be  brought  to  a  decision,  the  question,  "Is  it 
justifiable  to  kill  one  who  is  threatening  one's  life  ?" 

Among  the  moral  and  religious  questions  it  should  perhaps 
be  mentioned  that  the  opponents  of  such  amusements  as  danc- 
ing, fox  hunting,  horse  racing,  and  the  like,  had  the  strength 
to  bring  forward  the  query,  "Is  it  politic  for  the  Trustees  to 
permit  a  Dancing  School  at  the  University?"  They  were  out- 
voted. 

During  the  first  years  of  the  University  the  students  were 
totally  debarred  from  the  society  of  ladies  of  their  own  age, 
as  the  village  was  merely  on  paper.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however, 
that  none  the  less  was  their  interest  in  all  questions  of  a  social 
nature.  "Does  a  matrimonial  or  single  life  confer  most  happi- 
ness" was  gravely  decided  in  favor  of  marriage.  "Are  Talents 
or  Riches  greater  recommendations  to  ladies?"  was  asked,  and 
the  society  honored  the  fair  sex  by  answering  "Talents."  "Are 
ladies  or  wine  most  deleterious  to  students  ?"  was  another  ques- 

6 


82  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

tion,  the  palm  for  deleteriousness  being  awarded,  I  grieve  to 
say,  to  the  ladies.  Greater  gratitude  was  shown,  however,  in 
the  decision  of  the  next,  "Is  female  modesty  natural  or  af- 
fected ?"  nature  getting  the  credit.  The  members  wrestled  with 
this  rather  nebulous  speculation,  "Is  love  without  hope,  or 
malice  without  revenge,  most  injurious,"  but  never  came  to  a 
conclusion.  I  presume  this  was  one  of  the  "non-thinkable" 
subjects.  The  members  knew  their  own  minds  however  on 
this  question,  "Should  a  man  marry  for  gold  or  for  beauty?", 
the  preference  being  given  to  the  red  metal. 

Of  course  questions  of  public  policy  were  frequently  de- 
bated. Indeed  one  enthusiastic  member  proposed  that  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  should  be  discussed  clause 
by  clause,  but  this  was  too  great  a  task.  The  extent  of  the 
powers  granted  by  the  Constitution,  the  unconstitutionality  of 
acts  of  Congress,  seem  not  to  have  attracted  attention.  I  find 
only  questions  of  expediency  or  the  reverse.  For  example,  "Is 
an  excise  tax  consistent  with  the  principles  of  Liberty?"  an- 
swered in  the  affirmative.  "Are  standing  armies  useful?"  an- 
swered No.  "Are  the  salaries  of  United  States  officers  too 
great?"  answered  Yes.  "Is  the  neutrality  of  the  United  States 
in  the  French-British  War  consistent  with  gratitude?"  answer, 
Yes.  "Should  the  United  States  pay  the  British  debts?"  an- 
swer, No.  "Which  is  best  a  pure  Democracy  or  a  mixed  gov- 
ernment?" answer,  Mixed.  "Should  foreigners  be  allowed  to 
hold  offices  in  the  United  States?"  answer  at  one  time,  Yes; 
at  another,  No.  "Should  army  officers  be  appointed  by  the 
executive  or  Legislature?"  answer,  by  the  executive.  "Should 
our  diplomatic  intercourse  be  diminished?"  answer,  No.  "Is 
there  just  cause  of  war  by  the  United  States  against  France?" 
(February,  1797),  decision,  No.  In  April  the  same  discussion 
arose  and  the  war  spirit  gained  the  vote.  Should  our  Navy  be 
increased?"  decision,  Yes.  "Should  the  United  States  further 
negotiate  with  Algiers?"  Decision,  No.  "Is  it  equitable  and 
politic  to  confiscate  private  property  in  war?"  decision,  Yes. 
"Is  Spain  blameable  for  obstructing  the  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi?" decision,  Yes.  "Are  treaties  contrary  to  the  Law 
of  Nations  binding?"  decision,  Yes.  "Should  the  United  States 
adopt  Sumptuary  Laws  ?"  decision,  Yes. 


THE  TWO  SOCIETIES.  83 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  question  should  have  been  debated, 
"Is  the  Constitution  of  England  or  the  United  States  prefer- 
able?" The  decision,  as  might  be  expected,  was  in  favor  of 
the  United  States.  The  members  pronounced  themselves  in 
favor  of  a  protective  tariff.  They  anticipated  the  action  of  this 
State  sixty-one  years  in  declaring  for  free  suffrage  for  both 
branches  of  the  General  Assembly.  This  shows  the  preponder- 
ance of  Western  members.  They  likewise  voted  against  the 
use  of  paper  money.  When  this  question  was  called,  Robert 
Burton,  afterwards  a  North  Carolina  judge,  and  Nathaniel 
Williams,  afterwards  a  Tennessee  judge,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed to  open  the  debate,  declined  to  speak  for  the  reason 
that  they  knew  nothing  of  the  subject.  This  excuse  was  unani- 
mously disallowed  and  they  were  promptly  fined. 

When  it  was  argued  "Is  peace  or  war  most  useful  ?";  it  is 
honestly  recorded  that  the  vote  was  in  favor  of  war  "from  the 
arguments."  That  Commerce  is  useful  to  Nations  only  passed 
by  a  majority  vote.  As  to  the  relative  advantageousness  of 
Commerce  and  Agriculture,  the  preference  was  given  to  com- 
merce. Was  not  this  the  old  contest  between  Poseidon  against 
Athena,  Neptune  against  Minerva? 

On  the  slavery  question  the  members  on  the  whole  took  the 
Southern  view,  yet  there  was  evident  a  want  of  enthusiasm, 
if  not  positive  doubt.  It  is  likely  that  the  decision  on  the 
query,  "Whether  Africans  have  not  as  much  right  to  enslave 
Americans  as  Americans  to  enslave  Africans  ?"  viz. :  that 
"Africans  have  as  good  right,  if  not  better."  was  in  a  jocular 
spirit.  But  there  was  no  joking  in  the  declaration  that  Death 
is  preferable  to  Slavery,  but  it  is  probable  that  they  meant 
slavery  to  white  people.  The  fact,  however,  that  the  members 
discussed  the  question  "Whether  slaves  are  advantageous  to 
the  United  States?"  and  "Whether  the  importation  of  African 
slaves  is  of  advantage  to  the  United  States?"  shows  that  there 
was  difference  of  opinion,  although  the  majority  was  in  the  af- 
firmative in  both  cases.  A  spirit  of  doubt  as  to  the  beneficence 
of  the  institution  seems  to  be  implied  in  the  question  "Should 
slavery  be  abolished  at  this  time?",  notwithstanding  that  the 
members  answered  no. 


84  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

I  give  a  few  miscellaneous  questions  perhaps  worthy  to  be 
recorded.  The  right  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  to  in- 
struct members  of  Congress  was  debated  but  not  decided.  It 
is  noticeable  that  a  serious  discussion  was  had  as  to  whether 
public  offices  should  be  venal,  i.  e.,  at  liberty  to  be  bought  and 
sold.  The  decision  was  adverse.  It  is  in  affirmance  of  what 
political  economists  say  of  the  abominable  evils  of  the  poor 
laws  of  England  at  this  time  that  a  debate  was  had  as  to  the 
propriety  of  making  any  provision  for  paupers,  although  the 
conclusion  was  favorable.  The  members  voted  that  the  fathers 
should  retain  the  power  of  disinheriting  altogether  their  chil- 
dren, although  admirers  of  French  ways  contended  otherwise. 
The  latter,  however,  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  majority  vote  that 
Louis  XVI.  was  justly  beheaded.  The  members  showed  their 
jealousy  of  the  Federal  government  by  voting  on  one  occasion 
that  official  salaries  were  too  high,  and  on  another  that  members 
of  Congress  should  be  paid  less  wages  than  soldiers.  They 
voted  at  one  time  that  bodily  strength  is  better  than  valor  in  war, 
and  at  another  that  ingenuity  is  superior  to  bodily  strength.  It 
seems  that  the  vegetarian  theory,  one  of  the  first  modern  ab- 
surd "isms,"  had  penetrated  to  our  wilds,  because  the  prohibi- 
tion of  animal  food  was  discussed,  but  it  was  too  much  to  ex- 
pect our  keen-stomached  students  with  visions  of  ham  and  roast 
beef,  or  the  savory  fried  chicken  at  to-morrow's  dinner,  to  vote 
against  their  consumption. 

In  the  spring  of  1796  both  societies  voted  to  substitute  a  play 
for  all  other  exercises,  and  the  members  made  preparations 
with  enthusiasm.  This  action  was  probably  stimulated  by  the 
advent  of  a  tutor,  Mr.  Richards,  who  had  been  an  actor.  The 
scenery  was  purchased  at  Williamsboro,  but  it  does  not  appear 
why  such  apparatus  was  in  that  village.  Such  was  the  zeal 
of  the- amateur  Thespians  that  one  of  the  members  who  agreed 
to  take  two  parts  and  failed  without  excuse  was  incontinently 
expelled  from  one  of  the  societies.  I  regret  that  I  can  find  no 
description  of  this  great  dramatic  performance. 

As  showing  the  contrast  between  the  reading  room  of  1796 
and  that  of  one  hundred  years  later  I  state  that  a  motion  was 
made  in  one  of  the  societies  that  the  Halifax  Journal  be  sub- 


THE  TWO  SOCIETIES.  85 

scribed  for  in  behalf  of  the  members ;  whereupon  Alexander 
McCulloch,  brother-in-law  of  William  Boylan,  one  of  the  edi- 
tors, generously  offered  the  use  of  his  copy,  and  the  motion 
was  withdrawn.  A  subsequent  motion  to  buy  the  Fayetteville 
Hinerra  was  defeated,  as  one  paper  was  deemed  sufficient.  The 
following  is  the  first  list  of  books  ever  purchased  by  either 
society.  It  shows  taste  for  solid  reading — not  a  novel  among 
them. 

Locke  on  the  Human  Understanding. 

Woolstonecraffs  Eights  of  Women. 

Gillie's  Greece. 

Sully's  Memoirs. 

Beccaria  on  Crimes  and  Punishments. 

Brown  on  Equality. 

Mosheim's  Ecclesiastical  History. 

Goldsmith's  History  of  England,  4  volumes. 

Gibbon's  Decline  and  Fall. 

Helvetius  on  the  Human  Mind. 

Porcupine's  Bloody  Buoy. 

Porcupine's  Political  Censor. 

Love  and  Patriotism. 

The  Federalist. 

Smith's  Constitutions. 

The  most  active  of  the  earliest  members  of  the  Debating  So- 
ciety were,  in  order  of  their  names,  Wm.  Houston,  Lawrence 
Toole,  Robert  Smith,  Francis  Burton,  James  Webb.  Richard 
Simms,  Alexander  Osborne,  Wm.  M.  Sneed,  Hutchins  G.  Bur- 
ton, Wm.  Dickson  and  Samuel  Hinton.  In  the  Concord  So- 
ciety the  leaders  were  David  Gillespie,  E.  J.  Osborne,  George 
W.  Long,  Hinton  James,  Evan  Jones,  Henry  Kearney,  Nicholas 
Long,  Wm.  Alston,  David  Cook,  Lawrence  A.  Dorsey,  Joseph 
Gillespie.  Of  these  David  Gillespie,  E.  J.  Osborne  and  George 
W.  Long  were  most  prominent. 

The  professors  of  the  University  were  admitted  to  be  active 
members  of  one  or  the  other  society,  but  do  not  often  appear 
in  the  debates. 

Early  Student  Life — The  Pettigrew  Letters. 

By  the  kindness  of  Miss  Caroline  Pettigrew,  granddaughter 
of  Ebenezer  Pettigrew,  who  with  his  brother  John  was  a 
student  of  the  University  from  the  spring  of  1795  to  the  fall  of 


86  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  01?  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

1797,  I  am  able  to  give  glimpses  of  the  inner  life  of  the  Univer- 
sity in  its  infancy  from  letters  written  by  them  to  their  father. 
Their  father  was  Rev.  Charles  Pettigrew,  of  Tyrrell  County, 
who  was  chosen  Bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
but  was  prevented,  by  the  breaking  out  of  yellow  fever  in  Phila- 
delphia at  the  time,  and  failing  health  afterwards,  from  being 
consecrated.  I  have  also  been  permitted  by  Mr.  Norman  Jones, 
of  Raleigh,  to  examine  a  letter  dated  April,  1795,  written  to 
his  mother  by  his  ancestor,  Nicholas  Long,  grandson  of  Colonel 
Nicholas  Long,  of  the  North  Carolina  Continental  line. 

Letters  by  children  to  their  parents  were  then  as  a  rule 
much  more  formal  than  is  now  usual.  Long  addresses  his 
mother  as  "Honored  Mother ;"  but  the  Pettigrews  wrote  "Dear 
Father."  Long's  father  was  dead  and  his  mother  had  married 
a  Methodist  preacher,  Rev.  Daniel  Shine.  He  sends  his  "re- 
spects" to  Mr.  Shine.  A  married  sister  he  calls  Sister  Hill, 
and  the  husband  of  another  sister  he  calls  "Brother  Green." 
The  Presiding  Professor  he  called  Rev.  Parson  Ker.  The  Pet- 
tigrews sign  themselves,  or  rather  John  signs  for  both,  "your 
dutiful  sons."  They  always  send  their  "duties"  to  their  mother 
and  compliments  to  all  others.  In  one  letter  the  word  "com- 
pliments" was  in  the  message  to  the  mother,  but  it  was 
scratched  out  and  "duties"  substituted.  Bishop  Pettigrew's 
letter  to  Jackey  and  Ebley,  as  he  calls  them,  are  exceedingly 
affectionate  and  wise. 

The  boys  saw  no  newspapers.  Weeks  intervened  between 
letters.  The  postage  to  Bertie  County,  where  Dr.  Pettigrew  once 
lived,  is  usually  endorsed  17  cents.  Once  John  informed  him 
that  he  was  forced  to  pay  at  Chapel  Hill  12  1-2  cents  when  his 
father  prepaid  the  same  amount.  The  latter  afterwards  re- 
torted :  "What  you  designed  for  frugality  accidentally  resulted 
otherwise.  You  thought  by  your  two  letters  on  the  same  sheet, 
or  rather  half  sheet  of  post  paper,  to  save  expenses,  but  I  find 
44  cents  on  the  letter.  45  is  just  the  postage  of  three .  letters. 
Your  putting  two  wafers  and  two  addresses  has  made  it  a 
double  letter  for  which  they  charge  double  postage."  The  con- 
sistency of  the  charges  of  the  Postal  Department  seems  open 
to  criticism,  judging  from  the  foregoing  statements. 


THE  PETTIGREW  LETTERS.  87 

We  learn  from  these  letters,  and  from  other  sources,  some- 
thing of  the  modes  of  travel  to  and  from  the  University.  Some 
came  on  horseback,  some  in  "chairs"  or  double  sulkies,  others 
in  carts.  Long  wrote  that,  if  "the  boy"  would  start  by  daybreak 
with  the  horse,  he  might  make  the  journey  from  his  home, 
Sandy  Creek,  in  Franklin  County,  65  miles,  in  one  day.  The 
following  extract  from  one  of  the  Pettigrew  letters  shows  the 
difficulty  of  transporting  persons  and  things.  "Send  up  a  dou- 
ble chair  with  a  portmanteau  and  a  pair  of  saddle-bags  (as  our 
chests  will  be  too  unhandy  to  be  carried  in  a  chair),  in  which 
we  could  carry  our  clothes  and  some  particular  books,  but  as 
there  are  a  great  many  of  them  it  would  be  needless  to  attempt 
carrying  them  all  in  a  chair.  In  my  opinion  it  would  be  best 
for  the  rest  to  stay  until  December  when  the  boys  who  will 
come  from  Bertie  will  be  coming  up  in  a  cart,  and  as  the  cart 
will  be  going  back  empty  I  have  no  doubt  they  would  take 
down  a  chest  of  books  to  Windsor,  from  whence  they  might 
easily  be  conveyed  to  Tyrrell.  My  bed  I  can  dispose  of."  They 
were  not  expecting  to  return  to  the  University. 

Among  other  things  they  tell  of  the  sad  necessity  of  going 
nearly  barefoot,  because  of  the  non-existence  of  a  shoemaker 
in  the  village.  They  hope,  however,  that  an  itinerant  mender 
of  shoes  while  on  his  circuit  will  come  to  their  relief.  They 
asked  their  father  to  have  pairs  of  new  shoes  ready  at  their 
homes  when  the  session  shall  be  over,  for,  said  they,  shoes  are 
expensive  at  Chapel  Hill,  being  18  shillings  or  $1.80  a  pair. 
They  marked  the  length  of  their  feet  on  the  margin  of  the  big 
sheet  on  which  they  wrote,  thus  giving  us  a  hint  of  the  rudeness 
of  the  foot  coverings  of  that  day,  no  other  measure  than  the 
length  being  given  to  the  workman.  If  they  had  enclosed  a 
slip  instead  of  notching  the  paper  it  would  have  subjected 
the  letter  to  double  postage,  i.  e.,  the  postage  of  the  order  would 
have  been  nearly  20  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  the  article. 

Another  trouble  they  had  was  the  difficulty  of  procuring  a 
bed,  meaning  one  made  of  the  soft  feathers  of  geese.  They 
slept  for  a  while  at  the  house  of  a  family  named  Kimball,  in  the 
only  room  to  be  rented  in  town,  but,  the  Kimballs  announcing 
their  intention  to  move  to  "Caintuck"   (Kentucky),  it  became 


88  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

necessary  for  the  boys  to  move  into  the  college  building,  and 
hence  a  bed  of  their  own  was  essential.  They  state  that  the 
Steward,  Mr.  Taylor,  had  beds  to  rent  for  the  enormous  price 
of  £12,  or  $24  per  annum.  Their  father  earnestly  cautioned 
them  against  the  danger  of  sleeping  on  hard  boards  after  en- 
joying the  luxury  of  feathers  all  the  summer,  and  saved  them 
from  this  evil  by  sending  the  coveted  piece  of  furniture  from 
his  home  in  the  "chair"  designed  for  the  return  of  the  boys 
in  vacation. 

Moving  into  the  Old  East,  they  were  forced  to  share  the 
apartment  with  four  others,  but  they  were  comforted  by  the  fact 
that  two  of  them  were  little  boys  of  the  Grammar  School.  Some 
of  the  "small  boys"  they  discovered  were  loud-mouthed  nuis- 
ances. They  found  in  this  room  a  more  grievous  nuisance  even 
than  noisy  "small  boys" — the  bully.  "One  of  our  room-mates 
desires,"  they  wrote,  "to  reign  king,  saying  if  we  would  not 
obey  him  he  would  use  rough  methods."  Those  who  had 
breathed  the  free  air  of  the  Albemarle  could  not  submit  to  be 
slaves.  "This  we  disliked,"  they  said,  "knowing  that  no  stu- 
dent durst  take  upon  himself  the  authority,  and  that  we  were 
all  on  an  equality,  and  to  be  room-mates  and  not  one  inferior 
to  another."  Although  the  aspiring  Kaiser  was  in  a  minority 
of  one  to  five,  the  Pettigrews  changed  their  quarters,  but  John 
remarked,  "I  shall  say  nothing  of  my  new  companions  until 
I  get  better  acquainted  with  them."  He  added,  "There  is  only 
room  for  five  or  six  more,  unless  the  Trustees  allow  eight  in 
a  room,  which  we  earnestly  deprecate.  I  find  it  very  difficult 
to  get  six  well-behaved,  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  get 
eight  well-behaved,  boys  in  a  room." 

As  misfht  be  expected  these  growing  boys  were  much  con- 
cerned about  their  food.  They  praised  Mrs.  Puckett  when 
they  boarded  with  her,  but  the  strictures  on  food  at  Commons 
are  generally  severe.  At  one  time  they  said  "The  bread  is  not  near 
so  good  as  Fillis  bakes  for  herself.  It  is  impossible  to  describe 
the  badness  of  the  tea  and  coffee,  and  the  meat  generally 
stinks  and  has  ma^eots  in  it."  "Fillis"  ("Phyllis")  is  evidently 
their  mother's  cook,  and  the  bread  for  herself  was  in  all  prob- 
ability old-fashioned  ashcakes.  i.  e.,  lumps  of  corn-meal  dough, 
covered  over  with  hot  embers  and  so  baked. 


THE  PETTIGREW  LETTERS.  89 

At  another  time  these  sons  of  a  planter,  who  raised  corn  by 
the  boat-load  on  the  rich  eastern  bottoms,  wrote:  "We  are 
afraid  we  will  be  pushed  for  provisions  as  Mr.  Taylor  (the 
Steward)  buys  corn  by  the  bag-full.  In  case  of  necessity  we 
shall  get  into  hollow  trees  and  do  as  the  bears  do.  It  would 
never  do  to  set  off  for  home.     We  would  perish  on  the  road." 

A  more  horrible  grievance  arose  from  those  hideous  ani- 
mals, who,  in  the  darkness  of  the  night,  hasten  to  imbrue  their 
jaws  in  human  gore.  Pine  bedsteads  with  holes  in  the  sides  for 
the  cords,  and  the  wooden  chests  of  six  young  fellows,  ignorant 
of  the  arts  of  extermination,  or  too  indolent  to  adopt  them,  gave 
full  play  to  the  JYIalthusian  doctrine  of  increase  by  geometrical 
ratio,  of  these  foes  of  man.  We  need  not  be  surprised  there- 
fore at  their  rapid  multiplication  in  one  year.  "We  dread  the 
approach  of  warm  weather,"  they  plaintively  wrote.  "They 
are  five  times  as-  bad  as  last  year,  and  then  we  were  hardly 
able  to  rest.  Wre  will  not  need  any  bleeding  (by  physicians). 
There  is  one  comfort,  there  are  no  mosquitoes."  These  noc- 
turnal foes  they  called  Sabines,  an  inappropriate  name  it  ap- 
pears to  me,  as  the  historians  tell  us  those  robbers  carried  off 
young  ladies ;  whereas  young  men  were  here  the  victims.  The 
next  year  they  raise  a  wail  of  woe :  "The  Sabines  have  quite  de- 
feated us.  We  have  given  them  the  entire  possession  of  our 
room.  None  of  us  have  been  able  to  sleep  in  it  for  five  weeks. 
I  generally  spread  out  tables  in  the  passage  and  pour  water 
around  the  legs.  They  are  in  general  poor  swimmers."  All 
these  horrors,  notwithstanding  a  by-law  which  ordered  the  stu- 
dents to  cleanse  their  rooms  of  bugs  every  two  weeks !  How 
their  mother's  heart  must  have  ached  at  the  persecution  of  her 
darlings ! 

In  October,  1795,  is  the  first  mention  of  a  dismissal  of  a 
student.  The  Pettigrew  boys  say  he  was  "banished."  As  the 
offence  recalls  a  custom  among  our  ancestors  which  has  be- 
come obsolete,  I  must,  in  the  interest  of  folk-lore,  explain  it. 
Frank  Burton  and  Joseph  Green,  after  being  prohibited,  went 
to  a  "Cotton  Picking." 

What  was  a  Cotton  Picking?  I  am  able  to  give  you  the 
information  derived  from  two  veracious  witnesses,  in  their 
youth  participants  in  the  game. 


90  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Before  the  use  of  Whitney's  gin  had  become  common  the 
seed  of  cotton  was  separated  from  the  lint  by  hand.  This  was 
generally  done  at  night,  each  member  of  the  household  having 
his  or  her  task.  Each  was  compelled  to  fill  one  of  his  or  her 
shoes  with  seed  before  being  allowed  to  "court  the  balmy,"  as 
Dick  Swiviller  termed  it.  Of  course,  children  and  ladies  of 
small  feet  had  the  advantage  over  those  of  mountainous  under- 
standings who  went  late  to  bed.  Darwin  would  explain  the  great 
preponderance  of  ladies  of  little  feet,  such  as  we  see  in  all 
Southern  gatherings,  by  the  theory  that  females  of  former 
generations,  able  to  wear  diminutive  shoes,  filled  them  with  seed 
early  in  the  night,  secured  a  larger  amount  of  refreshing  sleep, 
became  thereby  more  healthy  and  beautiful,  and  in  consequence 
always  secured  husbands,  while  the  haggard  faces  of  those 
going  late  to  bed  condemned  the  unfortunate  big-footians  to 
single  blessedness. 

Sometimes  the  owner  of  the  snowy  pile  would  invite  the 
young  men  and  maidens  to  a  Cotton  Picking  frolic,  analagous 
to  quiltings,  corn-shuckings,  and  log-rollings,  providing  tooth- 
some refreshments.  The  cotton  was  placed  in  the  middle  of 
the  room,  parties  would  pick  against  each  other,  and  amid 
good-humored  rivalry  and  rustic  merriment  the  work  would 
soon  be  finished.  Then  the  floor  would  be  swept  and  the  neigh- 
borhood fiddler,  often  as  black  as  ebony,  would  strike  up 
"Molly  put  the  Kettle  on,"  or  "T-u  Turkey,  Ty  Tie,  T-u  Tur- 
key Buzzard's  Eye,"  or  "Crow  he  Peeped  at  the  Weasel,"  or 
"Old  Molly  Hare,"  in  such  entrancing  strains  that  every  toe 
in  the  assembly  became  stark  crazy  as  if  smitten  by  St.  Vitus. 
Even  the  legs  of  the  table  would  quiver  with  excitement.  A 
jolly  succession  of  reels  and  break-downs  and  "Cutting  the 
pigeon's  wing"  would  ensue.  If  the  preacher's  influence  pre- 
vented dancing,  games  were  substituted  such  as  "Hunt  the 
Slipper,"  "Blindman's  Buff,"  or  "I'm  Pining."  Burton  and 
Green  were  attracted  to  one  of  these  festivals,  even  as  the 
candle-fly  seeks  the  blazing  torch.  They  had  their  fun,  but  the 
avenging  eye  of  Dr.  Ker  was  upon  them.  The  sentence  was 
public  admonition  before  the  University.  Burton,  "like  a  little 
man,"  took  the  medicine  and  afterwards  won  honors  as  a  stu- 


THE  PETTIGREW  LETTERS.  91 

dent.  But  Joe  Green's  pride  caused  him  to  decline  to  submit 
and  so  sentence  of  dismissal  was  passed  on  him.  I  think  it  no 
harm  to  give  his  name  as  heading  the  line  of  students  whose 
presence  has  been  dispensed  with  by  the  Faculty;  first,  because 
he  became  a  respected  merchant  of  New  Bern,  his  career  not 
being  impeded  by  this  incident,  and  secondly,  his  offence  was 
not  a  malum  in  se,  but  malum  prohibitum  only. 

It  appears  that  Bishop  Pettigrew  requested  his  sons  to  give 
him  confidential  information  as  to  the  manners  and  morals  of 
the  students.  They  do  so,  but  like  loyal  students  ask  him  not 
to  divulge  their  disclosures,  satirically  remarking,  "its  (the 
University's)  character  will  be  known  soon  enough  to  its  dis- 
advantage and  confusion."  Their  secret  report  thus  made  was 
that :  "the  students  in  general  have  nothing  very  criminal,  ex- 
cept a  vile  and  detestable  practice  of  cursing  and  swearing — 
which  are  carried  on  here  to  the  greatest  perfection.  Even 
from  the  smallest  to  the  largest  they  vent  their  oaths  with  the 
greatest  ease  imaginable.  Hardly  a  sentence  passes  without 
some  of  those  high-flown  words  which  sailors  divert  themselves 
with."  "Their  favorite  book  is  Paine's  Age  of  Reason."  Doubt- 
less this  account  is  substantially  true.  Profanity  and  infidelity 
were  the  fashion  of  the  day.  It  should  be  taken,  however,  with 
the  explanation  that  John  and  Ebenezer  were  raised  on  a  large 
plantation,  strictly  and  religiously,  and  probably  were  never  as- 
sociated with  boys  before.  They  do  not  give  examples  of  the 
oaths.  Let  us  charitably  hope  that  many  of  them  were  no 
worse  than  "Go  to  the  Dickens,"  "Deuce  Take  You,"  "Durn 
It,"  "Dog  Gone  You,"  and  like  expletives,  which  some  people 
do  not  distinguish  from  more  pronounced  profanity.  It  is 
comforting  to  have  the  report  favorable  as  to  drinking,  gamb- 
ling, and  the  like. 

John  writes  that  while  Ebenezer  is  unable  for  lack  of  funds, 
he  himself  has  joined  a  dancing  school,  saying  that  he  could 
not  forego  gaining  what  he  calls  "such  a  genteel  accomplish- 
ment." He  adds,  "There  are  a  number  of  students  in  the  class, 
but  not  any  ladies,  and  there  is  not  as  much  order  and  regu- 
larity as  if  there  were  several  decent  ladies."  The  terms  were 
$4  for  six  months'  instruction. 


92  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Their  report  as  to  study  is,  to  use  their  expression,  "mid- 
dling" favorable.  They  say:  "the  Seniors  and  others  who  are 
old  enough  to  understand  its  value  study  pretty  closely,  but 
there  are  a  great  many  small  boys,  half  of  whom  do  little  or 
nothing.  They  are  the  ones  who  make  the  greatest  proficiency 
in  the  art  of  swearing." 

The  letter-writers  praise  highly  Dr.  Ker  and  Professor  Har- 
ris. For  the  particular  information  of  Latin  students  I  state 
that  they  studied  Eutropius  and  Cornelius  Nepos  before  going 
into  Caesar.  Their  testimony  is  that  they  learned  more  Latin 
in  a  few  months  than  in  all  their  lives  before. 

As  a  contribution  to  the  Society  for  Investigating  Psychical 
Phenomena,  I  give  a  strange  coincidence.  Bishop  Pettigrew 
and  his  wife  both  dreamed  the  same  night  that  their  sons  were 
sick,  and  at  that  very  moment,  although  separated  by  all  the 
distance  from  Chapel  Hill  to  Tyrrell  County,  about  180  miles 
as  the  crow  flies,  these  boys  were  in  unusual  good  health,  and 
so  continued  for  months.  If  only  one  of  them  had  been,  simul- 
taneously with  the  dreams,  a  little  ailing,  even  to  the  extent 
of  a  head  or  tooth-ache,  or  groaning  over  the  agonies  of  a 
green  peach  or  so,  what  exultation  would  have  filled  the  breasts 
of  enthusiastic  spiritualists. 

We  gather  also  from  the  letters  something  of  the  health  of 
the  students  and  of  the  practice  of  medicine  a  hundred  years 
ago.  John  Pettigrew  had  an  enlarged  spleen  when  he  came, 
but  it  improved  at  Chapel  Hill,  although  he  was  not  cured.  At 
one  time  he  took  for  it  arrow-root  steeped  in  brandy  two  or 
three  times  a  day.  This  remedy  he  quit  because  of  the  high 
price  of  the  brandy,  75  cents  a  quart.  He  then  turned  to  Peru- 
vian bark  and  snake-root,  at  one  time  ceasing  for  ten  days 
because  he  could  obtain  no  snake-root.  Twice  his  spleen  grew 
in  size,  but  he  attributes  that  to  the  want  of  exercise. 

On  April  12,  1796,  he  wrote:  "There  are  86  students  here. 
All  are  in  perfect  health  except  one  taken  with  the  rheumatism 
last  night."  In  a  letter  dated  May  27,  1797,  he  wrote,  "The 
mumps  is  a  disease  which  is  very  prevalent.  There  are  30  or 
40  cases,  but  none  have  been  hurt  by  them  very  much.  Ebley 
and  I  have  had  no  symptoms  as  yet." 


THE  PETTIGREW  LETTERS.  93 

"The  small-pox  is  seven  or  eight  miles  from  here,  brought  by 
a  man  from  Norfolk.  He  is  well,  but  it  is  rumored  that  his 
mother  has  been  taken.  I  do  not  believe  that  it  will  come 
here,  as  people  are  much  afraid  of  it  and  use  all  precautions. 
It  would  certainly  be  destructive  to  this  institution,  as  I  have 
no  doubt  it  would  kill  one-half  of  those  infected,  as  our  blood 
is  in  as  bad  a  state  as  possible  owing  to  the  vast  quantities 
of  butter  which  we  eat,  and  we  have  no  proper  attendance. 
But  we  would  get  horses  and  go  home."  The  disease  did  not 
reach  Chapel  Hill  then  or  at  any  subsequent  day. 

John  was  a  draughtsman  and  sent  home  a  colored  pic- 
ture of  the  Old  East,  1797,  two-storied  and  only  two-thirds  of 
its  present  length.  [The  bricks  are  of  the  original  color,  except 
that  between  the  first  and  second  stories  there  is  a  broad  white 
band  all  around  the  building.  There  is  a  platform  at  each  outer 
door,  the  steps  descending  from  it  towards  the  north  and  south.] 

Let  me  add  that  John's  disease  carried  him  off — an  exceed- 
ingly promising  man — two  years  after  he  left  the  University. 
Ebenezer  became  a  prosperous  planter ;  his  plantations  Magno- 
lia and  Belgrade,  in  Washington  County,  were  famous  for  their 
fertility  and  good  management.  He  was  induced  when  a  young 
man  to  serve  two  terms  in  the  State  Senate  and,  after  passing 
middle  life,  to  be  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  United  States,  but  he  preferred  the  happier  life  of  a 
private  citizen.  His  youngest  son  was  the  lamented  General 
James  Johnston  Pettigrew,  a  graduate  of  1847,  wno  seemed 
to  me  to  be  the  ablest  man  I  ever  met.  Commodore  Maury, 
who  had  seen  the  greatest  men  of  his  day  said — this  I  know 
to  be  authentic — that  if  by  any  cause  General  Lee's  place  should 
be  vacated,  General  Pettigrew  would  be  the  fittest  man  to  take 
his  place. 

The  New  Pean  of  Education. 

In  December,  1795,  after  a  year's  experience  with  the  raw, 
mostly  untaught  youths  of  diverse  ages  and  acquirements,  the 
institution  was  divided  into  two  branches,  called  "The  Prepara- 
tory School"  and  "The  Professorships  of  the  University." 

This  plan  is  interesting  because  it  is  the  idea  of  General  Davie, 


94  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

is  far  ahead  of  the  times,  anticipates  in  some  respects  the 
work  of  Jefferson  with  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  is  very 
similar  to  our  present  plan  : 

A.  The  Preparatory  School. 

1st.    (a)    The  English  language,  to  be  taught  grammatically  on   the 
basis  of  Webster's  and  South's  Grammar. 

(b)  Writing  in  a  neat  and  correct  manner. 

(c)  Arithmetic  with  the  four  first  rules,  with  the  Rule  of  Three 

(d)  Reading  and  pronouncing  select  passages  from  the  purest 
English  authors. 

(e)  Copying  in  a  fair  and  correct  manner  select  English  Essays. 
2nd.  After  this  preliminary  course  the  student  must  learn  the  Latin 

Language,  beginning  with  Ruddiman's  Rudiments  and  then  studying 
Cordery,  then  Erasmus,  then  Eutropius,  then  Cornelius  Nepos,  with 
translations.  After  these  came  Csesar's  Commentaries,  and  Sallust, 
without  translations,  but  at  the  request  of  parents  translations 
might  be  used  with  them.  Kennett's  Roman  Antiquities  to  be 
studied  contemporaneously. 

When  the  students  can  render  Eutropius  into  correct  English  and 
explain  the  government  and  connection  of  the  words,  then  they  must 
begin  the  study  of  the  French  Language.  1st,  The  Grammar;  2nd, 
Telemachus;   3rd,  Cyrus;  4th,  Gil  Bias. 

The  study  of  Greek  is  optional.  If  this  language  should  be  chosen 
the  pupil  must  study,  1st,  The  Grammar;  2nd,  The  Gospels  in  the 
original,  beginning  when  the  French  should  have  begun. 

The  rudiments  of  Geography  must  be  studied  on  the  plan  of 
Guthrie. 

After  the  students  begin  the  French,  the  French  and  Latin  lan- 
guages shall  be  so  associated  that  both  may  be  finished  at  nearly  the 
same  time. 

It  is  allowable  to  siudy  all  three  of  the  above  mentioned  lan- 
guages, in  which  case  the  student  must  finish  the  Gospels  in  Greek 
when  he  is  through  the  Preparatory  School. 

The  English  language  shall  be  regularly  continued,  it  being  con- 
sidered the  primary  object,  and  the  other  languages  but  auxiliaries. 

Any  language,  except  English,  may  be  omitted  at  the  request  of 
the  parents. 
II.  Plan  of  Education  under  the  Professorships  of  the  University: 
1st.  The  President. 

Rhetoric  on  the  plan  of  Sheridan. 
Belles-Lettres  on  the  plan  of  Blair  and  Rollin. 
B.  Professorships  of  the  University. 

a.  Professor  of  Moral    and    Political    Philosophy  and  History  •  the 
study  of  the  following  authors: 

Paley's  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy. 


NEW   PLAN  OF  STUDIES.  95 

Montesquieu's  Spirit  of  Laws. 
Civil  Government  and  Political  Constitutions. 
Adam's  Defence  of  DeLolme. 
The  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
The  Modern  Constitutions  of  Europe. 
The  Law  of  Nations. 
Vattel's  Law  of  Nations. 

Burlamaqui's  Principles  of  Natural  and  Political  Law. 
On  History, 

Priestly's  Lectures  on  History. 

Millot's  Ancient  and  Modern  History. 

Hume's  History  of  England,  with  Smollett's  Continuation. 

Chronology  on  the  most  approved  plan. 

b.  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Astronomy  and  Geography. 

1.  General  properties  of  Matter,  Laws  of  Motion,  Mechanical 
Powers,  Hydrostatics,  Hydraulics,  Pneumatics,  Optics,  Electricity, 
Magnetism. 

2.  Geography.  The  use  of  Globes,  the  Geometrical,  political  and 
commercial  relations  of  the  different  nations  of  the  earth.  Astron- 
omy on  the  plan  of  Ferguson. 

c.  Professor  of  Mathematics. 

1.  Arithmetic  in  a  scientific  manner. 

2.  Algebra  and  the  application  of  Algebra  to  Geometry. 

3.  Euclid's  Elements. 

4.  Trigonometry  and  its  application  to  the  Mensuration  of 
Heights  and  Distances  of  Surfaces  and  Solids,  Surveying  and  Navi- 
gation. 

Electives.  Thus  far  the  mathematical  studies  are  obligatory. 
The  following  might  be  pursued  if  desired.  Conic  Sections,  The 
Doctrine  of  the  Sphere  and  the  Cylinder,  The  Projection  of  the 
Sphere,  Spherical  Trigonometry,  The  Doctrine  of  Fluxions,  The  Doc- 
trine of  Chances  and  Annuities. 

d.  The  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  the  Philosophy  of  Medicine,  Agri- 

culture and  the  Mechanic  Arts. 
Chemistry  upon  the  most  approved  plan. 

e.  Professor  of  Languages. 

1.  The  English  Language — Elegant  Extracts  in  Prose  and  Verse. 
Scott's  Collections. 

2.  The  Latin  Language — Virgil,  Cicero's  Orations,  Horace's  Epis- 
tles, including  the  Art  of  Poetry. 

3.  The  Greek  Language — Lucian,  Xenophon. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  course,  the  Professor  of  Languages 
must  "attend,  when  required,  the  reading  of  Cicero  de  Ofnciis, 
and  Horace  and  Livy,  and  in  the  Greek  Longinus  on  the  Sub- 
lime, the  Orations  of  Demosthenes  and  Homer's  Iliad."     The 


96  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OS  NORTH  CAROUNA. 

rudiments  of  language  are  to  be  attended  to,  the  different 
forms  and  figures  of  speech  are  to  be  noticed  by  the  professor, 
and  comments  made  on  the  sentiments  and  beauties  of  the 
authors;  parallel  sentences  quoted,  particular  idioms  observed, 
and  all  allusions  to  distant  manners  and  customs  explained. 

The  students  under  the  Professor  of  Languages  are  to  de- 
liver to  him  twice  a  week  translations  into  English  of  some 
classic,  in  which,  "after  expressing  the  sense  of  the  author, 
the  spirit  and  elegance  of  the  translation  are  principally  to  be 
regarded." 

The  students  of  the  other  classes  shall  every  Saturday  de- 
liver to  the  President  a  composition  on  a  subject  of  their  own 
choosing,  and  he  shall  correct  the  errors  in  orthography,  gram- 
mar, style  or  sentiment,  and  make  the  necessary  observations 
thereon. 

Those  passing  approved  examinations  on  the  studies  of  the 
Preparatory  School  were  entitled  to  be  admitted  "upon  the 
general  establishment  of  the  University." 

Those  passing  an  approved  examination  in  English,  and  the 
first  four  rules  of  Arithmetic  with  the  Rule  of  Three,  could  be 
admitted  to  study  under  the  President  and  any  of  the  Profes- 
sors, except  the  Professor  of  Languages.  In  order  to  enter 
his  department  the  applicant  must  stand  an  approved  examina- 
tion on  the  English  language,  and  on  Caesar's  Commentaries 
and  Sallust.  But  it  was  not  required  to  translate  English  into 
Latin. 

No  preliminary  examination  was  required  of  one  wishing  to 
study  under  the  fourth  professor,  i.  e.,  Chemistry,  the  Philoso- 
phy of  Medicine,  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts. 

There  were  no  prizes  instituted  by  professors,  but  the  Trus- 
tees endeavored  to  stimulate  study  by  offering  to  donate  a 
book  to  the  best  scholar  in  each  department,  viz. :  a  copy  of  the 
text-book  used  therein.  The  early  students  either  borrowed 
or  rented  their  text-books. 

This  plan  of  education  is  all  the  more  observable  because 
it  was  the  work  of  Davie  after  mature  consideration.  The 
record  shows  that  he  offered  it,  that  it  was  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee composed  of  himself,  Judge  Williams,  Hogg,  Haywood, 


PLAN   OF  EDUCATION.  97 

and  Adlai  Osborne,  and  was  reported  back  and  adopted.  Tbe 
North  Carolina  Journal  of  that  date  has,  doubtless  in  Davie's 
words,  a  statement  of  the  object  aimed  at.  He  began  by  quoting 
from  the  French  Convention,  "That  in  every  free  government 
the  law  emanates  from  the  people,  it  is  necessary  that  the  people 
should  receive  an  education  to  enable  them  to  direct  the  laws, 
and  the  political  part  of  this  education  should  be  consonant  to 
the  principles  of  the  constitution  under  which  they  live.''  He 
proceeds:  "The  plan  of  Education  established  by  the  Board  ap- 
pears to  be  predicated  on  this  principle,  and  designed  to  form 
useful  and  respectable  members  of  society — citizens  capable 
of  comprehending,  improving  and  defending  the  principles  of 
government,  citizens,  who  from  the  highest  possible  impulse, 
a  just  sense  of  their  own  and  the  general  happiness,  would  be 
induced  to  practice  the  duties  of  social  morality.  A  deep  and 
fixed  conviction  that  it  is  degrading  to  be  tributaries  to  other 
States  or  countries  for  our  literary  and  public  characters,  a 
general  and  strong  desire  to  promote  education  and  exalt  and 
improve  our  national  character,  have  given  a  tone  to  the  public 
sentiment  and  bestowed  a  degree  of  emulation  upon  individuals, 
from  which  the  most  happy  effects  may  be  expected." 

Davie  remembered  that  many  of  the  leading  men  of  the  Revo- 
lution in  North  Carolina  were  from  other  States.  Certainly 
the  degrading  dependence  of  our  State  for  its  public  characters 
ceased  after  the  establishment  of  the  University.  Not  only 
that,  but  the  institution  has  furnished  chief  legislative,  executive, 
or  judicial  officers  to  all  our  Southern  sisters,  as  well  as  to 
the  general  government. 

In  correspondence  with  Caldwell  on  the  subject  of  granting 
degrees,  Davie  gave  a  clear  exposition  of  the  principles  under- 
lying his  scheme.  "The  variation  of  the  plan  from  that  of 
other  colleges  makes  the  question  of  degrees  a  difficult  one.  A 
bachelor's  degree  generally  imports  a  knowledge  of  the  learned 
languages  as  well  as  the  sciences.  To  confer  such  a  degree 
upon  a  person  who  can  understand  neither  Latin  or  Greek  does 
not  appear  to  be  proper.  The  ruling  or  leading  principle  in 
our  plan  of  education  is  that  the  student  may  apply  himself 
to  those  branches  of  learning  and  science  alone  which  are  abso- 

7 


9&  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OK  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

lutely  necessary  to  lit  him  for  his  destined  profession  or  occu- 
pation in  life.  One  study  does  not  imply  the  necessity  of  any 
other,  unless  of  one  necessary  to  make  it  intelligible.  But  I 
am  well  convinced  of  the  utility  and  policy  of  conferring  de- 
grees and  granting  special  certificates."  He  then  asks  criticism 
of  the  following  plan  :  First.  The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts 
(A.B)  evidenced  by  a  diploma  in  the  Latin  language,  for  pro- 
ficiency in  English,  the  sciences  and  either  Latin  or  Greek. 
Second.  A  diploma  in  English  certifying  knowledge  and  pro- 
gress in  the  arts  and  sciences,  to  one  omitting  both  the  classics. 
He  does  not  suggest  a  name  for  this  diploma. 

These  diplomas,  as  well  as  that  of  the  Master's  degree, 
should  be  signed  by  the  President  of  the  Board  and  another 
Trustees.  In  addition  to  the  diplomas,  certificates  should  be 
granted  by  the  President  of  the  University,  specially  stating 
the  progress  of  the  student. 

After  Davie  left  the  State  in  1805,  Caldwell  acquired  such 
commanding  influence  as  to  assimilate  this  University  to  Prince- 
ton, his  alma  mater.  Only  one  diploma  was  granted,  that  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  (A.B.),  both  Latin  and  Greek  being  essential 
to  obtaining  it,  and  this  rule  continued  for  many  years.  After 
the  re-organization  in  1875,  Davie's  plan  somewhat  modified 
was  re-introduced.  Both  classics  were  still  required  for  A.B., 
but  a  new  degree  of  equal  dignity  was  adopted  where 
one  classic  is  omitted,  that  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy, 
while  if  both  classics  are  omitted,  equivalent  sciences  being 
substituted,  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  (B.S)  is  con- 
ferred. Several  great  institutions,  notably  Harvard  and  Cor- 
nell, now  grant  Bachelor  of  Arts,  without  requiring  either 
classic,  and  this  institution  has  recently  followed  their  example. 
All  universities  grant  certificates  for  special  attainments. 

It  is  remarkable  that,  after  the  University  fell  into  the  old 
Latin,  Greek  and  Mathematical  curriculum,  which  prevailed 
through  so  many  decades,  the  scheme  drawn  by  General  Davie 
should  have  been  substantially  revived  in  our  days.  As  proving 
the  truth  of  this  I  mention  the  large  liberty  of  electing  studies, 
the  not  rigidly  requiring  Latin  and  Greek  as  necessary  to 
graduation,  the  elevation  of  Chemistry,   Agriculture  and  the 


PLAN   OF  EDUCATION.  99 

Mechanic  Arts  to  a  separate  school,  which  can  be  solely  at- 
tended, the  requiring  of  classical  and  mathematical  students  a 
moderate  proficiency  in  science,  and  making  advanced  work  in 
these  departments  elective,  the  great  prominence  given  to  the 
study  of  English  literature  and  the  attainment  of  a  clear  and 
graceful  style  in  speaking  and  writing,  the  other  languages  being 
expressly  declared  to  be  auxiliary  to  this,  the  elevation  of  the 
French  to  equal  rank  with  the  classics,  and  the  allowance  of 
the  substitution  of  French  for  either  Latin  or  Greek.  Indeed 
if  we  cut  down  our  professorships  to  six,  as  was  the  case  in 
Davie's  scheme,  (President  and  five  professors')  it  becomes  ap- 
parent that  the  changes  of  our  da}"  are  mere  centennial  revivals, 
although  not  intentionally  so. 

The  plan  of  education  of  to-day  is  an  evolution  mainly  by 
the  initiation  of  the  Faculty,  the  Trustees  as  a  matter  of  course 
ratifying  their  recommendations.  In  1795,  however,  the  Trus- 
tees controlled  this  as  well  as  the  other  details  of  the  institution, 
even  prescribing  text-books.  x\ccordingly  we  find  that  the 
scheme  was  soon  so  modified  as  to  strike  out  Geography  as  a 
required  study  in  the  Preparatory  School,  and  Montesquieu's 
Spirit  of  Laws,  Vattel's  Law  of  Nations  and  Hume's  History 
of  England  in  the  University.  Astronomy  was  to  be  on  the 
plan  of  Nicholson  instead  of  Ferguson. 

The  difficulty  of  procuring  books  in  the  old  times  may  be 
conjectured  by  this  fact,  that  the  Trustees  purchased  as  many 
as  six  sets  of  the  prescribed  books,  of  others  only  three,  to  be 
rented  to  the  students  at  a  moderate  hire. 

It  was  found  impracticable  to  put  the  new  scheme,  requiring 
a  President  and  five  professors,  into  full  operation  for  two 
reasons :  First,  because  of  the  want  of  funds,  and  secondly, 
because  the  Trustees  could  not  find  a  man  possessed  of  the 
necessary  presidential  gifts  willing  to  take  the  place.  Accord- 
ingly Governor  Samuel  Ashe,  President  of  the  Board,  and 
Messrs.  Davie,  Willie  Jones,  Hogg,  and  Stone  were  appointed 
a  committee  to  make  inquiry  for  a  proper  person  to  be  presi- 
dent and  to  ascertain  the  terms  on  which  he  could  be  procured. 
Three  professors  were  then  balloted  for  and  the  following 
were  unanimouslv  chosen :      Samuel   E.    McCorkle,   Professor 


lOO  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

of  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy  and  History;  Charles  W. 
Harris,  Professor  of  Mathematics ;  Rev.  David  Ker',  Professor 
of  Languages.  It  was  intended  that  Dr.  McCorkle  should  have 
charge  as  Presiding  Professor,  thus  dethroning  Dr.  Ker. 

But  an  unexpected  difficulty  arose.  The  canny  Scotch-Irish- 
man foresaw  that,  when  the  President  should  be  chosen,  he 
would  lose  the  snug  residence  provided  for  the  chief  executive. 
He  therefore  demanded  that  in  case  this  should  happen  his 
salary  should  be  increased  to  the  extent  of  the  annual  value  of 
the  residence.  To  this  the  Trustees  declined  to  accede  and  so 
Dr.  Ker  continued  in  office  until  the  following  July,  the  Uni- 
versity classes  being  taught  by  Professors  Ker  and  Harris,  and 
the  Preparatory  School  by  Nicholas  Delveaux  and  Samuel 
Holmes,  Delveaux  having  one  of  the  higher  classes  in  Latin. 

This  rejection  of  the  modest  proposal  of  Dr.  McCorckle  was 
bitterly  resented  by  his  friends,  although  soon  forgiven  by  that 
excellent  man.  Gen.  John  Steele,  once  a  member  of  Congress 
and  then  first  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury,  wrote  General  Davie 
a  letter  couched  in  such  severe  terms  as  to  break  the  friendly 
relations  between  them.  In  the  fall  of  1799,  after  Davie's  re- 
turn from  his  mission  to  France,  he  endeavored  to  renew  their 
old  friendship.  General  Steele's  answer,  of  which  he  kept  a 
copy,  shows  that  the  sore  was  unhealed.  He  said,  "My  letter 
was  the  dictate  of  what  I  considered  at  the  time,  and  still 
think,  a  just  indignation  for  the  ill  treatment  which  Doctor 
McCorckle  received."  .  .  .  "I  have  no  sons  to  educate,  and 
my  nephew  (son  of  Dr.  McCorckle)  is  relieved  of  the  humili- 
ation of  acquiring  his  education  at  an  institution  whose  outset 
was  characterized  by  acts  of  ingratitude  and  insult  towards  his 
father."  As  he  begins  the  letter  with  a  dry  "Sir,"  it  is  clear 
that  resumption  of  friendly  relations  was  for  awhile  of  a  formal 
and  business  nature. 

The  six  months'  term  ending  July,  1796,  witnessed  many 
disorders  among  the  students,  the  nature  of  which  we  can  only 
conjecture.  This  much  is  certain,  that  there  Avas  dissatis- 
faction with  Dr.  Ker,  that  much  against  his  inclination  he  was 
constrained  to  send  in  his  resignation,  and  the  Trustees  ac- 
cepted it  under  protest  that  he  had  not  given  six  months'  notice 


BY-LAWS.  IOI 

as  required  by  law.  Professor  Harris  says  that  he  was  a  man 
of  talent,  a  furious  Republican,  and  we  learn  from  other  sources 
that  he  became  an  outspoken  infidel.  Dr.  Caldwell  is  authority 
also  for  the  statement  that  another  professor,  Holmes,  at  that 
time  "embraced  and  taught  the  wildest  principles  of  licentious- 
ness/ 

When  we  remember  that  Harris,  an  excellent  character  in 
other  respects,  likewise  had  imbibed  heterodox  principles,  we 
can  easily  see  how  a  spirit  of  lawlessness  and  defiance  of  author- 
ity became  rampant  in  the  young  institution,  and  how  bitterly 
the  Federalists  among  the  students  resented  the  violent  partisan- 
ship of  the  Presiding  Professor. 

1  he  by-laws  of  the  University  were  also  extremely  vexatious. 
The  boys  of  the  Preparatory  School,  whom  it  became  lawful  to 
chastise  as  in  other  schools,  were  allowed  to  have  rooms  in  the 
University  building,  and  the  strictest  espionage,  which  might 
have  been  proper  for  their  government,  was  enforced  over 
grown  young  men — many  of  them  accustomed  to  the  largest 
liberty,  at  home.  The  tutors  of  the  Preparatory  Department, 
sometimes  undergraduates,  were  required  to  sleep  among  the 
students  to  see  that  they  kept  their  rooms  in  study  hours,  to 
reprove  and  report  them  for  every  breach  of  the  rules  however 
trivial.  Moreover  the  professors  were  ordered  to  visit  each 
mom  twice  a  day,  and  monitors,  one  from  each  class,  were 
expected  to  be  spies  on  their  fellows  and  to  report  their  misde- 
meanors and  even  peccadilloes.  The  attempt  several  years 
afterwards  to  prevent  the  monitors  from  shirking  this  obliga- 
tion led,  as  will  be  seen,  to  a  serious  disruption  of  the  institu- 
tion. 

The  rules  governing  the  conduct  of  the  students  while  eat- 
ing at  Commons  were  still  more  likely  to  produce  angry  feel- 
ings. The  tutor  must  reprove  one  complaining  of  the  food 
unjustifiably  in  his  opinion,  and  order  one  behaving  unseemly 
from  the  table.  This  indignity  created  wrath  in  the  youth 
subjected  to  such  public  insult,  banished  in  disgrace  from  his 
food  in  presence  of  his  fellows. 

While  some  of  these  rides  and  practices  were  from  time  to 
time  rectified,  others  continued  up  to  the  end  of  the  old  regime 


102  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

in  1868.  Their  abolition  in  1876  has  been  productive  of  more 
kindly  relations  between  Faculty  and  students  and  general  im- 
proved conduct  in  the  institution. 

Notwithstanding  the  disorders  of  the  term,  the  Trustees 
who  attended  the  examinations  in  July,  1796,  including,  among 
others,  Governor  Samuel  Ashe  and  General  Davie,  certified 
that  they  were  highly  satisfactory  and  that  many  showed  the 
strongest  evidences  of  industry  and  most  promising  talents. 
The  inspection  began  on  Monday,  the  nth  of  July,  and  was 
not  finished  until  Friday,  the  15th,  Governor  Ashe  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  Trustees,  in  addition  to  the  committee, 
being  present.  The  ladies  did  not  vouchsafe  their  cheering 
presence.  It  is  recorded  that  "several  classes  and  some  of  the 
students  received  the  marked  approbation  and  applause  of  the 
Board  and  the  committee." 

A  clear  view  of  the  condition  of  the  University  at  this  second 
Commencement  is  given  in  the  report  signed  by  General  Davie 
and  Wm.  Hinton,  of  Wake,  the  only  Trustees  who  witnessed 
all  the  examinations : 

The  first  or  Senior  class,  consisting  of  six,  were  examined 
on  Natural  Philosophy  and  Mathematics  and  were  distinguished 
for  accuracy  and  progress. 

The  second,  or  Junior  class  of  12,  were  examined  on  Geog- 
raphy. Six  merited  the  marked  approbation  of  the  committee 
and  were  publicly  commended. 

The  third,  or  Sophomore  class,  consisted  of  12;  were  ex- 
amined on  Arithmetic  and  obtained  approbation. 

In  Virgil  and  Cicero  nine  were  examined.  Those  in  Virgil 
did  not  give  satisfaction ;  those  in  Cicero  were  somewhat  better. 

The  Rhetoric  class  did  well.  That  in  English  Grammar, 
although  numerous,  acquitted  themselves  with  approbation,  as 
did  also  the  French  class.  The  like  applause  was  given  to  the 
class  in  Caesar  and  Sallust. 

The  classes  in  Nepos,  Eutropius  and  six  other  inferior  classes 
in  the  Preparatory  School  were  satisfactory. 

The  Committee  suggest  that  it  is  best  to  leave  out  Geography 
from  the  Preparatory  School,  "as  most  of  the  scholars  will 
be  too  young:  to  benefit  much  bv  the  study  in  so  earlv  a  state." 


EXAMINATION   OF    1 796.  IO3 

The  action  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  at  this  time  indicates 
two  fruitful  sources  of  trouble,  the  existence  of  the  open  grog- 
shops or  taverns  in  the  village,  and  the  claim  of  the  students 
of  the  Grammar  School  that  they  were  only  under  the  au- 
thority of  their  own  tutors ;  and  of  the  other  students  that  those 
tutors  had  no  control  over  the  University  students.  Ordinances 
were  passed  prohibiting  visiting  of  taverns  without  leave  of 
a  professor,  vesting  the  Preparatory  teachers  with  disciplinary 
authority  over  all  the  students  and  making  them  members  of 
the  Faculty,  but  without  a  vote.  Six  months  later  the  right 
to  vote  was  given,  but  the  rule  that  the  two  tutors  should 
occupy  the  same  room  in  the  University  building  was  repealed. 

At  the  same  meeting  the  students  were  authorized  to  attend 
dancing  schools  with  the  permission  of  the  Faculty.  A  letter 
from  Governor  Spaight  certifies  to  the  teaching  abilities  of  a 
Mr.  Perrin,  a  French  gentleman.  "He  does  not  undertake  to 
teach  the  English  dance,  but  the  minuet  and  French  dance,  such 
as  cotillons,  conges,  etc."  His  terms  were  $2  per  month,  three 
afternoons  each  week.  Davie  wrote,  "I  am  very  desirous  that 
my  sons  should  be  taught  to  dance  well.  There  are  some 
French  gentlemen  at  New  Bern  who  teach  dancing  in  the  most 
elegant  style.  They  are  really  gentlemen  and  unfortunate 
refugees  from  St.  Domingo."  Doubtless  Mr.  Perrin  was  one 
of  these  refugees,  as  was  Mr.  Plunkett,  who  taught  music  in 
Mr.  Mordecai's  school  in  Warrenton  a  few  years  afterwards, 
forced  to  flee  from  the  atrocities  of  the  negroes  in  the  island 
of  Hayti,  where  they  rose  against  the  French,  reduced  from 
affluence  to  poverty  in  a  strange  land. 

In  an  unofficial  letter  Davie  referred  to  another  difficulty 
which  seems  to  have  been  rectified.  "Serious,  and  I  believe, 
well-grounded  complaints  are  made  by  the  students  against  the 
Steward,  but  Messrs.  Ker  and  Harris  did  not  think  proper 
to  mention  them  to  the  Board  although  they  gave  assurance 
to  the  students  that  they  would  certainly  do  so."  It  should  be 
remembered,  however,  that  his  two  sons,  Hyder  and  Allen, 
who  had  been  accustomed  to  luxurious  living,  probably  im- 
parted this  information,  and  we  have  not  the  counter-statement 
of  the  professors.  The  North  Carolina  Journal  expressly  states 
the  contrarv — that  the  Commons  was  eminently  satisfactory. 


104  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  found  that  very  few  applications  were 
made  to  them  for  the  vacancies  in  the  Faculty.  It  became  neces- 
sary to  have  a  committee  whose  duty  it  was  to  ascertain  by 
correspondence  or  otherwise  men  of  sufficient  learning  willing 
to  accept  the  positions,  and  with  power  to  employ  them.  The 
earliest  committee  was  Judge  Moore,  General  Davie,  Willie 
Jones,  David  Stone  and  Judge  John  Williams.  Afterwards  the 
committee  consisted  of  Hugh  Williamson,  Stone,  Thomas  H. 
Blount  and  Treasurer  John  Haygood. 

History  of  David  Ker. 

As  Dr.  David  Ker  was  first  professor,  and  also,  as  Presiding 
Professor,  the  first  executive  of  the  University,  it  is  proper  to 
give  his  subsequent  history.  He  lived  for  several  years  in 
Lumberton,  Robeson  County,  engaged  in  a  small  way  in  mer- 
chandising; also  pursuing  the  study  of  the  law.  Among  his  fast 
friends  were  a  family  by  the  name  of  Willis,  which  emigrated 
to  Mississippi,  and  again  became  his  neighbors  and  allies  by 
marriage.  From  Lumberton  in  July,  1800,  he  emigrated  to 
the  Mississippi  Territory,  stopping  several  months  with  a  friend 
in  Nashville,  Tennessee.  He  settled  finally  at  Washington  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Natchez.  He  found  the  people,  who  had 
been  injured  by  tobacco  and  indigo,  rejoicing  in  the  profits  of 
growing  cotton.  An  industrious  planter  in  one  year  cleared  the 
price  of  a  negro.  There  was  not  a  considerable  school  in  the 
territory,  but  many  planters  had  private  tutors.  He  describes 
the  people  as  largely  composed  of  British  sympathizers  and 
"Revolutionary  Tories,"  but  with  a  few  Republicans.  He 
avows  to  his  correspondent.  Senator  David  Stone,  his  willing- 
ness to  accept  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  the  present  in- 
cumbent. Col.  Steele,  being  in  a  languishing  state  of  health,  or 
of  judge,  as  Judge  Tilton  contemplated  resignation.  He  re-t 
minds  Senator  Stone  that  his  principles  were  in  harmony  with 
those  of  President  Jefferson.  His  pecuniary  resources  becom- 
ing extremely  slender,  his  wife  opened  a  schoool  for  girls,  in 
which  he  was  an  assistant.  The  Governor,  W.  C.  C.  Claiborne. 
appointed  him  to  the  clerkship  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Adams 
County,  and  soon  afterwards  he  was  made  Sheriff.     He  then. 


HISTORY  OF  DR.   KER.  IO5 

on  the  recommendation  of  Senator  Stone,  who  had  years  be- 
fore nominated  him  as  Professor  of  Humanity  in  our  Univer- 
sity, received  from  President  Jefferson  the  office  of  Territorial 
Judge.  He  is  described  as  able  and  impartial.  His  career  was 
short,  as  he  was  cut  off  by  disease  contracted  while  holding 
court  in  an  open  house  without  fire  in  severely  cold  weather. 
A  gentleman  who  knew  him  well  describes  him  as  a  "man  of 
fine  education,  a  classical  scholar,  well  read  in  the  principles  of 
moral  and  natural  philosophy,  of  law  and  religion.  His  prin- 
ciples were  well  formed  and  matured  and  his  moral  character  of 
the  best  model,  firm,  stern,  inflexible,  unyielding."  His  wife, 
whose  faith  in  the  Chiistian  religion  was  steadfast,  burnt  all 
his  writings,  lest  they  might  contaminate  others.  The  brave 
woman  continued  her  school  and  educated  her  children,  who 
founded  some  of  the  leading  families  of  Mississippi  and  Louis- 
iana, many  of  whose  members  hold  honorable  positions  in 
their  communities.  Since  the  war  between  the  States  which 
brought  them  nearly  all  to  financial  ruin,  the  unmarried  wo- 
men of  the  family  have  shown  the  spirit  of  their  first  American 
ancestors,  and  have  devoted  themselves  with  enthusiasm  to 
teaching. 

Of  the  five  children  of  Judge  Ker,  David  died  unmarried  and 
Sarah  (Mrs.  Cowden)  left  no  child;  Eliza  married  Mr.  Rush 
Nutt,  and  has  many  living  grandchildren.  One  is  Charles 
Clark,  a  prominent  lawyer  of  San  Jose,  California;  another  is 
Sargent  Prentiss  Nutt,  once  a  lawyer  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
now  a  planter  near  Natchez,  at  the  old  homestead,  Longwood. 
Nearly  all  the  rest  of  the  Nutt  branch  are  cotton  planters  in 
Louisiana  or  Mississippi. 

Martha  (or  Patsey)  Ker  married  Mr.  Win.  Terry,  and  left 
three  daughters,  one  of  them  still  living  on  her  plantation  on 
the  Yazoo,  the  widow  of  William  B.  Prince.  Another  daugh- 
ter married  Evan  Jeffries,  a  wealthy  planter,  and  their  descend- 
ants are  numerous. 

A  son  of  Judge  Ker  was  John  Ker,  M.D..  a  surgeon  in  the 
Seminole  war,  who  was  afterwards  a  successful  cotton  planter 
and  member  of  the  legislatures  of  Louisiana  and  Mississippi. 
He  had  the  religious  faith  of  his  mother,  who  lived  with  him 


lo6  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

until  nearly  91  years  of  age.  They  are  both  buried  at  the  old 
homestead,  Linden,  a  mile  from  Natchez,  by  the  side  of  Judge 
and  David  Ker,  who  were  removed  from  their  first  resting 
place. 

Dr.  John  Ker  left  six  children,  all  of  whom  are  dead  except 
the  two  youngest,  Win.  Henry  and  Mary  S.  Ker,  who  reside  in 
Natchez.  The  oldest  son,  David,  was  a  lawyer  in  Louisiana 
and  then  a  sugar  planter.  Besides  daughters,  David  has  a  son, 
J.  Brownson  Ker,  a  lawyer  in  New  York  City.  Two  of  Da- 
vid Ker's  daughters  are  successful  teachers  in  the  same  city. 

The  second  son.  John  Ker,  was  a  lawyer  for  awhile  and  then 
a  cotton  planter.  He  served  throughout  the  Civil  War  as  Cap- 
tain of  a  Louisiana  company,  was  captured  at  Vicksburg. 
After  the  war  he  resumed  the  profession  of  the  law.  His  son, 
Wm.  B.  Ker,  is  manager  of  a  large  sugar  estate  in  Louisiana. 
One  of  his  daughters  is  the  wife  of  Hon.  Murphy  J.  Foster, 
once  Governor  of  Louisiana. 

Dr.  Ker's  third  son,  Lewis  Baker  Ker,  left  two  sons  and  four 
daughters,  all  living  in  Southern  Louisiana. 

The  fourth  son  of  Dr.  John  Ker  is  still  living,  Wm.  Henry 
Ker  of  Natchez.  He  left  the  Junior  class  of  Harvard  to  join 
the  Confederate  army  and  served  throughout  as  a  cavalry  sol- 
dier in  the  army  of  Northern  Virginia.  After  the  war  he  un- 
dertook cotton  planting,  but  not  finding  it  profitable,  adopted 
the  profession  of  teaching  and  has  pursued  it  with  enthusiasm 
and  success.  For  several  years  he  has  been  Principal  of  the 
Natchez  White  Public  Schools,  President  of  the  State  Board  of 
Education,  and  teacher  in  and  once  conductor  of  the  Peabody 
Summer  Normals  in  Mississippi.  Harvard  lately  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  A.B.  At  Harvard  he  was  the  stroke  oar  of 
the  Harvard  crew.  He  married  Miss  Josephine  Chamberlain, 
and  they  have  a  son,  John,  living  and  two  daughters,  one  of 
whom  married  Mr.  Richard  Butler,  a  sugar  planter  of  Louis- 
iana. 

.  Dr.  John  Ker's  younger  daughter  is  still  living,  a  fine  speci- 
men of  the  noble  class  of  "Old  Maids,"  Mary  S.  Ker,  who  in 
addition  to  her  professional  duties,  cared  for  two  generations 
of  orphaned  nieces  and  great  nieces.     She  has  been  steadily 


CHARLES  W.   HARRIS,  PRESIDING  PROFESSOR.  IO7 

engaged  in  teaching  since  1871,  with  the  exception  of  a  vear  and 
a  half  spent  traveling  in  Europe.  She  has  a  place  in  the  faculty 
of  Stanton  College,  a  female  school  in  Natchez.  It  is  to  her 
courtesy  that  I  am  indebted  for  much  of  my  information  con- 
cerning the  family  of  Dr.  David  Ker. 

I  copy  the  modest  inscriptions  on  the  tombstones  of  the  first 
professor  and  the  first  lady  who  ever  lived  in  Chapel  Hill. 

David  Ker.  Mary  Ker. 

Born  in  Ireland  Born  in  Ireland 

February,   1758.  30th  March,  1757. 

Died  in  Mississippi  Died  in  Natchez 

January  21,  1805.  30th  November,  1847. 

Charles  W.  Harris,  Presiding  Professor  :  Joseph 
Caldwell,  Professor. 

It  can  well  be  imagined  that,  during  the  first  two  terms,  or 
sessions  as  they  were  called  until  181 8,  the  scheme  of  studies 
laid  down  by  the  committee  of  which  Dr.  Corckle  was  chairman, 
was  not  closely  adhered  to.  The  chaotic  state  of  education  in 
the  State  rendered  rigid  classification  impossible. 

In  consequence  of  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Ker,  in  the  summer 
of  1796,  the  duties  of  Presiding  Professor,  in  addition  to  in- 
struction in  Mathematics,  were  placed  upon  the  strong  but  re- 
luctant shoulders  of  Mr.  Harris  and  there  rested  until  his  resig- 
nation half  a  year  afterwards  much  against  the  wishes  of  the 
Trustees.  While  so  engaged  he  gave  to  his  work  undivided 
attention,  grieving  however  over  his  abstinence  from  his  law 
books.  Whenever  possible  he  mounted  his  horse,  and,  riding  to 
Hillsboro,  enjoyed  refined  society  in  the  families  of  the  Hoggs, 
Norwoods,  Webbs,  and  others.  Under  his  management  the 
students  steadily  improved,  and  at  the  examination  in  December 
showed  such  proficiency  that  the  visiting  Trustees  published  a 
testimonial  thereof. 

As  Mr.  Harris  had  given  notice  that  he  would  retire  after  the 
close  of  the  term  in  December,  it  became  necessary  to  take 
measures  to  supply  his  place.  He  himself,  loving  the  Univer- 
sity, took  much  interest  in  the  question,  and  was  freelv  con- 
sulted by  the  Trustees.     Remembering  the  character  and  repu- 


IOS  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

tation  for  ability  of  Joseph  Caldwell,  who  graduated  with  high- 
est honors  at  Princeton  in  the  class  preceding  his,  and  learning 
of  his  subsequent  success  as  a  tutor,  he  confidently  recom- 
mended him  for  the  Chair  of  Mathematics.  It  was  a  striking 
proof  of  the  strong  impression  he  made  on  the  eminent  men 
who  composed  the  Board  of  Trustees,  that  they  unanimously 
elected  his  nominee.  Caldwell  had  been  engaged  in  teaching 
mathematics  at  Princeton,  was  only  twenty-three  years  of  age, 
but  of  matured  intellectual  strength.  If  it  shall  be  thought 
that  the  Trustees  were  rash  in  calling  so  young  a  man  to  so 
responsible  a  post,  it  should  be  remembered  that  they  had  a  very 
narrow  range  of  choice.  The  historian,  Dr.  Hugh  Williamson, 
then  residing  in  New  York,  commissioned  by  the  Board  to 
enquire  for  persons  competent,  wrote,  "The  salary  offered 
(about  $600)  is  so  small  as  to  preclude  any  chance  of  in- 
ducing any  respectable  man  of  learning  to  remove  to  a  Southern 
State,  where,  as  they  all  believe,  the  chances  of  health  are 
greatly  diminished."  He  says  that:  "men  of  moderate  ability 
expect  to  make  more  money  in  other  business  than  teaching, 
hence  capable  teachers  are  only  among  the  clergy.  The  Pro- 
fessorship of  Mathematics  in  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton)  has  been  vacant  some  time  for  want  of  a  capable 
man.  It  is  unfortunate  that  people  measure  salaries  by  the 
inflated  price  of  provisions  and  the  flood  of  real  or  fictitious 
money.  $2.50  for  a  bushel  of  wheat,  half  a  dollar  in  a 
tavern  for  breakfast,  $1.25  a  day  for  a  common  laborer,  are  too 
high  to  continue.  When  Europe  is  revisited  by  Peace,  prices 
will  fall  and  then  we  can  employ  teachers  on  moderate  terms." 
He  advises  that  tutors  be  engaged  if  those  worthy  of  being 
called  professors  cannot  be  had. 

By  request  of  the  Trustees,  Harris  apprised  Mr.  Caldwell 
that"  the  Chair  of  Mathematics  was  open  to  him.  Before  de- 
ciding, the  latter  asked  for  a  full  statement  of  the  condition 
and  resources  of  the  University,  which  was  at  once  given  min- 
utely and  accurately.  The  following  is  the  substance  of  this 
answer : 

There  were  about  one  hundred  students  "on  the  establish- 
ment." of  whom  about  sixty  were  in  the  Preparatory  Depart- 
ment, leaving  about  forty  in  the  University  proper.     Of  the 


CONDITION  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY.  IO9 

latter  six  were  in  the  Moral  Philosophy  class  and  fifteen  stud- 
ied Mathematics.  The  Geography  and  Arithmetic  classes  had 
about  ten  students  each,  the  Latin  class  about  the  same,  and 
there  were  five  or  six  in  Greek.  Each  tutor  in  the  Grammar 
School  had  about  thirty.  "We  imitate,"  he  writes,  "Nassau 
Hall  in  the  conduct  of  our  affairs,  as  much  as  circumstances 
will  admit.  The  site  at  Chapel  Hill  was  selected  because  of  its 
healthiness.  The  expense  of  clothing  is  dearer  than  at  Prince- 
ton. Our  diet  at  Commons  is  preferable  to  yours  and  at  the 
low  rate  of  $40  a  year."  The  buildings  already  completed 
are  one  wing  98  feet  long,  containing  sixteen  rooms,  "an  ele- 
gant and  large  house  for  the  President,"  with  outhouses,  the 
Steward's  House,  Kitchen,  etc.  The  buildings  to  be  erected  are 
a  wing  similar  to  the  other,  a  Chapel  50  feet  by  40,  and  a  large 
three-storied  house  115  feet  long  and  56  feet  broad.  The 
Chapel  is  contracted  for  to  cost  $3,000.  The  Trustees  can 
realize  $15,000  more,  with  which  they  resolve  to  commence  the 
large  building  as  soon  as  they  can  find  an  undertaker.  The 
Treasurer  informed  him  (the  writer)  that  the  funds,  including 
what  was  not  at  once  available,  could  be  stated  at  $30,000. 
The  University  labors  more  at  the  present  for  the  want  of  good 
teachers  than  anything  else.  If  the  buildings  were  completed 
and  all  the  professorships  filled  there  would  be  200  students. 
The  Professorship  of  Mathematics  is  worth  $500  a  year  and 
in  a  short  time  will  be  $600.  The  society  in  the  neighbor- 
hood is  very  uncultivated.  When  there  is  a  little  leisure  a  ride 
of  12  or  14  miles  will  find  agreeable  company,  and  the  seminary 
is  occasionallv  visited  by  the  most  respectable  gentlemen  in  the 
State.  The  newness  of  the  University  causes  things  to  be  in  an 
unsettled  state,  but  he  expected  that  in  a  short  time  that  a  situ- 
ation here  would  be  as  agreeable  and  as  profitable  as  any  of  a 
like  kind  in  the  Union.  Mr.  Ker  left  much  against  his  will, 
and  he  himself  would  not  wish  to  leave  but  for  the  intention  to 
devote  himself  to  the  profession  of  the  law.  Our  education 
at  Princeton,  he  savs,  was  shamefully  and  inexcusably  deficient 
in  experimental  Philosophy.  He  expects  from  London  a  small 
apparatus  in  October.  He  advises  that  Caldwell  should  visit 
Philadelphia  and  learn  the  use  of  the  different  kinds  of  electri- 


J  JO  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

cal  machines,  air-pumps,  telescope,  microscope,  camera  obscura, 
magic-lantern,  quadrants,  sextants  and  whatever  else  may  be 
found  useful.  He  would  often  have  appeared  ridiculous  in  his 
own  eyes  if  he  had  not  gotten  a  smattering  of  experimental 
Philosophy  by  visiting  Williamsburg  (William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege) in  Virginia. 

This  fair  statement  of  our  University  situation  procured  the 
acceptance  by  the  Princeton  tutor  of  the  position  tendered  him. 
His  determination  may  have  been  aided  by  the  fact  that  the 
College  of  New  Jersey  was  passing  through  a  crisis,  the  cause 
of  which  is  not  disclosed.  In  a  letter  to  Davie  he  stated  that 
Dr.  McLean,  the  Professor  of  Chemistry,  from  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, whose  salary  was  paid  out  of  the  private  pockets  of  the 
Trustees,  was  in  the  notion  of  applying  for  the  same  chair  in 
North  Carolina.  Moreover,  Brother  Smith1  would  like  to  have 
proposals  for  a  change  and  would  be  willing  to  make  it  if  he 
could  have  direction  of  the  plan  of  buildings,  and  their  environs. 
Caldwell  significantly  adds,  "I  do  not  now  hesitate  to  say  that 
so  far  as  the  reputation  of  this  college  depends  upon  its  immed- 
iate professors,  you  have  an  opportunity  of  transferring  it  in  a 
great  measure  to  the  University  of  your  State." 

But  alas !  our  Trustees  did  not  have  the  funds  adequate  to 
enable  them  to  embrace  this  promising  opportunity. 

Joseph  Caldwell,  the  new  Professor  of  Mathematics,  was  a 
son  of  a  physician  of  the  same  name,  of  Scotch-Irish  descent, 
a  resident  of  Lamington,  New  Jersey,  born  April  21,  1773,  two 
days  after  his  father's  death.  His  mother  was  Rachel  Harker, 
daughter  of  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  of  note,  whose  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  a  Huguenot  refugee.  Mrs.  Rachel  Caldwell  was 
a  woman  of  rare  energy  and  discretion,  instilling  into  her  son 
good  principles,  and  under  many  privations  in  troublous  times 
securing  for  him  such  educational  advantages  as  enabled  him  to 
graduate  at  Princeton  in  1791  at  the  age  of  19.  In  recognition 
of  his  superior  scholarship  he  was  awarded  the  honor  of  deliv- 
ering the  Latin  Salutatory. 

After  leaving  Princeton,  Caldwell  entered  at  once  on  his  life- 
work  as  a  teacher,  for  a  short  while  having  charge  of  a  school 

'Samuel  Stanhope  Smith.  D.D.,  President  Princeton  College. 


SKETCH  OF  JOSEPH  CALDWELL.  Ill 

for  young  children,  then  for  a  year  or  so  being  usher,  or  assist- 
ant, in  a  classical  academy  at  Elizabethtown.  His  intelligence 
and  faithfulness  were  so  conspicuous  in  this  position  that  in 
April,  1795,  he  was  chosen  to  be  tutor  in  his  alma  mater,  having 
for  his  associate  and  life-long  friend,  John  Henry  Hobart. 

While  performing  their  duties  as  teachers  both  these  tutors 
were  pursuing  theological  studies.  They  soon  parted,  one  go- 
ing North  to  become  famous  as  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of 
New  York,  the  other  coming  South  to  become  eminent  as  a 
preacher  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  exerting  still  wider  in- 
fluence as  Professor  and  President  of  a  State  University. 

Caldwell  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  while  at  Prince- 
ton by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick.  Afterwards,  when  on 
his  way  to  Chapel  Hill,  he  stopped  in  Philadelphia  and  preached 
in  the  church  of  the  celebrated  divine.  Dr.  Ashbel  Green.  His 
sermon  made  such  a  strong  impression  on  the  audience  that  he 
was  virtually  offered  the  charge  of  an  important  congregation. 
Dr.  Green  prevented  any  possibility  of  his  yielding  to  this 
tempting  invitation,  extremely  attractive  to  a  young  man  of 
twenty-three  years  of  age,  by  saying  abruptly,  "Mr.  Caldwell  is 
on  his  way  to  Carolina  and  to  Carolina  he  is  certainly  to  go. 
To  speak  of  other  places  will  be  in  vain."  The  splendid  career 
of  usefulness  pursued  by  his  young  friend,  is  proof  of  the  pious 
wisdom  of  this  great  man  in  inculcating  respect  for  the  sanctity 
of  a  contract. 

On  September  6,  1796.  Professor  Harris  wrote  to  Caldwell 
expressing  the  great  pleasure  the  tidings  of  his  acceptance 
gives  him,  regretting  that  Dr.  Smith  is  not  agreeably  situated 
at  Princeton,  and  promising  to  suggest  to  our  Trustees  to  en- 
deavor to  make  his  removal  to  this  University  profitable  and 
agreeable.  He  advised  relinquishment  of  the  idea  of  coming 
by  water.  To  travel  by  public  stage  would  cost  $50,  before 
reaching  Petersburg,  170  miles  from  Chapel  Hill.  The  best 
plan  is  to  purchase  a  small,  but  good,  horse  and  a  single  chair, 
(i.  e.  two-wheeled  sulky,  holding  one  person).  A  half-worn 
chair,  if  well  made,  would  answer  the  purpose.  With  this  trav- 
eling would  be  as  expeditious  as  on  horseback.  In  the  chair- 
box  could  be  carried  manv  necessaries.     This  could  be  made 


112  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

cheap  and  healthful,  and  would  occupy  about  thirty  days.  By 
adhering-  to  the  post-route  through  the  cities  of  Washington, 
Alexandria,  passing  near  Mount  Vernon,  Richmond,  Peters- 
burg, etc.,  much  entertainment  and  knowledge  of  geography 
would  be  gained.  The  loss  on  re-sale  of  the  horse  would  not  be 
considerable.  Let  Mr.  Caldwell  fill  his  trunk  with  one  or  two 
pieces  of  linen,  stockings,  shoes,  broadcloth,  and  whatever 
clothing  will  be  needed  for  a  year,  as  these  things  are  dearer 
here  than  in  Philadelphia  and  often  not  procurable.  Trunks 
should  be  sent  by  water  to  Petersburg,  Virginia,  in  the  care  of 
Grain  and  Anderson,  who  will  pay  charges  and  forward  them 
on  to  Hillsboro  at  once. 

A  more  striking  contrast  between  the  old  time  and  the  new 
can  hardly  be  shown.  The  solitary  professor  journeying  in 
all  kinds  of  weather  in  the  open  air,  occupying  over  a  month, 
and  trusting  his  baggage  by  a  devious  and  uncertain  route  to  a 
point  12  miles  from  Chapel  Hill,  while  the  modern  professor 
makes  the  trip  in  comfort,  even  luxury,  his  baggage  accom- 
panying him,  in  less  than  twenty-four  hours,  and  does  not  have 
a  broken-down  horse  and  a  worn-out  vehicle  on  his  hands  at 
the  end  of  his  journey. 

Even  before  the  advent  of  railroad  transportation  the  raoiditv 
of  travel  greatly  increased.  In  June,  1821,  Rev.  Wm.  Hooper 
wrote  to  his  wife  from  New  York  City :  "It  is  astonishing  to 
think  that  I  should  have  left  you  Friday  morning  and  on  the 
following  Tuesday  be  in  New  York,  600  miles  distant."  His 
route  was  first  to  Petersburg  or  Richmond,  thence  down  the 
river  to  Norfolk,  thence  by  sea  to  his  destination.  I  remark  in 
passing  that  the  good  doctor  offered  to  preach  on  Sunday  but 
the  Captain,  ascertaining  that  his  passengers  objected,  declined 
to  allow  him. 

Fortunately  Dr.  Caldwell  kept  copies  of  many  of  his  letters, 
and  by  the  kindness  of  his  step-son  and  executor  these  are  in 
the  archives  of  the  University.  He  had,  according  to  the  fash- 
ion of  the  day,  quite  a  diffuse  style,  and  I  take  the  liberty  of 
giving  often  the  substance  of  what  appears  to  be  of  historic 
value. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  these  letters  was  written  to  a 


CALDWEU/S  VISIT  TO  RALEIGH.  113 

"Rev.  Sir"  soon  after  his  reaching  Chapel  Hill.  He  says,  "I 
arrived  on  the  31st  October  (1796)  and  on  the  second  day  after 
entered  on  the  business  of  the  class.  The  University  is  almost 
entirely  in  infancy,  cut  out  of  the  woods,  one  building  of  the 
smaller  kind  is  finished.  The  Trustees  are  endeavoring  to  get 
an  undertaker  for  the  largest,  115  by  56  feet.  The  foundation 
of  the  Chapel  is  laid  but  the  completion  is  uncertain,  as  the 
mason  and  his  negroes  have  spent  the  favorable  fall  in  raising 
the  foundation  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.  According  to 
agreement  it  must  be  finished  by  the  1st  day  of  July  next.  The 
Trustees  offer  for  the  completion  of  the  large  building  10,000  or 
12,000  pounds  ($20  or  $24,000).  The  President's  house  is  well 
finished.  It  is  one  hundred  yards  from  the  nearest  building 
of  the  University. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  he  made  a  trip  to  Raleigh.  "The  Legis- 
lature in  numbers  appeared  respectable.  General  Davie  stands 
foremost  and  an  almost  unrivaled  leader  in  every  capital  enter- 
prise." He  spent  the  greater  part  of  two  evenings  with  Davie 
and  pronounced  him  "a  man  of  good  abilities  and  active  in 
every  measure  for  promoting  the  honor  and  interest  of  the 
State."  "In  the  Legislature  he  seems  like  a  parent  struggling 
for  the  happiness  and  welfare  of  his  children.  No  doubt  he 
frequently  finds  them  refractory." 

The  youthful  professor,  having  had  a  few  days  view  of  this 
State  of  over  50,000  square  miles,  felt  qualified  to  tell  all  about 
its  people.  He  said,  "The  State  appears  to  be  swarming  with 
lawyers.  It  is  almost  the  only  profession  for  which  parents 
educate  their  children.  Religion  is  so  little  in  vogue,  that  it 
affords  no  temptation  to  undertake  its  cause.  In  New  Jersey 
it  had  a  public  respect  and  support.  In  North  Carolina,  and 
particularly  in  the  part  east  of  Chapel  Hill,  every  one  believes 
that  the  way  of  rising  to  respectability  is  to  disavow  as  often 
and  as  publicly  as  possible  the  leading  doctrines  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. They  are  bugbears,  very  well  fitted  to  scare  the  ignorant 
and  weak  into  obedience  to  the  laws ;  but  the  laws  of  morality 
and  honor  are  sufficient  to  regulate  the  conduct  of  men  of  letters 
and  cultivated  reasons.  One  reason,  why  religion  is  so  scouted 
from  the  most  influential  part  of  society,  is  that  it  is  taught  only 


114  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

by  ranters,  with  whom  it  seems  to  consist  only  in  the  powers  of 
their  throats  and  the  wildness  and  madness  of  their  gesticula- 
tions and  distortions.  If  it  could  be  regularly  taught  by  men  of 
prudence,  real  piety  and  improved  talents  it  would  claim  the 
support  of  the  people." 

It  is  amazing  that  a  man  of  sense,  as  Caldwell  certainly  was, 
should  have  expressed  such  positive  convictions  when  he  had 
so  little  means  of  forming  a  judgment.  A  letter  from  his 
friend,  John  Henry  Hobart,  then  Tutor  at  Princeton,  gives  us 
further  insight  into  his  views  of  things  at  Chapel  Hill  and 
elsewhere.  Hobart  was  pleased  to  see  that  "Caldwell's  disagree- 
able feelings  were  wearing  off.  The  country  must  have  pre- 
sented a  barren  and  gloomy  prospect,  and  the  manners  of  the 
lower  class  congenial  to  it,  except  where  the  noise  of  intemper- 
ate mirth  gave  liveliness  to  the  dull  scene.  I  have  understood 
that  in  Virginia  especially  the  rich  planters  are  men  of  hospi- 
tality and  polished  manners.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  rays 
from  your  University,  the  Sun  of  Science,  will  illuminate  the 
darkness  of  society.  Your  Faculty  seems  to  constitute  a  motley 
group.  Presbyterians  and  Arians,  infidels  and  Roman  Catho- 
lics. The  age  of  reason  has  surely  come.  Superstition  and 
bigotry  are  buried  in  one  common  grave.  Philosophy  and 
charity  begin  to  bless  the  people." 

"I  expected  something  better  from  Harris.  I  did  not  expect 
that  he  would  become  the  disciple  of  infidelity.  I  feel  for 
your  situation  thus  deprived  otf  relligious  conversation  and 
society,  exposed  to  the  insults  of  the  profane  and  scoffs  of  the 
infidel.  Your  resolution  to  stand  firm  is  worthy  of  your  pro- 
fession. Providence  seems  to  have  placed  you  in  a  position 
where  you  will  need  much  firmness,  but  where  you  may  do 
much  good.  It  seems  as  if  you  were  called  to  proclaim  the 
glorious  truths  of  the  Gospel,  where  they  have  not  been  known, 
or  known  only  to  the  contemned."  Hobart  then  tells  of  the 
losses  of  the  Federalists  in  Pennsylvania  and  hopes  that  by 
"the  aid  of  Webster's  and  Fenno's  papers  you  will  be  able  to 
make  good  Federalists  of  some  of  your  North  Carolina  friends." 
This  Webster  was  the  author  of  the  Unabridged  Dictionary 
who  once  edited  a  political  journal. 


davie's  estimate  of  caldweel.  115 

It  appears  from  a  letter  by  Thomas  Y.  How  to  Caldwell  that 
the  latter  had  a  conversation  with  Davie  on  the  Evidences  of 
Christianity.  He  gave  to  How  a  summary  of  his  arguments, 
which  were  pronounced,  judicious  and  forcible.  Nothing  is 
said  of  the  impression  made  on  the  mind  of  Davie.  How  is 
alarmed  at  the  progress  of  infidelity.  He  believes  that  the 
French  government  sends  emissaries  to  the  United  States  to 
convert  the  people  to  Deism  in  order  to  make  them  lose  their 
Republican  virtue,  and  then  France  by  intrigue  and  bribery  can 
control  their  policy. 

We  have  Davie's  impressions  of  Caldwell,  formed  after  a 
six  months'  acquaintance.  "The  more  I  know  Caldwell  the 
more  I  am  pleased  with  him.  I  think  him  a  respectable  char- 
acter and  well  qualified  to  fill  the  Mathematical  and  Natural 
Philosophy  chairs.  Perhaps  he  has  not  studied  attentively 
Moral  Philosophy  and  the  Belles  Tettres,  but  I  believe  him  pos- 
sessed of  talent  sufficient  to  attain  to  any  proficiency  in  any 
science  that  may  be  necessary.  I  am  very  sorry  that  he  has 
notified  his  determination  to  leave  us.  He  seems  to  think  that 
his  constitution  is  too  weak  to  undergo  the  anxiety  and  fatigue 
of  the  President's  place."  It  will  be  seen  that  this  intention 
was  abandoned. 

Mr.  Caldwell,  after  resting  only  one  day,  began  his  duties 
as  professor  on  the  26.  of  November,  1796,  Harris  having  the 
duties  of  Presiding  Professor.  When  in  accordance  with  his 
notification  the  latter's  resignation  took  effect,  Caldwell,  with 
great  reluctance,  succeeded  him  in  the  management ,  Rev.  Sam- 
uel A.  Holmes,  who  had  been  Tutor,  being  elevated  to  the  Pro- 
fessorship of  Languages,  W.  A.  Richards  being  teacher  of 
French  and  German.  The  Preparatory  Department  was  under 
the  management  of  Nicholas  Delvaux,  assisted  by  Richards. 

I  give  briefly  the  career  of  the  excellent  Professor  Harris 
after  his  leaving  the  University.  He  settled  in  Halifax,  one  of 
the  court  towns,  arriving  there  April  10,  1797.  He  was  spared 
the  usual  dreary  waiting  of  a  young  practitioner.  General  Davie 
was  elected  Governor  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  and  in  the 
next  was  sent,  together  with  Chief  Justice  Ellsworth  and  Van 
Murray,  our  minister  to  the  Hague,  to  negotiate  with  Napoleon 


Il6  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

for  peace  with  France.  He  intrusted  the  bulk  of  his  practice 
to  Harris,  so  that  the  public  soon  learned  his  worth.  In  1800 
he  was  elected  a  Trustee  of  the  University,  and  being  placed  on 
the  Visiting  Committee  aided  in  conducting  the  examinations 
in  June  of  that  year.  His  legal  abilities  were  so  generally  recog- 
nized that  he  was  urged  by  his  Federalist  friends  to  allow  his 
name  to  go  before  the  General  Assembly  for  the  office  of  Judge, 
but  he  declined  on  account  of  bad  health.  Hoping  for  relief 
he  made  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indies  in  1803,  but  finding  no 
benefit,  returned  and  died  January  15,  1804,  at  the  residence 
of  his  brother,  Robert  Wilson  Harris,  in  Sneedsboro,  on  the 
Pee  Dee  in  the  county  of  Anson.  Before  his  death  he  returned 
to  the  faith  of  his  father,  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  church 
at  Poplar  Tent.  He  was  agreeable  with  his  friends,  reserved 
among  strangers,  scrupulously  truthful  and  honorable,  an  as- 
siduous and  accomplished  scholar.  Seldom  has  pulmonary  con- 
sumption carried  off  a  more  promising  man. 

Under  the  judicious  management  of  Caldwell  the  spring  term 
of  1797  moved  on  harmoniously  and  prosperously  to  all  out- 
ward seeming,  though  we  learn  from  his  letters  that  he  was 
not  pleased  with  some  of  his  associates. 

The  cares  incident  to  the  office  of  Acting  President  so 
weighed  upon  Mr.  Caldwell  that,  as  Davie  wrote,  he  avowed  his 
intention  to  leave  the  institution.  The  Trustees,  however,  in- 
duced him  to  remain  by  the  election  at  the  close  of  1797  of 
James  Smiley  Gillaspie  as  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy,  to 
be  also  Presiding  Professor. 

The  examination  of  July  18,  1797,  was  quite  numerously  at- 
tended by  the  Trustees,  there  being  present  Governor  Benjamin 
Williams,  Judge  John  Williams,  James  Hogg,  Adlai  Osborne, 
Willie  Jones  and  Walter  Alves.  Their  report  was  most  favor- 
able. "The  Professors  and  Tutors  deserve  praise  and  thanks, 
and  the  students  approbation  and  applause,  and  both  were  ac- 
cordingly given  by  the  Trustees."  "Rosy  health  appeared  in 
the  countenances  of  the  students,  a  few  boys  excepted,  who 
came  from  the  eastern  parts  of  the  State."  "The  complaints 
which  have  existed  against  the  Steward  have  entirely  sub- 
sided." 


EXAMINATION GRAMMAR   SCHOOL.  117 

We  have  a  letter  from  James  Hogg  to  General  Davie,  explain- 
ing that  the  duty  of  attending  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  the 
necessity  of  leaving  for  home  on  the  fifth  day  caused  a  too 
meagre  attention  to  the  examination  of  the  classes  of  the  Pre- 
paratory Department.  He  reports  that  "Mr.  Delvaux's  classes 
on  Sallust,  Caesar,  Cornelius  Nepos,  Eutropius  and  two  classes 
on  Corderius  seemed  to  me  to  be  taught  with  accuracy.  It  is 
true  that  they  had  been  prepared,  but  each  student  drew  by 
lot  the  chapter  or  section  which  he  was  to  read.  His  students 
in  the  French  Grammar  were  satisfactory.  He  has  a  class  in 
the  Latin  Grammar  which  was  not  examined." 

"Mr.  Richard's  classes  on  Telemaque  and  Gil  Bias,  French 
exercises  and  in  French  Grammar  made  a  satisfactory  exami- 
nation. A  large  class  on  the  common  rules  of  Arithmetic  and 
practice  and  a  large  class  in  English  Grammar  in  general  per- 
formed well."  There  were  two  classes  in  reading  and  spelling 
but  there  was  not  time  to  test  the  proficiency  of  the  students. 
Davie  wrote  that  he  feared  that  sufficient  attention  is  not  paid 
to  reading  and  spelling.  He  has  heard  complaint  of  the  school 
in  this  regard,  especially  in  the  northeast  section  of  the  State. 

"A  man  of  prominent  character  is  necessary  in  the  Grammar 
School."  He  is  sorry  to  hear  of  the  differences  between  Del- 
vaux  and  Richards.  They  can  be  met  by  appointment  of  an 
additional  Tutor.  Robert  Moore  is  recommended,  also  Archi- 
bald D.  Murphey.  from  Caswell.  Moore  would  probably  teach 
for  his  board  and  tuition.  Davie  adds,  "It  is  so  difficult  to  find 
men  for  our  purpose  tolerably  well  qualified,  that  I  am  very 
sorry  that  Mr.  Delvaux  is  to  leave  us.  It  is  not  likely  that  we 
shall  meet  with  his  equal." 

We  are  informed  in  this  report  that  Caldwell,  in  addition 
to  his  duties  in  the  University  proper,  taught  about  twenty 
pupils  in  the  Preparatory  Department  in  reading. 

Hogg's  explanation  of  the  chapters,  to  be  examined  on,  hav- 
ing been  notified  in  advance  to  the  students  reminds  me  that 
when  seven  years  of  age  I  was  at  the  school  of  Mrs.  Harriet 
Bobbitt  in  Louisburg;  she,  apparently  as  a  matter  of  course, 
gave  to  the  pupils  the  words  which  we  were  to  spell  at  the  public 
examinations  bv  the  Trustees.     The  result  was  more  favorable 


Il8  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

to  the  accuracy  of  the  spelling  than  to  the  moral  lesson  incul- 
cated. I  very  much  fear  that  similar  deceptions  were  not  un- 
common in  "the  good  old  days."  It  is  remarkable  that  there 
are  in  the  archives  of  the  University  two  valedictory  orations 
in  Caldwell's  handwriting,  and  a  third  endorsed  as  copied  by 
E.  J.  Osborne  for  him,  which  seems  to  imply  that  he  supplied 
members  of  the  graduating  classes  with  productions  similar 
to  those  which  he  had  listened  to  with  tearful  eyes  at  Princeton. 
His  unbending  rectitude  of  principle  leads  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  matter  was  well  understood  by  the  students  and  the 
public.  I  conjecture  that  similar  deceptions  are  not  uncommon 
in  our  day.  I  have  been  occasionally  requested  by  pupils  of 
distant  schools  to  supply  them  with  "original  speeches,"  one  of 
them  naming  the  subject — "Love,  the  Causes  of  Love,  the 
Effects  of  Love,"  etc.,  but  I  have  invariably  declined. 

The  Principalship  of  Gillaspie. 

The  new  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy,  James  Smiley 
Gillaspie,  as  he  spelt  his  name,  was  honored  with  the  title  of 
Principal  of  the  University,  instead  of  Presiding  Professor. 
He  was  son  of  John  Gillaspie,  doubtless  a  near  relative  of  Col. 
Daniel  Gillaspie,  of  the  Revolution,  and  Senator  from  Guil- 
ford. His  home  was  at  Martinsville,  a  village  which  took  the 
place  of  old  Guilford  Court-House.  By  inducing  him  to  as- 
sume executive  duties  and  by  adopting  a  resolution  endorsing 
Caldwell's  course,  the  Trustees  induced  the  latter  to  accept  the 
Chair  of  Mathematics.  He  voluntarily  agreed  to  teach  French 
in  the  Preparatory  Department,  for  which  an  allowance  of  $30 
was  made. 

The  first  year  of  Gillaspie's  administration  was  fairly  suc- 
cessful. His  colleagues  were  Caldwell  and  Holmes  in  the  Uni- 
versity, and  Richards  and  William  Edwards  Webb,  a  promising 
member  of  the  Senior  class,  in  the  Grammar  School. 

Early  Donations — Governor  Smith. 

I  have  chronicled  the  fact  that  Governor  Smith  offered  to  the 
University  warrants  for  20,000  acres  of  soldiers'  land  warrants 
at  the  first  meeting  of  the  Board  in  1789,  and  handed  over  the 
warrants  at  the  second  meeting  in  1790. 


GOVERNOR   SMITH.  119 

The  munificence  of  Colonel,  afterwards  Governor  and  Gen- 
eral Smith  brought,  however,  no  present  funds  into  the  treas- 
ury. The  warrants  were  for  lands  located  in  Obion  County, 
in  the  extreme  northwest  of  Tennessee.  By  the  treaty  of  Hope- 
well in  1785  the  United  States  ceded  this  territory  to  the  Chick- 
asaw Indians.  In  1810  one  of  the  most  terrific  earthquakes 
which  ever  afflicted  the  Mississippi  Valley  turned  portions  of 
the  land  into  lakelets.  It  was  not  until  twenty-five  years  after- 
wards that  a  sale  was  effected,  which  realized  $14,000.  Never- 
theless it  was  certainly  a  graceful  act  to  name  our  library  build- 
ing Smith  Hall  in  his  honor,  although  it  was  delayed  over  half  a 
century.  John  Harvard  gained  immortality  by  a  legacy  of  less 
than  $4,000  to  the  college  at  Newton,  afterwards  Cambridge, 
in  Massachusetts.  I  feel  it  a  duty  to  give  the  man,  who  made 
a  much  more  munificent  donation  to  our  infant  institution,  this 
special  notice. 

Benjamin  Smith  was  a  man  of  force.  In  the  Revolutionary 
struggle  he  was  a  special  aid  to  Washington  in  the  masterly 
retreat  from  Long  Island.  He  partook  of  the  glory  in  defeat- 
ing Parker's  fleet  at  Charleston.  In  contemplation  of  war  with 
England  or  France,  when  his  great  chief  was  President,  he  was 
made  Brigadier-General  of  militia.  When  a  struggle  with 
France  was  imminent,  during  the  Presidency  of  elder  Adams, 
the  entire  militia  force  of  Brunswick  volunteered  after  a  fiery 
speech  from  him.  In  1810,  when  the  troubles  with  England 
were  culminating  he  was  made  General  of  the  county  forces.  He 
was  fifteen  times  State  Senator  from  his  county  of  Brunswick. 
The  capital  of  the  county  was  called  in  his  honor  Smithville. 
With  forgetfulness  of  the  old  hero  and  hankering  after  modern 
sheckels,  the  name  has  been  changed  to  Southport.  His  mem- 
ory is  still  perpetuated  not  alone  by  the  gratitude  of  the  Uni- 
versity, but  by  the  name  of  the  bleak  island,  which  far  out  in 
the  ocean  forms  the  dangerous  projection  of  shifting1  sand, 
called  by  the  ancient  mariner  in  his  terror  Promontorium  Tre- 
mendum,  or  Cape  Fear. 

As  he  advanced  in  years  Governor  Smith  lost  his  health  bv 
high  living  and  his  fortune  by  too  o-enerous  suretvshio.  He 
became  irascible  and   prone    to  resent    fancied    slights.     His 


120  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

tongue  became  venomous  to  opponents.  He  once  spoke  with 
undeserved  abusiveness  of  Judge  Alfred  Moore,  and  the  insult 
was  avenged  by  one  of  the  members  of  the  Assembly  from 
Brunswick,  Judge  Moore's  son  Maurice,  who  next  to  Hinton 
James  was  one  of  the  first  students  of  the  University.  The  duel 
was  fought  on  the  28th  June,  1805,  in  South  Carolina,  not  far 
from  the  seaside,  where  then  stood  the  Boundary  House,  the 
line  running  thro'  the  centre  of  the  hall  entrance.  When  North 
Carolina  officers  sent  in  pursuit  reached  the  house  they  were 
unable  to  cross  the  imaginary  line  into  the  south  side  of  the 
house,  where  the  duellistsand  their  friends,  triumphant  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  South  Carolina,  were  laughing  over  their 
fruitless  chase.  The  second  of  Captain  Maurice  Moore  was 
his  cousin,  Major  Duncan  Moore,  while  General  Smith  was 
attended  by  General  Joseph  Gardner  Swift,  whose  "Memoirs," 
published  only  for  private  circulation  and  re-published  by  the 
University  in  the  James  Sprunt  Historical  Monographs,  is  of 
much  interest.  At  the  second  fire  the  bullet  of  Moore  entered 
the  side  of  Smith,  and  although  not  fatal  was  long  the  cause  of 
pain  and  discomfort.  When  some  years  after  his  death  his 
bones  were  exhumed  for  removal  to  another  cemetery,  the 
"vengeful  lead"  was  found  among  them. 

It  is  sad  to  relate  that  in  his  old  age  he  was  arrested  by  the 
attorney  of  the  University,  who,  Smith  alleged,  was  his  per- 
sonal enemy,  and  held  for  a  security  debt ;  but  on  learning  the 
fact  he  was  released  by  order  of  the  Trustees  with  promptness. 
Even  after  his  death,  it  is  said,  his  body  was  pursued  by  hungry 
creditors,  a  ghastly  power  then  allowed  by  law,  and  his  friends 
were  forced  to  bur}/  it  in  the  darkness  of  night  in  an  obscure 
spot,  where  the  money  ghouls  could  not  find  it. 

General  Person. 

About  the  time  of  the  construction  of  the  old  East,  the  old 
Chapel,  or  Person  Hall,  was  begun.  When  funds  ran  low  the 
hearts  of  the  Trustees  were  gladdened  by  the  gift  of  $1,050  in 
"hard  money,"  said  to  have  been  paid  in  shining  silver  dol- 
lars, for  the  purpose  of  finishing  it,  by  General  Thomas  Person, 
of  Granville.    He  was  an  old  bachelor,  who,  not  having  children 


GENERAL  PERSON.  121 

of  his  own,  felt  impelled  to  help  educate  those  of  others.  Gen- 
eral Person  was  a  wealthy  planter  of  Granville  County.  He 
was  a  sympathizer  with  the  Regulators  in  their  wrongs,  but 
did  not  approve  their  overt  resistance.  He  was  an  active  pa- 
triot of  the  Revolution — a  delegate  to  the  first  assembly  of  the 
people  at  New  Bern  in  1774,  which  met  in  defiance  of  the 
prohibition  of  the  royal  Governor.  He  appeared  again  as  a 
member  of  the  Provincial  Congress  at  Hillsboro  in  1775,  and  of 
the  Congress  at  the  same  place  in  the  spring  of  1776,  by  which 
the  State  was  organized  for  war,  and  which  led  the  van  in 
authorizing  the  members  of  the  Continental  Congress  to  vote 
for  independence.  He  was  one  of  the  stout  patriots  who  amid 
the  storms  of  war  framed  a  constitution  for  free  Xorth  Caro- 
lina at  Halifax  in  December,  1776.  He  was  the  second  named 
of  the  large  and  able  committee  which  reported  the  Constitu- 
tion for  the  consideration  of  the  body,  and  did  their  work  so 
well  that  no  changes  were  made  in  it.  Nor  was  he  trusted  as 
a  legislator  only.  He  was  one  of  the  Provincial  Council,  which 
constituted  the  Provisional  government  of  the  State  prior  to 
the  Constitution,  and  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  which  was  its 
successor.  He  was  one  of  the  six  Brigadier-Generals  of  the 
first  military  establishment.  He  was  a  member  of  the  House 
of  Commons  during  the  entire  war,  and  either  as  Senator  or 
Commoner  represented  Granville  County  in  the  General  As- 
sembly for  sixteen  years.  He  always  enjoyed  the  esteem  and 
confidence  of  our  people.  He  was  always  a  fast  friend  of  edu- 
cation and  of  the  University.  He  was  among  the  influential 
men  who  formed  the  first  Board  of  Trustees.  He  attended  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Trustees  in  1790  at  Fayetteville.  For  many 
years  the  "Old  Chapel"  was  the  place  of  divine  worship  and 
of  all  public  meetings.  For  some  time  the  two  societies  held 
therein  their  sessions.  It  witnessed  the  Commencement  exer- 
cises and  conferring  the  diplomas.  Until  after  our  great  Civil 
War  these  documents  bore  on  their  face  in  sonorous  Latin  the 
antiquated  words,  "in  Aula  Personica."  The  grateful  Trustees 
directed  that  a  slab  be  inserted  in  front  of  the  building  with 
the  following  inscription : 


122  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

BY    THE    TRUSTEES 

OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA, 

THIS   MONUMENT  IS   ERECTED 

TO  THE  MEMORY  OF 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL    THOMAS    PERSON, 

WHO  EVINCED  HIS  PATRIOTISM 

AND   LOVE   OF   LEARNING 

BY   A   PECUNIARY   DONATION 

WITH  WHICH  THIS  CHAPEL  WAS  COMPLETED 

IN  THE  YEAR  179 

IN   HONOUR  OF  WHICH   MUNIFICENCE 
IT  IS  DISTINGUISHED  BY   THE  NAME  OF 

PERSON  HALL. 

OBIIT    AN.     1 
AET. 

This  pious  work  was  never  executed. 
Subscriptions. 

On  January  9,  1793,  Willie  Jones  and  Wm.  R.  Davie,  the 
leaders  of  the  Republican  and  Federalist  parties  in  the  eastern 
section,  in  politics  opposed,  but  personal  friends,  issued  a  joint 
appeal  for  subscriptions,  stating  that  they  were  clearly  of  the 
opinion  that  the  liberal  education  of  youth  must  tend  to  pro- 
mote the  prosperity  and  happiness  of  the  people.  They  hope 
that  "the  gentlemen  of  the  county  of  Halifax,  on  an  occasion 
so  interesting  to  the  rising  generation,  when  the  gentlemen  of 
the  county  of  Orange  had  given  near  $2,000,  will  not  suffer 
any  county  in  the  State  to  exceed  Halifax  in  supporting  an 
institution  of  such  vast  and  general  utility."  The  following 
is  a  list  of  donations  from  the  Judicial  Districts : 

Total  Hillsborough  District $1614.80 

"      Halifax                  "        1608 . 

"      Wilmington          "        2222 . 

"      Newbern                "        950 . 

"      Fayetteville          "        170 . 

Salisbury 158 .  50 

Grand  Total $6,723 .  30 

In  the  appendix  will  be  found  the  list  of  names — a  veritable 
roll  of  honor.  The  subscriptions  run  all  the  way  from  $5  to 
$200.  Wm.  Cain,  of  Orange,  Alfred  Moore,  of  Brunswick, 
soon  to  be  a  Judge,  and  Walter  Alves,  of  Orange,  were  the 


SUBSCRIPTIONS.  1 23 

largest  subscribers.  The  latter,  however,  added  his  own  dona- 
tion to  a  legacy  willed  by  his  father-in-law  in  order  to  make 
up  the  $200.  He  was  a  son  of  James  Hogg,  changing  his  name 
at  his  father's  request.  The  $100  subscribers  were  Jesse  Nevill, 
of  Orange;  Wm.  R.  Davie,  Willie  Jones  and  Nicholas  Long, 
of  Halifax ;  John  Burgwin,  of  Wilmington ;  Governor  Spaight, 
Joseph  Leech,  Daniel  Carthy,  George  Pollock,  and  Wilson 
Blount,  of  New  Bern.  In  the  lists  will  be  found  ancestors  of 
many  of  the  leading  citizens  of  the  State  and  friends  of  the 
University,  such  as  the  Spaights,  Donnells,  Bryans,  Davises, 
Blounts,  Greens,  Osbornes,  Halls,  Moores,  Ashes,  Kenans, 
Burgwins,  Wrights,  Toomers,  Joneses,  Cutlars,  Jameses,  Hills, 
Dudleys,  Sneads,  Waddells,  Haywoods,  Alstons,  Malletts, 
Longs,  Whitakers,  Smiths,  Watters,  Hooper,  Strayhorns, 
Renchers,  Johnstons,  and  many  others,  not  counting  those  on 
the  female  side. 

It  is  particularly  gratifying  to  see  the  name  of  Wm.  Bing- 
ham, the  founder  of  the  distinguished  family  of  teachers  in 
our  State,  who  gave  $20,  a  large  sum  for  a  teacher,  then  a 
recent  settler  among  us.  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  E.  McCorkle  showed 
his  interest  by  procuring  $42  from  his  congregation.  The  Cen- 
tral Benevolent  Association,  of  Iredell  County,  subscribed  $100 
for  the  purchase  of  books  and  apparatus,  and  Rev.  James  Hall, 
D.D.,  the  Preacher-Captain  in  the  Revolution,  out  of  his  meagre 
salary  sent  $5. 

It  is  evident  that  two  or  more  of  the  agents  procuring  sub- 
scriptions neglected  their  duty.  It  is  impossible  to  believe  that 
so  many  well-to-do  counties  around  Albemarle  Sound  and  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Tar,  the  Neuse  above  Craven,  the  Pee  Dee, 
the  Catawba,  the  Yadkin,  and  other  rivers,  would  have  been 
totally  unrepresented  in  this  list  if  they  had  been  properly  can- 
vassed. We  should  give  all  the  more  praise  to  James  Hogg, 
W.  R.  Davie,  Richard  Dobb  Spaight,  Alfred  Moore  and  Wm. 
H.  Hill  for  successful  activity.  Wm.  Barry  Grove  would  have 
undoubtedly  gathered  a  larger  sum  if  he  had  not  been  engaged 
in  his  congressional  duties. 

The  foregoing  subscriptions  were  not,  however,  payable  at 
once,  but  according  to  the  dates  fixed  by  the  donors — mostly 
in  one  or  two  vears. 


124  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OE  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Besides  these,  were  subscriptions  of  $460  in  Wake  and  $80  in 
Rowan,  under  the  provision  in  the  charter  authorizing  donors 
of  $20  to  have  a  four  years'  free  scholarship.  In  1796  the 
Trustees  cancelled  all  these.  It  should  be  added  that  the  first 
donor  of  apparatus  for  instruction  was  Alfred  Moore,  then 
called  Colonel,  a  pair  of  globes ;  and  next  to  him  was  Richard 
Bennehan. 

Major  Gerrard. 

In  1798  the  Trustees  were,  gladdened  by  the  bequest  of  valu- 
able lands  and  land  warrants  in  Tennessee  by  a  worthy  Revolu- 
tionary officer,  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Fifth  Battalion  of  the  Conti- 
nental line,  whose  first  Colonel  was  Edward  Buncombe.  His 
name  was  Charles  Gerrard,  a  native  of  Carteret  County,  but 
at  his  death  a  citizen  of  Edgecombe,  married,  though  childless. 
He  was  described  in  the  North  Carolina  Journal  "as  a  soldier 
brave,  active  and  persevering,  and  justly  admired  as  a  citizen, 
husband,  friend  and  neighbor."  His  rank  as  Lieutenant  en- 
titled him  to  a  grant  of  2,560  acres  which  he  located  in  1783 
at  the  junction  of  Yellow  Creek  with  Cumberland  River,  not 
far  below  the  city  of  Nashville. 

This  tract,  the  fruit  of  his  toil  and  suffering  and  blood,  he 
regarded  with  peculiar  affection,  and  when  he  bequeathed  it  he 
requested  in  his  will  that  it  should  perpetually  remain  the  prop- 
erty of  the  University.  For  thirty-five  years  the  Trustees  re- 
garded this  wish  as  sacred. 

The  spelling  given  is  according  to  the  original  will  of  Major 
Gerrard.  Judges  Gaston  and  Badger,  in  reporting  the  here- 
after mentioned  resolutions,  adopt  it.  Afterwards  the  name 
was  wrongly  confounded  with  that  of  the  founder  of  Girard 
College. 

In  addition  to  this  tract,  which  was  called  his  "service  right," 
Gerrard  bequeathed  warrants  which  he  had  purchased  amount- 
ing to  11,364  acres.  The  story  of  the  sale  of  these  will  be  told 
hereafter. 

The  Main,  or  South  Buieding. 

I  think  it  best  to  continue  the  history  of  the  efforts  for  the 
construction  of  the  early  buildings,  although  departing  from 
chronological  order. 


plan  of  buildings.  1 25 

The  South,,  or  Main  Building. 

The  first  Trustees  planned  to  have  one  long  building  facing 
the  East,  as  Orientalization  was  the  fashion  in  architecture. 
From  its  centre  as  I  have  mentioned  stretched  a  broad  avenue 
to  Piney  (or  Point,  as  it  was  then  called)  Prospect.  From 
want  of  funds  the  northern  wing  only  was  first  erected.  What 
is  now  called  the  Old  West  Building  was  intended  to  be  the 
southern  wing  of  the  larger  central  structure.  The  whole  was 
to  be  exactly  similar  to  the  Insane  Asylum  which  overlooks 
Raleigh  from  Dix  Hill.  The  design  was  to  finish  first  the 
northern  wing,  afterwards  called  the  East,  and  now  Old  East, 
then  the  Main  Building  and  finally  the  north  wing.  This  ex- 
planation somewhat  excuses  the  sale  of  lots  on  the  north  side 
of  the  campus.  The  University  was  to  have  a  double  front 
eastward  and  westward. 

When  Professors  Harris  and  Caldwell  entered  the  Faculty, 
with  such  influential  Princetonians  as  McCorkle,  Davie,  and 
Stone  in  the  Board  of  Trustees,  this  plan  gave  way  to  the  ortho- 
dox idea  of  a  quadrangle,  which  in  England  and  Scotland  is, 
with  more  or  less  efficiency,  a  veritable  prison  for  detention  of 
students  at  night;  and  the  name  "Main"  in  course  of  time  gave 
way  to  South,  the  name  "Wing"  to  East,  and  the  University 
now  fronted  north.  About  1830,  under  the  influence  of  Dr. 
Elisha  Mitchell,  an  abortive  attempt  was  made  to  turn  the  front 
to  the  south,  and  hence  the  useless  south  porch  to  Gerrard  Hall. 

In  1798,  emboldened  by  the  donation  of  Major  Gerrard,  the 
Trustees  concluded  to  begin  the  erection  of  the  Main  Building, 
and  the  cornerstone  was  laid.  Its  walls  reached  the  height  of 
a  story  and  a  half,  and  then  remained  roofless  for  years. 

The  cornerstone  was  laid,  as  had  been  that  of  the  Old  East 
with  Masonic  ceremonies.  The  following  is  the  entry  on  the 
Journals  of  the  Grand  Lodge  located  in  Raleigh : 

"On  the  14th  of  April,  1798,  by  order  of  its  most  worshipful 
Grand  Master,  a  special  Grand  Lodge  was  called  at  the  LTni- 
versity  of  North  Carolina  for  the  express  purpose  of  laying 
the  foundation  and  cornerstone  of  the  principal  college  of  that 
seminary  and  to  join  the  Trustees  of  the  Liniversity  in  one  ejac- 
ulation to  heaven  and  the  Great  Architect  of  the  universe  for  the 


126  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

auspices  of  His  eternal  goodness  and  for    the  prosperity    of 
learning,  wisdom  and  virtue  of  that  college." 

Lotteries. 

In  order  to  complete  the  Main  Building  the  Trustees  obtained 
from  the  Legislature  of  1801  the  liberty  of  raising,  by  one  or 
more  lotteries,  not  exceeding  2,000  pounds  ($4,000).  The  pub- 
lic conscience  of  that  day  saw  no  harm  in  calling  in  the  aid 
of  the  Goddess  Fortuna  for  promoting  religion,  education,  or 
any  other  desirable  end.  The  following  was  the  plan  of  the 
University  lottery  No.  1 :  There  were  1,500  tickets,  costing 
$5  each.  Of  these  531  bore  prizes  and  969  blanks.  There  was 
one  prize  each  for  $1,500,  $500,  $250,  $200,  two  of  $100  each, 
five  of  $50  each,  ten  of  $10  each,  and  five  hundred  of  $5  each. 
The  $250  prize  was  to  belong  to  the  last  drawn  ticket.  The 
prizes  aggregated  $5,500,  leaving  a  net  profit  of  $2,000.  The 
drawing  was  had  under  the  superintendence  of  State  officers, 
Wm.  White,  Secretary  of  State,  and  John  Craven,  Comptroller. 
The  highest  prize  was  drawn  by  ticket  No.  11 38,  held  by  Gen- 
eral Lawrence  Baker,  grandfather  of  a  Confederate  General  of 
the  same  name. 

The  scheme  of  the  second  lottery  drawn  in  1802  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

There  was  1    prize    of    $1,000 

1  "  500 

2  "  250 
1               "  100 

to  be  the  first-drawn  ticket  of  the  last  day  of  drawing. 

1  prize  of  $200  to  be  the  last  drawn  ticket. 
20  prizes  "     100 
15       "       "       50 
S95       "       "       10 

931  prizes. 
1S64  blanks. 

2800  tickets  @  $5  each,  $14,000. 

The  foregoing  is  the  scheme  as  stated  in  the  Raleigh  Register. 
As  the  prizes  foot  up  $14,000  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  Uni- 
versity retained  a  large  number  of  tickets  and  participated  in 


LOTTERIES.  1 27 

the  drawing.  At  any  rate  the  net  amount  to  the  University 
Treasury  was  $2,865.36.  The  net  amount  from  the  first  lottery 
was  $2,215.45.     The  whole  amount  was,  therefore,  $5,080.81. 

It  is  remarkable  how  completely  public  sentiment  has  changed 
on  the  subject  of  lotteries.  The  hostility  to  them  seems  to 
tend  towards  driving  them  from  their  last  refuge,  Church 
Fairs.  In  1802  the  best  men  lent  their  names  and  active  aid 
to  them.  I  have  in  my  collections  an  autograph  of  George 
Washington,  date  not  given,  signed  to  a  lottery  ticket.  In 
order  to  induce  our  citizens  to  buy  the  tickets  of  the  University 
lotteries,  batches  of  them  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  Trustees 
and  other  friends  of  the  institution,  who  were  expected  to  use 
their  personal  influence  to  procure  purchasers.  We  have  copies 
of  these  letters  of  transmission.  One  is  signed  by  Henry  Potter, 
Judge  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  Henry  Sea- 
well,  State  Senator  and  afterwards  Superior  Court  Judge,  John 
Haywood,  State  Treasurer,  and  Wm.  Polk,  President  of  the 
State  Bank.  They  assert  that  "the  interests  of  the  University 
of  North  Carolina,  and  of  Learning  and  Science  generally 
throughout  our  State,  are  concerned  in  the  immediate  sale  of 
the  tickets."  They  continue  with  delicate  flattery:  "From  a 
belief  that  no  measure  calculated  to  promote  the  prosperity  and 
happiness  of  our  country  is  indifferent  to  you,  this  request  is 
made." 

In  order  to  inspire  confidence,  the  proceeds  of  sale  were  to 
be  sent  to  Benjamin  Williams,  who  was  not  only  Governor 
but  a  man  of  character  and  wealth.  With  a  sense  of  propriety 
characteristic  of  the  old  school  of  gentlemen  his  official  title  is 
omitted. 

The  Commissioners  of  the  second  lottery  were  Messrs.  Polk, 
Haywood  and  Potter.  They  state  that  the  want  of  punctuality, 
in  making  returns  by  some  of  the  agents  for  sale  of  the  tickets 
in  the  first  lottery,  had  occasioned  "much  difficulty,  delay  and 
embarrassment  in  the  course  of  the  drawing."  Those  who  per- 
formed their  duty  have  the  satisfaction  that  "their  patriotic 
and  well-meant  endeavors  have  proved  effectual  and  have  al- 
ready brightened  the  prospects  of  this  institution,  and  of  our 


128       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

country  throughout,  so  far  as  depends  on  a  general  diffusion 
of  Learning  and  Science."  The  Commissioners  are  sanguine 
in  their  expectations  of  this  mode  of  raising  money,  "however 
illy  it  may  comport  with  the  wealth  and  dignity  of  the  State." 

The  slowness  with  which  the  returns  were  made  met  with 
the  stern  denunciation  of  the  Treasurer,  Gavin  Alves,  son  of 
James  Hogg,  who  had  by  act  of  Assembly  adopted  his  mother's 
name.  In  a  letter  to  the  Commissioners  he  accuses  the  "back- 
ward gentlemen"  of  shameful  neglect  of  the  trust  reposed  in 
them.  He  asks  leave  to  threaten  public  exposure.  At  any  rate 
"if  neither  sense  of  shame  nor  regard  to  propriety  can  actuate 
them  I  must  try  what  incessant  importunity  will  do." 

I  find  a  third  lottery  advertised,  identical  with  the  second, 
but  the  project  was  abandoned.  More  than  was  allowed  by  the 
act  of  Assembly  had  already  been  realized. 

It  is  painful  to  be  compelled  to  record  that  $300  of  lottery 
No.  1  and  $604  of  lottery  No.  2  had  not  been  returned  by  the 
agents  of  the  University,  mostly  Trustees,  as  late  as  December, 
1803.  Measures  were  taken  to  notify  delinquents  that  those 
not  accounting  within  six  months  should  have  their  names  pub- 
lished in  the  newspapers.  It  was  afterwards  ascertained  that 
those  charged  with  the  value  of  tickets  intrusted  to  them  for 
sale  had  failed  to  dispose  of  the  same,  so  that  it  was  a  case  of 
carelessness,  not  fraud. 

Appeals  for  Subscriptions — Donations. 

In  February,  1803,  the  lottery  money  not  being  sufficient  to 
finish  the  Main  Building,  efforts  were  made  to  raise  additional 
funds  by  subscription.  Col.  Polk,  President  of  the  Board,  is- 
sued an  appeal  deploring  the  necessity  of  beholding  its  exposed 
and  roofless  walls  and  the  almost  naked  shelves  of  the  Library. 
He  urged  all  "Patriots  to  come  to  the  rescue,  because  no  coun- 
try can  long  remain  free  unless  its  religious,  civil  and  political 
rights  are  understood  by  the  mass  of  its  citizens."  "Every  one 
contributing  even  one  volume  toward  improving  the  minds  of 
youths,  who  are  to  succeed  us  on  the  stage  of  life,  must  feel 
a  self-approbation.  On  these  youths  the  character  and  fate 
of  our  country  depends." 


APPEAL  FOR  SUBSCRIPTIONS.  I2Q, 

A  Trustee  for  each  Judicial  District  was  appointed  for  the 
receipt  of  contributions  for  the  increase  of  the  library,  as  well 
as  finishing  the  building,  and  as  those  considered  most  active 
in  behalf  of  the  University  were  appointed  I  give  their  names : 
Robert  Montgomery,  Senator  from  Hertford  for  the  Edenton 
District;  Calvin  Jones,  a  physician  of  Wake  County  of  repu- 
tation and  public  spirit;  Joshua  G.  Wright,  Commoner  from 
Wilmington,  Speaker  of  the  House,  soon  to  be  Judge  in  the 
Wilmington  District;  Charles  W.  Harris,  late  Presiding  Pro- 
fessor of  the  University,  of  Halifax  District ;  Duncan  Cameron, 
Commoner  from  Orange,  soon  to  be  a  Judge,  of  the  Hillsboro 
District ;  Nathaniel  Alexander,  late  Senator  from  Mecklenburg, 
a  member  of  Congress  and  soon  to  be  Governor,  of  the  Salis- 
bury District;  Wm.  Barry  Grove,  Member  of  Congress,  of  the 
Fayetteville  District ;  and  Wallace  Alexander,  late  Senator  from 
Lincoln,  of  the  Morgan  District. 

The  appeal  was  not  greatly  successful.  $1,664  was  raised  in 
cash.  Some  of  the  Trustees  appointed  seem  not  to  have  acted. 
Charles  W.  Harris  had  the  seeds  of  consumption  and  was  soon 
to  start  on  his  trip  to  the  West  Indies  in  the  vain  effort  to 
escape  his  foe.  Wallace  Alexander  about  this  time  closed  his 
honored  life.  The  most  active  Trustees  were  primarily  Wm. 
Polk,  and  after  him  Robert  Montgomery  and  Durant  Hatch,  of 
Jones  County.  Col.  Polk  was  not  only  successful  in  procuring 
donations  from  others,  fifty  in  number,  but  gave  $100  himself. 
Among  the  fifty  are  some  notable  names.  Judge  Cameron, 
William  Norwood,  Henry  Potter,  Emmanuel  Shober,  William 
Peace,  John  D.  Hawkins,  Robert  Williams,  Judge  John  Hall, 
Theophilus  Hunter,  Wm.  Creecy,  Sherwood  and  William 
Henry  Haywood,  and  many  other  citizens  of  Wake  and  ad- 
joining counties.  John  Spence  West,  of  Craven,  was  likewise 
active  and  raised  $80  in  addition  to  his  own  subscription  of  $20. 
Ex-Governor  Samuel  Johnston,  who  had  that  year  resigned 
his  judgeship,  donated  $100. 

On  July  3,   1803,  the  Trustees  concluded  to  ask  again   for 
funds  for  the  completion  of  "the  Principal  Building."    An  elo- 
quent address  was  issued,  prepared  evidently  by  Governor  Mar- 
tin.    They  claimed  that  literary  institutions  are  the  grand  se- 
9 


130  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROUNA. 

curity  of  our  liberties  and  that  from  them  in  great  measure 
all  civil  and  religious  information  flows,  that  they  qualify 
young  citizens  to  discharge  their  political  duties  with  honor 
and  reputation.  The  Trustees  boast  with  honest  pride  that 
heretofore  their  guardianship  has  not  been  in  vain.  The  aids 
amply  supplied  by  the  acts  establishing  the  University  have 
been  taken  away.  This  caused  the  disagreeable  necessity  of 
resorting  to  lotteries,  "a  mode  not  the  most  honorable  of  rais- 
ing money  for  the  institution."  The  money  thus  raised  has 
been  invested  in  stocks  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  "not 
to  be  drawn  upon  but  under  a  pressing  emergency."  The  peo- 
ple were  exhorted  to  equal  in  generosity  that  recently  shown 
by  private  donations  and  legislative  endowments  in  several  of 
the  United  States.  The  success  of  this  movement  is  elsewhere 
shown. 

We  learn  from  Governor  Stone  that  in  1800  another  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress  who  was  an  active  Trustee,  William  Barry 
Grove,  of  Fayetteville,  had  procured,  with  funds  placed  in  his 
hands  for  the  purpose,  an  electrical  apparatus,  and  that  Gov- 
ernor Martin,  then  Senator  of  the  United  States,  had  ordered 
as  a  gift  a  new  telescope.  About  the  same  time  the  excellent 
body  of  Christians,  the  Unitas  Fratrum,  or  Moravians,  through 
Frederick  William  Marshall  and  Gotlieb  Shober,  donated  $200 
in  cash.  And  then  there  was  in  1802  a  gift  of  a  new  pair  of 
globes.  The  letter  accompanying  the  gift  was  written  by  Mrs. 
Winifred  Gales,  wife  of  Joseph  Gales,  the  editor  of  the  Raleigh 
Register,  who  was  one  of  the  contributors,  but  whose  name  was 
not  signed  to  the  letter  for  some  reason,  possibly  because  her 
husband  edited  the  Republican  organ,  the  Raleigh  Register, 
and  the  University  was  accused  of  being  a  Federalist  institu- 
tion. The  letter  was  published  in  the  Minerva  or  Anti-Jacobin, 
the  organ  of  the  Federalists.  As  a  good  sample  of  the  stately 
style  of  the  old  days  I  give  it  complete : 

To  the  Rev.  Joseph  Caldwell,  Presiding  Professor  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina. 
Sirs — The  Ladies  of  Raleigh,  learning  that  the  Globes  belonging  to  the 
University  are  too  much  defaced  to  be  useful,  respectfully  present  the 
Institution  with  a  new  pair,  12  inches  in  diameter,  with  the  latest  dis- 
coveries, with  a  compass,  which  they  entreat  you,  Sir,  to  present  in  their 
name. 


GIFTS  OF  LADIES.  131 

Sensible  of  the  literary  advantages  which  the  rising  generation  will 
derive  from  this  valuable  seminary  of  learning,  they  beg  leave  to  express 
their  affectionate  wishes  that  it  may  continue  to  advance  in  the  estima- 
tion of  the  public,  as  well  from  the  ability  of  the  Professors,  as  the 
acquirements  of  the  students,  who,  bringing  into  public  life  the  knowl- 
edge they  have  there  imbibed,  may  at  once  be  a  credit  to  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  a  crown  of  honor  to  their  parents,  and  a  blessing  to 
themselves. 

May  the  past,  the  present  and  the  future  students  distinguish  them- 
selves in  society,  no  less  by  their  literary  attainments,  than  by  a  virtuous 
course  of  conduct,  which  giving  additional  lustre  to  talents  will  render 
themselves  at  once  useful  and  honorable  members  of  society. 
We  are  with  great  respect, 

Your  obedient  servants, 

S.  W.  Potter,  Sarah  Polk, 

Axsa  White,  Eliza  E.  Haywood, 

Eliza  Williams,  Nancy  Haywood, 

Nancy  Boxd,  Margaret  McKeithax, 

Priscilla  Shaw,  Margaret  Casso, 

Haxxah  Paddisox,  Rebecca  Williaais, 

Eleaxor  H.  P.   Smith,         Svsaxxah  Parish, 
Winifred  Mears,  Axx  O'Bryan. 

I  am  quite  sure  that  neither  in  diction  nor  in  penmanship  can 
the  ladies  of  the  present  day  excel  the  venerable  mothers  of  the 
city  of  Raleigh. 

Among  them  we  notice  the  wives  of  Judge  Potter,  Secretary 
of  State  White,  Colonel  Polk,  Treasurer  Haywood,  Sherwood 
Haywood,  Robert  Williams,  the  University  Treasurer,  and 
of  the  lady,  wife  of  Peter  Casso,  the  tavern-keeper,  who  gave 
the  name  to  the  baby  son  of  her  husband's  hostler,  Andrew 
Johnson,  afterwards  President  of  the  United  States.  Mrs.  Anna 
White  was  a  daughter  of  Governor  Caswell. 

On  the  26th  November,  1803,  the  heart  of  Mr.  Caldwell  was 
cheered  by  the  receipt  of  another  gift  from  ladies,  this  time 
from  New  Bern.  It  is  addressed  to  him  as  "First  Professor 
of  the  University,"  and  is  as  follows : 

SiR: — Desirous  to  manifest  our  solicitude  for  the  prosperity  of  the 
Institution,  over  which  you  preside,  we  request  you  to  accept  for  the  use 
of  the  Philosophical  Class,  a  Quadrant,  the  best  we  could  procure,  but 
not  the  most  valuable  gift  we  would  wish  to  present. 

Our  sex  can  never  be  indifferent  to  the  promotion  of  science,  connected 
as  it  is  with  the  virtues  that  impart  civility  to  manners  and  refinement 


132       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OP  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

to  life.  Nor  can  we  suppress  the  emotions  of  (we  hope)  an  honest  pride, 
at  the  reflection  that  our  native  country  boasts  a  seminary,  where,  by 
the  proper  extension  of  Legislative  patronage,  its  ingenuous  youth  might 
be  taught  to  emulate  the  worth  of  their  fathers,  where  their  minds  might 
be  enlightened  with  knowledge,  and  their  hearts  impressed  with  a  love 
of  justice,  morality  and  religion;  where  they  might  learn  to  embellish 
the  manly  and  patriotic  endowments,  which  constitute  strength  of  char- 
acter and  qualify  men  to  cherish  "the  mountain  nymph,  sweet  Liberty," 
with  all  the  arts  that  polish,  all  the  charities  that  sweeten  the  inter- 
course of  social  life.  With  great  respect, 
We  are,  Sir, 

Your  obedient  servants, 

Mary  Daves,  Mary  McKinlay, 

Jane  Carney,  Julia  A.  Hawks, 

Hannah  Taylor,  Amaryllis  Ellis, 

Elizabeth  Graham,  Sarah  Woods, 

Fanny  Devereux,  Elizabeth  Arnett, 

Susannah  Jones,  Elizabeth  Osborn, 

Elizabeth  Stanly,  Jane  Taylor, 

Susan  Gaston,  Mary  Nash. 

In  his  reply  Caldwell  refers  pointedly  to  the  unpopularity 
of  the  institution,  while  claiming  that  it  was  unfounded.  "The 
University,"  he  says,  "early  excited  expectations  which  were  un- 
fortunately too  sanguine  and  premature  to  be  realized.  *  *  * 
Though  liberal  education  improves  the  young  it  cannot  make 
them  perfect.  Though  the  attainment  of  knowledge  may  be 
rendered  comparatively  easy,  it  is  chimerical  to  propose  that 
it  shall  be  universal,  or  totally  without  expense.  Add  to  these 
the  circumstance  of  raising  and  supporting  the  institution  by 
a  species  of  fraud  which  the  interested  would  execrate  and  the 
popular  would  decry.  *  *  *  Prejudice  in  some  and  want  of 
information  in  others  were  unhappily  assisted  by  the  indiscre- 
tion and  misconduct  of  youth."  Notice  that  he  attributes  the 
odium  which  had  been  excited  against  the  University  partly  to 
disappointment  in  regard  to  expense,  to  the  clamor  aroused  by 
enforcing  claims  to  confiscated  lands  and  debts,  and  to  reports 
widely  circulated  of  the  bad  behavior  of  the  students.  He  is 
however  so  hopeful  that  he  proceeds  in  a  strain  of  eloquent 
and  courtly  compliment  to  the  fair  donors.  "The  steadfast 
friends  of  the  University  have  sustained  the  trial  in  its  severi- 
ties, its  toils  and  alternate  despondencies,  till  they  can  bless 


DONATIONS.  I33 

the  new  dawnings  of  prosperity,  which  gild  the  horizon  of 
their  venerable  years.  For  the  animation  they  have  felt  in  the 
conflict  they  are  greatly  indebted  to  that  sex,  which  best  knows 
how  to  estimate  the  virtues  that  impart  civility  to  manners  and 
refinement  to  life.  The  torch  of  patriotism  which  burned  so 
inextinguishably  in  their  breasts  has  been  peculiarly  brightened 
by  the  united  flame  of  an  honest  pride  in  you,  which  kindled  at 
the  reflection,  that  our  native  country  boasts  this  seminary." 
He  closes  with  the  last  sentence  of  the  letter  of  the  ladies. 

Among  the  donations  of  a  minor  nature  at  this  period  it  is 
recorded  that  ex-Governor  Alexander  Martin  gave  a  pamphlet 
of  his  own  composition  entitled,  "A  New  Science,  interesting 
to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  additional  to  the  historical 
play  of  Columbus."  This  presents  the  worthy  patriot  in  a  new 
role  of  dramatic  author.  The  General  Assembly  of  the  State 
gave  three  volumes  of  a  history  of  Geneva.  The  same  Alex- 
ander Martin  presented  a  microscope  and  acromatic  telescope 
31-2  feet  long,  magnifying  70  times  for  land  objects  and  80 
times  for  astronomical  purposes ;  Judge  Alfred  Moore,  a  pair 
of  globes;  Hon.  W.  B.  Grove,  a  barometer  and  thermometer; 
Professor  Caldwell,  a  camera  obscura.  Other  instruments  were 
purchased.  To  the  Museum  were  donated  objects  of  much  in- 
terest, such  as  by  General  Davie,  three  medals  of  Xapoleon 
at  Marengo ;  stained  glass  from  Leon  in  old  Spain  ;  Indian  orna- 
ments of  copper  found  near  Halifax ;  Indian  pipes  of  curious 
workmanship ;  by  Charles  \Y.  Harris,  inter  alia,  a  Bezoar 
stone  from  the  stomach  of  a  deer ;  by  Dr.  Fisher,  copper  coins 
of  Rome ;  by  Henry  Young,  a  jointed  or  glass  snake  and  a 
"Bezoar  stone  from  the  stomach  of  a  veal."  There  were  vari- 
ous other  objects  in  the  Museum,  all  lost  in  the  casualties  of 
four-score  years  and  ten.  The  fact  that  the  Bezoar  stones  vol- 
untarily relinquished  the  ownership  of  charms  against  evil 
shows  the  decay  of  an  ancient  superstition. 

In  1809  it  was  determined  to  make  still  another  effort  to 
raise  funds  for  the  completion  of  the  South  (or  Main)  Build- 
ing. President  Caldwell,  Treasurer  Haywood  and  Wm.  Gas- 
ton were  the  committee  to  draft  an  address  to  the  friends  of 
education  in  the  State ;  and  Caldwell  was  authorized  to  travel 


134  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

through  the  State  in  vacation  to  secure  subscriptions.  The 
plan  was  his.  In  that  year  and  again  in  1811  he  visited  the 
more  opulent  parts  of  the  State  and  secured  about  $8,220,  and, 
while  our  people  were  going  crazy  over  their  naval  victories 
in  1 8 14,  the  rejoicing  students  moved  into  the  completed  South 
Building.  The  undertaker,  or  contractor,  had  the  fitting  name 
of  John  Close.  There  were  30  who  gave  $100  each.  In  the  $100 
list  will  be  found  such  well-known  names  as  those  of  Judge 
Lowry,  Judge  Henderson,  Judge  Hall,  Archibald  Henderson, 
William  Boylan,  Governor  Williams,  Chief  Justice  Taylor,  Rev. 
Andrew  Flinn,  D.D.,  then  of  Charlotte.  Judge  Donnell  gave 
$75,  and  Wm.  Holt,  of  Wilmington,  $40.  There  were  23  of  $50 
each,  among  them  Joseph  Gales,  the  editor ;  General  Beverly 
Daniel,  Governor  Owen,  John  Gray  Blount,  General  Thomas 
H.  Blount.  Among  the  four  $40  subscribers  was  Dr.  A.  J.  De 
Rosset,  the  elder.  Among  the  six  $30  subscribers  we  find  Gov- 
ernor Dudley.  Of  the  seven  $25  donors  is  Judge  Potter.  Of 
the  13  $20  men  are  Wm.  Peace,  who  gave  $10,000  to  Peace 
Institute.  There  were  18  who  gave  smaller  amounts,  among 
them  General  Joseph  G.  Swift,  of  the  United  States  army,  who 
married  Miss  Walker  in  Wilmington,  who  was  in  the  $10  list. 

It  is  noticeable  that  the  baleful  effects  of  party  spirit,  the 
luke-warmness,  if  not  hostility  to  the  University  because  the 
President  and  at  least  the  majority  of  the  Faculty  were  Feder- 
alists, are  apparent  on  this  list.  The  largest  generosity  was  in 
the  seaport  towns,  where  hostility  to  Jefferson's  Embargo  was 
intense,  while  the  farming  section  where  Republicanism  was 
supreme  gave  little.  The  $900  of  Orange  was  by  five  men, 
one  of  whom  was  President  of  the  University.  The  $300  of 
Halifax  was  by  two  donors,  that  county,  after  the  departure 
of  Governor  Davie,  being  intensely  Jeffersonian,  and  the  $300 
of  Granville  was  also  by  two  donors. 

It  is  pleasant  to  see  how  the  young  Raleigh  merchants,  Wm. 
Peace  and  Richard  Smith,  are  found  on  the  list;  the  former 
afterwards,  as  said,  being  the  founder  of  Peace  Institute,  and 
the  only  daughter  of  the  latter,  by  her  bequest  of  $37,000  es- 
tablishing the  Professorship  of  General  and  Analytical  Chem- 
istry.   In  their  company  is  seen  the  name  of  a  learned  divine,  a 


BENEFACTORS.  135 

graduate  of  1799,  who  after  teaching  and  preaching  in  North 
Carolina,  soon  became  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  congregation  in 
the  city  of  Charleston  in  our  neighboring  State  on  the  south, 
Andrew  Flinn,  D.D. 

Some  of  these  benefactors  have  left  memories  of  varied  and 
important  services  to  the  State.  There  are  Governors,  United 
States  Senators,  Chief  Justices  and  Judges,  Attorney-Generals, 
leading  divines,  teachers,  physicians,  farmers,  lawyers,  mer- 
chants, in  fine  all  the  business  pursuits  of  our  people. 


CHAPTER  II. 

Confiscated  Property  and  Hostile  Legislation. 

In  December,  1794,  the  General  Assembly  was  induced  to 
make  a  grant  to  the  University  which  brought  to  it  little  money 
but  much  animosity.  The  preamble  recites  that  the  Trustees 
have,  with  a  laudable  zeal  for  the  promotion  of  literature, 
erected  a  building  for  the  use  of  the  institution  entrusted  to 
them  and  are  prepared  to  commence  the  exercises,  but  have  not 
funds  to  proceed  in  the  liberal  manner,  which  the  honor  and 
interest  of  the  public  demand.  The  act  then  gives  the  Trustees 
all  unsold  confiscated  land,  including  the  forfeited  rights  of 
Henry  Eustace  McCulloch,  a  British  subject,  for  lands  con- 
tracted to  be  sold  by  him,  title  being  withheld  for  security  of 
the  purchase  money.  The  Trustees  were  authorized  to  make 
title  on  payment  of  the  balances  due.  The  donation  under  the 
act  was  greatly  weakened  by  the  provision  that  all  above  twenty 
thousand  dollars  should  be  paid  over  to  the  State,  that  only 
the  interest  on  receipts  should  be  used,  and  that  after  ten  years 
the  principal  should  be  subject  to  the  disposition  of  the  General 
Assembly. 

The  Trustees  employed  able  lawyers  to  realize  funds  under 
the  act.  The  principal  receipts  were  from  the  moneys  due 
McCulloch,  for  lands  contracted  to  be  sold  to  sundry  inhabi- 
tants of  Mecklenburg  and  adjoining  counties,  and  from'  the 
sale  of  confiscated  lands,  principally  of  McCulloch.  Adlai  Os- 
borne, of  Rowan,  a  University  attorney,  reported  sales  from 
June,  1795,  to  July,  1798,  amounting  to  $14,946,  most  of  which 
were  on  credit.  There  were  'j'j  buyers.  The  net  amount  re- 
ceived up  to  November,  1807,  was  $7,160.58.  In  1804  the 
Court  of  Conference  decided  in  the  cases  of  Ray's  Executors 
v.  McCulloch,  and  Trustees  v.  Rice,  that  the  claim  of  McCul- 
loch was  by  the  Treaty  of  Peace  of  1783  made  good  to  him; 
whereupon  the  General  Assembly  ordered  the  refunding  of  the 
foregoing  amount,  which  had  been  invested  in  United  States 
stock,  to  the  State  Treasury  in  trust  for  such  of  his  debtors  as 


HOSTILITY   TO   UNIVERSITY.  1 37 

had  paid  the  Trustees.  The  University,  however,  had  the  re- 
ceipt of  the  interest  on  the  amount  collected  from  time  to  time. 
Notwithstanding  this,  as  will  be  hereafter  s^en,  the  act  of  1794 
was  a  distinct  injury.  It  raised  unfounded  hopes  and  caused 
the  University  to  be  hated  in  a  very  powerful  section  of  the 
State.  It  well  nigh  caused  its  ruin.  Davie  alludes  to  it  in  one 
of  his  letters,  evidently  with  little  hope. 

"If  any  man  of  proper  literary  merit  could  be  found  impru- 
dent enough  to  engage  with  us  as  President  upon  the  prospect 
of  our  ten  years  fund,  I  hope  the  Board  may  have  more  dis- 
cretion than  to  employ  him.  I  still  hope  these  funds  may  be- 
come permanent.  As  the  proceeds  of  the  confiscated  lands  will 
now  soon  be  collected  it  may  perhaps  be  in  our  power  to  employ 
another  professor."  *  *  *  Dr.  McCorckle  has  pledged  himself 
to  demonstrate  to  the  Board  at  the  next  meeting  that  we  are 
able  to  employ  all  the  officers  the  plan  of  education  calls  for, 
and  pay  them  liberally,  too.  I  am  afraid  it  will  remain  a  prob- 
lem notwithstanding  the  doctor's  learning  and  talents." 

We  learn  from  a  letter  of  Caldwell  written  in  January,  1804, 
that  it  was  his  opinion  that  the  chief  cause  of  the  outbreak  of 
the  hostility  against  the  University  in  the  General  Assembly  of 
1800  was  the  litigation  instituted  by  the  Trustees  under  the 
authority  of  the  act  of  1794.  Having  enjoyed  these  lands  for 
about  twenty  years  since  the  confiscation  law  was  passed,  it 
was  in  accordance  with  human  nature  for  their  possessors  to 
be  angry  with  a  corporation  which  was  actively  pressing  in  the 
courts  suits  on  these  old  claims.  We  find  that  George  Fisher, 
of  Rowan,  a  county  adjoining  that  in  which  most  of  them  re- 
sided, made  the  motion,  which  was  supported  by  all  the  mem- 
bers from  that  and  the  adjacent  counties  with  only  four  ex- 
ceptions, to  repeal  the  act. 

A  letter  from  a  "Gentleman  in  Raleigh"  to  the  editors  of  a 
journal  called  "The  Anthology,"  in  relation  to  the  literature  of 
North  Carolina,  states  in  regard  to  the  University : 

"The  Rev.  Joseph  Caldwell,  President  of  the  University,  is 
the  first  scientific  and  literary  character  in  the  State.  He  is  now 
employed  in  writing  a  book  on  Mathematics  intended  as  a  school 
book.    Two  sermons  and  an  eulogium  on  General  Washington 


138  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

by  him,  which  have  been  published  separately  in  pamphlets, 
are  handsome  specimens  of  his  abilities." 

"To  a  'huge  misshapen  pile,'  which  is  placed  on  a  higti  rocky 
eminence  twenty-eight  miles  from  this  (Raleigh),  has  been 
given  the  name  of  a  college,  and  a  donation  from  General 
Thomas  Person,  built  a  neat  Chapel.  After  considerable  diffi- 
culties were  experienced  on  account  of  incompetent  teachers 
and  insurrections  among  the  students,  the  institution  under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Caldwell,  two  professors  and  two  tutors,  ac- 
quired regularity  and  consistency  in  its  exercises.  When  our 
enlightened  Legislature  discovered  that  education  was  incon- 
sistent with  Republicanism,  that  it  created  an  aristocracy  of  the 
learned  who  would  trample  upon  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the 
ignorant,  and  that  an  equality  of  intellect  was  necessary  to 
preserve  an  equality  of  rights ,  influenced  by  these  wise  and 
patriotic  considerations  the  Legislature  gave  to  themselves 
again  what  they  had  before  given  to  the  University.  The  in- 
stitution now  languishes.  Mr.  Caldwell's  anti-Republican  love 
of  literature,  and  not  the  emoluments  of  his  office,  induces  him 
to  preserve  in  existence  and  by  his  influence,  even  the  shadow 
of  a  college.  He  is  assisted  by  only  one  tutor ;  the  funds  do 
not  permit  the  employment  of  more." 

Such  was  the  popular  odium  at  this  time  against  the  Uni- 
versity that  the  General  Assembly  of  1800  not  only  repealed 
the  act  of  1794,  but,  notwithstanding  the  strenuous  exertions 
of  some  of  the  ablest  men  of  the  day,  went  further  and  re- 
pealed that  of  1789,  granting  escheated  property.  So  far  as 
the  hostile  legislation  affected  confiscated  property,  it  was  not 
of  much  consequence,  because  the  grant  wa's  to  expire  in  1804 
and  the  courts  would  have  forced  the  University  to  disgorge 
the  receipts  from  the  mortgages  and  liens  of  McCulloch.  But 
the  deprivation  of  escheats,  if  successfully  carried  out,  would 
have  been  fatal.  It  would  have  taken  away  the  unclaimed  land 
warrants  located  in  Tennessee,  the  proceeds  of  which  were  the 
interest  bearing  endowment  prior  to  the  Civil  War. 

But  it  was  not  carried  into  effect.  In  the  first  place  the 
Court  of  Conference  in  the  case  of  University  v.  Foy,  1  Mur- 
phy, 58,  decided  the  repealing  act  unconstitutional ;  and  although 


VOTES  FOR  UNIVERSITY.  1 39 

this  case  was  overruled  by  that  of  University  v.  Maultsby,  8 
Ired.  Eq.,  257,  the  action  of  the  court,  and  we  hope  a  change 
of  sentiment,  led  the  General  Assembly  in  1805  to  restore  the 
escheats.  One  of  the  strongest  advocates  of  such  restoration 
was  Maurice  Moore,  heretofore  described  as  one  of  the  early 
students.  I  have  examined  the  votes  on  this  drastic  measure 
and  find  them  chiefly,  but  not  entirely,  on  party  lines.  The 
names  of  those  who  stood  by  the  institution  on  this  vital  ques- 
tion should  be  recorded. 

The  Senators  were  Henry  S.  Bonner,  of  Beaufort ;  John 
Johnston,  of  Bertie;  I.  Lewis,  of  Bladen;  Benjamin  Smith,  of 
Brunswick;  Caleb  Phifer,  of  Cabarrus;  William  Gaston,  of 
Craven ;  Bythell  Bell,  of  Edgecombe ;  Jordan  Hill,  of  Franklin ; 
Thomas  Taylor,  of  Granville ;  Robert  White,  of  Green ;  Stephen 
W.  Conner,  of  Halifax ;  Thomas  Wynns,  of  Hertford ;  Joseph 
Masters,  of  Hyde ;  Durant  Hatch,  of  Jones ;  Wm.  McKenzie,  of 
Martin;  John  H.  Drake,  of  Nash;  John  Hill,  of  New  Hanover; 
John  M.  Beauford.  of  Northampton;  David  Ray.  of  Orange; 
Frederick  Bryan,  of  Pitt ;  Elias  Barnes,  of  Robeson ;  James 
Collier,  of  Warren ;  Richard  Croom,  of  Greene. 

John  Johnston  was  a  nephew  of  Governor  Samuel  Johnston. 
Wm.  Gaston  at  the  age  of  twenty-two  was  beginning  his  long 
career  of  enlightened  public  service,  always  advocating  liberal 
and  progressive  ideas.  He  made  a  motion  which  would  have 
secured  to  the  University  all  lands  actually  taken  ;nto  the  pos- 
session of  the  Trustees,  but  it  was  voted  down.  Senator  Ben- 
jamin Smith  is  the  same  who.  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  Board 
in  1790,  donated  Tennessee  land  warrants  to  the  new  institu- 
tion. He  induced  the  Senate  by  his  powerful  influence  to 
agree  to  refer  the  whole  matter  to  a  joint  committee,  but  the 
House  refused  to  agree  to  it. 

The  bill  passed  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  32  to  23,  having  al- 
ready passed  the  House  by  the  decisive  majority  of  82  to  35. 
Arnong  the  minority  Senators  I  notice  only  one  who  attained 
any  eminence:  Peter  Forney,  of  Lincoln,  who  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  Congress.  Of  the  majority,  Senators  Smith  be- 
came Governor,  Gaston  a  member  of  Congress  and  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  our  State,  Wynns,  after  whom  Winton  is 
named,  a  member  of  Congress. 


I40  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  members  of  the  House  who  stood  up  against  the  ad- 
versaries of  the  University  were  John  Kennedy  and  Frederick 
Grist,  of  Beaufort;  Joseph  Jordan,  of  Bertie;  Street  Ashford 
and  J.  Bradley,  of  Bladen;  Benjamin  Mills,  of  New  Brunswick; 
George  Ellis,  James  Gatling  and  John  S.  Nelson,  of  Craven; 
Thomas  C.  Ferebee,  of  Currituck ;  Sterling  Yancey,  of  Gran- 
ville; Stephen  Harwell,  of  Halifax;  Robert  Montgomery  and 
James  Jones,  of  Hertford ;  Joseph  Jordan  and  Adam  Gaskins, 
of  Hyde ;  John  Moore,  of  Lincoln ;  Jeremiah  Slade,  of  Martin ; 
Charles  Polk,  of  Mecklenburg ;  Samuel  Ashe,  Joshua  G.  Wright 
and  Alexander  D.  Moore,  of  New  Hanover ;  Samuel  Benton ; 
John  Cabe  and  Absalom  Tatom,  of  Orange ;  John  Nixon  and 
Charles  W.  Blount,  of  Perquimans ;  Herndon  Harolson,  of 
Person ;  Richard  Evans,  of  Pitt ;  Evan  Alexander,  of  Rowan ; 
Henry  Seawell,  of  Wake;  James  Turner  and  Thomas  E.  Sum- 
ner, of  Warren ;  and  Meshack  Franklin,  of  Surry. 

Of  the  above  John  Moore,  Alexander  Duncan  Moore,  Evan 
Alexander  and  John  Hill,  brother  of  William  H.  Hill,  who 
assisted  in  selecting  the  site  of  the  University,  were  members 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  Charles  Polk  was,  I  think,  the 
brother  of  Col.  Wm.  Polk,  who,  on  account  of  his  love  of  fun, 
went  by  the  name  of  "Devil  Charley."  Joshua  G.  Wright  was 
afterwards  a  Judge.  Samuel  Ashe  was  a  worthy  son  of  Gov- 
ernor Samuel  Ashe.  Samuel  Benton  was  a  brother  of  Jesse, 
father  of  Thomas  Hart  Benton. 

Absalom  Tatum  had  been  a  member  of  Congress,  as  were 
also  Evan  Alexander  and  Meshack  Franklin.  James  Turner 
was  in  two  years  to  be  Governor,  and  then  Senator  of  the 
United  States.  Thomas  E.  Sumner  was  a  son  of  General  Jethro 
Sumner  of  the  Continental  line,  and  soon  afterwards  emigrated 
to  Tennessee. 

It  seems  evident  that  those  who  voted  to  sustain  the  Univer- 
sity were  not  punished  by  the  people  for  their  action.  It  is 
equally  clear  that  its  opponents  did  not  lose  the  favor  of  the 
people.     More  exciting  questions  occupied  their  minds. 

In  a  letter  written  June  9,  1805,  on  the  eve  of  his  departure 
to  his  plantation  in  South  Carolina,  Davie  deplored  the  dis- 
tressing state  of  the  University  on  account  of  legislative  hos- 


LETTER  OF   BISHOP   HOBART.  I4I 

tility.  Great  injury  had  been  inflicted  by  this  hostility  on  the 
reputation  of  the  State.  He  says,  "men  of  science  in  other 
States  regard  the  people  of  North  Carolina  as  a  sort  of  semi- 
barbarians,  among  whom  neither  learning,  virtue  nor  men  of 
science  possess  any  estimation.  *  *  *  In  South  Carolina  a 
professorship  is  more  eagerly  canvassed  than  the  secretaryship 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  the  consequence  of 
the  liberal  spirit  displayed  by  their  Assembly.  After  a  hand- 
some and  permanent  endowment  of  the  offices  of  the  institu- 
tion (South  Carolina  College)  they  voted  $10,000  for  purchase 
of  a  library  and  philosophical  apparatus.  What  a  contrast.  Poor 
North  Carolina!" 

It  is  interesting  to  inquire  whether  there  were  other  causes 
of  the  unpopularity  of  the  University  besides  the  litigation 
under  the  act  of  1794. 

Naturally  the  reports  of  the  misbehavior  of  students,  un- 
doubtedly bad,  but  grievously  exaggerated,  had  a  tendency  to 
weaken  the  influence  of  the  University,  all  the  more  because 
none  of  the  Faculty  were  known  to  our  people.  But  papers  in 
our  archives  show  conclusively  that  political  feeling  was  the 
chief  cause. 

A  letter  from  John  Henry  Hobart,  heretofore  described,  to 
Mr.  Caldwell  in  March,  1798,  indicates  the  views  of  the  two 
friends  about  public  matters.  After  a  little  badinage  on  the 
subject  of  love  and  regret  that  Caldwell's  health  had  not  im- 
proved, he  said,  "What  think  you  of  the  honorable  Congress? 
Do  you  not  think  that  they  are  in  a  fair  way  to  rival  the  French 
Convention?  We  have  sometimes  heard  of  members  there 
tusseling  for  the  tribune  (i.  e.,  to  'get  the  floor').  But  Mr. 
Lyon  has  improved  upon  them  and  attempted  to  make  spitting 
in  the  face  fashionable.  Is  it  not  astonishing  that  party  spirit 
should  have  shielded  this  infamous  wretch  from  punishment  ? 
Dr.  Griswold  has  tried  the  thickness  of  his  coarse  hide,  and  I 
only  wish  he  had  beaten  him  to  a  jelly." 

"No  direct  news  from  our  Commissioners.  It  appears  that 
the  French  Directory  treat  them  with  silent  contempt.  When 
will  the  American  spirit  be  roused?  Is  it  content  tamely  to 
lick  the  dust?     Can  vou  not  infuse  some  Federalism  into  vour 


142       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

neighbors  in  Carolina,  and  displace  some  of  your  present  ig- 
norant and  pusillanimous  members?" 

The  North  Carolina  Senators  were  then  Alexander  Martin 
and  Timothy  Bloodworth ;  and  the  Representatives,  Thomas 
Blount,  Nathan  Bryan,  Dempsey  Burgess,  Win.  Barry  Grove, 
Matthew  Locke,  Nathaniel  Macon,  Joseph  McDowell  (of 
Quaker  Meadows),  Richard  Stanford  and  Robert  Williams,  all 
men  of  good  character  and  not  one  deserving  the  harsh  lan- 
guage of  Bishop  Hobart. 

There  is  some  evidence  that  Caldwell  was  indiscreet  in  re- 
gard to  the  utterance  of  his  political  sentiments.  We  have 
proof  positive  that  there  was  a  widespread  opinion  that  he  was 
a  bitter  partisan. 

On  the  22d  of  February  he  delivered  an  address  on  the  char- 
acter of  General  Washington,  who  died  about  two  months  pre- 
viously. The  Senior  and  Junior  classes  requested  a  copy  for 
publication.  They  say  "The  theme,  noble  as  it  is,  has  received 
additional  splendor  from  the  spirit  of  candor  in  which  it  was 
discussed.  The  publication  will  refute  the  calumnies  which 
have  been  so  industriously  circulated." 

Two  or  three  years  after  this  a  man,  styling  himself  "Citi- 
zen," attacked  the  University  fiercely  in  the  public  prints.  One 
of  his  charges  was  that  "every  effort  is  made  to  give  direction 
to  the  minds  of  the  students  on  political  subjects,  favorable  to 
a  high-toned  aristocratic  government."  *  *  *  "The  country 
will  be  imbued  with  aristocratic  principles  because  an  aristocrat 
is  at  the  head  of  it." 

In  giving  this  a  bitter  denial,  Caldwell  says :  "It  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  declamation  on  public  election  grounds  a 
long  time."  *  *  *  "I  have  common  sense  to  refrain  from  sub- 
jects upon  which,  if  I  were  to  enter  into  discussion  with  ray 
pupils,  I  should  only  incur  their  contempt.  Politics  is  a  subject 
upon  which  youth  will  speak  and  determine  with  as  much  confi- 
dence as  men  of  any  age,  experience  or  study."  He  appeals  to 
the  Republican  members  of  the  Board  to  say  whether  he  sought 
the  office  of  executive  head. 

It  was  already  recognized  that  Governor  Davie  was  the  vir- 
tual head  of  the  University.  "Citizen"  makes  an  ill-natured 
fling  at  him. 


DEFENCE  BY  CALDWELL.  1 43 

Another  cause  of  unpopularity  was  the  fact  that  the  manage- 
ment of  the  University  was  in  the  hands  of  a  self-perpetuating 
body.  The  Board  of  Trustees  filling  the  vacancies  in  its  body, 
having  been  Federalist  in  the  beginning,  naturally  continued 
so.  although  the  people  -tfere  generally  Republican. 

It  seems  strange  that  it  should  have  been  seriously  attempted 
to  bring  odium  on  the  authorities  of  the  University  because  of 
the  beginning  of  the  South  Building.  The  correspondent  "Citi- 
zen" denounces  it  as  "the  palace-like  erection,  which  is  much 
too  large  for  usefulness,  and  might  be  aptly  termed  the  'Temple 
of  Folly,'  planned  by  the  Demi-God  Davie."  Caldwell  answers 
this  sarcasm  by  showing  that  it  was  absolutely  essential  to  the 
progress  of  the  institution.  "No  Northern  college  has  more 
than  two  persons  in  each  room  and  the  rooms  are  larger  than 
ours."  In  each  room  at  Princeton  are  three  windows  instead 
of  two.  Into  our  smaller  rooms  originally  three  beds  and  fur- 
niture for  six  persons  were  forced,  leaving  hardly  space  for  the 
six  inhabitants  to  turn  without  jostling  one  another.  This  was 
endured  for  some  years.  The  Board  determined  to  put  an 
end  to  this.  The  Main  Building  was  commenced  and  an  order 
passed  that  only  four  should  occupy  one  room.  This  was  bad 
enough.  "Here  are  fifty-six  persons  huddled  together  with 
their  trunks,  beds,  tables,  chairs,  books  and  clothes  into  four- 
teen little  rooms,  which  by  the  excessive  heat  of  summer  are 
enough  to  stifle  them,  and  in  the  winter  scarcely  admit  them 
to  sit  around  the  fireplace.  When  the  weather  permits  they 
fly  to  the  shade  of  the  trees,  where  they  find  a  retreat  from 
the  burr  and  hurry  and  irrepressible  conversation  of  a  crowded 
society."  They  even  erected  huts  in  the  forest  for  greater 
privacy,  but  this  was  found  to  interfere  with  discipline,  and 
was  prohibited  by  law. 

The  building  was  planned  not  by  the  "Demi-God  Davie,"  but 
by  Governor  Spaight.  It  was  to  have  twenty-three  habitable 
rooms.  ''These  with  the  rooms  in  the  East  Building  will 
amount  to  38,  holding  76  students.  We  have  more  than  once 
had  over  70.  The  excess  above  56,  i.  e.,  four  to  a  room,  lived 
in  the  village."  Caldwell  winds  up  his  statements  with  a  spurt 
of  eloquence.     "If  rooms  sufficient  were  here  we  would  have 


144-  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  0$  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ioo  students  and  our  nation  would  have,  not  a  Temple  of 
Folly,  but  a  monument  of  glory  to  herself  and  a  pledge  of  utility 
and  worth  to  all  succeeding  generations."  He  closes  his  dis- 
cussion of  this  charge  of  Citizen  with  a  trenchant  sarcasm.  "As 
soon  as  the  light  of  truth  is  thrown 'Upon  Citizen,  the  visage 
from  which  issued  such  noisy  and  imposing  declamation  ap- 
pears nothing  more  than  one  wretched  blank  of  inanity  and 
dullness.  Malignity  and  lust  of  sway  are  his  guiding  principles 
and  his  composition  unites  with  the  boisterousness  of  a  stentor, 
the  hardihood  of  callous  feelings." 

To  the  charge  of  "Citizen"  that  the  University  employed  as 
teachers  men  from  other  States,  as  far  as  Massachusetts,  and 
even  from  Europe,  Caldwell  admitted  the  truth  and  contended 
that  the  only  way  to  escape  from  this  degrading  dependence  is 
to  facilitate  education  among  ourselves,  "the  true  method  of 
preventing  an  aristocracy  of  learning." 

He  complained  bitterly  of  the  unjust  charges  made  against 
the  University.  He  indignantly  affirmed  that  its  enemies  had 
caught  up  flying  rumors,  not  founded  in  fact,  and  then  pro- 
ceeded to  multiply  and  misrepresent  and  aggravate  until  the 
country  was  at  length  led  to  believe  that  the  institution  could 
not  be  worse  if  it  were  filled  with  a  parcel  of  inveterate  demons 
from  among  the  damned." 

I  think  I  have  shown  that  there  were  bitter  partisan  feelings 
against  the  University,  which  naturally  excited  strong  language 
on  the  part  of  the  pugnacious  young  Scotch-Irishman  at  its 
head.  Archibald  Murphey,  however,  the  young  lawyer,  ex- 
professor,  writing  from  Martinsville,  (old  Guilford  Court- 
house) ,  seemed  to  attribute  less  importance  to  hostile  attacks. 

"Be  up  and  active,  for  the  University  suffers  as  much  from 
the  supineness  of  its  friends,  as  from  the  malignity  of  its 
enemies." 

The  friends  of  the  University  generally  trembled  for  its  fate 
during  that  alarming  period.  Judge  Sitgreaves,  writing  to 
Treasurer  Haywood,  says,  "It  would  be  a  most  painful  idea  to 
suppose  that  after  so  much  pains  had  been  used  by  yourself  and 
others  to  get  it  on  its  legs  it  should  by  any  accident  be  over- 
turned.    The  aspect  of  the  last  legislature  appeared  to  be  rather 


SCARCITY  OF  TEACHERS.  145 

malignant."  He  sees  no  remedy  except  the  election  of  a  Presi- 
dent, "whose  weight  of  character  will  influence  the  Faculty  as 
well  as  the  students." 

David  Stone,  soon  to  be  Senator  and  Governor,  in  a  letter  in 
1800  to  the  same  Treasurer  Haywood  from  Washington,  where 
he  was  in  attendance  on  Congress  as  a  Representative,  did  not 
agree  with  Sitgreaves,  and  mentioned  a  different  difficulty  en- 
countered by  the  distressed  University.  "There  is  danger  of 
being  entirely  without  teachers,"  but  he  hopes  that  the  profess- 
ors will  stay.  He  argued  against  having  a  President  because  the 
salary  would  not  command  a  first-class  man.  "The  operations  of 
the  present  government,  or  some  other  cause,  has  made  money 
so  much  to  abound  this  way,  and  further  East,  and  raised  the 
price  of  living  to  such  an  extravagant  height,  that  salaries, 
considered  handsome  with  us  (in  North  Carolina)  are  here 
scarcely  thought  worth  notice." 

On  April  15,  1800,  Hugh  Williamson  wrote  from  New  York, 
then  his  residence,  that  he  hoped  to  get  for  a  professor  a 
clergyman,  educated  at  the  New  Haven  College  (Yale),  because 
"his  congregation  originally  small  is  greatly  diminished  by  the 
operation  of  politics.  Many  of  his  former  hearers  are  so  com- 
pletely modernized  and  philosophised  as  to  think  with  the 
French  National  Convention  that  "Death  is  an  eternal  sleep." 
He  is  more  solicitious  to  get  one  who  has  the  spirit  of  command 
than  one  merely  a  good  scholar.  He  quotes  .  .  .  Qui  docet 
indoctos  licet  indoctissimiis  est.  Ipse  tamen  breve  doctior  esse 
que  at. 

Caldwell  as  a  Controversialist. 

The  worthy  President  was  in  those  days  a  fighting  member 
of  the  Church  militant.  We  have  a  long  and  extremely  spirited 
reply  of  his  to  an  attack  on  the  University  for  which  he  held 
Basil  Gaither,  Senator  from  Rowan,  Absalom  Tatum,  Com- 
moner from  the  borough  of  Hillsboro,  who  had  once  been  a 
friend  of  the  institution,  James  Welbourn,  Senator  from  Wilkes 
and  William  Slade,  Commoner  from  Edenton,  responsible.  An 
analysis  of  this  open  letter  gives  a  good  idea  of  arguments  used 
by  the  opponents  of  higher  education  a  century  ago,  and  of 
Caldwell's  style  and  manner  of  answering  them. 

10 


I46  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  01?   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

He  begins  by  accusing  them  of  being  most  conspicuous  in 
trying  to  ruin  the  University — 

1.  The  charge  that  it  has  been  a  costly  institution  is  not  true. 
The  State  only  gave  property  lying  dormant  and  useless  to  the 
public.  This  is  correct  with  the  exception  of  $10,000  loaned 
and  converted  into  a  gift. 

2.  The  cry  that  the  poor  are  being  taxed  for  the  benefit  of 
the  rich  is  but  a  trick  of  hypocrisy,  the  crooked  policy  of 
imposture. 

3.  The  attack  is  founded  on  an  unreasonable  envy,  which 
some  men  feel  at  the  superior  advantages  of  others. 

4.  It  is  objected  that  University  education  will  bring  mon- 
archical principles  upon  us.  It  is  impossible.  The  State  is  too 
extensive,  the  land  too  much  divided.  Education  at  the  Uni- 
versity only  costs  $100  per  year.  It  cannot  be  engrossed  by 
the  rich.  Those  making  these  objections  are  really  afraid  that 
improved  minds  may  oust  them  fiom  their  "seats  of  elevation, 
leaving  them  at  home  to  drink  their  whiskey  until  they  are 
besotted,  or  to  drive  their  negroes  in  the  cornfield." 

Our  youth  educated  abroad  will  have  little  State  pride.  The 
effectual  method  of  building  up  an  aristocracy  is  to  deny  edu- 
cation to  all  except  those  who  are  rich  enough  to  send  their 
sons  abroad/'  at  a  cost  of  $400  or  $500.  "It  is  a  fact  which 
all  witness  that  those,  not  North  Carolinians,  who  come  in 
among  us  are  able  to  supplant  our  own  citizens  in  the  transac- 
tion of  our  own  business.  If  education  should  become  easy  and 
plenty  among  us.  we  shall  preserve  our  public  liberties  from  the 
grasp  of  those  who  would  otherwise  engross  all  merit  and 
abilities  and  knowledge  to  themselves." 

5.  Forcing  our  citizens  to  send  their  sons  to  Northern  Col- 
leges sends  out  streams  of  wealth,  and  increases  the  advantages 
they  already  have  over  us.  Per  contra  by  creating  a  University 
of  character  we  cause  currents  of  wealth  to  flow  into  us.  We 
are  already  obliged  to  send  our  wealth  and  commerce  into  Vir- 
ginia, South  Carolina  and  Pennsylvania.  It  is  sought  to  force 
us  to  give  them  other  fruits  of  our  labors,  whereas  we  may 
easily  make  reprisals  on  them. 

As  a  specimen  of  Caldwell's  power  of  vituperation,  I  give 
his  peroration  to  this  branch  of  the  subject:  "Be  assured,  gen- 


CALDWEU.  AS  A  CONTROVERSIALIST.  14/ 

tlemen,  the  stupidity  of  your  politics  shall  be  known.  .  .  .  The 
grave  may  open  to  you  a  retreat  from  public  anger  and  con- 
tempt, and  you  shall  still  live  notorious  monuments  of  that  vile- 
ness,  into  which  a  sinister,  a  malignant  and  insidious  warfare 
against  the  good  of  the  country  must  very  shortly  descend," 
and  more  of  the  same  sort. 

He  contended  that  "every  national  institution  serves  to  gen- 
erate among  us  a  national  spirit  and  character.  ...  It  gives 
a  spring  to  the  public  nerve,  and,  by  keeping  it  active,  gives  it 
tone  and  power."  "It  is  the  very  nature  of  a  place  of  public 
education  to  polish  and  give  play  to  the  springs  of  human 
action,  to  spread  abroad  a  desire  of  information,  a  spirit  of 
active  enterprise,  and  the  instruments  of  interest,  which  must, 
without  it,  be  buried  in  some  distant  part  of  the  world." 

7.  Another  argument  for  the  University  is  that  it  trains  at  a 
critical  period  of  their  lives  youths  of  fortune,  who  would 
otherwise  waste  their  time  and  learn  dissipation.  They  should 
be  considered  the  property  of  the  country  and  such  training 
provided  for  them  as  will  ensure  improvement  to  their  genius, 
regularity  to  their  conduct,  and  a  love  of  religion  to  their 
affections. 

8.  It  may  be  said,  let  the  rich  erect  their  own  institutions. 
The  objections  are — 

1.  It  is  too  expensive  to  have  separate  institutions  for  dif- 
ferent classes  of  society. 

2.  Education  is  the  business  of  the  public  and  should  not  be 
delegated. 

3.  Alen  of  means  should  not  be  allowed  exclusivelv  to  sup- 
port the  University — 

a.  Because  the  students  would  not  have  a  sense  of  obliga- 
tion to  the  State,  but  to  the  men  of  wealth  whose  bounty  thev 
received. 

b.  A  generous  people  should  desire  the  chief  share  in  effect- 
ing what  is  most  honorable  and  advantageous  to  themselves. 
But  Caldwell  here  breaks  off  into  invective.  "It  is  such  men  as 
you  who  rob  a  people,  when  you  once  get  the  swav  into  your 
hands,  of  the  honor  and  the  pleasure  of  everv  liberal  act  thev 
could  do." 


I48  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Other  arguments  in  favor  of  the  University  are  urged.  North 
Carolina  must  come  into  competition  with  others.  Will  it  do 
to  send  to  the  national  government  men  who  know  nothing  of 
the  world,  of  civil  government,  of  the  power  of  speaking  with 
some  degree  of  oratory;  who  have  never  strengthened  and 
quickened  the  powers  of  their  minds  by  long  study  and  the  exer- 
cise of  reason  ?  Then  the  irate  Scotch-Irish  preacher  bursts  into 
a  fierce  argumentum  ad  homines. 

"It  is  by  no  means  impossible  that  chosen  as  our  congressmen 
are  by  districts,  you  might  make  the  people  near  to  you  think 
that  you  were  fit  to  make  laws  for  a  generation.  But  what 
would  be  the  result?  The  capital  of  the  United  States  would 
be  to  you  like  another  world.  The  hall  of  Congress  fitted  with 
members  not  only  of  as  strong  natural  genius  but  of  as  perfect 
education  as  any  men  in  the  country,  would  be  a  place  where 
you  would  shrink  from  the  eye  of  every  spectator.  .  .  .  You 
would  be  glad  to  take  shelter  under  a  dumb  and  listening 
silence.  And  when  you  heard  the  tongue  of  eloquence  rolling 
upon  your  ear  the  imposing  accents  of  reasoning  and  harmony, 
all  that  would  be  left  for  you  would  be  to  be  shaped  at  the 
will  of  skilful  politicians." 

"If  you  look  at  the  representatives  of  this  State  for  some 
years  this  will  be  proved  past  controversy.  ...  It  is  true,  in 
a  large  representation,  we  may  see  that  there  will  be  some 
who  are  senseless  enough.  But  unfortunately  for  us,  so  large 
a  proportion  of  ours  has  always  been  of  a  cast  so  completely 
inferior,  being  hardly  able  to  show  i.wo  or  three  of  respectable 
talents,  from  among  a  dozen,  that  there  is  no  wonder  that  our 
State,  though  so  large  and  populous,  is  regarded  in  the  very 
lowest  rank  in  the  Union.  ...  In  what  light  ought  we  to 
view  such  men  as  you,  who  are  striving  with  all  your  might 
and  main  to  condemn  us  to  endless  continuance  in  the  same 
unhappy  lot?" 

Caldwell  then  defends  the  University  against  the  charge  of 
immorality. 

9.  "It  is  customary  with  you  to  raise  a  clamor  about  the  irre- 
ligion  and  vice  which  you  ignorantly  affirm  to  prevail  among  the 
youth  who  are  educated  at  a  University.     You  are  industrious 


PARTY  FEEDING  AGAINST  THE  UNIVERSITY.        I49 

to  search  out  every  boyish  trick  which  you  can  come  to  the 
knowledge  of,  and  you  do  not  fail  to  paint  every  act  in  the 
deepest  colors  of  criminality  and  corruption.  ...  It  is  less 
unjust  to  you  to  condemn  a  whole  society  of  people  for  the  in- 
discretion or  absurd  behavior  of  a  few,  than  it  is  for  these  few 
to  be  guilty  of  some  absurdities.  .  .  .  How  dreadful,  how  un- 
just, how  hard  it  is  that  calumny  must  be  forever  watching,  as 
with  a  lynx's  eye,  the  disorders  of  a  few  wrong-headed  young 
people,  who  are  mixed  up  in  a  college  with  the  body  of  the 
students." 

That  the  ferocity  of  party  spirit  was  baleful  to  the  University 
is  further  shown  by  a  letter  written  by  the  eminent  "Log-col- 
lege" teacher  and  fighting  parson,  Captain  of  Cavalry  in  the 
Revolution,  Rev.  Dr.  James  Hall,  acknowledging  the  degree  of 
D.D.  conferred  on  him  in  1810.  He  was  nettled  that  some- 
time before  his  name  had  been  proposed  as  a  Trustee  without 
success.  He  begs  that  he  be  not  again  nominated,  partly  because 
he  was  in  his  69th  year  and  partly  because  an  editor — a  "fugitive 
European"  [Joseph  Gales]  had  characterized  all  clerical  Feder- 
alists as  "Rebel  Priests."  His  uniform  character  as  a  patriot 
and  the  part  he  acted  through  the  whole  Revolution  have  not 
saved  him  from  this  and  other  most  odious  epithets.  One  of 
his  co-presbyters  had  been  elected  a  member,  (Rev.  Dr.  James 
Wallis),  the  only  Democrat  in  the  Two  Presbyteries,  consisting 
of  at  least  thirty  members.  He  urges  that  party  spirit  had  pre- 
vailed too  much  in  the  choice  of  Trustees,  and  in  counselling 
that  more  of  the  clergy  should  be  made  members  of  the  Board, 
he  asserts,  that  it  is  well  known  that  no  set  of  men  under 
heaven  have  done  so  much,  or  are  capable  of  doing  so  much 
for  the  promotion  of  literature,  as  those  of  the  clerical  order. 
He  then  gives  unstinted  praise  to  President  Caldwell.  "I  query 
if  Christendom  can  produce  such  an  example  on  that  subject 
as  has  been,  and  now  may  be  found  in  the  University  of  North 
Carolina."  He  then  announces  that  he  intends  to  donate  a  con- 
siderable number  of  volumes  to  the  University,  which  was  after- 
wards done,  a  most  pleasing  proof  that  this  most  worthy  man, 
who  in  his  day  exerted  wide  influence  for  good,  retained  no 
malice  for  the  injury  which  in  his  opinion  the  Federalist  Trus- 
tees had  done  him. 


150  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  01?  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

When  the  escheats  were  restored  in  1805,  the  same  act  made 
the  Governor  for  the  time  being  the  ex-ofhclo  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees.  Further  popularity  was  gained  by  giving 
the  General  Assembly  on  joint  ballot  the  power  of  filling  va- 
cancies, and,  to  ensure  regularity  of  attendance,  two  years  con- 
tinued absence  from  meetings  forfeited  the  seat  of  the  delin- 
quent. 

In  1807  the  Board  was  rendered  more  efficient  by  making 
seven  members  a  quorum  for  transacting  business.  In  1809 
balances  in  the  hands  of  executors  and  administrators,  remain- 
ing for  seven  years  unclaimed,  were  vested  in  the  University. 
And  so  were  likewise  balances  due  the  State  by  Sheriffs  and 
other  officers  prior  to  December  31st,  1799,  but  of  course  claims 
of  such  venerable  antiquity  were  not  copious  fountains  of 
wealth.  It  shows  badly  either  for  the  financial  integrity  of 
the  officers  of  the  old  times,  or  for  the  accuracy  of  their  busi- 
ness methods,  that  there  were  no  less  than  sixty-eight  judg- 
ments and  other  evidences  of  debt  against  the  same  number  of 
defaulters  turned  over  to  the  University.  Among  these  there 
were  seven  clerks,  sixteen  sheriffs,  nineteen  sellers  of  confis- 
cated property,  nine  entry-takers,  eight  agents  for  sale  of  lot- 
tery tickets  in  which  the  State,  in  behalf  of  the  city  of  Raleigh, 
was  interested,  one  "Cornmissionary,"  i.  e.  Commissary,  and 
two  judges.  The  dues  of  the  judges,  Samuel  Spencer  and  John 
Haywood,  were  for  licenses  of  lawyers.  The  total  amount  due 
amounted  to  the  handsome  sum — on  paper — of  $111,010  certi- 
ficates and  $38,942  in  money. 

Collection  of  Escheats. 

For  the  purpose  of  more  thoroughly  realizing  the  escheats, 
which  had  been  re-granted  to  the  institution,  the  State  was 
divided  in  1809  into  ten  districts  and  an  attorney  over  each 
appointed.  Naturally  the  friends  of  education  were  chosen  and 
hence  their  names  should  be  recorded.  For  the  1st  District  be- 
ginning with  Ashe,  Israel  Pickens  of  Burke  and  Robert  H. 
Burton  of  Lincoln ;  for  the  2nd  beginning  with  Rowan,  Lewis 
Beard  of  Salisbury;  for  the  3rd  beginning  with  Anson.  John 
Cameron  of  Fayetteville  and  Alexander  McMillan  of  Richmond 
County ;  for  the  4th  beginning  with  New  Hanover,  Samuel  R. 


COLLECTION   OF  ESCHEATS.  151 

Jocelyn  of  Wilmington  ;  for  the  5th  beginning  with  Chatham, 
A.  ~D.J£dn?phey  of  Hillsboro ;  for  the  6th  beginning  with  Hali- 
Tax\  John  Whitaker  of  Halifax ;  for  the  7th  beginning  with 
Carteret,  Wright  C.  Stanly  and  John  T.  West,  both  of  New- 
bern ;  for  the  8th  beginning  with  Hyde.  John  Roulhac  of  Mar- 
tin County  and  Thomas  B.  Haughton  of  Washington  County ; 
for  the  9th  beginning  with  Bertie.  Samuel  Turner  of  Bertie : 
for  the  10th  beginning  with  Wake.  Robert  H.  Jones  of  Warren. 

Any  two  Trustees,  with  the  Attorney,  were  authorized  to 
compromise  all  litigation.  They  might  select  three  freeholders 
to  fix  the  price  of  land,  which  might  be  sold  on  a  credit  of  one. 
two  and  three  years,  with  a  discount  of  six  per  cent  allowed  for 
cash.  The  Attorneys  were  allowed  three  per  cent  commissions 
for  selling,  and  two  and  a  half  per  cent  for  collecting  and  pay- 
ing over  the  money.  In  case  of  suit  fees  usual  among  lawyers 
could  be  charged.  Annual  reports  must  be  made.  Amounts 
over  $1,000  were  to  be  remitted  in  one  month.  Less  amounts 
within  three  months.  As  might  be  expected  the  commissions 
were  increased  in  special  cases.  In  settling  with  Samuel  R. 
Jocelyn  he  was,  on  account  of  great  and  signal  services,  allowed 
ten  per  cent  on  sales,  and  was  not  charged  with  failure  to  col- 
lect $3,218.  This  was  very  handsome,  as  his  sales  amounted  to 
$21,800. 

At  the  same  session  of  the  Board  Samuel  Polk  of  Tennessee 
was  authorized  to  sell  all  the  Gerrard  lands  except  his  "service 
right,"  2,560  acres.  Under  this  authority  Col.  Win.  Polk  be- 
came the  purchaser  at  the  price  of  $4,352.  for  all  which  could 
be  identified. 

The  receipts  mainly  from  this  source  and  from  escheats  were 
so  liberal  about  this  time  that  the  Trustees  were  not  only  able  to 
pay  for  the  South  Building,  but  to  buy  Si  1,050  stock  in  the 
Bank  of  Newbern,  $8,400  in  the  Bank  of  Cape  Fear,  and  $2,000 
in  the  State  Bank  of  N.  C.  Twenty  shares  of  the  Xewbern 
Bank  were  bought  of  Judge  Gaston  at  1 5  per  cent  premium  and 
27  shares  of  Cape  Fear  at  25  per  cent  premium  of  Judge  Mur- 
phey.  Dividends  of  8  and  10  per  cent  per  annum  were  received 
from  the  State  Bank  in  addition  to  a  bonus  of  17  1-2  per  cent. 

As  in  duty  bound  the  Trustees  were  act:ve  and  watchful  in 


152  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OIf  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

claiming  the  rights  devolved  by  the  law  upon  them,  yet  when- 
ever a  case  appealing  to  their  generous  feelings  came  up  they 
were  sufficiently  liberal.  I  give  one  example :  John  R.  Don- 
nell,  afterwards  a  Superior  Court  Judge,  who  graduated  at  the 
University  with  highest  honors  in  1807,  was  the  heir  of  an 
uncle  who  owned  a  plantation  in  Lenoir  County.  As  young 
Donnell  was  born  in  Ireland,  he  could  not,  as  the  law  then 
stood,  inherit  the  land.  The  Trustees  in  1810  relinquished 
their  claim,  taking  the  precaution,  however,  to  have  the  General 
Assembly  approve  their  -action. 

I  find  an  application  for  relief  by  Jonathan  Price.  In  a  let- 
ter dated  July  21st,  1817,  he  stated  that  the  State,  in  1792  and 
1794,  loaned  him  and  Christmas,  (William  Christmas,  doubt- 
less, the  Surveyor  who  laid  out  the  city  of  Raleigh,  Senator 
from  Franklin),  money  to  complete  a  map  of  the  State  from 
actual  survey.  This  debt  was  transferred  to  the  University. 
Christmas  deserted  him  and  Strother  took  his  place.  In  this 
work  he  had  spent  the  prime  of  his  life  and  his  little  patrimony. 
The  work  commanded  the  admiration  not  only  of  our  sister 
States,  but  of  European  Reviewers.  One  of  the  English  Re- 
views pronounced  the  map  worthy  to  be  classed  among  the  first 
published  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  Some  of  the  States  have 
made  provision  for  the  publication  of  the  maps  of  their  terri- 
tories "on  the  plan  of  that  of  Price  and  Strother,"  and  have 
voted  ample  means  for  the  purpose.  He  pathetically  adds, 
"May  the  persons  employed  reap  the  reward  of  their  labors, 
and  not,  like  me,  in  the  winter  of  their  age.  be  left  in  the  pinch- 
ing hands  of  poverty,  nor  doomed  to  the  melancholy  reflection, 
that  on  one  hand  a  grave  is  yawning  to  receive  them  and  on 
the  other  a  prison.  But  I  should  feel  proud,  even  in  a  dungeon, 
of  the  advantages  which  the  present  generation  are  receiving, 
and  which  posterity  will  receive,  from  the  time  and  fortune  I 
have  devoted  to  my  country ;  and  though  my  feelings  make  my 
old  hand  tremble  while  I  write,  my  heart  beats  with  honest  ex- 
ultation in  the  recollection  that  my  labors  will  survive  me."  He 
applied  to  the  legislature  for  relief.  If  that  should  be  refused, 
he  offered,  if  the  University  withdraw  the  process  issued 
against  him,  to  give  one-half  of  all  sums  due  him  for  maps 


FIRST  GRADUATES.  153 

sold,  and  half  of  future  sales  during  his  life,  reserving  the  other 
half  as  a  small  pittance  for  his  maintenance;  after  his  death  the 
copyright  and  all  unsold  to  go  to  the  University.  It  must  be 
remembered  that  at  this  time  a  debtor  could  be. imprisoned  by 
the  creditor  twenty  days  before  taking  the  proper  oath  and 
being  released. 

Three  members  of  the  Executive  Committee,  Messrs.  Porter, 
Haywood  and  Polk,  authorized  the  recall  of  the  ca-sa  which 
had  been  issued  and  reference  of  the  matter  to  the  Board  of 
Trustees.  At  their  next  meeting  further  action  for  the  collec- 
tion of  the  debt,  £698,  18s.  was  indefinitely  suspended  on  pay- 
ment of  costs,  the  reason  given  being  the  poverty  of  the  defend- 
ant. The  offer  of  Mr.  Price  with  regard  to  sales  and  copyright 
was  generously  not  accepted. 

The  map  referred  to  was  the  only  large,  or  Avail,  map  until 
that  of  McRae  was  published  in  183 1. 

The  First  Graduating  Class. — Troublous  Times. 

The  first  Commencement  during  which  diplomas  were  grant- 
ed was  on  July  4,  1798.  Seven  young  men  headed  the  honor- 
able procession  of  graduates  of  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina. 

It  is  proper  to  name  all  of  these  graduate  fathers.  Samuel 
Hinton  of  Wake,  a  farmer;  William  Houston,  a  physician  of 
Iredell ;  Hinton  James,  the  first  student ;  Robert  Locke,  farmer 
of  Rowan ;  Alexander  Osborne,  physician  of  Rowan ;  Edwin 
Jay  Osborne,  lawyer  of  Salisbury  and  New  York;  Adam  A. 
Springs,  planter  of  Mecklenburg,  all  prominent  and  useful  citi- 
zens.    Houston,  Locke  and  Springs  were  distinguished. 

The  Committee  of  Visitation  after  expressing  their  high  sense 
of  the  talents  of  the  gentlemen  engaged  in  the  competition  in 
declamation,  awarded  the  first  honor  to  Mr.  Nathaniel  W.  Wil- 
liams of  Tennessee,  the  second  to  Mr.  Richard  Eagles  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  the  third  to  Mr.  John  B.  Baker  of  Gates.  It  appear- 
ing that  there  was  a  tendency  to  adopt  dramatic  acting,  General 
Davie  strongly  advised  against  it. 

He  wrote,  "Dramas  are  by  no  means  so  well  calculated  for 
improvement  in  elocution  as  single  speeches.     If  the  Faculty 


154       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

insist  on  this  kind  of  exhibition  the  Board  must  interfere.  Our 
object  is  to  make  the  students  men,  not  players."  It  appears 
that  very  harsh  criticism  of  the  teaching  and  morals  of  the  in- 
stitution had  been  idulged  in  in  some  quarters.  Davie  remarks 
concerning  this  :  "Human  malevolence  in  some,  interested  views 
in  others,  the  ignorance  and  caprice  of  parents,  will  continue  to 
injure  our  institution,  until  it  has  acquired  some  stability,  some 
fixed  character,  and  this  process  will  require  some  years." 

The  creation  of  the  spirit  of  dramatic  acting  was  due  to  the 
influence  of  a  very  interesting  person,  William  Augustus  Rich- 
ards, the  Tutor  in  the  Preparatory  Department,  of  whom  we 
have  an  excellent  sketch  by  Judge  Murphey.  He  was  a  native 
of  London,  and  had  a  fair  education.  For  some  reason  he  left 
home  and  enlisted  as  a  common  sailor,  serving  both  on  mer- 
chantmen and  men  of  war.  Having  aspirations  for  a  higher 
life,  he  deserted  his  ship  at  either  Baltimore  or  Norfolk  and 
was  saved  from  the  searching  party  by  the  kindness  of  an  old 
lady,  who  had  pity  on  his  forlorn  condition.  By  accident  he 
met  the  manager  of  a  strolling  band  of  players  and  joined  the 
company,  gaining  of  course  only  a  small  pittance  for  his  ser- 
vices. In  the  course  of  their  journeyings  they  reached  War- 
renton  in  North  Carolina,  the  seat  of  an  excellent  Academy, 
under  the  management  of  Air.  Marcus  George,  the  teacher  of 
many  of  our  best  men,  among  them  Chief  Justice  Ruffin  and 
Weldon  N.  Edwards,  a  member  of  Congress  and  President  of 
the  Convention  of  1861.  Two  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Academy, 
Dr.  Gloster  and  .Mr.  Wm.  Falkener,  discerned  in  Richards  qual- 
ities superior  to  his  station  and  procured  his  appointment  as 
assistant  to  Mr.  George.  Thence  he  was  induced  to  come  to  the 
University  as  Tutor,  and  till  his  death  in  December,  1798,  dis- 
charged his  duties,  in  the  language  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
"with  singular  reputation  to  himself  and  advantage  to  the  insti- 
tution." Judge  Murphey  says,  "His  acquaintance  with  the 
stage  in  some  degree  vitiated  his  morals  and  gave  an  air  of 
affectation  to  his  manners.  But  these  defects  he  greatly  cor- 
rected before  his  death,  and  counterbalanced  by  his  many  good 
qualities  of  mind  and  heart."  He  naturally  was  interested  in 
instructing  the  young  men  in  elocution,  and  his  proposal  to 


DISORDERS.  155 

deliver  lectures  on  oratory  was  accepted  by  the  Trustees,  but  its 
execution  was  prevented  by  his  death.  It  was  he  who  induced 
the  Literary  Societies  to  join  in  substituting  for  a  time  a  dra- 
matic performance  for  all  other  duties.  It  is  allowable  to  con- 
jecture that  the  scenery  in  Williamsboro,  a  few  miles  from  War- 
renton,  which  they  purchased  for  the  occasion,  was  the  tristes 
reliquiae  of  the  strolling  company,  which  he  left  for  more 
serious  and  useful  work. 

The  term  preceding  the  Commencement  of  1799  was  especi- 
ally stormy.  For  some  reason  Mr.  Gillaspie  became  personally 
obnoxious  and  the  students  broke  out  in  rebellion  against  the 
laws  and  the  Faculty.  They  actually,  according  to  the  testi- 
mony of  Mr.  Caldwell,  "beat  Mr.  Gillaspie  personally,  waylaid 
and  stoned  Mr.  Webb,  accosted  Mr.  Flinn  with  the  intention 
of  beating  him,  but  were  diverted  from  it,  and  at  length  uttered 
violent  threats  against  Mr.  Murphey  and  Mr.  Caldwell,  which 
were  never  put  into  execution."  The  disorders  were  going  on 
for  a  week.  The  students  proposed  to  Mr.  Caldwell  that  he 
should  assume  the  supreme  authority,  which  request  was,  in 
his  own  language,  "rejected  with  contempt.  It  was  necessary 
to  summon  the  Trustees  for  the  appointment  of  a  superinten- 
dent and  restoring  submission  to  the  laws."  Three  of  the  worst 
offenders   were   dismissed   from   the   institution. 

The  effect  of  these  disorders,  of  course,  was  to  diminish  the 
number  of  the  students.  While  there  were  eight  graduates 
in  1799,  there  were  only  three  in  1800.  The  Faculty  all  ten- 
dered their  resignations,  so  that  there  was  danger  of  the  Uni- 
versity failing  for  want  of  teachers.  In  November,  1799.  a 
committee  of  the  Trustees,  by  order  of  the  Board,  advertised 
for  a  Professor  of  Natural.  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy, 
of  the  Languages  and  Belles  Lettres,  and  of  Mathematics.  They 
stated  that  the  salary  and  emoluments  of  each  professorship 
had  been  upwards  of  500  dollars  per  annum,  exclusive  of  board 
at  Commons.  A  Tutor  in  the  Preparatorv  Department  was 
also  wanted  at  a  salary  of  200  dollars  and  board.  The  result 
of  this  glittering  offer  was  the  re-election  of  Caldwell  to  the 
Chair  of  Mathematics,  also  to  succeed  Gillaspie  as  Presiding 
Professor,  and  of  Wm.  Edwards  Webb  to  be  Professor  of 
Languages  in  the  place  of  Holmes. 


I50  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  early  records  of  the  University  are  so  meagre  and  in 
such  confusion  that  we  cannot  ascertain  definitely  the  causes 
of  this  most  disreputable  riot  of  1799.  Certain  facts  which 
have  come  down  to  us  throw  a  light  upon  it. 

We  find  an  indictment  of  Prof.  Samuel  Allen  Holmes  by  the 
other  professors,  in  the  handwriting  of  Caldwell,  charging  him 
with  offences  so  serious  as  to  show,  if  they  were  well  grounded, 
that  he  was  an  18th  century  anarchist  in  theory,  and  a  traitor 
to  the  University  in  practice. 

The  charges  in  substance  were  that  when  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  University  he  was  a  Baptist  preacher,  but  he 
at  once  became  an  apostate.  He  advocated  the  doctrine  that 
there  is  no  such  thing  as  virtue — that  the  love  of  virtue  is  a 
mere  superstition ;  that  to  shake  off  its  obligations  and  to 
bend  to  the  circumstances  and  character  of  the  times  so  as  to 
advance  one's  interest  or  ambition  is  the  best  morality.  For  any 
man  to  profess  to  be  governed  by  the  fixed  principles  of  justice, 
of  honor,  of  truth,  or  of  generosity,  is  sufficient  to  stamp  him 
a  hypocrite  and  a  designing  knave,  that  is  lying  in  wait  under 
these  characters  for  the  happiness  of  others.  He  called  in 
question  every  truth  of  religion  and  then  proceeded  to  shake 
out  of  his  mind  every  moral  sentiment.  He  openly  avowed  that 
what  is  called  virtue  and  integrity  are  deceptions  and  injurious 
pretenses. 

It  is  stated  that  Holmes  was  a  trouble  and  a  pest  to  Mr.  Ker. 
Mr.  Harris.  Mr.  Caldwell,  and  Mr.  Gillaspie.  He  undermined 
their  influence  by  blaming  among  the  students  their  acts  of  dis- 
cipline. Caldwell  tendered  his  resignation  in  1796  because  ''he 
perceived  that  so  long  as  he  was  to  act  with  a  feeble-minded 
monk  (Delvaux),  an  apostate  and  skepticized  preacher 
(Holmes),  whose  little  mind  was  fruitful  in  every  kind  of 
villainy  which  envy  could  suggest  *  *  *  and  the  onlv  one  in 
whom  he  could  place  dependence  was  a  man  whose  orevious 
life  had  not  earned  him  an  exalted  character  (Richards'!,  it 
required  no  great  sagacity  to  discover  that  the  public  affairs 
were  not  to  be  advantageously  conducted." 

Caldwell  further  stated  that,  not  content  with  taking  the 
part  of  students  charged   with  breaches   of  the  law.  Holmes 


PROFESSOR  HOLMES.  157 

constantly  vilified  and  slandered  the  other  professors.  In  re- 
gard to  Caldwell  he  said  among  the  students  that  indolence  and 
ignorance  were  his  true  characters,  that  he  was  unprincipled, 
actuated  by  mean  motives,  and  a  drunkard,  and  that  the  more 
effectually  there  should  be  an  insurrection  against  the  estab- 
lished authority  the  better. 

Notwithstanding  this  invective,  when  the  subject  of  it  died 
in  Raleigh  about  six  years  afterwards  Caldwell  preached  his 
funeral  sermon.  It  was  of  such  excellence  that  its  publication 
was  called  for.  I  have  been  unable  to  procure  a  copy  and  have 
no  means  of  knowing  to  what  extent  the  preacher  modified  his 
unfavorable  views,  but  his  journeying  twenty-eight  miles  and 
the  preparation  of  a  written  discourse  tend  to  prove  that  Holmes 
had  discarded  his  anarchistic  views.  Moreover  the  Raleigh 
Register,  in  which  this  notice  is  found,  eulogistically  states  that 
"for  several  years  past  Holmes  was  a  Tutor  in  the  University, 
in  which  situation  he  acquitted  himself  much  to  his  own  credit 
and  with  great  advantage  to  the  establishment."  The  editor 
mistakes  in  calling  him  Tutor,  as  he  was  Professor  most  of  his 
time  of  service.  Remembering  that  the  Register  was  a  Repub- 
lican paper,  and  the  extreme  bitterness  of  party  spirit,  I  think 
it  probable  that  Holmes  became  a  violent  Jeffersonian,  indulged 
in  the  Voltairian,  Tom  Paine  cant  of  the  times,  talked  swellingly 
of  Big  Liberty  and  the  Rights  of  Man,  and  his  tenets  and  con- 
duct were  misunderstood  and  distorted  by  his  Federalist  col- 
leagues. He  probably  repented  his  errors.  It  was  common 
in  those  days  to  talk  in  the  strain  of  modern  anarchists. 

Such  differences  in  the  Faculty  would  have  produced  discord 
in  quiet  times.  But  the  times  were  not  quiet.  Fighting  and 
drinking  and  gambling  were  almost  universally  fashionable  and 
of  course  could  not  be  banished  from  the  microcosm  of  the 
University.  There  was  in  the  air  a  spirit  of  revolt  against 
authority,  divine  and  human,  which  was  felt  in  all  circles 
whether  of  youth  or  manhood.  Universities  and  even  schools 
for  children  found  their  pupils  inclined  to  recklessness  and 
insubordination,  and  fathers  had  little  correcting  influence  be- 
cause the  children  were  but  following  their  example. 

It  is  probable  also  that  the  spirit  of  party  was  a  disturbing 


158  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY   Otf  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

element.  Caldwell  was  a  Federalist — possibly  others  of  the 
Faculty.  Certainly  soon  afterwards  the  institution  was  vio- 
lently attacked  in  the  newspapers  and  in  the  Legislature  because 
of  their  alleged  opposition  to  Democratic  principles.  Party 
spirit  was  so  bitter  during  John  Adams'  administration,  the  days 
of  the  Alien  and  Sedition  laws,  that  friendly  relations  could 
with  difficulty  exist  between  opponents.  The  followers  of  Jef- 
ferson were  charged  with  seeking  to  introduce  mob-rule  and 
French  Red-Republicanism,  while  they  alleged  that  their  op- 
ponents were  seeking  to  change  our  government  into  a  virtual 
monarchy.  Republican  students  thought  it  highly  patriotic  to 
insult  and  worry  instructors,  who,  as  they  thought,  were  enemies 
of  the  rule  of  the  people,  seeking  to  introduce  an  aristocracy, 
if  not  a  king. 

This  conjecture  is  sustained  by  the  law  passed  by  the  Trus- 
tees during  that  period.  "No  speech  by  a  student  shall  have 
any  allusion  to  party  politics.  The  Faculty  shall  be  responsible 
that  nothing  indecent,  immoral  or  profane  shall  be  spoken  on 
the  public  stage."  The  first  part  of  this  prohibition  was 
destined  to  create  an  insurrection  after  a  few  years. 

The  difficulty '  of  governing  the  students  by  reason  of  the 
evil  influence  of  Holmes  was  increased  by  the  character  of  the 
rest  of  the  teaching  force.  The  best  of  them  (Caldwell)  was 
only  27  years  of  age,  and  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  then  a 
month's  distance  from  North  Carolina.  Gillaspie  was  a  young 
native  of  the  State,  not  a  graduate  of  a  college,  evidently  lacking 
in  the  sound  judgment  and  tact  necessary  to  overcome  these 
difficulties.  The  beating  of  an  executive  officer  is  "unthinkable" 
in  our  days,  and  is  a  sure  sign  of  the  want  of  what  is  called 
personal  magnetism,  however  well-intentioned  was  the  officer. 

The  other  instructors,  Webb,  Murphey  and  Flinn,  were,  as 
I  have  said,  young  men,  not  yet  graduated,  although  eminently 
worthy. 

But  the  most  efficient  cause  of  insubordination  was  the  con- 
duct of  the  Trustees.  Instead  of  entrusting  discipline  wholly 
to  the  Faculty  they  constantly  interfered.  The  result  was  to 
take  from  the  Faculty  their  sense  of  full  responsibility,  and  to 
infuse  into  the  minds  of  the  governed  a  contempt   for  their 


INTERFERENCE  OF  TRUSTEES.  159 

authority.  Mr.  Gillaspie  expressed  bitterly  the  views  of  the 
Faculty  on  this  subject,  in  a  letter  written  from  Martinsville, 
February  19,  1800.  "When  at  the  University  I  understood  that 
two  of  the  dismissed  students  had  been  re-admitted.  This  in- 
formation at  first  gave  me  some  surprise  and  induced  me  to 
believe  that  the  institution  would  not  be  soon  enough  ruined 
by  the  system  of  measures  which  had  been  previously  formed. 
But  upon  further  recollection  I  found  nothing  more  than  a 
continuation  of  their  resolution  to  support  the  students  against 
the  Faculty.  Such  doings  and  undoings  must  be  productive 
of  the  worst  effects.''  Here  was  a  rebellion,  the  professors 
beaten  and  stoned,  exercises  broken  up  for  a  week,  the  three 
chief  offenders  dismissed,  and  after  about  three  months  two  of 
them,  on  petition  and  submission,  were  re-admitted  without 
consulting  the  Faculty,  by  the  Trustees,  nearly  all  of  whom  were 
politicians.  They  were  good  men  too,  Governor  Benjamin 
Williams,  Col.  Wm.  Polk,  Judge  Joshua  C.  Wright,  Mr.  John 
Hay,  ex-Gov.  Samuel  Johnston,  Air.  Wm.  Porter,  Gov.  Benj. 
Smith,  Mr.  Wm.  Hinton,  Messrs.  Wallace  and  Evan  Alexander, 
Mr.  Thomas  Wynns,  Mr.  John  Moore  (Lincoln),  Mr.  Thomas 
Blount.  Excellent  men,  but  their  actions  show  that  the  wisest 
may  err  in  matters  outside  their  usual  callings.  Caldwell  had 
strength  as  he  grew  older  to  break  up  the  practice  and  it  has 
never  been  resumed. 

Too  watchful  interference  of  the  Trustees  with  the  internal 
management  of  the  University  is  ludicrously  shown  by  a  letter 
from  Major  Pleasant  Henderson,  the  Steward.  In  a  letter  to 
Walter  Alves,  Treasurer,  he  denounces  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Visitation,  "that  his  invariable  service  of  mutton  and 
of  bacon  too  fat  to  be  eaten  had  nearly  starved  the  boys.  This 
report  comes  like  a  thunder-clap  on  me,  because  I  knew  it  was 
founded  on  information  false  as  hell."  He  confesses  to  "only 
11  muttons,  about  500  pounds,  12  or  13  dinners,  about  seven 
pounds  apiece  for  the  whole  session.  Does  this  look  like  forcing 
mutton  on  them  ?"  Even  this  small  amount  was  bought  because 
neither  beef,  shoats  nor  chickens  could  be  had.  The  doughty 
Major  admits  the  fatness  of  the  bacon,  but  he  solemnly  asks 
"could  the  committee  conceive  that  the  middlings   should   be 


l60  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

thrown  away?"  The  students  had  eaten  all  the  hams  served 
to  them  when  vegetables  were  scarce,  and  "certainly  they  ought 
to  have  the  fatter  part."  That  the  worthy  patriot's  feelings 
were  cut  to  the  quick  is  shown  by  the  statement :  "Appearances 
are  indicative  of,  if  not  ruin,  the  most  severe  stroke  I  ever  had." 

The  University  shared  in  the  general  admiration  of  the 
Father  of  our  country.  The  farewell  letter  that  he  wrote  to 
our  people  on  his  retirement  from  the  Presidential  office  in 
I797  was  ordered  to  be  read  publicly  to  the  students  twice  a 
year.  And  when  he  died  on  the  14th  of  December,  1799,  the 
Acting  President,  Caldwell,  delivered  an  address  of  such  merit 
that  it  was  by  request  of  the  students  and  Faculty  printed  for 
general  distribution. 

As  Professor  James  Smiley  Gillaspie  (I  adopt  his  spelling; 
indeed  Gillespie  was  universally  pronounced  Gillaspie)  left  the 
University  in  1799,  I  give  some  facts  of  his  subsequent  life.  He 
married  Fanny  Henderson,  a  daughter  of  Samuel  Henderson 
and  Elizabeth  Calloway.  Samuel  was  a  brother  of  Judge 
Richard  and  an  uncle  of  Chief  Justice  Leonard  and  of  Archibald 
Henderson.  Elizabeth  Calloway  was  one  of  the  three  girls,  her 
sister  and  Daniel  Boone's  daughter  being  the  others,  captured 
by  the  Indians  and  rescued  by  Boone  and  others.  Mr.  Gillaspie 
became  a  highly  respected  Presbyterian  minister  and  with  mem- 
bers of  the  Transylvania  colony,  of  which  Richard  and  Samuel 
Henderson,  with  others,  were  the  founders,  settled  on  lands 
granted  the  company.  His  eldest  daughter,  Fanny,  was  the  first 
white  child  born  in  the  limits  of  Kentucky.  He  left  three  daugh- 
ters and  one  son,  who  is  ancestor  of  Mrs.  Conway  H.  Arnold, 
of  Montclair,  New  Jersey,  wife  of  a  Lieutenant  in  the  United 
States  Navy. 

Gileaspie  Retires — Caedweee  Presiding  Proeessor — Grad- 
uates to  181 2. 

The  difficulty  of  procuring  teachers  in  our  State  at  the  close 
of  the  18th  century  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that,  of  the  five 
teachers  in  the  service  of  the  University  in  1797,  one  was  a 
recent  citizen  of  New  Jersey,  (Caldwell),  another,  was  a  French 
Roman  Catholic  ex-monk,   (Delvaux),  a  third  was  a  strolling 


CLASS  OF  I799.  l6l 

player,  a  deserter  from  the  English  mercantile  navy,  (Rich- 
ards). The  difficulty  was  chiefly  from  the  meagre  salaries  of- 
fered. The  dignity  of  a  teacher's  calling  was  not  then,  nor  for 
many  years  afterwards,  if  ever,  properly  appreciated,  either  by 
parents  or  the  public. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1799,  July  5th,  the  second  list  of 
graduates  was  announced.    They  were  nine  in  number. 

Francis  Nash  Williams  Burton,  Granville ;  Win.  Dunlap 
Crawford,  Lancaster  County,  S.  C. ;  Andrew  Flinn,  Mecklen- 
burg ;  Samuel  Allen  Holmes,  Chapel  Hill ;  George  Washington 
Long,  Halifax;  Archibald  Debow  Murphey,  Caswell;  John 
Phifer,  Cabarrus;  Wm.  Morgan  Sneed,  Granville;  Wm.  Smith 
Webb,  Granville. 

George  M.  Marr  passed  the  examinations  but  did  not  ask  for 
a  degree.  Burton,  Flinn,  Murphey  and  Phifer  were  distin- 
guished. Murphey  and  Flinn  were  Tutors  in  the  University  and  ■ 
Holmes  had  been  a  Professor.  Flinn  rose  to  be  an  eminent 
Presbyterian  minister  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  was  awarded  in 
181 1  the  degree  of  D.D.  by  this  University.  Burton  was  *  a 
prominent  lawyer.  Long  died  early.  Phifer  was  often  State 
Senator  from  Cabarrus,  as  was  Sneed  from  Granville;  while 
Webb  became  a  prominent  physician  in  Tennessee,  and  Craw- 
ford in  South  Carolina.  Marr  was  a  Representative  in  Con- 
gress from  Tennessee. 

Of  those  who  did  not  graduate,  are  to  be  noted  Hutchins  G. 
Burton,  a  Representative  in  the  State  Legislature  and  in 
Congress,  Attorney-General,  and  Governor  of  North  Carolina ; 
Robert  Harris,  an  influential  merchant  of  Salisbury  and  Sneeds- 
boro,  a  brother  of  Charles  W.  Harris ;  James  Mebane,  Maurice 
Moore,  Ebenezer  Pettigrew,  Planter  and  Congressman;  John 
Pettigrew,  Richard  H.  Sims,  a  Tutor  in  the  University  and 
head  of  the  Grammar  School ;  Robert  W.  Smith,  seven  times 
Senator  from  Cabarrus ;  James  Webb,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Hillsboro  and  a  Trustee  of  the  University.  David  Gillespie, 
after  his  United  States  Coast  Survey  Service,  was  a  Repre- 
sentative of  Bladen  in  the  Legislature ;  Richard  Eagles  and 
Nicholas  Long  were  influential  planters  from  New  Hanover 
and  Franklin  counties  iespectively. 
11 


l62  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

A  modest  beginning  was  made  of  granting  honorary  degrees, 
the  Faculty  nominating  and  the  Trustees  confirming.  The  hon- 
orary degree  of  Master  of  Arts  (Artium  Magister,  A.  M.) 
was  conferred  on  Joseph  Caldwell,  the  new  Presiding  Profes- 
sor, Charles  Wilson  Harris,  the  first  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics, and  Joseph  Blount  Littlejohn,  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture from  Chowan.  The  academic  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts 
was  given  to  the  retiring  Presiding  Professor  James  Smiley 
Gillaspie.  This  last  honor  indicates  that  the  recipient  was  too 
young  and  unlearned  to  be  the  head  of  the  institution,  as  he  had 
learned  by  experience. 

The  Commencement  of  1800  was  held  on  June  28th.  There 
was  a  good  attendance  of  Trustees.  Besides  Alexander  Mar- 
tin, Richard  Bennehan,  and  David  Stone,  who  were  the  Com- 
mittee of  Visitation,  there  were  Samuel  Johnston,  James  Hogg, 
John  Haywood,  Wm.  Polk,  Walter  Alves,  and  Evan  Alexander. 

The  graduates  were :  William  Cherry,  Bertie  County ;  John 
Lawson  Henderson,  Salisbury;  Thomas  D.  Hunt,  Granville 
County. 

Of  these,  Cherry  had  a  brilliant  but  short  career  as  a  lawyer 
and  politician.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  from 
Bertie.  Henderson  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  from 
Rowan,  State  Comptroller,  of  high  character  and  usefulness, 
but  not  the  equal  of  his  more  distinguished  brothers,  Chief 
Justice  Leonard  Henderson  and  the  leader  of  the  Western  Bar, 
Archibald  Henderson.     Hunt  was  a  physician. 

Of  those  matriculating  with  this  class  Robert  H.  Burton,  as 
I  have  stated,  was  a  Judge;  Daniel  Newman,  a  Representative 
in  Congress ;  William  Peace,  a  much  respected  merchant  of 
Raleigh,  Director  of  the  State  Bank  forty-five  years  and  founder 
of  Peace  Institute. 

Wm.  E.  Webb  was  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  1799- 
1800,  having  been  a  student  for  several  years.  After  leaving 
the  institution  he  taught  school  in  Halifax  County  for  a  number 
of  years,  with  reputation.  In  1809,  1810  and  181 1  he  was  a 
Commoner  from  his  county  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  from 
1809  to   1818  was  a  Trustee  of  the  University. 

Archibald  Debow  Murphey,  a  high  honor  graduate  of  1799, 


A.    D.    MURPHEY.  163 

was  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  for  the  year  1800.  He 
was  a  native  of  Caswell,  born  in  1777,  son  of  a  Revolutionary 
officer.  After  leaving  the  University  he  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 
Hillsboro.  From  1812  to  1818  he  was  a  State  Senator,  and  as 
such  was  the  most  active  of  all  our  public  men  in  promoting 
a  Public  School  System  and  Internal  Improvements.  His  re- 
port to  the  Legislature  of  1819,  on  the  public  school  systems 
of  different  countries  deemed  most  successful,  is  a  marvel  of 
intelligent  labor.  From  1818  to  1820  he  was  a  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court,  and  in  1820  he  was,  under  an  act  since  repealed, 
a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  one  term  as  a  substitute  for 
Judge  Henderson,  who  had  been  counsel  in  important  cases 
then  before  the  court.  He  was  Reporter  of  the  decisions  of  the 
old  Supreme  Court  1804  to  1813,  and  of  the  new  court  in  1818 
and  1 8 19.  He  was  a  Trustee  of  the  University  for  thirty  years. 
Shortly  before  his  death  he  collected  valuable  material  for  a 
history  of  the  State,  and  to  aid  him  in  writing  and  printing  it 
the  deneral  Assembly  gave  him  authority  to  realize  $15,000 
by  a  lottery.  This  material  was  used  by  Joseph  Seawell  Jones 
(Shocco)  in  writing  his  "Defence  of  North  Carolina"  and  by 
President  Swain  in  preparing  his  "War  of  the  Regulation"  and 
other  monographs.  Judge  Murphey's  address  before  the  two 
societies  of  the  University  in  1827  is  full  of  historical  informa- 
tion of  value. 

A  letter  from  him  to  President  Caldwell,  dated  December  29, 
1808,  indicates  that,  wearied  with  his  professional  pursuits,  he 
sometimes  longed  for  the  academic  shades  he  had  resigned.  He 
regrets  that  his  "prime  of  life"  is  spent  in  vulgar  pursuits.  The 
improvement  of  the  mind  is  suspended,  the  paths  of  wisdom  are 
unexplored.  He  fears  he  will  lose  a  relish  for  the  pleasures 
of  intellect;  what  is  worse  that  he  will  lose  that  fine  tone  which 
the  pursuit  of  knowledge  gives  to  the  feelings,  and  without 
which  the  world  can  afford  but  little  happiness.  While  not 
finding  fault  with  Providence,  he  had  often  wished  that  fortune 
had  thrown  into  his  way  riches,  that  he  might  withdraw  from 
the  distractions  of  petty  business  and  attempt  once  more  to 
cultivate  true  knowledge.  Fortune  has  smiled  on  him  since 
he  left  the  University  and  he  entreats  her  to  continue  her  friend- 


164  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ship  until  she  enables  him  to  live  in  independence  and  afflu- 
ence." Alas !  the  good  man,  notwithstanding  a  most  honorable 
career  in  public  and  private  life,  lost  all  his  property  by 
unfortunate  investments  and  suretyships,  and  was  even  sub- 
jected for  a  short  while  to  the  indignity  of  confinement  in 
prison  bounds  for  debt. 

Judge  Murphey  was  always  a  true  and  active  friend  of  the 
University.  In  the  scholarly  report  on  Public  Education  above- 
mentioned  he  is  emphatic  in  testifying  to  its  good  work  and  in 
advocating  State  aid  in  its  behalf.  I  give  some  of  his  language : 
"This  institution  has  been  eminently  useful  to  the  State.  It 
has  contributed,  perhaps  more  than  any  other  cause,  to  diffuse 
a  taste  for  reading  among  the  people,  and  excite  a  spirit  of 
liberal  improvement.  It  has  contributed  to  change  our  manners 
and  elevate  our  character."  He  then  urges  the  construction  of 
three  additional  buildings,  i.  e.,  two  dormitories  and  one  for 
library  and  apparatus ;  that  a  library  and  suitable  apparatus  be 
purchased,  that  two  professorships  be  endowed  and  that  six 
additional  teachers  be  provided.  "When  former  prejudices 
have  died  away,  when  liberal  ideas  begin  to  prevail,  when  the 
pride  of  the  State  is  awakened  and  an  honorable  ambition  is 
cherished  for  her  glory,  an  appeal  is  made  to  the  patriot: sm 
and  the  generous  feelings  of  the  Legislature  in  favor  of  an  in- 
stitution which  in  all  civilized  nations  has  been  regarded  as  the 
nursery  of  moral  greatness  and  the  palladium  of  civil  liberty. 
That  people  who  cultivate  the  sciences  and  the  arts  with  most 
success  acquire  a  most  enviable  superiority  over  others.  Learned 
men  by  their  discoveries  and  their  works  give  a  lasting  splendor 
to  national  character;  and  such  is  the  enthusiasm  of  man  that 
there  is  not  an  individual,  however  humble  in  life  his  lot  may 
be,  who  does  not  feel  himself  blessed  to  belong  to  a  country 
honored  with  great  men  and  magnificent  institutions.  It  is  clue 
to  North  Carolina,  it  is  due  to  the  great  man  (General  Davie) 
who  first  proposed  the  foundation  of  the  University,  to  foster  it 
with  parental  fondness  and  to  give  it  an  importance  commensu- 
rate with  the  high  destinies  of  the  State." 

The  graduates  of  the  first  year  of  the   Nineteenth  century 
(1801)  triples  those  of  the  last  vear  of  the  Eighteenth.     Thev 


CLASS  OF   1 80 1.  165 

were :  Thomas  Gale  Amis,  Northampton  County ;  Thomas 
Davis  Bennehan,  Orange  County;  John  Branch,  Halifax  Coun- 
ty ;  William  McKenzie  Clark,  Martin  County ;  Francis  Little 
Dancy,  Edgecombe  County ;  John  Davis  Hawkins,  Franklin 
County ;  Thomas  D.  King,  Sampson  County ;  Archibald  Lytle, 
Tennessee ;  Wm.  Hardy  Murfree,  Hertford  County. 

Amis  had  a  very  large  brain  and  won  distinction  in  his 
studies.  He  afterwards  sailed  from  Charleston  without  dis- 
closing his  object,  and  was  nevermore  heard  from.  Bennehan 
was  a  wealthy  farmer  of  Orange,  a  Trustee  of  the  University, 
and  at  Farintosh,  his  residence,  dispensed  a  bounteous  hospi- 
tality ;  Branch,  Governor  of  this  State  and  of  the  Territory  of 
Florida,  and  Secretary  of  the  Xavy  under  Jackson ;  Dancy,  a 
lawyer  of  much  reputation;  Hawkins  was  often  a  legislator, 
fifty  years  a  Trustee  of  the  University,  one  of  the  foremost  in 
building  the  Raleigh  &  Gaston  Railroad.  Murfree,  founder  of 
Murfreesboro,  was  a  grandfather  of  the  eminent  Southern 
novelist,  Mary  Noailles  Murfree  who,  under  the  pen  name  of 
Charles  Egbert  Craddock,  has  so  faithfully  and  impressively 
delineated  the  characters  of  our  mountaineers  and  the  beauty 
and  grandeur  of  the  Alleghanies.  He  was  son  of  Colonel 
Hardy  Murfree,  who  aided  in  the  daring  and  successful  storm- 
ing of  Stony  Point.  Clark  was  a  planter,  brother  of  the  grand- 
father of  Chief  Justice  Walter  Clark.  King,  probably  an  elder 
brother  of  Vice-President  William  Rufus  King,  represented 
Sampson  County  in  the  Legislature. 

Of  the  non-graduating  matriculates  with  this  class,  Jesse 
Cobb  was  a  man  of  ability.  Removing  to  Tennessee  he  became 
the  founder  of  an  influential  family,  one  of  whom,  William  Cobb, 
became  Governor  of  that  State.  Nathaniel  W.  Williams  was 
a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Tennessee ;  Johnston  Blakely, 
as  Captain  of  the  Wasp,  captured  the  Reindeer,  for  which  a 
gold  medal  was  voted  by  Congress.  He  also  captured  the  At- 
lanta, and  was  lost  at  sea  with  his  vessel.  John  Goode  was  a 
lawyer  in  Virginia. 

Of  the  Commencement  speakers  President  Caldwell  notes 
that  "some  portrayed  in  language  at  once  splendid  and  elegant 
the  excellence  of  a  Republ'can  form  of  government  and  de- 


l66  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

scribed  the  glory  of  the  American  Revolution  in  glowing  col- 
ors." In  the  figurative  language  of  a  later  elate  they  evidently 
"flew  a  magnificent  spread  eagle." 

The  Tutor  for  1800  and  up  to  1804  was  Richard  Henderson. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  brother  of  Chief  Justice  Henderson,  who 
emigrated  to  Kentucky  to  settle  on  lands  sold  to  the  Transyl- 
vania Company  by  the  Indians,  which  sale  was  repudiated  by 
the  States  of  North  Carolina  and  Virginia,  but  400,000  acres 
being  allowed  them  by  way  of  compromise.  The  son  was  a 
man  of  worth  and  talents.  After  being  principal  of  the  Academy 
in  Hillsboro  he  returned  to  his  native  State  and  became  a  promi- 
nent lawyer.  The  Trustees  gave  him  the  degree  of  A.B.,  though 
he  had  not  passed  his  examinations,  because  they  were  satisfied 
with  his  classical  and  scientific  training  while  Tutor. 

In  1802  P.  Celestine  Molie  was  employed  to  teach  French 
for  one  year.  Nothing  is  known  of  him  except  that,  like  most 
foreigners  instructing  our  youth  in  early  days,  he  was  the  sub- 
ject of  merciless  ridicule  and  frequent  insults.  Probably  he 
was  either  a  French  emigre  or  a  refugee  from  Hayti. 

Professor  Murphey  was  succeeded  in  1801  by  one  who  has 
profoundly  influenced  for  good  this  and  other  States — Rev. 
Wm.  Bingham,  an  honor  graduate  of  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow, a  Scotch-Irishman  of  Ulster.  He  emigrated  about  1788 
on  account  of  political  troubles,  landed  in  Delaware,  but  soon 
removed  to  Wilmington,  N.  C.  He  here  preached  and  estab- 
lished a  classical  school.  I  have  mentioned  that  he  was  among 
the  first  subscribers  to  the  inauguration  of  the  University.  As 
many  of  the  wealthier  inhabitants  of  the  lower  Cape  Fear  either 
settled  permanently  or  spent  their  summers  on  the  hills  of 
Chatham,  he  transferred  his  school  about  1795  to  Pittsboro, 
and  remained  there  until  his  removal  to  the  University. 

After  resigning  his  professorship  in  1805  he  re-opened  his 
school  at  Pittsboro,  but,  concluding  that  Hillsboro  had  a  larger 
future,  removed  it  to  that  town  in  1808.  Probably  on  account 
of  the  drunkenness  and  rowdyism  attending  court  towns  he 
soon  bought  a  plantation  five  miles  north  of  Mebane,  named 
it  Mount  Repose,  and,  erecting  a  school  house  of  logs,  there 
taught  until  his  death  in  1825. 


WM.   BINGHAM.  \6j 

Wm.  Bingham  was  a  man  of  force,  high  purpose,  and  power 
of  influencing  ushers.  According  to  the  recollection  of  Hon. 
Giles  Mebane,  once  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  he  was  "about  five 
feet  six  inches  tall,  with  no  surplus  flesh,  weighing  150  or  160 
pounds ;  very  quick  and  brisk  in  his  movements,  walking  erect 
like  a  well-drilled  soldier.  He  was  bald,  the  boys  nicknaming 
him  "Old  Slick."  He  walked  three  miles  to  church  on  Sun- 
days, leading  his  boarders.  He  waia  reasonably  talkative,  and 
sometimes  jocose,  but  never  undignified." 

His  wife  was  Annie  Jean,  daughter  of  Colonel  Slingsby,  of 
the  English  Army,  who  was  stationed  at  Wilmington  during 
the  Revolutionary  War,  highly  regarded  by  the  Americans  for 
humanity  and  justice.  Colonel  Slingby's  family  remained  in 
Wilmington  after  the  declaration  of  peace. 

Professor  Bingham  left  several  children,  the  most  prominent 
being  Wm.  James,  born  at  Chapel  Hill  in  the  house  built  for 
the  President.  On  his  father's  death  he  gave  up  his  chosen 
profession  of  the  law  and  took  up  the  school  work  at  Mount 
Repose,  but  soon  removed  to  Hillsboro  and  thence  to  a  farm 
called  Oaks  in  western  Orange.  He  advanced  still  further  the 
fame  of  the  Bingham  School,  and  handed  it  on  to  his  sons, 
Colonels  William  and  Robert  Bingham,  whose  reputation  as 
teachers  extends  througout  the  Southern  States.  Professor 
Bingham's  grandson,  Wm.  Bingham  Lynch,  of  Florida,  is  like- 
wise an  eminent  teacher,  while  the  husband  of  a  great-grand- 
daughter, Preston  Gray,  is  Principal  of  a  flourishing  academy 
called  the  Wm.  Bingham  School. 

Dr.  Caldwell  has  left  a  noble  tribute  to  the  character  of  Mr. 
Bingham,  the  elder.  He  wrote,  "His  qualifications  and  virtues 
were  of  that  unobtrusive,  but  substantial  cast,  which  merit  and 
must  secure  the  respect  of  every  upright  and  generous  bosom. 
Whoever  shall  have  occasion  to  be  acquainted  with  this  man 
shall  find  him  to  be  one  of  those  whom  the  great  poet  of  Eng- 
land has  denominated  to  be  among  'The  noblest  works  of 
God.'  " 

It  was  charged  by  a  bitter  partisan  that  Mr.  Bingham  was 
driven  from  the  University  because  of  his  being  a  Republican 
in  politics.    Dr.  Caldwell  emphatically  denied  this.    He  asserted 


l68  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

"Mr.  Bingham  was  nevei^ exiled  from  the  University.  His  vir- 
tues were  too  sound  and  irreproachable  for  men  of  any  political 
principles  even  to  feel  disposed  to  injure  him.  When  Mr.  Bing- 
ham left  us  I  can  assure  'Citizen'  that  his  good  qualities  were 
not  unknown  to  the  Trustees  or  the  Faculty."  By  "Citizen" 
he  meant  an  anonymous  critic  of  the  University. 

The  graduates  of  1802  were  Adlai  Laurens  Osborne,  of 
Rowan;  George  Washington  Thornton,  of  Virginia;  and  Carey 
Whitaker,  of  Halifax  County.  All  were  praised  for  proficiency 
in  studies.  Osborne  became  a  lawyer  in  full  practice.  Thorn- 
ton was  a  physician. 

Of  the  matriculates  not  graduating  Jeremiah  Battle  was  a 
physician  of  prominence  in  Tarboro  and  Raleigh,  and  author 
of  valuable  medical  monographs ;  John  Rutherford  London,  of 
Wilmington,  a  lawyer,  planter  and  President  of  the  Bank 
of  Cape  Fear ;  John  Duncan  Toomer,  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, Judge  of  the  Superior  and  Supreme  Courts. 

Of  the  examination  at  the  Commencement  of  1802  we  have 
a  full  report  by  the  Committee  of  Trustees,  Messrs.  Adlai  Os- 
borne, lawyer  and  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Rowan, 
Henry  Potter,  afterwards  for  many  years  Judge  of  the  United 
States  District  Court,  a  Trustee  of  the  University  from  1799 
until  his  death  in  1856,  and  Charles  W.  Harris,  lawyer  at  Hali- 
fax, late  Professor,  the  report  being  doubtless  written  by  Harris. 
In  the  Preparatory  School  there  were  the  following  classes,  two 
in  Reading  and  Spelling,  two  in  Webster's  Grammar,  one  in 
Arithmetic  to  the  Rule  of  Three,  one  in  Latin  Grammar,  one  in 
Cordery,  one  in  Latin  Grammar,  Aesop's  Fables  and  Eutropius, 
one  in  Eramus,  Selectae  -de  Profanis  and  Vocables,  one  in 
Caesar,  one  in  Latin  Introduction,  one  in  Sallust,  one  in  Ovid 
and  Virgil's  Eclogues,  one  in  French  Grammar,  two  in  French 
Fables,  two  in  Telemachus,  one  in  Gil  Bias,  one  in  Voltaire  and 
Racine.  It  will  be  difficult  to  show  in  modern  days  a  better 
program  of  studies. 

The  Freshman  class  of  the  University  proper  was  examined 
in  three  stud:es,  Virgil,  Latin  Introduction  and  Greek  Testa- 
ment;  the  Sophomore  class  in  Cicero,  Geography,  Arithmetic, 
Webster's  Grammar,  Svntax  and  Lowth's  Grammar;  the  lunior 


CLASS   OF    l802   AND    1803.  1 69 

class  in  Ewing's  Synopsis,  Algebra  and  Ferguson's  Astronomy ; 
the  Seniors  in  Adams'  Defence  and  DeLolme  on  the  English 
Constitution.  In  the  next  year,  1803,  by  the  Freshman  class,  in 
addition  to  Virgil,  the  Odes  of  Horace  were  studied  and  the 
Dialogues  of  Lucian  in  the  place  of  the  Greek  Testament;  in 
the  Sophomore,  the  Satires,  Epistles  and  Art  of  Poetry  of 
Horace  were  added ;  in  the  Junior  Algebra,  Euclid,  Trigonom- 
etry, Heights  and  Distances,  Navigation  and  Logarithms,  were 
in  the  place  of  Astronomy ;  in  the  Senior  class  Blair's  Lec- 
tures, Millot's  Elements  of  History  and  Paley's  Moral  Philoso- 
phy were  substituted  for  Adams  and  DeLolme. 

The  graduates  of  1803  were:  Chesley  Daniel,  Halifax 
County ;  William  P.  Hall,  Halifax  County ;  Matthew  Troy, 
Salisbury. 

Daniel  was  a  teacher  and  a  member  of  the  Legislature ;  Hall 
was  a  teacher ;  Troy  was  a  lawyer  of  standing,  after  being 
a  Tutor  in  the  University  Grammar  School. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  them,  Joel  Battle  was  a  plan- 
ter and  cotton  manufacturer,  one  of  the  first  in  the  State,  his 
factory  on  Tar  river  beginning  to  work  in  1820;  Thomas  H. 
Hall,  a  physician  and  Representative  in  the  State  Legislature 
and  s'xteen  years  in  Congress;  George  Phifer.  of  Cabarrus 
County,  a  merchant  and  planter ;  Lemuel  Sawyer,  a  representa- 
tive in  the  State  Legislature  and  sixteen  years  in  Congress,  a 
President'al  Elector  and  an  author ;  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  a 
member  of  the  Tennessee  Legislature,  United  States  Senator 
from  Missouri  for  thirty  years,  author ;  Joseph  Hawkins,  State 
Comptroller,  Senator  from  Warren  ;  Robert  C.  Hilliard,  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  from  Nash ;  Richmond  Pearson,  an 
enlightened  agriculturist,  father  of  Chief  Justice  Pearson ; 
Fleming  Saunders,  Judge  of  the  General  Court  of  Virginia. 

In  1804  the  number  of  graduates  advanced  to  six:  Richard 
Armistead.  Plymouth  ;  Thomas  Brown,  Bladen  County  ;  Richard 
Henderson,  Kentucky;  Atlas  Jones,  Moore  County;  Willie  Wil- 
liam Jones,  Halifax  County;  James  Sneed,  Granville  County. 

Of  these,  Henderson  has  been  already  described.  Willie  Wil- 
liam Jones,  son  of  Willie  Jones,  of  Revolutionary  fame,  was  a 
physician  in  Raleigh  and  a  Trustee  of  his  Alma  Mater.    He  was 


I70  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

the  donor  of  the  site  of  the  First  Methodist  church.  Atlas 
Jones,  son  of  Edmund  Jones,  one  of  the  University  donors,  was 
a  Tutor  in  the  U.  of  N.  C.  and  a  Trustee,  a  lawyer  and  member 
of  the  Legislature  from  Moore  County.  The  humorous  lawyer, 
long-  a  popular  Representative  in  the  Legislature  from  Anson, 
Atlas  J.  Dargan,  was  named  for  him.     Sneed  was  a  physician. 

We  are  fortunately  in  the  possession  of  the  recollections  of  Dr. 
Wm.  Hooper,  who  entered  the  Preparatory  Department  in  1804. 
The  Faculty  consisted  of  President  Caldwell,  Prof.  Bingham 
and  Tutor  Henderson.  The  President  was  known  among  the 
students  as  "Old  Joe,"  though  only  thirty  years  of  age  and  ex- 
tremely active.  Bingham's  nickname  "Old  Slick"  was  because 
of  the  glossiness  of  his  hairless  scalp.  Henderson's  small  size 
suggested  his  nickname,  Little  Dick.  Matthew  Troy  and  Ches- 
ley  Daniel  presided  over  the  Preparatory  Department.  All 
things  were  fashioned  after  the  model  of  Princeton,  which  prob- 
ably imitated  the  Scottish  universities.  Students  were  required 
to  rise  at  daylight  in  the  winter  and  to  go  to  prayers  by  candle- 
light. Troy  taught  the  Jugurtha  and  Cataline  of  Sallust  and 
and  to  a  well-behaved  boy  was  kindly,  but  quick  with  the  lash 
on  the  idle  and  the  wicked. 

In  the  University  proper  Greek  was  required  for  a  degree 
first  in  1804.  Thirty  dialogues  of  Lucian  were  at  first  sufficient. 
It  was  thought  necessary  to  have  a  native  Frenchman  to  teach 
properly  his  language,  and  "to  torment  him  and  amuse  them- 
selves with  his  transports  of  rage  and  broken  English,  was  a 
regular  part  of  the  college  fun."  Chemistry  and  Differential 
and  Integral  Calculus  were  not  in  the  course. 

The  South  Building  was  still  unfinished.  The  rough  huts 
of  the  students  in  the  corners,  picturesque  but  unbeautiful,  were 
still  quiet  retreats  in  fair  weather,  but  the  skill  of  the  occupants 
was  not  sufficient  to  protect  them  from  rain. 

The  Junior  and  Senior  classes  only  recited  once  a  day.  Geom- 
etry was  studied  from  a  manuscript  copy  of  a  treatise  by  Dr. 
Caldwell,  which  at  a  subsequent  period  was  printed.  The 
copies  of  this  made  by  the  students  swarmed  with  errors,  which 
fact  was  often  alleged  as  an  excuse  for  ignorance.  The  Junior 
recitation  was  at  it   o'clock,  after  which  some  took  to  their 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1804.  IJl 

books,  some  stole  off  to  hunting  or  fishing,  while  others,  would 
make  up  a  party  for  a  dinner  at  James  Craig's,  called  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  habitation  of  a  man  of  the  same  name  on  the 
Durham  road,  "Fur  (or  far)  Craig's."  This  was  of  chicken- 
pie  or  fried  chicken  with  biscuits  and  coffee,  costing  twenty-five 
cents  a  head,  and  was  eagerly  enjoyed  as  vastly  superior  to  the 
ordinary  meals  at  Commons. 

According  to  the  recollections  of  Dr.  Hooper  the  Commence- 
ment of  1804  fell  on  the  4th  of  July,  and  it  was  duly  celebrated 
by  the  students.  Thomas  Brown,  of  Bladen,  was  elected  Gen- 
eral and  Orator,  and  Hyder  Ali  Davie  second  in  command,  by 
the  whole  body  of  students.  Says  Dr.  Hooper:  "All  things 
being  duly  arranged  the  General,  clad  in  full  regimentals,  with 
cocked  hat  and  dancing  red  plume,  placed  himself  at  the  head 
of  his  troops,  (for  we  were  all  trained  into  soldiers  for  the 
nonce),  and  marched  up  to  the  foot  of  the  'Big  Poplar'  where 
was  placed  for  him  a  rostrum,  which  he  mounted,  and  all  the 
military  disposing  themselves  before  him,  he  gracefully  took 
off  his  plumed  helmet  and  made  profound  obeisance  to  the 
army.  I  can  tell  you  nothing  of  the  graduating  class  or  their 
speeches.  My  childish  fancy  was  taken  up  with  the  military 
display,  though  we  had  no  music  to  march  to  but  the  drum  and 
the  fife." 

If  Dr.  Hooper's  memory  did  not  fail  him,  the  march  of  Gen- 
eral Brown  or  his  oration  was  in  addition  to  the  program  of  the 
Faculty.     The  following  is  the  official  statement : 

Representatives  of  the  two  societies  were  to  deliver  orations 
on  the  4th  of  July  in  honor  of  the  day.  These  were  Green  H. 
Campbell,  Cadwallader  Jones,  Wm.  B.  Meares,  David  Hay, 
Thomas  Davis  and  John  Taylor. 

On  the  7th  of  July,  Saturday,  ten  pupils  of  the  Preparatory 
School  were  to  compete  for  first  honor,  they  having  already 
obtained  equal  distinction  in  scholarship.  Wm.  Hooper  is  one 
of  these. 

On  the  evening  of  Monday,  the  9th,  the  members  of  the 
Senior  class  in  the  Preparatory  School  were  to  pronounce  ora- 
tions. Thomas  Hawkins  had  the  first  Salutatory  in  Latin ; 
Alexins  Foster,  the  second  Salutatory  in  English;  John  Brown, 


I72  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

the  Valedictory,  their  scholarship  being  equal.  Lewis  Duke 
had  the  first  intermediate  oration,  William  Henderson,  the 
second,  and  John  Hooper,  the  third. 

On  Tuesday,  the  day  before  Commencement,  fourteen  stu- 
dents from  the  Establishment,  i.  e.,  the  University  proper,  were 
to  pronounce  orations. 

On  the  forenoon  of  Wednesday,  the  12th  of  July,  the  day  of 
Commencement,  the  members  of  the  Junior  class  made  their 
speeches.     They  were  eight  in  number. 

In  the  afternoon  the  Senior  class  delivered  their  orations. 
Mr.  Willie  Wm.  Jones,  "having  the  greatest  pretensions,"  had 
the  Latin  Salutatory,  which  was  the  prize  speech  until   1838. 

To  Mr.  Atlas  JOnes,  being  second,  was  assigned  the  Oration 
in  History. 

To  Mr.  Thomas  Brown,  the  Valedictory,  he  being  third  in 
order. 

Messrs.  Richard  Armistead  and  James  Sneed  delivered  ora- 
tions of  their  own  choice. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  the  prefix  "Mr."  was  only  given  to 
members  of  the  graduating  class.  I  cannot  find  when  this  con- 
traction of  Magister  descended  to  the  youngest  Freshman ; 
about  the  time  perhaps  when  girls  of  ten  or  eleven  in  boarding 
schools  obtained  from  the  teachers  the  prefix  of  Miss  (contract- 
ed from  Mistress  or  Magisteress)  as  a  handle  to  their  surnames. 
It  is  now  fashionable  in  the  larger  universities  to  substitute  Mr. 
for  the  titles,  once  prized,  of  Professor  or  Dr.  The  Preparatory 
School  was  considered  an  integral  part  of  the  institution  and 
therefore  had  a  place  in  the  exercises. 

In  this  year  began  the  practice  of  assigning  special  addresses 
to  the  highest  honor  men.  Moreover  it  was  ordained  that  the 
Seniors  should  wear  uniforms  of  neat,  plain  homespun  cloth, 
and  the  hope  was  expressed  that  their  example  of  Patriotism 
and  Economy  will  be  imitated  hereafter.  This  was  an  evidence 
of  the  deep  feelings  of  resentment  against  England  and  France, 
which  led  to  the  Embargo  and  Non-Intercourse  Acts  of  Con- 
gress. 


jkt/*d   &2fa 


<&£*s^ 


caldwell  elected  president.  1 73 

Caldwell  President — Davie  Leaves  the    State — Univer- 
sity Life. 

It  has  been  mentioned  that  the  Trustees  had  such  an  opinion 
of  the  dignity  of  the  office  of  President  of  the  University  that  the 
appointment  was  postponed  from  time  to  time.  By  1804  Cald- 
well had  shown  such  zeal  and  intelligence  as  Presiding  Profes- 
sor that  it  was  evident  to  all  that  "the  Hour  and  the  Man"  had 
come.  The  following  ordinance,  prepared  by  two  of  the  ablest 
members  of  the  Board,  Wm.  Gaston  and  Duncan  Cameron,  was 
adopted  unanimously  and  similarly  confirmed  at  the  regular 
December  meeting : 

Whereas,  experience  has  manifested  the  necessity  of  having  a  President 
of  the  University,  and  it  is  donbtfnl  whether  the  Trustees  have  the 
power  of  making  a  permanent  appointment  except  at  an  annual  meeting. 

Be  it  therefore  ordained,  That  a  President  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  be  appointed  to  hold  office  until  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the 
Trustees,  and  that  the  said  President  discharge  all  those  duties  Avhich 
have  heretofore  been  annexed  to  the  office  of  Presiding  Professor. 

It  was  declared  beneath  the  dignity  of  the  President  to  be 
dependent  on  tuition  fees,  and  a  salary  of  500  pounds  or  $1,000 
was  voted  him. 

A  ballot  being  had  Rev.  Joseph  Caldwell  was  unanimously 
elected.  As  a  Trustee  said  at  the  time  the  choice  was  on  ac- 
count of  his  great  talents  and  steady  attachment  to  the  Uni- 
versity. 

At  the  next  annual  meeting  the  election  was  made  perma- 
nent. 

The  choice  was  most  happy.  Caldwell  Avas  a  man  of  enlarged 
views,  a  scholar  especially  in  the  realm  of  Mathematics,  with 
a  mind  eager  for  the  acquisition  of  knowledge  in  all  directions. 
He  had  the  widest  sympathy  in  all  enterprises  promising  to  be 
beneficial  to  the  institutions  of  the  State.  He  was  a  preacher 
of  power.  He  was  utterly  fearless,  indefatigable  in  the  dis- 
charge of  every  duty,  skillful  in  the  administration  of  the  dis- 
cipline in  those  days  deemed  best,  and  which  may  have  been 
demanded  by  the  prevailing  social  habits.  He  inspired  respect, 
confidence,  and,  among  the  disorderly,  fear.  He  was  strong  of 
arm  and  swift  of  foot,  and  thought  it  not  undignified  to  engage 
in  a  wrestle  or  race  with  midnight  disturbers.     Above  all  the 


174  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Trustees  had  such  implicit  reliance  on  his  wisdom  and  devotion 
to  the  interests  of  the  institution  that  they  gradually  abandoned 
the  pernicious  practice  of  interfering"  in  the  discipline  and  al- 
lowed the  Faculty,  under  his  dominating  influence,  full  freedom 
of  action.  Henceforth,  while  the  habit  of  interfering  with 
the  internal  government  was  not  for  several  years  totally  eradi- 
cated, yet,  whenever  he  showed  decided  displeasure,  they  sur- 
rendered to  his  will. 

The  President  was  still  to  fill  the  Chair  of  Mathematics. 
Wm.  Bingham  was  Professor  of  the  Ancient  Languages. 
Atlas  Jones  was  his  Tutor  of  all  work. 

The  President  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees. 

It  was  natural  that,  invested  with  as  great  autocratic  power 
as  he  was  willing  then  to  wield,  he  should  assimilate  the  insti- 
tution under  his  charge  to  his  alma  mater.  Steps  were  taken 
in  this  direction  at  once.  The  Trustees  ordained  that  no  de- 
gree should  be  granted  without  a  knowledge  of  Greek.  No 
student  should  enter  the  Junior  class  without  passing  an  exami- 
nation in  30  Dialogues  of  Lucian,  Xenophen's  Cyropedia  and 
four  books  of  the  Iliad,  the  Sophomore  class  of  that  year  being 
allowed  to  pass  on  the  Gospels  of  Matthew  and  Luke,  and  the 
Senior  class  of  the  next  year  being  allowed  to  substitute  French 
for  Greek. 

For  entrance  into  the  Freshman  class  thereafter  the  applicant 
must  pass  on  Greek  Grammar,  Cornelius  Nepos  or  Selectae  de 
Profanis.  These  were  to  be  taught  in  the  Preparatory  School. 
The  ordinance  for  granting  degrees  for  English  branches  and 
the  Sciences  was  repealed. 

To  add  dignity  to  Commencement  exercises  it  was  ordained 
that  the  President  should  wear  a  black  gown. 

A  year  after  the  election  of  President  Caldwell  he  made  an 
unsuccessful  effort  to  induce  Rev.  Marcus  George,  of  the  War- 
renton  Academy,  to  accept  the  Chair  of  Ancient  Languages. 
He  stated  that  he  had  heard  of  the  differences  between  Mr. 
George  and  his  Trustees,  arising  from  their  interference  with 
his  management  in  presence  of  the  pupils  and  before  the  public 
eye.  The  past  struggles  of  the  University  were  alluded  to.  They 


LETTER  OF  CALDWELL.  175 

sometimes  threaten  to  terminate  its  existence,  but  "amidst  the 
darkest  prospects  it  has  always  recovered  with  more  certain 
strength."  Now  it  seemed  to  be  almost  out  of  reach  of  danger. 
Mr.  George  was  the  teacher  of  Chief  Justice  Ruffin,  Weldon 
N.  Edwards,  and  other  eminent  men.  and  had  their  unqualified 
regard. 

Caldwell  gives  the  number  of  students  at  seventy,  more  than 
ever  before  in  the  University  proper.  The  salary  offered  is 
$333.33  from  the  Treasury  and  $7.50  from  each  student, 
amounting  to  more  than  $850  a  year,  paid  semi-annually  in  ad- 
vance. He  added  that  no  self-interest  prompted  his  letter,  be- 
cause as  long  as  the  vacancy  should  continue  two-thirds  of  the 
$850  would  be  added  to  his  own  salary,  which  implies  that  he 
was  temporarily  teaching  the  classes  studying  the  classics,  as 
well  as  those  in  his  own  department  of  Mathematics. 

In  a  letter  written  to  a  friend  in  Connecticut,  whose  name  is 
not  known,  the  President  gives  a  short  resume  of  his  life  since 
leaving  Princeton  in  1796.  It  has  a  tone  of  sadness  but  firm 
resolve.  "The  difficulties,  trials  and  anxieties"  he  encountered 
were  too  numerous  to  be  recorded  within  a  short  compass.  He 
tells  of  the  recent  death  of  his  daughter  and  wife,  adding, 
"Such  is  the  fallacy  of  human  expectations  and  the  transition 
of  present  happiness."  Treasurer  Haywood,  in  a  letter  written 
at  the  same  period,  thus  consoles  him :  "Resignation,  Religion 
and  Time  must  be  relied  on  as  the  best  Balm  for  the  Heart 
torn  and  wounded  by  privations  of  the  tender  and  distressing 
kind  you  experience." 

It  was  not  many  months  after  his  elevation  to  the  Presidency 
before  Caldwell  received  a  flattering  call  to  the  Professorship 
of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy  in  the  College  of  South 
Carolina.  It  was  conveyed  by  a  Trustee,  Judge  Wra.  Johnson, 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  a  fellow  student 
at  Princeton,  who  stated  that  the  salary  as  Professor  was 
$1,500  per  annum,  and  for  preaching  in  the  Chapel  $500  was 
offered  by  the  citizens  of  Columbia.  The  expectation  was 
expressed  that  he  would  soon  become  President  with  a  salary 
of  $2,500  and  a  house. 

There  was  much  consternation  among  the  friends  of  the  Uni- 


I76  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

versity  of  North  Carolina  at  this  offer.  Treasurer  Haywood 
wrote:  "I  cannot  but  hope  as  a  North  Carolinian,  that  your 
attachment  to  the  infant  institution  of  which  you  have  the  care, 
and  other  considerations  growing  out  of  the  remembrance  of 
the  anxious  and  fatherly  part  you  have  taken  in  its  continuace 
and  prosperity  for  years  past  and  in  the  days  of  its  greatest 
trials  and  adversity,  will  lead  you  rather  to  consult  your  feelings 
than  your  interest."  *  *  *  "Remain  with  us  and  go  on  to 
cherish  and  strengthen  the  child  of  your  adoption  by  a  con- 
tinuance of  those  parental  cares  and  attentions  which  have  so 
greatly  contributed  to  the  support  of  its  infancy."  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Senior  class,  Green  H.  Campbell,  John  L.  Taylor, 
John  R.  Donnell,  John  C.  Montgomery,  Gavin  Hogg  and 
Stephen  Davis,  appealed  to  him  in  affectionate  and  laudatory 
terms,  certifying  to  the  ability  and  the  fairness  of  his  adminis- 
tration. Among  other  things  they  say  "you  have  been  the 
director  of  our  youthful  pursuits,  our  guide,  our  teacher  and 
our  friend." 

The  Board  of  Trustees  unanimously  passed  resolutions  urg- 
ing on  him  the  irreparable  loss,  which  the  University  would 
sustain  by  his  leaving  it.  The  result  was,  as  he  wrote  to  his 
Connecticut  correspondent,  that  finding  his  attachment  grow 
to  the  place  and  disliking  changes  he  declined  the  appointment. 

Graduates  of  1805  were  Benjamin  Franklin  Hawkins,  Warren 
County;  Joseph  Warren  Hawkins,  Warren  County;  Spruce 
Macay  Osborne,  Mecklenburg  County. 

Of  these,  Joseph  W.  Hawkins  was  a  physician  and  one  of  the 
promoters  and  Directors  of  the  Raleigh  &  Gaston  Railroad : 
Benjamin  F.  Hawkins  was  often  Senator  and  Commoner  from 
Franklin  ;  Osborne  was  a  surgeon  U.  S.  A.,  killed  at  Fort  Minis. 

Of  the  contemporaneous  matriculates.  Joseph  John  Daniel  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature,  a  Presidential  Elector,  a  Judge  of 
the  Superior  and  Supreme  Courts,  a  delegate  to  the  Convention 
of  1835  >  John  H.  Hawkins  was  often  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature from  Warren ;  William  Rufus  King,  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  and  of  Congress  from  North  Carolina,  member  of 
the  Convention  of  Alabama  of  1819,  United  States  Senator, 
Minister  to  France,  Vice-President  V.  S.  A. 


DAVIE  LEAVES  THE  STATE.  177 

In  this  year  the  State  and  the  University  lost  the  valuable 
services  of  William  Richardson  Davie.  He  had  a  career  of 
uninterrupted  success  until  1802,  when  he  was  overwhelmed 
by  the  wave  of  Jeffersonian  Republicanism  which  swept  over 
the  State.  He  was  defeated,  as  any  Federalist  would  have 
been,  by  a  much  inferior  man,  Philip  W.  Alston.  Ardent  as  he 
was  in  his  political  opinions,  the  pathway  to  official  or  Congres- 
sional usefulness  was  closed  for  an  indefinite  period.  Practice 
at  the  bar,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  acknowledged  leaders, 
had  no  attractions  to  compensate  him  for  the  tedious  journeys, 
often  in  fervid  heat  or  piercing  cold  or  dismal  rains,  in  perils 
of  high  waters,  over  roads  deep  in  sand  or  mud  or  cut  up  by 
dangerous  chasms.  An  uncle,  for  whom  he  was  named,  who 
supplied  the  place  of  a  father,  dying  when  he  was  a  child,  had 
bequeathed  to  him  a  plantation  in  Lancaster  County,  South  Car- 
olina, on  the  banks  of  the  Catawba,  near  the  line  of  the  county 
of  Mecklenburg,  with  a  proper  complement  of  slaves,  and  he 
resolved  to  retire  from  public  life  and  spend  his  remaining 
years  in  the  quiet  and  ease  of  a  country  gentleman.  We  have 
a  letter  from  him  June  9,  1805,  saddened  in  spirit,  of  which  I 
give  extracts.  After  mentioning  that  he  had  returned  from 
South  Carolina  on  the  5th  he  adds :  "I  have  now  again  been 
two  months  on  the  road  and  return  perfectly  worn  down.  My 
constitution  cannot  now  bear  that  degree  of  suffering,  privation 
and  incessant  toil  which,  when  I  enjoyed  youth  and  health,  gave 
me  spirits  and  pleasure.  Everything  must  yield  to  Time,  and  I 
have  submitted  with  as  good  a  grace  as  possible.  My  plan  of 
life  is  to  be  completely  changed,  and  those  measures  which  are 
leading  me  to  a  Repose  I  have  long  sighed  for,  and  which  is 
becoming  every  day  more  necessary  for  me,  are  to  commence 
this  fall.  The  plan  involves  some  painful  sacrifices,  but  they 
are  necessary  and  indispensable.  A  separation  from  friends  to 
whom  my  heart  has  been  tenderly  attached  for  many  years  is 
among  the  most  painful  of  all  these.  I  anticipate  it,  I  feel  it, 
as  a  prelude  to  that  last  separation  to  which  the  laws  of  our 
Nature  compel  us  to  submit." 

He  was  much  concerned  at  the  attacks  on  the  University  by 
the  General  Assembly  and  chagrined  at  the  inferiority  of  North 

12 


178  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

to  South  Carolina  in  respect  for  higher  education.  He  wrote: 
"the  friends  of  science  in  the  other  States  regard  the  people  of 
North  Carolina  as  a  sort  of  semi-barbarians,  among  whom 
neither  learning,  virtue  nor  men  of  science  possess  any  estima- 
tion. In  South  Carolina  a  professorship  is  more  eagerly  can- 
vassed for  than  the  Secretaryship  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  the  consequence  of  that  liberal  spirit  which  has 
been  displayed  by  their  assembly.  After  a  handsome  and  per- 
manent endowment  of  the  offices  of  the  institution  they  voted 
$10,000  to  purchase  a  library  and  philosophical  apparatus. 
What  a  contrast !  Poor  North  Carolina !"  We  must  believe 
that  Davie  shared  in  the  contempt  which  Federalist  leaders  gen- 
erally had  for  the  victorious  Republicans,  and  this  feeling 
prompted  these  bitter  words. 

The  prosperity  of  the  University  was  still  in  his  thoughts. 
He  advised  that  the  choice  of  the  new  Professor  of  Languages 
should  be  given  to  the  President,  and  that  as  a  rule  he  should 
select  all  inferior  officers,  as  the  whole  responsibility  rested  on 
him. 

After  his  removal  to  South  Carolina  Davie  was  never  induced 
to  emerge  from  the  retirement  of  a  country  gentleman,  except 
to  be  President  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society.  During 
the  War  of  1812  he  was  tendered  the  position  of  Major-Gen- 
eral, and  the  Senate  confirmed  the  nomination.  His  constitu- 
tion had  been  too  much  undermined  to  allow  him  to  accept  it. 
He  died  November  8,  1820,  leaving  a  reputation  as  a  soldier, 
a  statesman,  a  lawyer  and  broad-minded  citizen,  of  which  the 
University  and  the  State  are  proud. 

Lt.-Gov.  Francis  D.  Winston  sends  me  a  letter  written  July 
31,  1816,  by  General  Jeremiah  Slade,  long  State  Senator  from 
Martin  County,  to  his  son  Alfred,  a  student  in  the  University, 
containing  an  eulogy  on  Davie,  which  shows  the  strong  hold 
he  had  on  his  party  friends.  After  praising  the  location  of  the 
University  as  eminently  suitable  to  study,  he  says :  "This  leads 
me  to  regard  with  feelings  of  admiration  little  short  of  adora- 
tion the  character  of  the  father  of  the  institution,  Wm.  R. 
Davie,  who  with  a  flow  of  eloquence  which  did  honor  to  his 
head,  and  a  sympathy  which  did  honor  to  his  heart  (for  he  shed 


RECOLLECTIONS  Or  DR.  HOOPER.  179 

tears  at  the  prospect  of  a  failure  of  the  Bill  of  Incorporation 
as  freely  as  a  father  would  for  the  loss  of  a  favorite  child),  he 
bore  down  the  powerful  opposition,  which  was  raised  against 
the  bill.  And  altho'  we  greatly  admire  the  site  of  his  choice, 
yet  we  still  more  wonder  how  he  should  have  discovered  it. 
*  *  *  After  the  Act  of  Incorporation  was  granted  it  was  by  his 
exertions  that  the  institution  went  into  operation.  *  *  *  You 
may  be  led  to  inquire  why  so  great  and  so  good  a  man  should 
bury  himself  in  the  shades  of  retirement.  It  was  at  the  time 
when  mad  Democracy  got  the  upper  hand  of  the  Constitution 
and  the  Washingtonian  administration,  he  pursued  the  dictates 
of  that  sound  maxim,  "when  rogues  bare  sway  the  post  of 
honor  is  a  private  station.'  " 

Andrew  Rhea,  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  from  1806  to 
1814,  was  a  Virginian.  He  is  described  by  Davie  in  1797  as 
'"said  to  be  of  middle  age  with  a  family,  of  six  years  experience 
in  teaching,  and  highly  spoken  of."  He  seems  to  have  escaped 
an  madversion  but  has  left  no  traditional  reputation  as  to  learn- 
ing or  teaching  powers.  That  he  was  a  widower  is  proved  by 
his  being  required  to  sleep  in  the  University  Building  and  pre- 
side at  the  Steward's  table.  The  Raleigh  Register  says  he  was 
a  very  distinguished  scholar,  but  Dr.  Hooper  describes  him  as 
"a  good-natured,  indolent  man."  I  give  some  reminiscences 
of  Dr.  Hooper,  found  in  his  address  at  the  University  in  1859, 
during  the  visit  of  President  Buchanan.  He  was  a  student  in 
the  Preparatory  Department  and  then  entered  the  University  in 
1806. 

"As  the  only  dormitory  that  had  a  roof  was  too  crowded  for 
study,  many  students  left  their  rooms  as  a  place  of  study  en- 
tirely, and  built  cabins  in  the  corners  of  the  unfinished  brick 
walls  of  the  South  Building,  and  quite  comfortable  cabins  they 
were.  In  such  a  cabin  they  hibernated  and  burned  their  mid- 
night oil.  As  soon  as  spring  brought  back  the  swallows  and 
the  leaves,  they  emerged  from  their  den  and  chose  some  shady 
retirement  where  they  made  a  path  and  a  promenade,  and  in 
that  embowered  promenade  all  diligent  students  of  those  days 
bad  to  follow  the  steps  of  science,  to  wrestle  with  its  difficulties, 
and  to  treasure  up  their  best  equipments :  Ye  remnants  of  the 
Peripatetic  School ! 


l8o       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

"Ah,  ye  can  tell  how  hard  it  is  to  climb 
The  steep  where  fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar!" 

"They  lived  sub  divo,  like  the  birds  that  caroled  over  their 
heads.  "But  how,"  you  will  say,  "did  they  manage,  in  rainy 
weather?"  Well,  nothing  was  more  common  than,  on  a  rainy 
day,  to  send  in  a  petition  to  be  excused  from  recitation,  which 
petition  /an  in  this  stereotype  phrase:  "The  inclemency  of  the 
weather  rendering  it  impossible  to  prepare  the  recitation,  the 
Sophomore  class  respectfully  request  Mr.  Rhea  to  excuse  them 
from  recitation  this  afternoon."     The  petitions  were  granted. 

The  following  relates  to  studies  in  the  Junior  class :  "The 
Juniors  had  their  first  taste  of  Geometry,  in  a  little  elementary 
treatise,  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Caldwell,  in  manuscript,  and  not 
then  printed.  Copies  were  to  be  had  only  by  transcribing, 
and  in  process  of  time  they,  of  course,  were  swarming  with 
errors.  But  this  was  a  decided  advantage  to  the  Junior,  who 
stuck  to  his  text,  without  minding  his  diagram.  For,  if  he 
happened  to  say  that  the  angle  at  A  was  equal  to  the  angle  of 
B,  when  in  fact  the  diagram  showed  no  angle  at  B  at  all,  but 
one  at  C,  if  Doctor  Caldwell  corrected  him,  he  had  it  always 
in  his  power  to  say:  "Well,  that  was  what  I  thought  myself, 
but  it  ain't  so  in  the  book,  and  I  thought  you  knew  better 
than  I."  We  may  well  suppose  that  the  Doctor  was  completely 
silenced  by  this  unexpected  application  of  the  argumentum  ad 
hominem." 
o  "Greek,  after  its  introduction,  became  the  bug-bear  of  college. 
Having  been  absent  when  my  class  began  it,  I  heard,  on  my 
return,  such  a  terrific  account  of  it  that  I  no  more  durst  en- 
counter the  Greeks  than  Xerxes  when  he  fled  in  consternation 
across  the  Hellespont,  after  the  battle  of  Salamis.  Rather  than 
lose  my  degree,  however,  after  two  years  I  plucked  up  courage 
and  set  doggedly  and  desperately  to  work,  prepared  hastily 
thirty  Dialogues  of  Lucian,  and  on  that  stock  of  Greek  was  per- 
mitted to  graduate.  As  for  Chemistry  and  Differential  and 
Integral  Calculus  and  all  that,  we  never  heard  of  such  hard 
things.  They  had  not  then  crossed  the  Roanoke,  nor  did  they 
appear  among  us  till  they  were  brought  inby'the  Northern 
barbarians  about  the  vear   1818."     The  Doctor  alludes  to  the 


CLASS  OF   1806.  l8l 

coming  of  Professor  Mitchell,  who  for  a  time  had  charge  of 
Mathematics. 

Graduates  of  1806:  John  Adams  Cameron,  Virginia;  Durant 
Hatch,  Junior,  Jones  County;  James  Henderson,  Kentucky; 
James  Martin,  Stokes  County. 

The  first  honor  was  awarded  to  Cameron,  the  second  to 
Martin. 

Cameron  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  a  Major  in  the 
War  of  1812,  Consul  to  Vera  Cruz;  Judge  of  the  United  States 
District  Court  of  Florida.  He  was  lost  at  sea  in  journeying 
from  Savannah  to  New  York.  He  was  a  brother  of  Judge 
Duncan  Cameron. 

James  Martin  was  a  son  of  Col.  James  Martin,  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, who  was  one  of  the  Commissioners  to  locate  the  State  Cap- 
ital— hence  Martin  street.  After  spending  a  year  at  the  Univer- 
sity as  Tutor,  he  settled  in  Salisbury  as  a  lawyer  and  had  a  wide 
reputation.  He  was  Superior  Court  Judge  from  1826  to  1835, 
and  Senator  from  Rowan  in  1823.  He  was  a  Trustee  of  the 
University  from  1823  to  1836,  the  last  year  probably  being  the 
date  of  his  removal  to  Mobile,  Alabama.  He  became  Judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court  of  his  adopted  State. 

Of  the  others,  Hatch  was  a  planter,  and  Henderson  a  physi- 
cian in  Kentucky. 

Of  the  non-graduating  contemporaneous  matriculates,  Wm. 
Belvidere  Meares  was  a  prominent  lawyer  and  member  of  the 
Legislature;  Archibald  H.  Sneed,  a  Major  U.  S.  A.;  James 
Young,  of  Granville,  a  physician ;  John  Burgess  Baker,  a 
physician  and  a  member  of  the  Legislature  from  Gates ;  Cullen 
Battle,  a  prominent  physician  and  planter,  first  in  this  State  and 
then  in  Alabama ;  James  Smith  Battle,  an  influential  planter  in 
Edgecombe  County ;  Thomas  Burgess,  a  lawyer  of  large  prac- 
tice in  Halifax ;  William  C.  Love,  of  Chapel  Hill,  a  Represen- 
tative in  Congress  from  the  Salisbury  District ;  William  Miller, 
member  of  the  Legislature,  Speaker  of  the  House,  Attorney- 
General,  Governor,  Charge  d' Affaires  to  Guatemala. 

In  1807  the  honor  was  conferred  on  President  Caldwell  of 
being  selected  by  the  Commission  as  the  astronomical  expert 
to  finish  running  the  boundary  line  between   North   Carolina, 


l82       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Governor  Nathaniel  Alexander 
applied  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  permission  for  him  to  act, 
and  General  John  Steele  offered  to  resign  as  Commissioner  if 
necessary  to  secure  him,  saying,  "My  services  may  perhaps  be 
useful,  his,  I  think,  are  essential."  The  Trustees  with  some 
reluctance  for  fear  that  the  discipline  of  the  University  might 
suffer,  granted  the  request,  with  the  proviso  that  in  his  opinion 
Professor  Rhea  could  efficiently  act  as  temporary  head  of  the 
institution.  The  reputation  of  President  Caldwell  was  much 
enhanced  by  his  intelligent  conduct  of  the  delimitation  of  this 
boundary.  His  work  was  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioners  of 
the  States  interested,  namely,  John  Steele,  Montfort  Stokes 
and  Robert  Burton  for  North  Carolina,  and  Joseph  Blythe, 
Henry  Middleton  and  John  Blasingame  for  South  Carolina. 
Owing  to  the  uncertainty  in  the  description  in  the  act,  the  Com- 
missioners recommended  to  the  two  States  certain  changes, 
which  the  Legislatures  adopted.  Thomas  Love,  Montfort 
Stokes  and  John  Patton  for  North  Carolina,  and  Joseph  Blythe, 
John  Blassengame  (so  spelt)  and  George  W.  Earle  for  South 
Carolina,  appointed  to  run  the  line  by  the  new  agreement,  found 
that  impossible  to  be  literally  carried  into  effect,  and  reported 
a  change,  which  was  adopted  by  both  States  in  1815.  The  line 
between  North  Carolina  and  Georgia  was  confirmed  in  1819. 

Graduates  of  1807:  Duncan  Green  Campbell,  Orange 
County;  Stephen  Davis,  Warrenton  ;  John  Robert  Donnell,  New 
Bern ;  Gavin  Hogg,  Chapel  Hill ;  John  Carr  Montgomery, 
Hertford  County ;  John  Lewis  Taylor,  Chatham  County- 

Donnell  was  the  best  scholar.  He  became  a  lawyer  of  large 
practice,  a  Superior  Court  Judge  and,  marrying  a  daughter  of 
Governor  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  was  one  of  the  wealthiest 
men  of  the  State.  Gavin  Hogg  was  a  Tutor  of  the  University 
for  a  year,  then  settled  in  Bertie  County  as  a  lawyer,  and  had 
a  large  practice  and  wide  reputation.  Subsequently  he  removed 
to  Raleigh  and  was  appointed  by  the  General  Assembly,  in  con- 
junction with  James  Iredell  and  William  H.  Battle,  to  prepare 
the  Revised  Statutes.  He  entered  on  the  work  with  zeal  and 
ability,  but  was  forced  by  ill  health  to  resign  and  Frederick 
Nash  was  substituted.     By  goodly  income  from  his  profession 


<Tc  311  toliotn  it  mav  tonttra. 

SfitSltthKJ,  TteWILlIAM  BOBLHAC,  i»'a  UernVr  of  the  JfeltOlf  &0ftftj  ■* 
micd  a,  the  ©ntoXSitp  of  iiOttf>Cf!roInUl,  in  the  Year  of  oof  Lord  one  fliomjnd  seveo  boo- 
rflsed  and  aincty-fjve,  for  the  coltivatioo  oT  Virtue,  Science  and  Friendship.  And  tint  we  tit  FeJW- 
Members,  in  cansider-uioa  of  bis  Virtue*,  Endowments  and  Qnalittcismns,  have  granted  trim  SIM 
SRlTpuaHH,  arid  lo-ommend  hlni  as  a  Young  Man,  worthy  of  Confidence  andnifrbEsteclB. 

3frl  trStimCfrP  trtercof,  s«  bave-caiissd  the  Seal  of  our  -Society  sohchrtrnnto.affilirtliinw 
cave  jsiirtcribed  our  several  N.ur.e-.       j    _ 

jSlt&CB  »<hc  f^aU  of  -Jit  iDialtttit  &Catt?,  to  lie  hficaili  diy  «>'  Qclober,CJ£htncs> 
rfomrlrrn  inr!  jessn. 

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Dialkctic  Society  Diploma  of  1807 


CLASSES'  OF   1807,   180S  AND   1809.  183 

and  by  marriage  he  became  the  possessor  of  a\large  fortune. 
Davis  was  a  wealthy  physician  of  Warrenton.  j  Montgomery 
and  Taylor  were  likewise  physicians.  Campbell  Was  a  teacher, 
lawyer  and  member  of  the  Legislature  of  Georgia! 

Of  the  matriculates  four  years  before,  Henry  Chambers,  of 
Rowan,  was  a  talented  physician ;  William  Green  was  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  from  Warren;  James  M.  Henderson  was  a 
physician;  Henry  Young  Webb,  member \pf  the  Legislature, 
Judge  in  Alabama  Territory ;  John  Henry  Eaton,  U.  S.  Senator, 
Secretary  of  War,  Governor  of  Florida  Territory,  U.  S.  Min- 
ister to  Spain,  author  of  "Life  of  Jackson,"  husband  of  the 
beautiful  and  much  talked  of  "Peggy  O'Neil." 

The  Graduates  of  1808  were :  John  Bright  Brown,  Bladen 
County;  Robert  Campbell,  Campbell  County,  Va. ;  John  Cole- 
man, Halifax  County,  Va. ;  Win.  James  Cowan.  Wilmington ; 
Wm.  Pugh  Ferrand,  Onslow  County ;  Alfred  Gatlin,  New  Bern ; 
John  B.  Giles,  Salisbury  ;  Wm.  Green.  Warren  County ;  James 
Auld  Harrington,  Richmond  County :  Wm.  Henderson,  Chapel 
Hill ;  Benjamin  Dusenbury  Rounsaville,  Lexington ;  Lewis  Wil- 
liams, Surry  County;  Thomas  Lanier  Williams,  Surry  County. 

The  best  scholars  were  Lewis  Williams  and  Thomas  L.  Wil- 
liams, the  former  speaking  the  Salutatory,  the  latter  the  Vale- 
dictory. The  others  honored  were  Wm.  Green.  John  B.  Giles, 
Alfred  Gatlin  and  John  Coleman. 

Of  this  class,  Wm.  Henderson,  of  Chapel  Hill,  was  Tutor  for 
one  year,  beginning  in  1811.  He  was  afterwards  a  physician, 
practicing  in  Williamston.  Martin  County,  until  his  death  Sep- 
tember 15,  1838.  He  was  born  in  1789,  the  second  son  of 
Major  Pleasant  Henderson  and  his  wife  Sarah  Martin. 

Lewis  Williams  was  Tutor  1810-12.  He  was  a  native  of 
Surry;  served  1813  and  1814  as  a  representative  in  the  State 
Legislature.  In  1815  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress  and 
served  continuously  until  his  death  February  12,  1842.  He  was 
most  highly  respected  and  was  known  as  the  Father  of  the 
House;  was  a  Trustee  of  the  University  from  1813  to  his  death. 
His  brother,  Thomas  Lanier  Williams,  was  a  Judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  and  also  a  Chancellor  of  Tennessee. 

John  B.  Giles  and  Alfred  Gatlin  were  both  Representatives 


184  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

in  Congress,  while  Giles  was  also  a  Trustee  of  the  University, 
a  member  of  the  General  Assembly  and  of  the  Conyention  of 
1835.  Wm.  P.  Ferrand,  a  physician,  was  a  Commoner  from 
Onslow ;  and  James  A.  Harrington,  son  of  Gen.  Henry  Wm. 
Harrington,  of  the  Revolution,  was  a  member  of  the  South 
Carolina  Legislature  and  a  large  planter;  Benjamin  D.  Rounsa- 
ville,  a  lawyer.     John  Coleman  was  a  physician. 

There  were  some  prominent  matriculates  not  graduating 
with  this  class :  Daniel  M.  Forney,  of  Lincoln  County,  a  Com- 
moner ;  Ransom  Hinton,  a  physician  in  Wake ;  John  D.  Jones, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  a  member  of  the  Conven- 
tion of  1835,  and  a  merchant  and  banker  of  Wilmington;  John 
Neale,  a  Commoner  from  Brunswick ;  John  Owen,  a  Commoner 
from  Bladen,  Governor  1828-30  and  President  of  the  Harris- 
burg  Convention  which  nominated  Harrison.  It  is  said  that  he 
refused  to  run  as  Vice-President,  and  thus  missed  the  Presi- 
dency.   John  Neale,  a  member  of  the  Legislature. 

Class  of  1809:  John  Bobbitt,  Franklin  County;  Maxwell 
Chambers,  Salisbury;  Abner  Wentworth  Clopton,  Virginia; 
John  Gilchrist,  Robeson  County;  Philemon  Hawkins,  Warren 
County ;  William  Hooper,  Chapel  Hill ;  John  Briggs  Mebane, 
Chatham  County ;  Thomas  Gilchrist  Polk,  Mecklenburg  County ; 
John  Campbell  Williams,  Cumberland  County. 

With  this  class  Greek  was  studied  in  the  Freshman  year  and 
the  Iliad  in  the  Sophomore.  The  best  scholar  was  William 
Hooper,  the  next  Maxwell  Chambers,  and  then  John  B.  Bobbitt 
and  John  C.  Williams.  The  most  eminent  was  William  Hooper 
who  became  a  Baptist  preacher,  Professor  of  Languages  and 
then  of  Rhetoric  in  the  University,  Professor  of  Moral  Phil- 
osophy in  the  South  Carolina  College,  President  of  Wake  For- 
est College,  and  author  of  printed  addresses  and  sermons  of 
rare  excellence. 

Chambers  became  a  physician  in  Salisbury  of  good  reputa- 
tion. He  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  merchant  of  New 
Orleans,  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  of  the  same  name,  who 
bequeathed  his  property  to  Davidson  College — only  part  of 
which  could  be  taken  under  its  charter.  Bobbitt  was  a  classical 
teacher  all  his  life  and  was  hiohlv  regarded  as  such  in  the  coun- 


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CLASS  OF   1809.  185 

ties  of  Nash  and  Franklin.  Many  of  the  students  prepared 
by  him  took  a  high  stand  at  the  University.  Williams  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislature ;  Gilchrist,  Polk  and  Mebane,  like- 
wise in  the  General  Assembly,  and  the  last  a  Trustee  of  the 
University. 

Abner  Wentworth  Clopton,  a  native  of  Virginia,  probably 
Chesterfield  County.  He  was  a  Tutor  for  one  year  beginning 
with  1809,  when  he  sent  in  his  resignation,  concluded  in  these 
naive  words :  "I  find  it  utterly  inconvenient  to  receive  no  more 
than  $250  a  year.  I  am  willing  to  serve  for  $500  a  year,  and 
am  richly  worth  it."  The  Trustees  agreed  to  give  him  $400  on 
account  of  his  special  merits,  but  he  was  transferred  to  the 
headship  of  the  Grammar  School,  to  have  all  tuition  receipts  and 
Sioo  bonus.  The  tuition  charges  were  $12  for  the  first  and  $8 
for  the  second  term,  but  during  the  War  of  18 12  he  was  allowed 
in  addition  $5  per  annum.  He  was  a  very  efficient  teacher  and 
the  reputation  of  his  school  was  high  under  his  administration. 
Besides  being  a  teacher,  he  was  a  physician  and  likewise  a  Bap- 
tist preacher.  He  was  evidently  a  shrewd  trader.  He  induced 
Rev.  Wm.  Hooper  to  agree  to  give  him  $2,500  for  his  resi- 
dence, the  four  acres  now  the  Battle  lot,  then  having  indifferent 
houses,  a  price  generally  thought  to  be  $1,000  in  excess. 
Hooper  soon  repented  of  his  bargain  but  Clopton  held  him  to 
it  with  a  hawk's  grip.  After  leaving  Chapel  Hill  he  settled 
in  Virginia,  near  the  residence  of  John  Randolph,  of  Roanoke, 
who  highly  appreciated  him  as  a  preacher. 

Among  the  members  of  the  class  who  did  not  graduate,  John 
F.  Phifer  was  a  Commoner,  Horace  B.  Satterwhite,  a  physician 
of  Salisbury;  Henry  H.  Watters,  an  influential  planter  of 
Brunswick  County:  Bartlett  Yancey,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
men  of  the  State  in  his  day,  Speaker  of  the  State  Senate,  Rep- 
resentative in  Congress,  an  active  Trustee  of  the  University, 
and  a  Promoter  of  Public  School  Education  ;  Wm.  S.  Blackmail, 
a  Commoner  from  Sampson ;  Abridgeton  S.  H.  Burgess,  a  phy- 
sician in  Virginia. 

Graduates  of  1810:  Thomas  Williamson  Jones,  Lawrence- 
ville,  Ya. ;  James  Fauntleroy  Taylor.  Chatham  County ;  John 
Witherspoon,  New  Bern. 


<f 


l86  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Jones  was  a  physician;  Taylor,  Attorney-General  and  Trus- 
tee of  the  University;  Witherspoon,  Presbyterian  divine  at 
Hillsboro  and  elsewhere,  President  of  Miami  College,  Doctor  of 
Divinity  from  his  Alma  Mater  and  of  Laws  from  Princeton. 
Mark  Alexander,  of  Virginia,  was  with  this  class  in  the  Senior 
year.  He  became  a  member  of  Congress  and  member  of  the 
Virginia  Convention  of  i829-'30. 

Of  the  non-graduating  matriculates  Samuel  P.  Ashe,  of  Hali- 
fax, and  Thomas  J.  Singleton,  of  Craven  County,  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislature. 

The  honorary  degrees  were  as  follows :  Doctor  of  Divinity 
to  Rev.  David  Caldwell,  eminent  teacher  and  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1788;  Rev.  James  Hall,  the 
preacher-captain  in  the  Revolution,  Classical  Teacher,  Princi- 
pal of  Clio's  Nursery;  James  McRee,  pastor  of  Centre  church, 
Mecklenburg  County. 

Master  of  Arts  to  the  following :  Rev.  Samuel  Craighead 
Caldwell,  pastor  and  teacher  in  Mecklenburg  County ;  Rev.  John 
Robinson,  pastor  of  Poplar  Tent  church ;  Rev.  William  Left- 
wich  Turner ;  Rev.  James  Wallis,  Principal  of  Providence 
Academy  in  Mecklenburg;  Rev.  John  McKamie  Wilson,  pastor 
at  Rocky  River  and  Principal  of  a  Classical  School. 

Commencement  was  ordered  to  be  on  the  24th  of  May,  in 
1812,  on  the  first  Thursday  in  June,  with  a  six  weeks'  vacation 
thereafter,  and  another  four  weeks'  vacation  beginning  on  the 
second  Thursday  in  December.  In  the  next  year  the  last 
Thursday  in  June  was  substituted  for  the  first. 

The  evil  effects  of  the  secession  of  1805  and  subsequent 
troubles  were  especially  evident  at  the  Commencement  of  181 1, 
there  being  no  graduates,  although  the  honorary  degree  of  A.B. 
was  awarded  to  John  Ambrose  Ramsey,  a  former  student  of 
high  rank,  who  afterwards  represented  Moore  County  in  the 
General  Assembly.  Nor  were  there  any  matriculates  of  note 
with  the  class. 

In  order  to  show  the  stately  dignity  of  the  old  times  I  give 
a  copy  of  a  Doctor  of  Divinity  Diploma  (D.D.)  granted  by  the 
University  in  18 10  to  the  eminent  classical  teacher,  David  Cald- 
well.    It  is  noticeable  that  the  Latin  of  "Chapel  Hill"  is  "Sac- 


DIPLOMA  OF  DAVID   CALDWFLL.  187 

rarii-Mons,"  or  Mount  of  the  Chapel.  Those  who  worshipped 
in  Buffalo  church  probably  did  not  know  it  by  the  name  of 
Bubulus,  which  some  authorities  say  designated  a  kind  of  ante- 
lope. Alamance  is  correctly  spelt  Allemance,  a  name  brought 
over  from  Germany  by  the  settlers  from  that  country.  It  savors 
of  pathos  to  find  a  document  so  formidable  signed  by  a  Presi- 
dent, one  Professor  and  two  Tutors,  being  the  only  Socii,  i.  e., 
Faculty,  in  charge  of  the  University. 

SENATUS  UNIVERSITATIS 
CAROLINAE   SEPTEMTRIONALIS. 

Omnibus  et  singulis  ad  quos  haec  peevenebint. 
Salutem  in  Domino. 

Quo  rarior  etiam  inter  doctos  est  summa  peritia  literarum,  quippe  quo 
multis  arduisque  Iaboribus  versatum,  eo  magis  gloria  ejus  ememinere 
debet,  uti  inter  homines  sbudium  scientiae  et  virtutis  augeatur,  et  qui 
attigerint  pro  merito  remunerantur.  Omnium  quoque  maximi  refert, 
eos  qui  in  his  valde  praestant,  non  ignorari  sed  ubique  designari,  ut 
soeietate  hominum,  quam  plurimum  proficiant.  Quoniam  igitur  in  hac 
nostra  republica  nobis  commissum  est  artium  optimarurn  studium  fovere, 
et  eos  in  his  apprime  institutos  aequo  commendare.  notum  sit  quod  nos, 
Praeses  et  Socii  Universitatis  Carolinae  Septemtrionalis,  Davidem  Cald- 
well, jam  multis  annis  Pastorem  Ecclesiarum  Bubuli  et  Allemanciae 
propter  pietatem  singularem,  eruditionem  eximiam,  et  mores  probos, 
Gradu  Doetorali  in  Sacrosancta  Theologia  condecoravimus,  atque  ei 
Theologiam  Sacrosanctam  docendi  et  profitendi  potestatem  coneessimua. 
Quorum  in  testimonium  his  Uteris  patentibus  nostra  chiographa  appo- 
nenius  et  easdem  sigillo  communi  hujus  Universitatis  obsignari  cura- 
vimus. 

Datum  ad  Sacrarii  Montem  in  Josephus  Caldwell,  Praes. 

Aula  Personiea  tertio  kalendas  Andreas  Rhea,  Prof. 

Iulii,  Anno  Salutis  Millesimo  Ludovicus  Williams,  Tutor. 

Oetingesimo  decern.  Gulielmus  Hexdeksox,  Tutor. 

As  emphasizing  the  unfortunate  interference  by  the  Trustees 
in  the  discipline  of  the  institution,  I  give  the  substance  of  a 
letter  by  the  Secretary,  Adjutant-General  Robert  Williams,  to 
Dr.  Caldwell  in  1810,  communicating  officially  a  resolution  of 
the  Board,  recommending  the  re-admission  of  a  dismissed  stu- 
dent. The  Secretary,  himself  a  Trustee,  expressed  the  hope 
that  the  Faculty  will  not  heed  it.  "If  you  will  make  the  stand, 
Sir,  it  will  in  preference  to  all  other  methods  have  a  tendency 
to  bring  the  Board  to  a  proper  sense  of  their  duties.  They  can- 
not dispense  with  your  services — for  you  have  more  friends  on 


l88  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  03?  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

the  Hoard  than  any  other  man  whatever."  :;:  :;:  :|:  "Mr.  Alves 
and  myself  made  talks  against  the  report  but  it  was  carried  by 
one  majority."  This  action  of  the  Board  is  curious  as  giving 
a  good  reason  for  its  rejection,  yet  favoring  its  adoption.  "In 
their  opinion  Mr.  Long  did  justly  and  completely  forfeit  his 
rights  as  a  student  *  *  *  through  his  disorderly  behavior, 
rudeness  and  disobedience.  *  *  *  They  find  a  difficulty  in 
recommending  that  course  which  in  consideration  of  the  parents 
of  the  young  man  would  be  most  consonant  with  their  feelings." 
The  regard  for  the  feelings  of  the  parents  weighed  down  the 
good  of  the  University.  Dr.  Caldwell  endorsed  on  the  letter 
of  General  Williams,  "A  new  specimen  of  enforcement  of  au- 
thority." 

President  Caldwell  responded  with  hardly  suppressed  indig- 
nation in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Board.  "If  this  College  is 
to  be  maintained  the  establishment  must  somehow  be  altered." 
He  offered  his  resignation  of  the  Presidency,  hoping  that  it 
would  be  accepted  at  an  early  a  date  as  possible,  and  at  the  end 
of  six  months  absolutely.  He  was  willing  to  remain  in  a  subor- 
dinate capacity  on  a  salary  of  $800  a  year,  so  that  $700  and  the 
President's  house  might  go  towards  the  salary  of  the  new  exec- 
utive. 

General  Williams  was  right ;  the  Trustees  could  not  manage 
without  Caldwell.  He  was  induced  by  implied,  if  not  expressed, 
promises  of  a  change  of  policy,  to  retain  his  Presidency. 

In  181 1  occurred  an  outbreak,  the  facts  of  which  are  not 
recorded.  It  is  mentioned  in  a  letter  by  a  Trustee,  Dr.  Calvin 
Jones,  then  living  in  Raleigh,  to  Dr.  Caldwell.  Dr.  Jones  says 
that  both  inhabitants  and  strangers  think  that  there  never  was 
a  more  clearly  marked  case  to  justify  the  most  vigorous  exer- 
cise of  authority.  The  students  met  with  reproof  from  every- 
body, whether  gentle  or  simple.  Their  crestfeathers  Avere  com- 
pletely down.  Dr.  Jones  was  greatly  surprised  at  the  effort  of 
Governor  Stone  to  get  two  of  them  into  the  Raleigh  Academy ; 
while- he  was  not  surprised  that  Mr.  Sherwood  Haywood,  a 
"good,  polite,  clever,  worthy  man,  who  never  contradicted  any- 
one in  his  life,"  should  have  seconded  his  efforts.  From  this 
we  see  that  the  authorities  of  the  University  objected  to  their 


CLASSES  OF  l8ll  AND  l8l2.  189 

dismissed  students  being'  received  into  preparatory  schools,  as 
well  as  colleges. 

The  insubordination,  whatever  it  was,  caused  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Senior  class,  except  John  A.  Ramsay,  to  forfeit  their 
diplomas.  The  others  were  Mark  Alexander,  Thomas  J.  Fad- 
dis,  Wm.  Gilchrist,  Frank  Hawkins,  Wm.  J.  Polk  and  William 
Moore,  who  passed  their  November  examinations.  They  were 
all  good  men.  Moore  was  the  best  scholar  in  the  class ;  Gil- 
christ was  next,  afterwards  a  member  of  the  Tennessee  Legis- 
lature. Faddis,  Hawkins  and  Polk  were  physicians  of  good 
standing",  the  latter  of  high  reputation  in  Columbia,  Tennessee. 
They  obtained  their  diplomas  in  1813  ;  the  others  did  not  return. 

The  Graduates  of  1812  were:  Daniel  Graham,  Anson 
County ;  James  Hogg,  late  of  Chapel  Hill ;  Thomas  Clark 
Hooper,  Chapel  Hill ;  William  Johnston,  Franklin  County ; 
Murdock  McLean,  Robeson  County;  Archibald  McQueen, 
Robeson  County ;  Johnson  Pinkston,  Chowan  County ;  Joseph 
Blount  Gregory  Roulhac,  Bertie  County ;  William  Edwards 
Webb,  Granville  County ;  Charles  Jewkes  Wright.  Wilmington. 

Of  these  Graham  was  Secretary  of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
of  great  service  to  his  Alma  Mater  in  securing  her  military 
warrants ;  Hogg,  McLean  and  Pinkston,  physicians ;  Hooper,  a 
lawyer ;  McQueen,  a  minister ;  Roulhac,  son-in-law  of  Chief 
Justice  Ruffin,  a  highly  esteemed  merchant  of  Raleigh ;  Webb, 
Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  in  the  University  in  1799,  as 
has  been  narrated. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Richard  T.  Brownrigg,  of  Chowan, 
was  a  planter  and  owner  of  fisheries,  also  a  member  of  the 
Legislature.  He  removed  to  Columbia,  Mississippi.  David 
Dancy  was  a  physician  of  standing,  whose  life  was  accidentally 
cut  short. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  (LL.D.)  was  con- 
ferred on  Rev.  Ashbel  Green.  D.D.,  President  of  the  college  of 
Xew  Jersey  ('Princeton)  ;  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  (D.D.)  on  Rev. 
James  Patriot  Wilson,  a  clergyman  of  Philadelphia,  author  of 
works  on  religious  subjects:  and  on  Rev.  George  Addison  Bax- 
ter, afterwards  President  of  Washington  and  of  Hampden- 
Sidney  Colleges,  and  Professor  of  Theology  in  Union  Theologi- 
cal Seminarv,  also  an  author. 


jyo  HISTORY    UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  following"  shows  the  compensation  of  officers,  hefore  the 
election  of  Chapman  : 

President  Caldwell,  salary  $1000. 

share  of  tuition    375 .  $1375 . 

Prof.  Rhea 800. 

Tutor  Lewis  Williams 300 . 

Tutor  William  Hooper   300 . 

George  Johnston,  Master  of  Grammer  School,  all  tui- 
tion   and    100 . 

Robert  Williams,   Secretary-Treasurer    200. 

Win.   Barbee,   Supt.  of  Buildings  and  Grounds 20. 

Total   for   salaries    $3095 . 

By-Laws. 

From  time  to  time  the  By-Laws  or,  as  they  were  called,  Or- 
dinances were  revised  and  much  enlarged.  I  give  some  of  the 
changes,  deemed  of  interest.  The  Faculty  consisted  of  the 
President,  Professors  and  Tutors,  the  President  having  two 
votes  in  case  of  a  tie. 

They  must  not  be  members  of  either  of  the  societies  or  even 
attend  a  meeting. 

Each  was  bound  to  enforce  the  laws  and  report  all  breaches. 

They  must  hold  monthly  meetings  and  a  report  of  their  pro- 
ceedings must  be  submitted  to  the  Trustees.  A  history  of  each 
student  must  be  kept. 

The  winter  session  must  begin  on  the  ist  of  January,  if  there 
one  student  to  form  a  class,  if  not  as  soon  as  there  shall  be. 

Examinations  for  admission  were  in  the  presence  of  all  the 
Faculty. 

Tuition  and  board  at  Steward's  Hall  were  payable  in  advance. 
If  the  student  arrived  at  the  middle  of  the  session  or  after- 
wards, he  paid  one-half. 

Each  student  must  buy  a  copy  of  the  laws  for  12  1-2  cents. 
The  certificate  of  membership  was  endorsed  on  the  copy;  and 
each  must  pledge  his  truth  and  honor  to  obey  the  laws. 

The  Faculty  were  authorized  to  dismiss  a  student  for  general 
worthlessness,  without  specifying  a  particular  offence. 

Even  when  not  in  study  hours  students  must  observe  "proper 
silence  and  respectful  deportment." 


CV-LAWS.  191 

Two  or  three  declaimed  before  the  Faculty  each  afternoon. 
There  were  no  exemptions  except  for  natural  impediment. 

On  Saturday  forenoons  all  students  recited  Grammar,  or 
passages  in  Latin  or  Greek,  or  read  pieces  of  their  own  com- 
position. 

The  annual  examinations,  (Commencements),  began  on  the 
22d  of  June,  or  on  the  23d  if  that  day  was  Sunday. 

If  one  was  absent  he  was  examined  before  all  the  Faculty. 

Habitual  indolence,  or  absences,  was  punishable  according 
to  the  aggravation. 

Deficient  students  were  either  publicly  mentioned  as  bad 
scholars,  or  admonished  privately,  or  ''de-classed." 

The  Faculty  assigned  duties  at  Commencement.  Refusal  to 
perform  them  was  punishable  by  loss  of  diplomas. 

Instruction  in  morals  and  religion  was  required. 

Insults  to  the  people  of  the  village  and  attacks  on  property 
were  forbidden,  and  the  village  could  not  be  visited  in  study 
hours  without  permission.  Students  were  prohibited  to  "make 
horse  races''  or  bets :  to  keep  cocks  or  fowls  of  any  kind  or  for 
any  purpose ;  to  keep  dogs  or  firearms,  and  to  use  firearm^  with- 
out permission. 

For  intoxication  the  punishment  was  for  the  first  offence 
admonition  before  the  Faculty :  for  a  repetition  public  admoni- 
tion or  suspension. 

For  refusal  to  inform  on  a  fellow-student  the  offender  was 
admonished  or  suspended.  For  combination  against  a  law,  or 
to  offer  disrespect  to  the  Faculty,  all  offenders,  or  leaders  only, 
could  be  punished. 

On  Sundays  all  ordinary  diversion  and  exercises  must  be 
laid  aside.  Students  could  not  fish,  or  hunt,  or  "walk  far 
abroad,"  but  what  distance  should  be  called  "far"  was  not  de- 
fined. Manual  or  corporal  labor  could  not  be  without  permis- 
sion. 

Adjectives  were  exhausted  in  the  denunciation  of  swearing; 
"Profane,  blasphemous,  impious  language"  prohibited.  Admoni- 
tion awaited  all  caught  lying  or  using  indecent  gesture  or  lan- 
guage. If  the  falsehood  was  direct  and  malicious  the  punish- 
ment was  suspension  or  expulsion. 


I92  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  01?  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

If  a  student  should  refuse  or  delay  opening  his  door  when 
ordered  by  a  member  of  the  Faculty,  it  could  be  forced  at  his 
expense,  and  the  occupant  required  to  pay  damages  and  be 
otherwise  punished  if  found  breaking  any  other  law.  And  so, 
if  a  student  should  be  sent  for  and  refuse  to  appear,  it  was  "a 
high  contempt  of  authority." 

Rooms  must  be  kept  clean,  students  must  not  introduce  filth 
of  any  kind  therein,  nor  throw  on  the  walls,  nor  within  twenty 
yards  of  the  building,  any  filth  or  dirt  under  penalty  of  being 
censured  and  forced  to  remove  the  same. 

Students  were  required  to  appear  neat  and  cleanly,  or  be  ad- 
monished, but  they  were  recommended  to  be  plain  in  dress. 
After  January  1,  1805,  they,  as  well  as  the  Faculty,  were  or- 
dered to  have  black  gowns  and  wear  the  same  in  Person  Hall 
at  public  meetings,  but.  students  must  not  wear  a  hat  in  the 
buildings. 

No  student  should  build  a  hut,  or  retain  one  already  built, 
without  permission.  This  refers  to  the  practice  of  those  seeking 
privacy,  having  rough  shelters  in  the  corners  of  the  partly  fin- 
ished South  or  "Main"  Building,  or  under  some  umbrageous 
tree. 

Nor  could  students  go  out  of  sight  of  the  buildings,  or  hear- 
ing of  the  bell  in  study  hours,  or  at  any  other  time  when  the 
bell  might  call  them  to  duty. 

Rooms  were  not  retained  for  anyone  absent  at  the  beginning 
of  the  session.  At  one  period  the  students  were  allowed  to  race 
for  them,  as  soon  as  prayer  was  finished,  on  the  first  morning. 

If  the  Faculty  deemed  any  house  improper  for  boarders,  on 
account  of  irregular  manner  of  living,  or  disorderly  or  per- 
nicious examples,  they  may  report  it  to  the  Trustees. 

As  a  rule  there  could  be  no  rooming  out  of  the  University 
building  until  there  were  four  in  each  room,  but  exceptions  could 
be  made  if  necessary  for  health,  a  certificate  of  a  physician 
being  the  only  evidence  of  this  necessity. 

At  the  first  ringing  of  the  bell  in  the  morning  all  should  rise. 
At  the  second  all  should  go  to  the  Chapel. 

Students  were  forbidden  to  eat  or  drink  at  a  tavern  without 
permission.  By  "tavern"  is  meant  places  where  alcoholic  liquors 
were  sold  for  drinks. 


STEWARDS.  193 

Dismission  or  expulsion  was  the  punishment  for  associating 
with  an  expelled  student.  All  universities  and  colleges  were 
to  be  notified  of  the  fact  of  expulsion  and  requested  not  to  re- 
ceive the  offender. 

Those  suspended  must  not  reside  within  two  miles  of  Chapel 
Hill. 

The  Presiding  Professor  must  notify  parents  of  proper  ex- 
penses and  request  them  not  to  furnish  their  sons  with  addi- 
tional funds. 

The  Faculty  shall  have  power  to  forbid  dangerous  games, 
and  it  was  solemnly  provided  that  no  ball  or  other  substitute 
used  in  licensed  plays  and  pastimes  should  be  composed  of 
harder  material  than  wound  yarn  covered  with  leather.  This 
probably  was  intended  for  base-ball,  in  which  it  was  the  practice 
to  put  out  a  player  by  hitting  him  with  a  thrown  ball  while  off 
base. 

For  settlements  of  controversies  between  Faculty  and  stu- 
dents and  officers  of  the  institution,  individually  and  collect- 
ively, six  Trustees  were  annually  appointed,  who,  with  the 
President,  made  a  quasi-court,  any  three  of  whom  were  a 
quorum.  Their  decision  stood  until  reversed  by  the  Board  of 
Trustees. 

Stewards. 

After  the  resignation  of  John  Taylor,  usually  known  as 
Buck  Taylor,  Pleasant  Henderson,  a  Major  of  Cavalry  under 
Col.  Malready  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  youngest  son  of 
Samuel  and  Elizabeth  (Williams)  Henderson,  brother  of  Judge 
Richard,  who  was  father  of  Archibald  and  Chief  Justice  Hen- 
derson, was  for  some  years  the  Steward  of  the  University.  Be- 
sides this  position,  he  was  during  the  sessions  of  the  General 
Assembly  Reading  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons.  He  mar- 
ried Sarah,  daughter  of  Col.  James  Martin,  brother  of  Governor 
Alexander  Martin.  The  late  Hamilton  C.  Jones,  Reporter  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  married  his  daughter.  He  removed  to 
Tennessee  in  1831. 

The  next  Steward  was  Samuel  Love,  who  came  to  Chapel 
Hill  from  Virginia.  His  son,  Wm.  Caldwell  Love,  was  a  stu- 
dent in  1802.  but  did  not  graduate,  settled  in  Salisbury  as  a 
13 


194  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OE  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

lawyer,  served  one  term  in  Congress,  and  was  one  of  our  Trus- 
tees from  1814  to  1818. 

Mr.  Love  was  succeeded  by  Wm.  Barbee,  son  of  Christopher 
Barbee,  one  of  the  donors  of  the  University  site.  He  lived  for 
some  time  in  Chapel  Hill  and  then  succeeded  to  part  of  his 
father's  land,  his  home  being  on  a  conspicuous  hill  called  "the 
Mountain,"  about  two  and  a  half  miles  east  from  Piney  Pros- 
pect. As  the  village  became  more  populous  boarding  at  Com- 
mons became  less  favored,  especially  among  the  wealthier  stu- 
dents. The  compulsory  feature  was  relaxed  and  finally  abol- 
ished. Mr.  Barbee  was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons 
in  1819. 

In  181  o  it  was  concluded  to  create  a  new  office  with  a  salary 
of  $20  a  year,  called  Superintendency  of  Buildings  and  Lands. 
The  first  Superintendent  was  John  Taylor,  the  elder,  usually 
called  Buck  Taylor.  He  soon  gave  place  to  Wm.  Barbee,  the 
Steward,  who  held  both  offices  for  several  years. 

Behavior  of  Old-Time  Students. 

The  records  show  that  some  of  the  students  were  abundantly 
wild  in  the  early  sessions  of  the  University.  In  addition  to  the 
riots  of  1798-99  the  Faculty  records,  though  incomplete,  show 
that  drinking  and  fights  and  rowdyism  were  too  frequent.  A 
•distinguished  statesman,  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  figured  in  a  dan- 
gerous fray,  drawing  a  pistol  on  Archibald  Lytle,  of  Tennes- 
see, the  difficulty  occasioned  by  Benton's  having  struck  his  ad- 
versary's nephew,  a  lad  in  the  Grammar  School.  Lytle  excused 
himself  for  not  engaging  in  a  duel  with  Benton  by  the  plea  that 
he  had  come  a  long  distance  at  great  expense  for  an  education 
and  could  not  afford  to  be  expelled.  We  have  such  entries  as 
these:  "H.  M.  expelled  for  gross  insolence  in  the  Preparatory 
School.  T.  N.  suspended  for  six  months  and  recommended  for 
expulsion  for  cutting  C.  I.  over  the  eye  with  a  stick."  The 
Trustees  declined  to  expel  him.  As  to  the  charge  of  theft 
brought  against  one  who  afterwards  became  famous  in  the 
councils  of  the  nation,  I  conclude  that  it  arose  from  a  mistake, 
distorted  by  the  fierce  party  spirit  of  the  day. 

A  member  of  the  Grammar  School,  "M.  J.,  severely  whipped 
for  stabbing  O.  J.  with  a  pen-knife  in  the  shoulders."    "W.  R. 


BREACHES  OF  THE  LAWS.  195 

suspended  for  kindling  a  fire  in  the  house  of  the  Trustees  with 
intent  to  burn  it."  "J-  G.  was  suspended  for  stealing  bee- 
hives." Mr.  Caldwell  reports  to  the  Trustees:  "It  is  no  un- 
common thing  for  the  students  to  go  out  at  night  at  a  very  late 
hour  and  take  bee-hives  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  village  and 
the  country  round.  They  have  found  safety  in  the  caution  they 
practice." 

Other  entries  are:  "W.  K.  admonished  before  all  the  stu- 
dents for  exploding  powder  and  refusing  to  go  into  recitation 
when  ordered."  "R.  A.  carried  a  keg  of  whiskey  into  his  room, 
and  he,  A.  J.  and  R.  C.  had  a  spree.  He  also  associated  with 
two  suspended  persons.  R.  A.  was  sentenced  (offence  not 
given)  to  sign  a  confession  and  read  it  before  the  students 
assembled  for  prayers.  H.  N.  was  expelled  by  the  Trustees  for 
gross  insolence  in  the  Preparatory  School." 

At  a  somewhat  later  period  H.  B.  was  expelled  for  insolence 
to  the  President  while  suppressing  a  disturbance,  firing  pistols 
in  the  buildings  and  breaking  a  window-glass  over  the  head  of 
Tutor  Clopton  while  holding  recitation.  I  do  not  think  that 
the  glass  came  into  actual  contact  with  the  Tutor's  cranium. 

R.  S.  was  expelled  for  firing  pistols  and  for  throwing  stones 
at  the  Faculty.  C.  W.  had  the  milder  punishment  of  suspension 
for  the  rest  of  the  session,  as  he  only  tried  to  break  open  a 
Tutor's  door,  and  helped  carry  off  a  carriage  and  a  gate. 

J.  R.  received  a  forced  vacation  of  six  months  for  firing  a 
pistol  in  college  and  helping  block  up  the  Chapel  door,  while 
J.  A.  and  R.  B.  got  four  months  for  firing  pistols  only.  Public 
admonition  before  Trustees,  Faculty  and  students  was  meted 
to  J.  W.  for  carrying  off  a  carriage  and  gate  and  beam  of  the 
bell.  J.  P.  for  rolling  stones  in  the  passage  of  the  building,  J.  L. 
for  abstracting  the  irons  of  the  bell,  R.  L.,  S.  K.  and  T.  M. 
for  carrying  off  a  carriage ,  and  N.  B.  for  threats  of  violence 
to  Mr.  Johnston,  the  teacher  of  the  Academy. 

A  brawl,  which  created  great  excitement,  occurred  during 
the  Commencement  of  1804  between  Henry  Chambers  and  a 
son  of  General  Davie,  Hvder  Ali.  bumorouslv  described  bv  Dr. 
Hooper.  The  annual  ball  was  held  in  the  dining-room  of  Stew- 
ard's Hall.     The  non-dancers    stood    around    witnessine    the 


I96  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

amusement,  and  among  those  in  front  stood  Chambers.  While 
dancing  Davie  trod  twice  on  the  toes  of  Chambers,  who  de- 
manded an  explanation  in  such  threatening  manner  as  to  in- 
cense the  offender.  Whereupon,  though  there  was  disclaimer 
of  intention  to  insult,  a  fight  ensued  in  the  yard  of  the  dwelling, 
Davie  using  a  knife  on  account,  he  alleged,  of  the  disparity  in 
size  between  himself  and  antagonist,  who  was  wounded,  but  not 
dangerously.  The  Trustees,  being  in  session,  tried  the  case,  and 
on  each  signing  a  written  declaration  of  regret  and  admission 
of  being  in  fault,  graciously  pardoned  the  combatants.  Davie 
expressed  himself  as  especially  grieved  because  he  had  used  a 
weapon  when  his  adversary  was  unarmed. 

T.J.  fired  a  pistol  in  college  but  afterwards  helped  to  put  down 
disorder;  C.  D.  C.  "mischeviously  trimmed''  a  horse  in  Mr.  Tay- 
lor's enclosure,  but  satisfied  the  owner.  The  sentences  were 
as  follows  The  pistol-firer  and  horse-trimmer  were  admon- 
ished before  the  Faculty  and  students ;  the  carriage-taker  and 
Chapel-blocker  above  mentioned,  were  admonished  before  the 
Board  of  Trustees. 

I  give  these  instances  in  order  to  show  the  character  of  the 
pranks  thought  to  be  "smart"  and  funny.  Ther^  were  many 
students  who  attended  to  their  duties  faithfully  and  obeyed  the 
rules.  For  example  the  idea  of  Vice-President  King  or  Gover- 
nor Branch  sallying  out  at  midnight  and  stealing  bee-hives  is 
inconceivable.     There  were  many  like  them. 

The  difficulties  of  government  were  greatly  increased  by  the 
existence  in  the  village  of  one  of  those  fruitful  sources  of  evil, 
a  grog-shop,  then  called  tavern.  An  Ordinance  was  adopted 
prohibiting  the  students  visiting  it,  but  of  course  it  was  brutum 
fulmcn.  Public  opinion  by  no  means  condemned  drinking  ar- 
dent spirits,  and  for  many  years,  if  the  drinking  by  students  did 
not  amount  to  excess,  it  was  not  regarded  as  a  serious  offence. 
The  University  law  was  directed  mainly  against  intoxication. 
To  preserve  order  and  detect  offenders,  the  Tutors  were  charged 
with  the  combined  duties  of  detectives  and  constables.  They 
must  with  eager  ears  listen  for  sounds  of  revelry  or  even  inno- 
cent jollity  and  forthwith  disperse  the  assembly,  and  report  its 
members  for  punishment.  Besides  this  some  Professor  was 
ordered  to  visit  the  rooms  each  morning.    Of  course,  in  addition 


BREACHES  OF   THE   LAWS.  197 

to  constant  collision  with  high-spirited  young  men,  such  super- 
vision had  the  tendency  to  impair  their  self-respect,  and  to  make 
them  regard  the  Faculty  as  their  natural  enemies. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  I  find  in  Caldwell's  handwriting 
a  memorandum  of  what  he  called  "notable  transactions,"  in 
1802 : 

On  the  28th  of  May  a  calf  was  placed  in  the  Chapel  and  the 
benches  pushed  up  against  the  pulpit.  On  the  5th  of  June  a 
fence  was  built  around  the  door  of  one  Nutting  and  across  the 
road.  Captain  Caldwell's  house  was  stoned.  Before  these  of- 
fences were  committed  the  house  of  the  Steward,  Major  Hen- 
derson, was  stoned,  one  of  his  buildings  overturned,  his  gate 
taken  from  its  hinges  and  placed  upon  the  pulpit. 

On  Sunday  night  the  27th  of  June  a  bee-hive  was  stolen  from 
John  Taylor,  carried  to  the  Preparatory  School-house,  the 
honey  taken  out  and  daubed  over  the  floor.  The  hive  was  left 
in  the  woods. 

Saturday  night,  14th  of  August,  Yeargin's  corn  was  cut.  A 
great  number  of  toad-frogs  and  terrapins  thrown  into  Monsieur 
Molie's  room.  He  was  also  insulted  with  the  utmost  license 
in  the  dining-room  and  elsewhere ;  ''nor  was  decency  or  order 
anywhere  observed."  In  the  dining-room  stamping  and  out- 
rageous insults  ;  outside  hollowing  and  extreme  disorder. 

Wednesday  night,  25th  of  August,  Molie's  100m  was  burst 
open  and  a  bee-hive  placed  in  it.  His  bed  was  filled  with  a 
vast  quantity  of  hair.  The  intention  was  professed  to  drive  him 
from  the  University.  President  Caldwell  adds  the  astounding 
information  that  this  method  of  getting  rid  of  officers  by  un- 
remitting insult,  abuse  and  violence  has  grown  up  with  the  in- 
stitution. It  was  to  put  a  stop  to  outrages  like  the  foregoing 
that  the  ill-starred  monitor  experiment,  hereafter  to  be  de- 
scribed, was  made. 

President  Caldwell  frequently  bewailed  the  committal  of 
secret  offences,  and  the  impossibility  of  procuring  evidence 
against  the  offenders.  The  students  on  the  other  hand  evidently 
resented  his  acquiring  information  in  any  manner  not  known  to 
them.  On  one  occasion,  in  1810,  pistols  were  fired  in  the  build- 
ing, and  stones  thrown  at  the  windows  of  a  recitation   room 


198  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

while  the  Professor  and  his  class  were  at  their  duties.  Some 
of  the  offenders  were  suspended  and  others  reprimanded.  Forty- 
six  students,  a  majority,  including  many  good,  orderly  men, 
presented  a  paper  stating  that  they  were  "bound  by  every  senti- 
ment of  honor  and  justice  to  request  the  names  of  those  who 
had  given  secret  information  to  the  Faculty."  They  charged 
that  injustice  had  been  done  to  some  of  those  disciplined  and 
urged  the  "impropriety  of  such  information  being  received  as 
evidence."  "Falsehoods  will  be  invented  and  we  will  be  con- 
victed without  knowing  our  accusers,  or  having  an  opportunity 
of  acquitting  ourselves  of  the  charges  against  us."  *  *  *  "We 
anxiously  hope  that  by  granting  our  petition  you  will  put  it  out 
of  the  power  of  envious  and  malicious  informers  privately  in- 
juring the  innocent."  The  journals  of  the  Faculty  are  so  im- 
perfect that  it  is  not  known  how  this  attack  on  the  fair  dealing 
of  the  Faculty  was  received,  but  it  is  certain  that  the  name  of  the 
informer  was  not  given  up. 

In  the  spring  of  1803,  for  some  cause  not  now  apparent,  bitter 
quarrels  occurred  among  some  of  the  students,  convulsing  the 
student  body  and  threatening  to  result  in  four  or  five  duels. 
Challenges  were  given  and  accepted.  There  was  one  meeting, 
as  the  journal  states  that  Samuel  G.  Hopkins,  of  Kentucky,  and 
John  H.  Hawkins,  of  North  Carolina,  were  expelled ;  the  one 
for  being  in  a  duel  and  the  other  for  acting  as  second,  but  fur- 
ther particulars  are  not  given.  Three  or  four  other  conflicts 
seemed  imminent.  Unable  to  cope  with  the  difficulty  Caldwell 
called  in  the  help  of  the  Trustees.  The  President  of  the  Board, 
a  Continental  officer  of  the  Revolution,  who  fought  all  the  wTay 
from  Brandywine  to  Eutaw,  Col.  Wm.  Polk,  famous  for  his 
chivalric  courage  and  high  sense  of  honor,  responded  with  a 
letter  to  the  students  at  large,  blazing  with  earnest  depreciation 
of  their  conduct.  He  is  shocked  by  the  report  of  the  disgrace- 
ful and  disorderly  state  of  the  University.  I  give  a  few  sen- 
tences of  his  vigorous  letter :  "That  students,  almost  grown, 
should  at  this  late  and  inauspicious  day,  be  guilty  of,  the  deplor- 
able madness  and  folly  of  rashly  sacrificing  their  character  and 
fame,  and  laying  in  dust  and  ashes  the  fairest  prospects  of  their 
country,  through  the  destruction  of  her  best  anchor  and  hope, 
her  University,  is  too  much.     It  is  folly  in  its  most  gigantic 


THREATENED  DUELS.  1 99 

and  hideous  shape;  insanity  replete  with  consequences  too  dire- 
ful and  deleterious  to  be  tolerated.  In  fine  a  deed  of  the  kind 
meditated  would  operate  as  the  worst  of  treason  against  the 
State."  But  for  the  arrival  of  three  students,  Searcy,  James 
Benton  and  Nunn,  who  gave  the  information  that  the  dangers 
were  passed,  he  would  have  collected  some  Trustees  and  with 
them  visited  the  University  "with  the  fixed  determination  to 
expel  with  the  most  marked  ignominy  and  disgrace  any  student 
guilty  of  giving,  bearing  or  accepting  a  challenge."  If  the 
thing  was  not  ended  he  urged  Caldwell  to  send  expresses  for 
General  Davie,  Walter  Alves,  Richard  Bennehan  and  Duncan 
Cameron,  and  notify  him. 

Col.  Polk  was  a  stern,  determined,  strong  man,  physically 
and  mentally,  ready  to  fight  any  man  on  provocation,  of  com- 
manding influence  by  reason  of  his  war  record,  unyielding  will, 
a  mind,  not  great  but  strong,  vigorous  and  well-balanced,  and 
extensive  possessions  in  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  The 
would-be  duelists  probably  expected  his  approbation.  His  letter, 
therefore,  couched  in  such  threatening  language,  effectually  and 
promptly  crushed  the  tendency  to  deadly  conflicts — as  it  has 
turned  out,  forever.  As  showing  the  evil  sentiments  on  this 
subject  once  prevailing,  I  state  that  two  students  of  the  College 
of  South  Carolina  who  had  been  friends,  promising  young  men, 
fought  a  duel  with  pistols  for  slight  cause,  one  being  killed  and 
the  other  so  wounded  that  his  life  was  blighted ;  and  the  second 
of  one  of  them  was  a  prominent  lawyer,  afterwards  United 
States  Senator  Butler. 

At  this  University  there  was  no  one  killed  or  wounded.  The 
two  students  who  had  been  expelled,  on  the  motion  by  the  bye 
of  General  Davie,  applied  to  have  the  sentence  remitted,  but  a 
committee  of  which  ex-Governor  Martin  was  chairman  reported 
against  it  and  the  application  was  refused.  The  Board  adopted 
a  most  stringent  ordinance,  commanding  the  Faculty  to  expel 
and  then  hand  over  to  the  civil  authorities  all  engaged  in  such 
conflicts  as  principals  or  as  aiders  and  abetters. 

By  the  kindness  of  General  Rufus  Barringer,  we  have  a  letter 
dated  February  28,  1804,  by  a  sprightly  student,  Henry  Cham- 
bers, to  Adlai  Osborne,  of  Salisbury,  a  recent  graduate,  which 
describes  a  226.  February  celebration  at  the  University.     There 


2GO       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

was  prevailing  what  the  physicians  called  "nervous  fever."  One 
student,  Philips  of  Edgecombe,  uncle  of  ex-Judge  Fred  Philips, 
had  died  from  it,  and  his  countryman,  Lemuel  Sessoms,  was 
not  expected  to  live.  He  goes  on,  "My  dear  fellow,  amidst  all 
our  afflictions  of  sickness,  etc.,  we  did  not  forget  the  22d  of 
February ;  nay  we  cherished  a  lively  recollection  of  the  char- 
acter to  whom  that  day  gave  birth  and  celebrated  it  in  a  pleasing 
and  splendid  manner.  .  Yes ;  on  that  day  we  not  only  gave  to 
the  world  the  strongest,  most  conclusive  indications  of  our  love 
for  the  exalted,  the  immortal  Washington,  but  showed  incon- 
testibly  that  we  were  hopeful  votaries  of  Bacchus.  About  thirty 
of  the  most  respectable  students  subscribed  for  a  supper  to  be 
furnished  by  Mr.  Nunn.  The  recent  death  of  Mr.  Philips  pre- 
vented our  having  a  dance  as  was  intended,  after  the  Senior 
class  had  finished  speaking.  Will  you  believe  it — that  out  of 
that  number  there  were  but  four  or  five  sober.  I,  though  strange 
to  tell,  was  one  of  this  number ;  but  it  was  almost  impossible 
for  me  to  have  been  otherwise  than  sober  as  I  was  chosen  Pres- 
ident, and  it  was  indispensable  that  I  should  keep  cool.  All  the 
Faculty  attended  by  special   invitation.     They  gave  us   some 

good  toasts,  drank  pretty  freely,  retired  (except ,  whom  we 

consider  one  of  ourselves),  early  and  left  us  to  our  own  enjoy- 
ment.    performed  noble  feats  that  day.  He  got  intoxi- 
cated twice.  He,  some  others  and  myself,  commenced  drinking 
wine  at  ii  o'clock  in  the  forenoon  and  continued  drinking  until 
one.     By  this  time  all  found  it  necessary  to  go  to  bed  to  get 

sober  enough  to  attend  the  supper.     This  we  did.  and got 

'all  seas  over'  again.  College  exhibited  a  pretty  scene  next 
morning.    I  am  unable  to  describe  it." 

It  is  impossible  to  imagine  such  a  debauch  in  our  day.  Cham- 
bers was  in  the  Senior  class,  a  man  of  talent,  afterwards* a 
leader  in  the  anti-monitor  dispute  with  the  Trustees.  He  was  a 
physician  of  strength. 

A  Disastrous  Experiment  in  College  Government. — The 
Great  Rebellion. 

The  indignation  aroused  by  such  offences,  especially  the  duel- 
ing episode,  prompted  the  Trustees  in  1805  to  adopt  laws  of 
such  inquisitorial  severity  as  outraged  the  sense  of  justice  among 


THE  GREAT  SECESSION.  201 

the  students.  In  the  first  place  the  President  and  Faculty  were 
required  to  take  an  oath  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  or  Judge 
to  execute  the  laws  of  the  institution.  Having  thus  quickened 
the  sense  of  responsibility  of  the  governors  the  next  move  was 
on  the  students.  There  was  already,  (as  I  have  heretofore 
shown),  a  by-law  of  the  institution  that  the  President  should 
appoint  a  monitor  for  each  class  "to  mark  absentees  from  Pray- 
ers and  Public  Worship  on  Sunday,  to  note  all  profane  swear- 
ing" or  gross  or  vulgar  language,  and  report  at  Prayers  on  each 
Sunday  morning." 

They  were  notified  that  if  they  failed  they  would  "betray  the 
trust  confided  to  them."  Naturally  this  duty  was  neglected,  as 
the  monitors  were  not  willing  to  incur  the  odium  of  being  "com- 
mon informers."  It  was  determined  by  the  Trustees  to  strengthen 
this  ordinance.  Mr.  A.  D.  Murphey,  the  young  lawyer  who 
had  recently  been  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages,  moved  forL 
a  committee  to  report  amendments  to  the  by-laws.  Mr.  Dun- 
can Cameron,  who  then  at  the  age  of  28  was  a  lawyer  of  large 
practice,  afterwards  also  a  Judge  and  President  of  the  great 
State  Bank  of  North  Carolina,  with  Murphey  as  chairman,  con- 
stituted the  committee.  Their  report  was  unanimously  adopted, 
but  there  was  only  a  bare  quorum  of  the  Board. 

The  ordinance  required  two  monitors  to  be  appointed  by  lot 
from  the  twelve  senior  students  of  each  class  to  serve  one  month. 
They  were  to  take  an  oath  before  some  officer  authorized  to 
administer  an  oath  as  follows : 

"I,  A.  B...  Monitor  of  the class,  on  the  establishment  of  the 

University  of  North  Carolina,  do  solemnly  swear  that  I  will  faithfully 
execute  the  duties  of  a  monitor  of  the  class,  during  my  con- 
tinuance in  office,  without  fear,  favor  or  affection,  to  the  best  of  my 
understanding,  so  help  me,  God." 

1.  The  duties  were  to  preserve  order  among  the  students  in  the  College, 
the  dining-room  and  elsewhere,  with  power  to  suppress  every  species  of 
irregularity.  Opposition  by  a  student  to  a  monitor  engaged  in  preserv- 
ing the  good  order  of  the  institution,  was  a  misdemeanor,  to  be  punished 
by  private  or  public  admonition,  by  suspension,  or  otherwise,  as  the 
offence  might  deserve. 

2.  The  classes  were  to  sit  together  in  the  dining-room,  the  monitors 
presiding.  They  were  invested  with  full  power,  and  it  was  their  duty  to 
preserve  proper  decency  and  decorum  among  the  students  at  their  respec- 
tive tables,  to  permit  no  loud  talking,  laughing  or  other   improper  be- 


202  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

havior,  to  suffer  no  waste  of  the  provisions,  nor  suffer  the  same  to  be 
abused  at  the  table,  nor  allow  any  to  be  taken  away,  without  the  Stew- 
ard's consent.  In  case  of  misbehavior  they  were  directed  to  order  the 
offender  away  from  the  table.  All  students  were  bound  to  take  their 
meals  at  Commons  unless  excused  on  the  plea  of  ill  health. 

3.  They  were  strictly  to  watch  over  the  conduct  of  the  students  at  all 
times  during  their  continuance  in  office,  and  make  report  of  every  irregu- 
larity and  impropriety  of  behavior  to  the  Faculty  at  the  end  of  each 
week.  They  were  also  to  report  all  injuries  to  public  buildings  and 
property  with  the  names  of  the  offenders. 

4.  At  the  ringing  of  the  bell  for  meals  the  students  were  ordered  to 
repair  to  the  dining-room,  arrange  themselves  according  to  the  order  of 
their  classes  on  each  side  of  the  door,  with  their  Monitors  at  the  head, 
and  thus  follow  the  Tutor  into  the  room. 

5.  Each  class  must  sit  by  itself  in  the  Public  Hall  with  the  Monitors 
at  their  head.  The  Tutors  and  Monitors  were  enjoined  to  have  these 
formalities  strictly  complied  with,  "and  in  no  instance  permit  the  same 
to  be  departed  from." 

6.  The  Monitors  of  the  Junior  and  Sophomore  classes  were  to  be  the 
marshals  at  Commencement  and  make  all  necessary  arrangements  there- 
for. 

Those  present  when  this  astounding  law  was  passed  were  the 
President  of  the  Board,  Col.  Wm.  Polk,  Duncan  Cameron,  A. 
D.  Murphey,  Col.  Edward  Jones,  Robert  Montgomery,  Adlai 
Osborne  and  Wm.  H.  Hill. 

They  were  among  the  best  men  of  the  State.  Cameron  and 
Murphey  were  among  the  leaders  in  professional  life  and  in  leg- 
islative halls.  Public  school  teachers  owe  Murphey  a  peculiar 
debt  of  gratitude.  Jones  was  the  able  Solicitor-General.  Mont- 
gomery and  Hill  were  members  of  Congress.  Osborne  was  a 
lawyer  of  large  practice,  as  indeed  were  all  the  others  except 
Col.  Polk,  who  was  president  of  a  bank  and  a  wealthy  planter. 
Not  one,  except  Murphey,  had  been  a  teacher. 

Murphey  must  be  held  principally  responsible  for  this  ill- 
judged  measure.  Public  opinion  deemed  it  the  suggestion  of 
President  Caldwell,  but  he  denied  it  and  appealed  to  the  Board 
of  Trustees  to  confirm  his  statement.  The  ordinance  was  writ- 
ten by  a  lawyer  evidently.  I  can  only  account  for  the  mon- 
strous blunder  on  the  part  of  men  of  such  reputation  for  sagac- 
ity by  the  following  explanation.  President  Caldwell  said  that 
in  the  great  rebellion  of  1799,  when  Gillaspie,  the  Principal,  was 
beaten,  he  and  Murphey  were  threatened.     It  may  be  that  re- 


THE  GREAT  SECESSION.  203 

sentment  for  such  outrages  unsettled  his  judgment,  and  Cam- 
eron, a  busy  lawyer  acquiesced  because  his  friend,  having  lived 
among  the  students,  was  supposed  to  have  peculiar  knowledge 
of  the  subject.  So  clear  to  Murphey  seemed  the  propriety  of 
governing  the  institution  by  the  machinery  of  the  criminal  law, 
just  as  are  governed  in  large  measure  the  German  universities, 
that  he  proposed  to  the  Trustees  to  ask  the  General  Assembly 
to  make  the  head  of  the  University  a  Justice  of  the  Peace.  This 
motion  met  with  slender  support.  It  is  justice  to  him  to  state 
that  he  soon  changed  his  notions  about  the  discipline  of  stu- 
dents. 

As  the  spirit  of  the  proposed  ordinance  was  the  treatment  of 
the  students  like  soldiers  in  service,  it  was  naturally  approved 
by  Col.  Polk,  who  had  been  President  of  the  Board  for  two 
years.  He  was  a  man  of  autocratic  temper,  and  had  served 
under  the  iron  discipline  of  Baron  Von  Steuben  of  the  school 
of  the  great  Frederick. 

If  our  students  had  been  a  colony  of  wax-dolls  they  might 
have  submitted  to  this  law  without  a  murmur.  If  cruel  tyranny 
had  crushed  out  all  their  instinctive  sense  of  right  and  wrong 
and  made  them  a  colony  of  liars  and  sneaks,  they  would  have 
cringed,  promised  obedience  and  straightway  systematically 
fawned  upon  and  deceived  the  professors ;  but,  being  American 
boys  with  independence  of  thought  and  abundance  of  pluck, 
they  received  the  ordinance  with  angry  disgust  and  determina- 
tion not  to  submit.  Four  Seniors  out  of  seven,  eleven  Juniors 
out  of  sixteen,  twenty-four  Sophomores  and  six  Freshmen,  in 
all  forty-five,  being  a  majority  of  all  the  students  in  attendance, 
and  a  very  large  majority  of  the  ablest  and  most  mature,  pre- 
sented a  remonstrance  to  the  Faculty  and  Trustees,  at  the  same 
time  binding  themselves  to  leave  the  institution  if  one  of  their 
number  should  be  punished.  And  to  use  their  own  language, 
"If  any  signer  should  withdraw  from  the  league  he  should  be 
considered  unworthy  the  attention  of  a  gentleman,"  an  ostra- 
cism more  terrible  to  the  average  student  than  death  or  expul- 
sion. 

President  Caldwell  had  not  then  learned  the  management  of 
North  Carolina  students.     He  made  the  singular  mistake  of 


2G4  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

supposing  that  the  requirement  of  an  oath  was  the  only  cause 
of  the  indignation.  At  his  request  a  "pledge  of  honor"  was 
substituted  for  the  oath,  but  the  promise  in  other  respects  being- 
more  stringent.  The  change  was  unanimously  rejected  by  the 
recalcitrants.  After  this,  in  December,  1805,  the  ordinance 
was  unanimously  repealed. 

As  this  was  a  disastrous  experiment  in  college  government,  I 
give  in  detail  the  substance  of  the  ordinance  substituted  for 
that  requiring  the  oath,  adopted  about  six  weeks  later  at  a 
called  meeting  of  the  Board. 

The  Trustees  sought  to  sustain  their  authority  by  "suspend- 
ing for  unlimited  time"  the  obnoxious   requirement. 

By  the  amendment  the  Monitors  were  required  to  repeat  and 
subscribe,  in  presence  of  the  Faculty  and  students,  the  follow- 
ing promise,  to  be  engrossed  in  large  characters  in  a  book,  to 
be  kept  for  that  purpose:     "I,  A.  B.,  Monitor  of  the.  . .  .class, 

do  promise  and  pledge  myself that  I  will  endeavor  by  a 

faithful  and  impartial  discharge  of  the  duties  of  my  appoint- 
ment to  prove  my  respect  and  veneration  for  a  moral  and  re- 
ligious conduct,  my  patriotism  and  love  of  honor,  my  attach- 
ment to  the  interests  of  literature  and  science,  and  my  filial  re- 
gard for  the  reputation  and  happiness  of  this  University." 
These  fine  words  by  no  means  buttered  the  parsnips  of  the  stu- 
dents, for  there  followed  additional  duties  and  requirements  even 
more  exacting  and  odious  than  were  in  the  previous  ordinance. 

The  first  gave  power  to  the  Monitors  only  over  their  own 
classes.  The  second  charged  them  with  the  duty  of  watching 
the  conduct  and  language  of  all  students,  as  well  as  of  their 
own  classes.  They  must  forbid  immoral  and  irreligious  con- 
duct and  breaches  of  the  laws ;  and  not  only  those  but  every 
species  of  irregularity  and  indecency,  words  so  general  as 
necessarily  to  lead  to  frequent  disputes.  Like  the  Tribunes  of 
Rome  their  persons  were  made  in  a  manner  sacrosancti,  it  being 
a  misdemeanor  to  disobey  or  insult  one.  The  same  strict  table 
laws  were  re-enacted. 

The  Monitors  must  make  weekly  written  reports,  minutely 
stating  all  breaches  of  the  laws,  all  immoralities,  irregularities 
or  instances  of  indecent  behavior  by  any  student,  naming  the 
offender,  especially  reporting  injuries  to  University  property. 


THE  GREAT  SECESSION.  2C>5 

Any  student  appointed  Monitor,  wilfully  failing  or  neglect- 
ing to  discharge  his  duties,  was  to  be  punished  by  admonition, 
or  suspension  not  exceeding  three  months,  and  for  second  of- 
fences suspended  indefinitely,  and  reported  to  the  Trustees  for 
expulsion. 

It  was  further  ordered  that  the  Tutors  of  the  Preparatory 
School  should  visit  the  rooms  of  the  students  three  nights. in  the 
week,  and  anyone  not  in  his  room  was  liable  to  be  reprimanded 
by  the  aforesaid  Tutor  and  punished  by  the  President  of  the 
University.  And  any  Preparatory  student  under  sixteen  years 
of  age  wilfully  injuring  the  college  buildings  was  to  be  pub- 
licly whipped  with  not  less  than  five  or  more  than  ten  stripes. 
If  over  sixteen  years  of  age  the  punishment  was  public  admoni- 
tion and  suspension  for  the  first  offence,  and  expulsion  for  the 
second  offence,  "by  the  President  without  reporting  to  the  Trus- 
tees." 

The  foregoing  summary  shows  that  the  objections  of  Cham- 
bers hereafter  mentioned  were  not  without  weight,  and  were 
not  founded  on  a  distorted  view  of  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the 
substituted  ordinance. 

Contemporaneous  letters  show  vividly  the  consternation 
caused  by  the  great  secession,  as  great  in  proportion  to  the 
numbers  of  the  community  as  was  the  march  of  the  Plebians 
of  Rome  to  the  summit  of  Mons  Sacer.  The  Steward,  Major 
Pleasant  Henderson,  wrote  to  a  Trustee,  Walter  Alves,  "The 
crisis  is  awful.  Communicate  this  fateful  intelligence  to  Mr. 
Bennehan.  I  know  how  much  it  will  affect  him."  Mr.  Benne- 
han,  whose  christian  name  was  Richard,  was  the  grandfather 
of  Mr.  Paul  C.  Cameron,  long  one  of  our  ablest  and  most  effi- 
cient Trustees.  He  had  resigned  his  Trusteeship  the  year  be- 
fore on  account  of  bodily  infirmity. 

The  President  of  the  Board,  Col.  Polk,  wrote  to  President 
Caldwell :  "The  situation  into  which  the  imprudence  and  ill- 
directed  conduct  of  the  seceding  students  has  thrown  the  insti- 
tution is  truly  distressing."  He  announced  that  the  Trustees 
had  agreed  that  those  who  had  not  left  the  Hill  and  are  willing 
to  submit,  may  do  so  on  terms,  but  those  who  have  deserted 


206  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  01f  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

without  leave  must  apply  to  the  Trustees.  If  the  classes  have 
been  so  depleted  as  to  make  it  impracticable  to  carry  out  the 
system,  it  may  be  dispensed  with;  but,  he  added  with  the  old 
Von  Steuben  instinct  of  discipline,  "when  the  classes  grow  the 
ordinance  must  be  enforced." 

In  another  letter  he  says:  "I.  W.  applies  for  re-admission. 
The  Trustees  decline  to  act  in  individual  cases,  but  will  publish 
general  terms.    They  must  promise  to  conform  to  the  laws." 

President  Caldwell  was  of  course  deeply  stirred.  While  not 
originally  responsible  for  the  ordinance  he  endeavored  with 
zeal  to  carry  it  into  effect,  and  he  denounced  the  conduct  of  the 
rebellious  students  to  the  Trustees  with  bitterness.  In  a  letter 
to  Richard  Henderson,  urging  him  to  accept  the  Professorship 
of  Languages,  he  predicted  that  one-half  or  two-thirds  of  "the 
conspirators"  will  ask  leave  to  return.  He  adds  pathetically, 
"If  so  many  of  the  youth  of  our  country  can  so  easily  sacrifice 
the  opportunity  of  science  and  aim  with  so  little  reluctance  a 
fatal  blow  at  the  very  existence  of  the  University,  it  is  for  those 
who  know  by  greater  experience  the  value  of  such  an  institu- 
tion to  baffle  the  waves  of  adversity  and  steer  the  bark  safely 
from  the  storm  which  assails  it."  He  then  declares  though 
tempted  by  the  offer  of  higher  salary  and  a  more  congenial 
chair,  he  had  "foregone  all  temptations  with  the  view  of  still 
sustaining  our  tottering  institution,  assailed  as  it  is  by  outward 
foes  and  rent  as  it  has  been  lately  by  an  explosion  of  inward 
insubordination,  rashness  and  profligacy." 

I  find  an  allegorical  paper  among  Dr.  Caldwell's  manuscripts 
entirely  in  his  handwriting,  where  and  how  published,  or 
whether  published  at  all,  I  have  been  unable  to  ascertain,  giving 
a  picture  of  the  morals  and  manners  of  the  students,  which  we 
must  hope,  is  far  too  highly  colored.  It  is  entitled  "An  Attempt 
at  a  Foul  and  Unnatural  Murder."  Some  parts  of  it  are  worth 
quoting — "A  respectable  matron  who  has  a  large  family  of 
children  became  an  object  of  odium  and  conspiracy  among  them 
on  account  of  the  strict  restraint  she  imposed  upon  their  vices 
and  disorders.  She  had  with  infinite  regret  observed  in  them 
for  a  long  time  a  strong  tendency  to  the  practise  of  getting 
drunk  and  then  engaging  in  the  acts  of  theft,  lewdness  and  riot, 


CALDWKLT.'   ALLEGORY.  20J 

which  naturally  incurred  the  necessity  of  much  lying,  equivo- 
cation and  duplicity."  Those  not  participating,  refusing  to  in- 
form, "were  involved  in  equal  disgrace  with  the  guilty."  Also 
many  "engaged  in  the  practise  of  gaming,  profane  swearing, 
and  insulting  the  people  they  met  with,"  and  when  resistance 
was  encountered,  "by  threats  of  secret  mischief  or  imposing- 
blustering  attempt  to  ward  off  punishment."  Also  they  fre- 
quently played  tricks,  entered  associations  for  making  noise, 
tumult,  vociferation  and  confusion,  to  the  interruption  of  the 
family  and  the  disgrace  of  their  mother's  house. 

She  fell  upon  the  expedient  of  appointing  some  of  the  number, 
if  they  could  not  prevent,  "to  make  report  to  her  of  those  who 
misbehaved.  As  she  knew  the  more  perfect  the  restraint  could 
be  made,  the  better  it  would  be  for  her  offspring,  she  required 
the  inspectors  to  be  under  oath  to  be  faithful  to  their  duty.  The 
reason  of  this  particular  was  that  their  depravity  had  ripened 
so  far  as  it  lay  it  down  as  a  maxim,  that  mere  promises  were 
of  no  force." — "Only  those  promises  which  bound  them  to  their 
duty  were  pronounced  to  be  of  no  force,  but  such  as  they  made 
to  one  another,  binding  them  to  faithfulness  in  their  combina- 
tion against  the  laws  and  rules  of  the  family,  as  to  conceal  the 
author  of  every  immorality,  and  disorder,  were  deemed  as  sacred 
and  kept  as  inviolate  as  promises  to  do  good  among  the  general- 
ity of  mankind." 

"After  six  weeks  trial,  they  remonstrated  against  the  oath. 
That  was  withdrawn  and  a  promise  of  honor  substituted.  Then 
many  grew  outrageous  and  clearly  evinced  that  it  was  not  the 
oath  that  had  excited  their  aversion,  but  the  necessity  of  giving 
up  their  beloved  habits  of  licentiousness."  "They  suddenly  and 
impetuously  flew  at  her  in  a  body,  grasped  her  by  the  throat 
and  made  a  promiscuous  outcry  that  they  would  rather  die  than 
submit  to  such  tyranny,  that  the  laws  of  morality  were  not  made 
for  young  people.  That  God  Almighty  himself  could  not  abide 
by  such  laws  and  that  as  for  religion  they  cared  not  half  so 
much  for  the  privilege  of  an  orison  to  the  Supreme  Being,  as 
they  did  for  the  liberty  of  taking  his  name  in  vain,  abusing  him 
habitually  to  his  face,  and  damning  all  his  progeny  into  eternal 
perdition.     It  was  enough  to  bring  tears  into  the  eyes  of  any 


208  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

person  of  common  feeling  to  see  how  unrelenting  the  exaspera- 
tion was  which  the  love  of  their  vices  had  infused  in  them." — 
"So  blinded  were  they  to  the  real  nature  of  their  habits,  that 
they  acted  as  if  they  were  doing  no  more  than  vidicating  by  a 
desperate  struggle  their  proper  rights,  while  nothing  could  be 
plainer,  than  that  an  indissoluble  attachment  to  disorder  and 
libertinism  had  brought  their  feelings  to  so  irritated  a  state." — 
"Exerting  every  nerve  they  long  kept  their  mother  gasping  and 
half-expiring,  till  they  gtew  weary  of  their  efforts,  and  she  extri- 
cated herself  from  their  clutches.  Thus  setting  herself  at  lib- 
erty they  fled  from  the  home,  leaving  a  dread  upon  the  mind  of 
the  astonished  and  suffering  parent  lest  they  should  ever  become 
troublesome  by  solicitation  to  be  re-admitted.- — If  such  appli- 
cation be  made  we  hope  that  she  will  always  remember,  that  if 
she  is  not  out  of  existence,  it  is  neither  for  the  want  of  a  wish 
nor  of  the  utmost  effort  they  could  make  to  destroy  her." 

The  records  show  that  those  applying  for  re-admission  were 
few,  notwithstanding  the  repeal  of  the  ordinance. 

I  have  discovered  among  the  papers  of  General  John 
Steele,  a  letter  written  to  him  by  Henry  Chambers,  who  was, 
as  I  have  said,  a  chief  leader  of  the  insurgents,  showing  the 
students'  side  of  the  controversy.  He  begins  by  saying,  "Every 
friend  to  science  must  lament  the  injudicious  conduct  of  the 
Trustees  in  passing  so  odious  a  law.  It  was  very  objection- 
able in  theory  but  much  more  so  in  practice.  It  banished  all 
harmony.  The  consequence  of  every  return  of  the  Monitor 
was  a  contention  between  the  students  and  the  teacher  and  the 
students  and  the  Monitors.  Frequently  have  I  heard  the  return 
of  the  Monitor  contradicted  in  the  public  Hall,  though  he  was 
acting  under  oath.  What  young  man  of  feeling  would  be  will- 
ing to  place  himself  in  such  a  situation  as  this  ?  Who  would 
suffer  himself  publicly  to  be  called  a  perjured  villain?  And 
the  Monitor  does  this  when  he  permits  the  correctness  of  his 
returns  to  be  questioned.  When  our  Remonstrance  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Trustees,  they  consented  to  take  off  the  oath  but 
substituted  a  promise  no  less  binding,  and  introduced  some  pro- 
visions into  the  law  which  made  it  much  more  objectionable 
than  it  was  originally.     Upon  examination  it  will  be  found  that 


THE  GREAT  SECESSION.  200, 

the  Monitors  have  cognizance  now,  not  only  of  the  conduct  of 
their  particular  classes  but  of  the  whole  school.  Thus  a  mem- 
ber of  the  lower  class  can  admonish  and  return  a  member  of  the 
Senior  or  Junior  classes.  And  is  it  not  degrading  to  put  a 
young  man  of  the  first  stand  in  College  under  the  absolute  con- 
trol of  a  little  Boy;  a  Boy  that  may  be  incapable  of  discriminat- 
ing between  proper  and  improper  conduct?  It  certainly  is." — 
"Perhaps  an  apology  is  due  you  for  troubling  you  with  this 
letter.  I  beg  that  you  will  ascribe  it  to  the  uncommon  solici- 
tude I  feel  to  satisfy  my  friends  as  to  the  part  I  have  acted.  If 
they  condemn  me  it  is  my  misfortune  to  be  condemned  for  doing 
what  I  conceive  to  be  right  and  proper." 

Chambers  was  one  of  the  best  students  in  his  class  and  very 
near  to  receiving  his  diploma.  It  must  have  been  a  profound 
conviction  that  made  him  become  the  leader  in  the  movement 
of  resistance  and  ultimately  of  secession. 

A  letter  dated  September  23,  1805,  published  by  Dr.  S.  B. 
Weeks  in  the  University  Magazine  of  April  and  May,  1894, 
from  John  L.  Conner  to  his  brother,  giAres  also  the  views  of  the 
students  as  to  the  Monitor  Ordinances.  He  called  them  op- 
pressive and  tyrannical.  "A  remonstrance,  signed  by  forty-five 
students,  was  handed  to  the  Faculty  and  Trustees,  a  fortnight 
before  the  expiration  of  the  monitorial  office.  The  Trustees 
did  not  repeal  the  laws  but  modified  them,  and  in  that  modifica- 
tion they  also  magnified  them,  being  still  more  severe  (the  oath 
excepted)  than  before."  For  the  oath  was  substituted  a  solemn 
promise.  Those  who  signed  the  remonstrance  were  desired  to 
meet  in  order  to  decide :  1st,  Is  the  promise  binding?  This  was 
affirmed  by  a  large  majority.  2d,  Is  the  law  modified?  The  vote 
on  this  was  22  in  the  negative  against  19.  "Of  course,  according 
to  the  remonstrance  and  'private  obligation,'  we  were  obliged  to 
leave  College."  Mr.  Conner  goes  on  to  express  his  admiration 
of  the  speakers  among  the  students.  "The  legislature  of  Xorth 
Carolina  cannot  produce  men  of  such  accurate  judgment,  reas- 
oning and  fluent  language  as  was  displayed  in  the  debates  of  our 
honorable  body.  *  *  *  Those  who  signed  (with  some  excep- 
tions) are  the  most  respectable,  both  in  their  class  and  char- 
acter." 

14 


2IO       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Conner  gives  his  reason  for  joining  the  insurrection.  "When 
I  was  first  asked  to  sign,  I  refused,  alleging  that  I  could  agree 
to  be  governed  by  the  laws  but  not  to  be  one  that  should  en- 
force them,  that  the  law  would  not  affect  me  as  I  boarded  out  of 
College:  that  I  should  not  be  made  a  monitor  for  the  same  rea-" 
son,  and  that  I  was  seldom  among  the  monitors."  He  found 
however  that  he  was  not  only  liable  to  be  monitor  but  to  be 
forced  to  live  in  the  College  building.  He  had  recently  a  severe 
attack  of  rheumatism  and  if  he  should  be  sick  in  College  he 
would  have  very  little  attendance  and  stand  in  need  of  every 
necessity.  "The  fare  also  in  College  is  miserable,  for  it  is  com- 
mon to  see  skippers  in  beef,  which  is  the  only  flesh  diet  they 
have.  In  this  case  they  must  fast,  for  by  a  later  ordinance  they 
are  debarred  from  getting  a  dinner  elsewhere." 

"Only  four  students,  who  signed  the  remonstrance,  now  re- 
main in  the  village.  The  rest  have  returned  home  to  their 
parents  and  friends,  who  highly  approve  of  their  conduct. 
They  have  no  idea  of  their  sons  being  perjured  by  an  extorted 
oath.  The  trustees  have  exhibited  the  affair  in  as  bad  a  point  of 
view  as  possible,  nothing  more  than  what  was  to  be  expected. 
However,  they  have  since  had  the  generosity  to  acknowledge 
an  error  in  judgment." 

Conner  concluded  to  remain  in  Chapel  Hill  and  pursue  his 
studies  privately.  He  adds  naively,  "I  assure  you  that  I  should 
not  have  signed,  had  I  not  thought  myself  justifiable  in  so  do- 
ing. But  I  had  not  the  least  idea  in  its  terminating  in  such 
disagreeable  consequences."  He  subsequently  accepted  the 
offer  of  the  Trustees  that  the  seceders  might  return  on  sub- 
scribing a  promise  to  obey  the  laws  of  the  institution. 

John  Lancaster  Conner  was  evidently  a  young  man  of  parts. 
He  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  the  Quaker  Lord  Proprietor,  and 
Governor  of  Carolina,  John  Archdale,  and  grandson  of  Em- 
manuel Love,  Secretary  of  the  Province.  He  left  the  University 
without  graduating,  probably  on  account  of  his  rheumatism, 
and  died  early. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  the  seceders  adopted  the  wrong 
remedy  for  the  evil  of  which  they  complained.  They  injured 
themselves  and  injured  the  University.     They  inflicted  severe 


DAVIE  S  OPINION  OF  THE  SECESSION.  211 

pain  on  those  who  loved  them  best,  their  parents  and  relatives. 
They  would  undoubtedly  have  procured  the  repeal  of  the  ordi- 
nance at  an  early  date  by  continued  strong,  yet  courteous,  peti- 
tions. It  was  passed  by  a  thin  Board,  a  bare  quorum.  The 
Trustees  were  judicious  and  well-meaning,  and  it  was  repealed 
after  only  a  few  months  operation.  The  secession  and  violent 
language  were  a  hindrance  to  early  repeal,  because  the  Trustees 
could  not  yield  to  denunciation  and  threats. 

That  I  am  correct  in  this  criticism  of  the  action  of  the  stu- 
dents is  sustained  by  a  letter  from  General  Davie  to  Treasurer 
Haywood,  of  the  date  of  September  22,  1805.  His  opinion  had 
commanding  weight  with  the  Trustees,  and  that  was  decidedly 
against  the  ordinance.  He  wrote :  "The  late  unfortunate  occur- 
rence at  the  University  is  much  to  be  lamented  on  many  ac- 
counts, but  most  of  all  for  the  ill-advised  measure  which  gave 
birth  to  the  conduct  and  feeling  of  the  students.  An  ordinance 
of  the  same  kind  was  rejected  several  years  ago  on  a  full  consid- 
eration by  the  Board  on  the  ground  that  the  principle  was  im- 
proper. These  Monitors  under  the  ordinance  are  not  a  species 
of  Magistrates  but  real  spies,  and  human  nature  revolts  from 
the  principle  of  espionage  in  every  shape.  The  corruption  and 
depravity  of  London,  Paris,  and  other  large  cities,  render  its 
adoption  necessary  to  the  police,  but  the  most  degraded  wretch 
in  the  sinks  of  depravity  could  not  be  induced  to  accept  it  as  a 
public  office,  and  always  stipulates  for  the  most  profound 
secrecy  with  regard  to  his  employment.  I  do  not  believe  that 
the  duty  of  Monitor  or  Censor  has  ever  been  carried  further  in 
any  literary  Institution  than  to  note  absences  from  prescribed 
duties  such  as  attendance  on  recitation,  prayers,  Church,  etc." 
He  counselled  absolute  repeal  of  the  ordinance. 

He  was,  however,  far  from  approving  the  violent  conduct  of 
the  students.  He  advised  that  the  ring  leaders  should  not  be 
re-admitted.  He  added:  "I  have  reflected  much  and  seriously 
since  this  event  on  the  cause  of  this  spirit  of  insubordination, 
and  the  means  of  preventing  it.  It  has  always  existed  in  a 
considerable  degree ;  the  ordinance  may  be  considered  as  onlv 
an  accidental  cause.  I  think  the  real  causes  may  be  found  in 
the  deficits  of  domestic  education  in  the  Southern  States,  the 


212  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

weakness  of  parental  authority,  the  spirit  of  the  Times,  the 
arrangement  as  to  vacation,  and  some  errors  by  the  Board  which 
I  will  notice  hereafter." 

"Every  man  of  discernment  who  has  lived  forty  or  fifty  years 
must  have  observed  and  lamented  the  general  decay  of  parental 
authority  and  the  consequent  presumption  and  loose  manners  of 
our  young  men.  Boys  of  16  or  ly  years,  without  judgment, 
without  experience  as  to  almost  any  knowledge  of  any  kind, 
arrogantly  affect  to  judge  for  themselves,  the  trustees  and  even 
their  parents  in  matters  of  morality,  of  government,  of  educa- 
tion, in  fact  of  everything.  The  effect  of  the  other  general 
cause  is  visible  throughout  the  whole  of  their  remonstrance. 
Nothing  can  be  more  ridiculous  than  Boys  at  school  talking  of 
'sacred  regard  for  their  rights,'  'the  high  and  imposing  duty  of 
resistance/  and  of  'denouncing  laws,'  etc.,  etc.,  the  genuine 
slang  of  the  times,  culled  from  the  columns  of  newspapers ;  yet 
these  very  sounds  are  attended  with  the  most  mischievous  con- 
sequences. Over  these  causes  however  the  Board  has  no  power 
or  influence,  but  they  must  be  considered  to  be  counteracted  as 
far  as  practicable." 

General  Davie  then  states  that  he  has  observed  that  these 
disturbances  take  place  in  the  Fall  of  the  year.  This  he  at- 
tributes to  the  great  length  of  time  the  students  have  been  con- 
fined at  College.  "They  become  tired  and  disgusted  with  study, 
their  minds  generally  acquire  a  sour,  gloomy  and  restive  tem- 
perament, producing  a  general  predisposition  to  any  measure 
that  may  break  up  the  session,  or  interrupt  business  and  distress 
the  Faculty." — To  remedy  this  he  recommended  having  the  two 
vacations  on  the  same  footing,  i.  e.  of  the  same  length. 

"The  difficulty  we  have  continually  experienced  in  the  man- 
agement of  youth  at  this  institution,  has  obliged  me  to  reflect 
on  the  means  we  have  used,  and  the  nature  of  the  Government 
of  such  institutions.  I  am  now  perfectly  convinced  that  the 
best  governed  Colleges  are  those  which  have  the  most  respecta- 
ble Faculties,  and  the  fewest  written  laws,  and  that  we  have 
committed  a  serious  error  in  making  an  ordinance  for  every- 
thing, in  other  words  legislating  too  much.  It  is  now  my  opin- 
ion that  after  describing  the  kind  of  punishment  to  be  used  in 
the  Establishment,  and  reserving  in  all  cases  the  punishment  of 


DAVIE  S  OPINION  OF  THE  SECESSION.  213 

Expulsion  to  be  confirmed  by  the  Board,. the  rest  should  be  left 
to  the  discretion  of  the  Faculty." 

"It  may  require  some  reflection  to  see  the  justness  of  this 
remark,  owing  to  certain  habits  among  us  of  acting  and  think- 
ing, and  I  will  only  add  that  the  principles  of  parental  govern- 
ment are  the  true  models  for  that  of  literary  institutions  for  the 
youth  of  all  kinds  from  the  University  down  to  the  common 
schools.  The  parental  government  has  no  written  laws,  and  I 
would  observe  that  no  mortal  man  could  govern  his  family  if  he 
adopted  that  mode.  If  he  did  his  whole  household  would  be- 
come, like  these  students,  lawyers  and  legislators,  discussing 
his  ordinances,  chattering  about  "their  rights,'  'despotism/ 
'duty  of  resistance.'  etc.,  etc.  They  would  form  themselves  into 
revolutionary  committees  and  be  always  deliberating,  remon- 
strating and  revolting." 

He  doubted  the  propriety  of  publishing  in  the  newspapers  all 
the  distinctions  made.  The  motive  is  good,  but  "it  has  the 
effect  of  filling  the  young  men  with  presumption,  and  a  vain 
imaginary  consequence.  Perhaps  it  is  better  to  notice  in  the 
papers  the  Commencement  honors  only." 

'  'It  is  dangerous  to  depart  from  the  paths  of  Experience,'  is 
a  truth  I  am  more  and  more  convinced  of  every  day  I  live." 

General  Davie  left  Halifax  for  his  plantation  in  South  Caro- 
lina about  the  first  of  November,  and  this  letter  contains  the 
last  counsels  he  gave  to  the  institution  which  he  so  long  cher- 
ished. With  the  exception  of  his  recommendation  of  two  vaca- 
tions of  equal  length,  the  management  of  the  institution  has  been 
for  many  years  on  the  line  he  advocated.  During  President 
Caldwell's  administration  the  Trustees  ceased  to  interfere  in  the 
discipline,  and  in  1876  the  By-Laws  were  quietly  laid  aside  and 
the  requirement  that  students  behave  as  gentlemen  was  adopted 
as  the  general  rule  of  conduct. 

The  repeal  of  the  obnoxious  ordinance  did  not  bring  back  the 
seceders.  In  1805  there  were  only  three  graduates  and  in  1806 
only  four.     In  1807  they  rose  to  six  and  in  1808  to  thirteen. 

The  following  list  shows  the  names  of  the  seceders : 

Of  the  Senior  Class :  Henry  Y.  Webb,  of  Hillsboro ;  Henry 
Chambers,  of  Rowan ;  John  Owen,  of  Bladen ;  Ransom  Hinton, 
of  Wake — 4. 


214  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Juniors:  Alfred  M.  Burton,  Granville;  Daniel  Forney,  Lin- 
coln ;  Wm.  B.  Meares,  New  Hanover ;  Wm.  Campbell,  Cumber- 
land ;  Green  H.  Campbell,  North  Carolina ;  James  Young,  Gran- 
ville ;  Henry  G.  Williams,  Northampton ;  John  C.  Montgomery, 
Hertford ;  James  A.  Cain,  Orange ;  James  A.  Harrington,  Rich- 
mond ;  John  S.  Young,  North  Carolina — n. 

Sophomores,  then  spelt  Sophimores:  John  B.  Brown,  Bladen 
County ;  Wm.  Cowan,  New  Hanover  County ;  Alexander  Gil- 
mour;  Wm.  Pegues,  Cabarrus  County;  Benj.  B.  Hunter,  Tar- 
boro;  Samuel  Spencer,  Anson  County;  Lewis  Duke,  Warren 
County;  James  Tignor;  Thomas  Goode,  Virginia;  John  B.  Jas- 
per, New  Bern ;  Haley  I.  Inge,  Louisiana ;  Horace  B.  Satter- 
white,  Salisbury ;  Wm.  Gilmour,  Halifax ;  Wm.  Maclin,  Vir- 
ginia ;  Wm.  W.  Williams,  Martin  County ;  Wm.  Ferrand, 
Rowan  County  (probably),  Wm.  Hayes,  Pittsboro;  Wm.  Green, 
Warren  County;  Levi  Whirled,  Orange  County  (probably); 
John  Jones,  New  Hanover  County  (probably)  ;  Palmer  Mosely, 
Lenoir  County ;  John  L.  Conner,  Pasquotank  County ;  Wm. 
Roulhac,  Martin  County — 23. 

Freshman  Class :  Philemon  Hawkins,  Warren  County ;  Rob- 
ert Collier,  Chapel  Hill;  Joseph  H.  Pugh,  Bertie  County  (prob- 
ably) ;  Henry  Watters,  Orange  County ;  Wm.  Hinton,  Bertie 
County;  John  Williams,  Warren  County  (probably)  ;  Wm.  Wil- 
liams, Martin  County — 7. 

Some  of  these  attained  prominence  in  after  life :  John  Owen, 
was  Governor;  Henry  Y.  Webb,  a  Judge;  Wm.  B.  Meares,  a 
State  Senator ;  John  Jones,  Speaker  of  the  House.  Some 
others  attained  the  dignity  of  representing  their  counties  in  the 
General  Assembly.  A  few  returned  after  a  year's  absence  and 
graduated.  The  majority  settled  down  into  the  steady  useful 
life  of  North  Carolina  citizens. 

The  Trustees  were  evidently  sore  at  their  defeat.  Probably 
some  of  the  seceding  students  obtained  admission  into  other  in- 
stitutions. In  1807  a  letter  was  sent  to  the  Presidents  of  all  the 
Colleges  in  the  Union,  transmitting  copies  of  "An  Ordinance  to 
Prevent  the  Admission  into  the  University  of  North  Carolina  of 
Improper  Persons  as  Students."  It  was  signed  by  Governor 
Benjamin  Williams,  as  President  of  the  Board.     Accompanying 


NOTICES  TO  OTHER  COLLEGES.  21 5 

it  was  a  letter  by  him,  stating  that  it  was  adopted  because  of 
recent  acts  of  hostility  to  authority  and  the  laws,  committed  in 
several  American  Colleges,  and  asking  for  a  regular  report  of 
expulsions  and  desertions. 

The  scope  of  the  ordinance  was — 

1.  Refusal  to  admit  into  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
any  student  expelled  from  any  University  or  College,  or  who 
has  deserted  therefrom  to  avoid  trial  for  offences. 

2.  Requiring  of  all  applicants  for  admission  a  declaration  that 
they  have  not  been  expelled  and  have  not  so  deserted  another 
institution. 

3.  That  the  names,  ages  and  residences  of  all  such  expelled 
students  and  deserters  shall  be  transmitted  to  all  other  institu- 
tions, and  also  recorded  in  the  journals  of  the  Faculty  and  of 
the  Board.  Similar  lists  transmitted  from  other  institutions 
shall  be  similarly  recorded. 

This  document,  apparently  vindictive  in  its  intent,  by  the  use 
of  the  word  "deserters,"  as  applicable  to  students  leaving  the 
institution  pending  charges,  coupled  with  the  inquisitorial  char- 
acter of  the  ordinance  appointing  Monitors,  intimates  that  the 
authorities  regarded  them  as  subject  to  control  similar  to  that 
used  in  the  army  over  soldiers.  The  experiment  is  interesting 
as  a  step  in  the  transition  from  the  old-time  severity  of  Colleges, 
as  well  as  family  government,  to  the  more  free,  and,  as  results 
here  proved,  more  satisfactory  modern  methods. 

A  difficulty  which  occurred  in  1808  shows  strongly  the  sensi- 
tiveness of  the  Faculty  in  regard  to  their  authority  and  that  they 
had  not  lost  their  pluck  in  consequence  of  the  "great  Rebellion." 
Because  of  dissatisfaction  in  regard  to  fare  in  Steward's  Hall 
thirty-eight  students,  among  them  eight  Seniors  and  nine 
Juniors,  in  the  list  being  such  men  as  John  Branch,  afterwards 
Governor  and  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  James  F.  Taylor,  Solici- 
tor for  the  State,  Mark  Alexander,  a  member  of  Congress, 
signed  a  petition  to  the  Faculty,  stating  their  grievances  in 
strong  language.  Among  other  things  they  said :  "Having 
borne  with  patience  for  a  considerable  time  a  failure  of  the 
Steward  to  comply  with  the  bill  of  fare,  and  having  observed 
the  inefficiency  of  individual  complaints  to  produce  an  amend- 


2l6  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ment,  and  seeing  that  our  rights  are  infringed  upon,  we  have 
thought  proper  to  petition  the  Faculty,  in  whom  is  vested  the 
power  to  enforce  a  compliance.  Our  grievances  are  daily  ac- 
cumulated, and  they  are  such  whose  importance  demands  im- 
mediate redress.  We  have  long  observed  an  insufficiency  of 
butter. — The  beef  has  been  such  as  to  shock  every  sentiment  of 
decency- — frequently  unsound  and  covered  with  vermin. — The 
frequency  of  this  shows  that  it  proceeds  from  carelessness  in 
the  Steward,  and  as  such  we  require  an  alteration." 

The  paper  was  drawn  evidently  by  Maxwell  Chambers,  of 
Salisbury,  afterwards  a  physician  of  that  place,  a  relative  of 
Dr.  Henry  Chambers,  leader  of  the  great  Secession.  It  was 
considered  by  the  Faculty  to  be  offensive,  the  use  of  the  word 
"require"  and  the  like  savoring  of  rebellion.  At  their  sugges- 
tion another  was  substituted,  stating  that,  "on  reflection  we  have 
discovered  the  inconsistency  of  our  former  petition,  and  there- 
fore, conformable  to  your  opinion  and  also  to  our  own  view,  we 
now  offer  one,  in  which  is  contained  a  plain  statement  of  every 
article,  on  which  our  complaints  are  founded."  After  enumera- 
ting the  charges  in  regard  to  the  deficiencies  of  the  table,  they 
"entreat  the  interposition  of  your  authority  for  a  redress  of  our 
grievances." 

I  wish  I  could  add,  as  old  children  stories  concluded,  "and  so 
they  lived  happily  together,"  but  the  journal  shows  that  two 
students,  one  Senior  John  R.  Stokes,  and  one  Junior,  Elias 
Foord,  refused  to  sign  the  amended  paper  and  were  suspended 
from  the  institution.  Afterwards  Stokes  petitioned  the  Trus- 
tees for  restoration,  alleging  that  he  meant  no  disrespect  to  the 
Faculty  by  his  conduct  and  promising  obedience  to  the  laws. 
This  was  approved  by  the  Faculty  and  the  Trustees,  after  a 
long  preamble  avowing  their  determination  to  sustain  the  au- 
thority of  the  Faculty.  They  agreed  to  the  request,  "as  an 
offering  of  kindness  and  favor."  Stokes  returned  and  took  his 
diploma,  but  Foord  remained  at  home. 

As  the  Faculty,  when  satisfied  of  the  guilt  of  one  accused, 
often  declined  to  accept  his  denial,  it  sometimes  probably  hap- 
pened that  injustice  was  done.  In  1811  I  find  a  paper  signed  by 
six  students,  some  of  whom  undoubtedly  were  during  their  adult 


FACUI/TY  VI^WS  OF  INSUBORDINATION.  21J 

lives  good  citizens,  "attest  upon  their  truth  that  they  heard  a 
certain  person  avow  in  such  manner  as  to  convince  them  of  his 
unaffected  sincerity  that  he  performed  the  self-same  act  for  the 
supposed  commission  of  which  J.  Pinkston  had  been  suspend- 
ed."    Pinkston  was  reinstated. 

The  indignation  of  the  friends  of  this  student  and  another 
was  so  great  that  when  President  Caldwell  rose  in  the  Chapel  to 
announce  their  suspension,  twenty-three  of  their  friends  osten- 
tatiously marched  out  in  disgust.  Among  them  were  such  men 
as  Charles  L.  Hinton,  a  State  Treasurer ;  John  G.  B.  Roulhac, 
prominent  merchant ;  and  Arthur  Hopkins,  a  Chief  Justice. 
They  miscalculated  the  firmness  of  the  President  and  his  Fac- 
ulty, who  promptly  suspended  them  all.  A  strong  and  well- 
written  letter  of  apology  and  regrets,  almost  too  fulsome,  was 
promptly  sent  in  by  the  humbled  insurgents.  Hear  them.  "You, 
Revd.  and  respected  Sir,  are  conversant  with  the  history  of  man 
from  infancy  to  maturity.  You  have  taught  the  young  idea 
how  to  shoot.  You  have  poured  the  fresh  instruction  over  the 
mind.  You  have  fixed  the  worthy  purpose  in  the  glowing 
breast." 

"We  have  acted  improperly. — It  proceeded  from  the  tempo- 
rary absence  of  reason  and  reflection. — We  acknowledge  our 
error  with  contrition. — We  ardently  solicit  and  respectfully 
hope  for  forgiveness  for  this  our  late  offence  and  particularly 
for  the  conduct  of  those  of  tender  age  who  may  have  been  led 
into  error  by  our  example." 

"With  that  respect.  Reverend  and  Revered  Sir,  that  your 
character  and  conduct  universally  command,  and  of  which  you 
are  so  highly  deserving,  we  presume  to  add  that  of  our  esteem 
and  individual  affection,  let  the  fate  of  this  letter  be  what  it 
may." 

To  this  eloquent  letter,  which  likewise  contained  disclaimer 
of  intentional  disrespect  and  promise  of  future  good  conduct, 
the  cold  answer  was  returned  by  the  President,  that  after  their 
return  to  their  homes  the  petition  might  be  taken  up  and  con- 
sidered.    Most  of  them  were  reinstated  and  took  their  degrees. 

In  one  case  an  extraordinary  amount  of  contrition  was  de- 
manded.    The  sentence  was  that  the  offender  should  be  indefi- 


2l8  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OE  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

nitely  suspended  unless  he  should  acknowledge  to  the  Faculty  in 
the  presence  of  all  the  students  that  he  had  done  wrong,  secondly 
that  he  should  crave  the  indulgence  and  good  will  of  the  Faculty 
and  particularly  of  the  President,  thirdly  that  he  should  assure 
the  Faculty  that  he  would  obey  the  laws  in  the  future. 

Sometimes  the  good  President  wrote  out  the  letters  of  contri- 
tion to  be  signed  by  the  offenders.  One  of  them  is  made  to  say, 
when  summoned  to  answer  the  Professors  for  neglect  of  duty, 
"It  is  with  shame  and  confusion  I  confess  the  low  and  vulgar 
expressions  in  which  I  suffered  my  obstinate  and  indecent  pas- 
sions to  vent  themselves  in  return  for  their  solicitude  for  my 
welfare,  *  *  *  and  I  will  never  again  be  guilty  of  such  lan- 
guage, or  of  any  voluntary  infraction  of  the  laws  of  this  institu- 
tion which  is  so  sacredly  devoted  to  the  production  and  ad- 
vancement of  good  morals  and  science  in  the  hearts  and  under- 
standings of  the  young."  The  student  who  signed  the  above- 
mentioned  paper — what  is  often  called  in  the  country  a  "lie- 
bill,"  was  so  agitated  that  he  forgot  to  clot  his  i's  in  William ;  a 
grammatical  neglect  of  atrocious  magnitude  in  those  days. 

Notwithstanding  these  occasional  outbreaks  it  is  refreshing  to 
find  periods  of  tranquillity.  A  sentimental  observer  writing  in 
February,  1803,  praises  students  and  Faculty  in  glowing  lan- 
guage. He  says  "voluntary  acquiescence  stamps  a  reverence 
on  the  minds  of  all.  Contentment  extends  its  influence  through 
every  department  and  beams  with  placid  serenity  on  every 
brow." 

Sayings  and  Incidents  oe  a  Comicae  Nature. 

Comical  incidents  and  sayings  form  so  large  part  of  Uni- 
versity life  that  I  record  some  as  specimens  of  what  in  the  old 
days  were  considered  amusing.  I  begin  with  two  pictures  of 
incorrigible  boys. 

For  a  short  while  during  this  period  little  descriptive  notes 
were  kept  in  a  book,  of  which  the  following  are  specimens  of 
the  worst.     For  the  most  part  they  are  favorable. 

"R.  B.  is  very  indolent,  seldom  or  ever  recites  his  lessons 
well ;  and  absents  himself  from  the  class  at  recitations,  and  for 
his  absences  seldom  produces  but  frivolous  excuses.  He  has 
made  very  little  improvement  and  the  repeated  admonitions  of 


AMUSING  INCIDENTS.  219 

his  teachers  are  insufficient  to  rouse  him  to  industry  and  to 
induce  him  to  apply  himself  to  study." 

"J.  V.,  who  reads  nothing  but  Virgil,  neither  construes  or 
parses  very  correctly.  He  is  possessed  of  only  moderate  genius 
and  is  much  inclined  to  be  indolent.  He  takes  little  pains  to 
improve  and  seldom  remembers  on  one  day  what  he  has  been 
told  on  the  preceding.  He  is  nearly  grown  and  though  he  has 
been  much  at  school,  he  has  made  but  little  progress  and  cer- 
tainly will  never  be  proficient  in  the  languages." 

Of  the  anecdotes  some  are  true,  some  mythical. 

A  letter  written  February  8,  1809,  from  Henry  H.  Watters 
to  his  mother,  who  lived  near  Wilmington,  shows  that,  while 
the  spirit  of  insubordination  had  not  entirely  died  out,  the  buoy- 
ancy of  youth  had  caused  the  students  to  turn  their  attention  to 
other  matters  than  resisting  the  Faculty,  even  using  intensive 
culture  to  promote  the  growth  of  sprouting  beard. 

"The  young  men  have  for  some  time  been  very  irregular  in 
their  conduct,  and  yesterday  one  received  a  public  admonition 
and  six  or  seven  a  private  one.  None  have  merited  suspension 
or  expulsion.  A  little  mischief  now  and  then  is  expected  from 
young  men  and  only  serves  to  remind  teachers  of  their  duty.  I 
have  not  spent  but  one  quarter  uselessly  and  that  was  in  buying 
cider.  I  have  purchased  other  things,  but  they  are  necessaries. 
I  have  received  the  articles  which  I  purchased  last  fall  at  a 
vendue ;  A.  Reaves,  a  noted  gambler,  was  my  security,  so  you 
see  I  have  not  lost  my  credit.  I  had  a  pair  of  shorts  made  of 
the  cotton  cassimere  and  am  resolved  to  shine  here,  if  not  with 
you.  My  beard  and  whiskers  are  sprouting  finely.  I  shave 
them  once  a  week  and  grease  them  every  night  with  tallow.  I 
am  told  by  some  of  my  fellow  students  that  greasing  is  a  fine 
thing  to  make  them  grow,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  warm 
weather  will  accelerate  the  growth  very  much.  You  have  again 
attacked  me  about  my  cough.  I  can  tell  you  for  the  hundredth 
time  that  I  have  none.  Next  time  you  write  to  me  about  it  you 
shall  hear  that  I  incessantly  spit  hogsheads  of  blood  every  day, 
eat  nothing,  and  am  nothing  but  skin  and  bone." 

"As  politics  are  so  often  the  topics  of  conversation  I  have 
written  to  Mr.  Boylan  to  send  me  his  paper  and  apply  to  Papa 


220  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

for  the  money.  Mr.  Caldwell  is  more  fond  of  conversing  on 
that  than  on  any  other  subject,  and  without  some  information 
on  the  subject  I  will  be  unable  to  converse  with  him." 

When  Paul  C.  Cameron  matriculated  in  1824  he  had  a  letter 
of  introduction  from  his  father  to  a  senior,  James  M.  Wright, 
son  of  Judge  Wright  of  Memphis,  who  lived  in  the  South  Build- 
ing. Young  Paul  was  a  typical  Highland  Scotchman  in  ap- 
pearance. His  hair  was  red,  his  face  was  red,  and  he  wore  a 
suit  of  clothes  of  the  color  called  turkey-red,  made  at  home  by 
his  loving  mother.  As  he  walked  up  alone  from  the  hotel  he 
passed  a  group  of  students  sitting  on  the  steps  of  the  north  en- 
trance of  the  Old  East  Building.  One  of  them,  attracted  by 
the  passing  flash  of  rubicund  light,  called  out,  "Red  Bird  I" 
The  Freshman's  blood  was  as  red  as  his  face,  hair  and  gar- 
ments. He  stopped  and  offered  battle.  "I  can't  whip  you  all 
at  once,"  he  savagely  said,  "but  if  you  will  come  out  one  at  a 
time,  I  will  whip  every  one  of  you."  No  one  felt  inclined  to 
accept  the  challenge.  Young  AVright  took  him  in  as  his  room- 
mate and  he  never  was  hazed. 

The  following  incident  illustrates  Dr.  Caldwell  in  his  gentler 
mood.  He  descried  a  student  fastening  a  goose  to  the  ridge  of 
the  roof  of  the  East  Building.  "Ah,  Joseph,  Joseph,"  said  he, 
"I  suppose  thou  art  fixing  up  that  poor  bird  there  as  an  emblem 
of  thyself."  This  was  the  eminent  editor  of  the  National  In- 
telligencer, Joseph  Gales.  Dr.  Hooper  adds,  "Perhaps  that 
severe  cut  from  his  teacher  may  have  goaded  the  youthful  tru- 
ant to  throw  away  the  goose  forever  afterwards,  reserving  only 
a  quill  to  write  himself  into  renown." 

Among  the  mythical,  I  class  that  which  tells  of  a  plot  to  steal 
Dr.  Caldwell's  carriage  and  haul  it  to  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  the 
Pittsboro  road,  a  mile  off,  and  leave  it  there.  The  Doctor,  ever 
watchful,  not  averse  to  what  was  not  considered  dishonorable 
in  that  day,  eavesdropping,  heard  of  the  scheme.  When  night 
came  he  hid  in  the  vehicle  and  was  transported  by  the  jovial 
draught  boys  to  what  is  now  Purefoy's  Mill,  once  Merritt's. 
As  they  were  about  to  return  to  their  rooms,  he  poked  his  head 
out  of  the  window  and  blandly  said,  "Now,  young  gentlemen ! 
will  you  please  haul  me  back  to  my  residence?"     As  the  ascent 


AMUSING  INCIDENTS.  221 

was  250  feet  towards  the  skies  the  chap  fallen  students  were 
nearly  exhausted,  so  much  so  that  no  further  punishment  was 
inflicted.  I  class  this  as  mythical,  although  firmly  credited  in 
the  old  University  circles,  because  the  same  story  is  told  of  an 
English  pedagogue. 

The  next  incident  is  probably  true.  The  Doctor's  nickname 
was  Bolus,  abbreviated  from  Diabolus.  He  got  wind  of  a  pro- 
ject to  steal  his  turkeys,  which  he  was  fattening  for  some  festi- 
val dinner.  Hiding  near  the  coop,  he  heard  one  fowl  searcher 
stealthily  creep  therein  and  seizing  the  gobbler  remark  to  his 
confederates,  "Here,  boys,  is  old  Bolus !"  Then  grabbing  the 
hen,  "And  here  is  Mrs.  Bolus."  The  Doctor  then  rushed  for- 
ward so  rapidly  that  in  order  to  escape,  the  turkeys  were  drop- 
ped. He  had  them  killed  next  day  and  invited  the  marauders 
and  others  to  the  dining  at  which  they  were  served.  After 
carving  he   looked   significantly  at  the   ringleader  and  asked, 

"Mr. ,  will  you  have  a  slice  of  old  Bolus,  or  do  you  prefer 

a  slice  of  Mrs.  Bolus?"  He  then  gave  the  same  option  to  the 
other  delinquents  successively.  It  is  said  that  there  was  never 
a  more  severe  punishment. 

At  one  time  it  was  the  rule  to  require  written  excuses  for 

delinquencies.     Dr.  Caldwell  said,  "Mr. ,  you  have  offered 

seven  excuses  to  four  absences."  "All  right,  Doctor !  let  the 
surplus  three  go  on  the  absences  of  next  week." 

After  graduation,  Matthew  Troy  was  a  Tutor  in  the  Prepara- 
tory Department — the  hero  of  a  story  recorded  by  Dr.  Hooper 
in  his  "Fifty  Years  Since."  "I  told  you,"  he  says,  "that  I  re- 
membered Mr.  Troy  with  gratitude ;  but  I  believe  nothing  he 
ever  taught  me  imprinted  itself  so  deeply  on  my  memory,  as  the 
burst  of  eloquence  which  the  boys  told  me  he  had  made,  when 
he  was  a  student,  upon  the  charms  of  Miss  Hay,  afterwards  the 
first  Mrs.  Gaston.  Troy  was  given  to  the  grandiloquent  style, 
and  on  that  occasion  Miss  Hay,  who  was  the  belle  of  the  day, 
with  a  small  party  came  to  visit  the  Dialectic  library.  It  was 
then  kept  in  one  of  the  common  rooms  inhabited  by  four  stu- 
dents; and  you  may  judge  of  the  tumult  that  was  excited  by 
such  visitation  and  how  much  sweeping  and  fixing  up  was  re- 
quired, and  how  many  frightened  boys  ran  to  the  neighboring 


222  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

rooms,  and  shut  the  doors,  all  but  a  small  crack  to  peep  through. 
On  this  memorable  occasion,  Troy  had  fixed  himself  in  a  corner 
of  the  room,  whence  he  could  contemplate  the  beautiful  appari- 
tion in  silent  ecstacy.  After  she  was  gone  the  librarian  called 
him  out  of  his  trance,  and  said  :  "Well,  Troy,  what  do  you  think 
of  her?"  "Oh!  sir,  she's  enough  to  melt  the  frigidity  of  a  stoic, 
and  excite  rapture  in  the  breast  of  a  hermit"' ;  to  which  he  might 
have  added :  'And  like  another  Helen,  fire  another  Troy.'  A 
man  that  could  talk  in  that  way,  appeared  to  me,  in  those  days, 
to  have  reached  the  top  of  Parnassus."' 

The  following  story  was  told  me  by  Dr.  Johnston  B.  Jones,  of 
Chapel  Hill  and  Charlotte. 

There  came  a  long,  lank  student  from  a  region  where  literary 
culture  was  not  abundant.  The  members  of  the  Faculty  were 
generally  preachers  and  attendance  on  Prayers  in  the  Chapel 
twice  a  day  was  rigorously  enforced.  At  the  end  of  the  first 
week  the  neophyte  was  reported  habitually  absent.  He  was 
sent  for  in  hot  haste  "to  appear  before  the  Awful  Tribunal," 

as  the   students   called   Faculty   meetings.     "Mr.   !"    said 

President  Caldwell  in  his  severest  tones,  "the  Faculty  have 
learned  with  deep  regret  that  you  have  been  in  the  last  week  ab- 
sent from  Prayers  fourteen  times.  What  have  you  to  say,  Sir?" 
With  bland  and  innocent  tones  the  culprit  made  the  shocking 
answer,  "I  don't  hold  with  Prars.  Sir !"  Without  deigning  to 
discuss  the  constitutional  provision  that  every  man  has  the 
right  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  own  con- 
science, he  was  sternly  informed  that  if  he  could  not  hold  with 
Prayers,  the  University  could  not  hold  with  him. 

The  late  Judge  William  H.  Battle,  of  the  Graduating  class 
of  1820,  is  authority  for  the  happening  on  our  University  ros- 
trum of  an  incident,  which  is  sometimes  credited  elsewhere. 
A  Freshman,  who  had  a  face  of  portentous  gravity,  had  a  coat 
of  Revolutionary  pattern,  blue,  with  brass  buttons,  with  short 
waist  and  tail  reaching  nearly  to  his  heels.  It  was  the  rule  that 
the  students  in  turn  should  declaim  a  short  extract  of  prose  or 
poetry  before  the  Faculty  after  evening  Prayers.  When  our 
Freshman's  time  came  he  mounted  the  rostrum  and  in  a  pecu- 
liarly lugubrious  and  sing-song  tone  began  Addison's  Evening 
Hvmn.     He  made  no  gfesture  until  he  reached  the  lines : 


AMUSING  INCIDENTS.  223 

"Soon  as  the  evening  shades  prevail, 
The  Moon  takes  up  the  wondrous  tale/' 

and  then  he  reached  for  the  tail  of  his  Revolutionary  coat,  and 
gently  waved  it  in  the  air. 

Some  years  later  I  witnessed  a  ludicrous  scene  something  like 
that.  A  Senior  of  1853,  Wm.  B.  Dusenbury,  was  usually  so 
droll  that  every  one  expected  from  him  a  humorous  speech, 
called  "a  Funny."  Senior  speaking  came  on,  when  every  mem- 
ber of  the  class  delivered  an  original  oration.  To  the  disgust 
of  his  audience,  whose  risible  muscles  were  ready,  expecting  to 
be  called  into  action  by  Dusenbury's  wit,  his  speech  was  as  dry 
as' that  of  the  average  orator.  But  fortunately  for  our  fun  a 
fly  happened  to  alight  on  his  nose.  Pausing  in  his  utterance  he 
gazed  at  the  annoying  animal  in  a  cross-eyed  way,  and  deliber- 
ately proceeded  to  catch  him.  After  opening  his  hand  to  ascer- 
tain whether  he  had  succeeded,  he  proceed  with  his  speech. 
It  was  inexpressibly  ludicrous.  There  was  a  wild  burst  of  ap- 
plause and  inextinguishable  laughter.  Dr.  Mitchell  was  sit- 
ting several  yards  in  front  of  me  and  it  added  to  our  amuse- 
ment to  see  how  his  bald  head  and  huge  frame,  rocking  for 
several  minutes,  gave  evidence  of  his  appreciation  of  the  com- 
icalness  of  the  situation. 

Dr.  William  Hooper  says,  "Our  geographical  recitations 
were  enlivened  by  some  rare  scenes,  one  or  two  of  which  I  will 
venture  to  relate. 

"  'Mr.  Sawney,'  says  the  Professor,  'can  you  tell  me  anything 
about  the  animals  of  Greenland  ?'  'Yes,  sir ;  there's  one  called 
the  seal.'  'What  kind  of  animal  is  it  ?'  'I  don't  remember  ex- 
actly, Sir,  but  I  believe  he  says  it  is  a  very  amphib — a  very  am- 
phibibobus  kind  of  animal.  Sir.'  The  boys  plagued  him  about 
this  new  kind  of  animal  until  he  became  as  irritable  as  a  nest  of 
wasps  by  the  way-side.  Another  student  whom  we  will  dis- 
guise under  the  name  of  Riggie,  used  to  amuse  various  com- 
panions by  telling  the  story  upon  Sawney.  Now  Riggie  was  the 
last  man  that  ought  to  have  made  people  merry  over  the  blun- 
ders of  others,  for  he  had  got  his  own  nickname  by  his  ludicrous 
pronunciation  of  Riga,  a  Russian  town  on  the  Baltic.  He  was 
asked  where  were  the  chief  towns  in  Russia.     He  mentioned 


224  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

several,  and  among  them  Riggie  on  the  Baltic,  pronouncing  the 
first  syllable  of  the  last  word  as  it  is  heard  in  balance.  The 
name  Riggie  stuck  to  him  forever  afterwards.  But  it  often 
happens  that  he  who  smarts  under  a  joke  is  most  ready  to  avert 
pursuit  by  throwing  ridicule  upon  others.  Sawney,  goaded  by 
Riggie's  persecution,  determined  to  avenge  himself;  so  he  laid 
a  trap  for  him.  He  got  a  friend  to  invite  a  company  including 
Riggie  into  his  room,  and  to  call  for  the  story,  while  in  the 
meantime,  Sawney  concealed  himself  under  the  bed.  Riggie, 
alas!  unconscious  of  the  Trojan  horse  within  the  walls,  was 
going  on  with  his  story,  full  sail,  the  audience  convulsed  with 
the  enjoyment  and  the  anticipation  of  the  paulo-post  future; 
when  in  the  very  fifth  act  of  the  drama,  out  popped  Sawney 
from  his  ambush,  and  pitched  into  the  dismayed  comedian.  I 
shall  not  attempt  to  describe  the  battle ;  but  it  may  well  be  sup- 
posed that  Sawney,  with  wounded  pride  and  bursting  with  long 
imprisoned  rage,  fought  with  more  desperation,  and  that  his  ad- 
versary startled  by  a  foe  emerging  suddenly  from  ambush, 
must  have  fought  at  a  disadvantage." 

Here  is  Dr.  Hooper's  description  of  Steward's  Hall.  "Do 
you  wish  to  know  the  ordinary  bill  of  fare  fifty  years  ago  ?  As 
well  as  I  recollect  board  per  annum  was  thirty-five  dollars ! 
This,  as  ypu  may  suppose,  would  not  support  a  very  luxurious 
table,  but  the  first  body  of  Trustees  were  men  who  had  seen  the 
Revolution  and  they  thought  that  that  sum  would  furnish  as 
good  rations  as  those  lived  on  who  won  our  liberties.  Coarse 
corn  bread  was  the  staple  food.  At  dinner  the  only  meat  was 
a  fat  middling  of  bacon,  surmounting  a  pile  of  coleworts ;  and 
the  first  thing  after  grace  was  said,  (and  sometimes  before), 
was  for  one  man,  by  a  single  horizontal  sweep  of  his  knife,  to 
separate  the  ribs  and  lean  from  the  fat,  monopolize  all  the  first 
to  himself,  and  leave  the  remainder  for  his  fellows.  At  break- 
fast we  had  wheat  bread  and  butter  and  coffee.  Our  supper 
was  coffee  and  the  corn  bread  left  at  dinner,  without  butter.  I 
remember  the  shouts  of  rejoicing  when  we  had  assembled  at 
the  door,  and  some  one  jumping  up  and  looking  in  at  the  win- 
dow, made  proclamation — 'Wheat  bread  for  supper,  boys  !'  And 
that  wheat  bread,  over  which  such  rejoicings  were  made,  be- 


STEWARD  S  HALL.  225 

lieve  me,  gentlemen  and  ladies,  was  manufactured  out  of  wheat 
we  call  seconds,  or,  as  some  term  it,  grudgeons.  You  will  not 
wonder,  if,  after  such  a  supper,  most  of  the  students  welcomed 
the  approach  of  night,  that  as  beasts  of  prey,  they  might  go  a 
prowling,  and  seize  upon  everything  eatable  within  the  compass 
of  one  or  two  miles ;  for,  as  I  told  you,  our  boys  were  followers 
of  the  laws  of  Lycurgus.  Nothing  was  secure  from  the  devour- 
ing torrent.  Beehives  though  guarded  by  a  thousand  stings — all 
feathered  tenants  of  the  roost — watermelon  and  potato  patches, 
roasting  ears,  etc.,  in  fine  everything  that  could  appease  hunger, 
was  found  missing  in  the  morning.  Those  marauding  parties 
at  night  were  often  wound  up  with  setting  the  village  to  rights." 

A  letter  from  State  Treasurer  Haywood  in  1803  to  Dr.  Cald- 
well shows  that  according  to  modern  ideas  complaint  of  Stew- 
ard's Hall  fare  may  have  been  well  founded.  "In  re  matter  of 
having  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Love  furnish  butter  at  supper,  we  think 
with  you  that  a  supper  of  Tea  and  Bread,  or  Coffee  and  Bread, 
without  either  butter  or  meat,  has  few  charms,  and  can  be  but 
illy  fitted  to  gratify  palates  accustomed  to  better  fare,  but  the 
contract  has  been  made  and  published  and  cannot  be  changed." 
He  adds  with  apparent  naivete  that  there  would  be  "no  objec- 
tion to  students  adding  Butter  out  of  their  private  Purse,  but 
not  to  be  charged  to  parents  or  guardians."  He  means  that 
the  University  should  not  include  such  self-furnished  luxury  in 
its  official  rendering  of  expenditures. 

"Dr.  Caldwell,"  adds  Dr.  Hooper,  "seems  to  have  made  it  a 
part  of  his  fixed  policy,  that  no  evil-doer  should  hope  to  escape 
by  the  swiftness  of  his  heels.  He  was  in  the  habit  of  rambling 
about  at  night,  in  search  of  adventures,  and  whenever  he  came 
across  an  unlucky  wight  engaged  in  taking  off  a  gate,  building  a 
fence  across  the  street,  driving  a  brother  calf  or  goat  into  the 
Chapel,  or  any  similar  exploit  of  genius,  he  no  sooner  hove  in 
sight  than  he  gave  chase." 

"I  will  relate,"  said  Dr.  Hooper,  one  of  these  nocturnal  ad- 
ventures, and  it  was  only  'unum  e  pluribus/ 

"Dr.  Caldwell  was  the  podas  okus  Achilles  of  Chapel  Hill, 
and  he  had  more  occasion  for  powers  of  pursuit  than  of  con- 
test, for  his  antagonists  uniformly  took  to  flight.     You  call  this 

15 


226  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

a  'fast  age/  gentlemen,  and  so  it  is,  but  I  don't  know  a  man  of 
this  generation  who  is  faster  than  was  Dr.  Caldwell.  He  was 
not  satisfied  to  take  two  days  in  getting  to  Raleigh.  He  and  I 
have  set  out  for  the  metropolis  in  the  morning,  and  stopped  the 
first  night  at  Pride's,  ten  miles  this  side,  such  was  the  state  of 
the  roads.  Who  knows  but  such  snail-like  progress  as  this 
suggested  to  him  the  first  idea  of  the  present  railroad  from 
Beaufort  to  the  mountains,  the  honor  of  which,  I  believe,  is  now 
conceded  to  him  ?  Now,  O  !  muse,  that  didst  inspire  Homer 
to  describe  Achilles'  pursuit  of  Hector,  three  times  round  the 
walls  of  Troy ;  or  thou,  gentle  muse,  who  didst  breathe  thy  soft 
afflatus  upon  Ovid  when  he  described  the  race  between  Apollo 
and  fair  Daphne ;  or  thou,  Caledonian  muse,  who  didst  preside 
over  Walter  Scott,  when  he  sung  the  race  of  Fitz  James  after 
Murdock  of  Alpine,  or  over  Robert  Burns,  when  he  made  im- 
mortal the  flight  of  Tarn  O'Shanter  from  the  witches, — either 
of  you  or  all  of  the  nine  at  once,  assist  me  to  describe  the  race 
between  President  Caldwell  and  Sophomore  Faulkner  (James 

T.  Falconer),  on  the  night  of  the.  . .  .day  of 18....  The 

President  lived  at  that  time  where  the  President's  new  residence 
is  being  erected,  and  was  returning  about  bed-time  "from  walk- 
ing up  and  down  the  earth,"  1  to  see  if  any  of  the  students  were 
where  they  ought  not  to  be.  As  he  was  mounting  the  stile  which 
stood  where  Dr.  Wheat's  (now  Dr.  Alexander's)  southeast 
corner  now  stands,  he  spied  two  young  men,  busily  engaged 
in  building  a  fence  from  that  corner  across  the  street  to  the 
opposite  corner.  The  lads  had  just  before  his  appearance  heard 
that  portentous  snapping  of  the  ankles,  which  was  a  remarkable 
peculiarity  of  his  locomotion.  As  soon  as  they  heard  this  pre- 
monitory crepitation,  (a  providential  warning  of  danger,  like 
the  rattle  of  the  rattlesnake),  one  of  the  fence-makers,  whose 
nom  de  guerre  was  Dog,  skulked  into  a  corner  and  was  passed 
by.  Faulkner  sprang  forward.  But  I  forgot  that  Homer  al- 
ways spends  a  line  or  two  in  describing  his  heroes,  before  he 
brings  them  into  action.  So  I  must  suspend  the  race,  till  I  have 
given  my  audience  some  idea  of  Faulkner's  person  and  char- 
acter.   He  was  a  tall,  bony,  gaunt  and  grim  looking  fellow,  with 


JTbe  appropriateness  of  this  sentence  is  evident,  as  his  nickname  was 
Diabolus,  or  Bolus. 


AMUSING  INCIDENTS.  227 

shaggy  threatening  eyebrow — had  been  at  Norfolk  during  the 
war  of  1813-14,  as  a  soldier  or  officer,  and  had  contracted  a 
soldier's  love  of  adventure  and  frolic,  and,  like  Macbeth,  would 
have  run  from  nothing  born  of  mortal,  if  he  had  been  engaged 
in  a  good  cause.  But  building  a  fence  across  the  street  at  night, 
hio  conscience  set  down  as  a  deed  of  darkness.  His  conscience 
made  him  a  coward,  but  perhaps  it  enabled  him  to  run  the 
faster,  and  he  might  have  escaped  had  any  but  "the  swift-footed 
Achilles"  given  chase.     But  fate  had  doomed  him  to  lose  this 

race: 

Forth  at  full  speed  the  fence-man  flew — 

Faulkner  of  Norfolk  prove  thy  speed; 

For  ne'er  had  sophomore  such  need; 

With  heart  of  fire,  and  foot  of  wind, 

The  fierce  avenger  is  behind; 

Fate  judges  of  the  rapid  strife, 

The  forfeit  death,  the  prize  is  life. 

***** 
Jove  lifts  the  golden  balances  that  show 
The  fates  of  mortal  men  and  things  below; 
Here  each  contending  hero"s  lot  he  tries, 
And  weighs  with  equal  hand  their  destinies. 
Low  sinks  the  scale  surcharged  with  Faulkner's  fate — 
Thus  heaven's  high  powers  the  strife  did  arbitrate: 
Just  then  the  Fauldner  tripped,  and  prostrate  fell, 
And  on  the  sprawling  body  pitched — Caldwell! 

"Having  thus  disposed  of  one  of  the  fence-makers,  the  vic- 
torious President  went  back  in  quest  of  the  other.  After  beat- 
ing the  bush  awhile,  he  returned  to  the  college,  where  in  the 
meantime,  Faulkner,  with  clipped  wings  and  fallen  crest,  had 
gathered  a  part)'  in  one  of  the  rooms,  and  was  telling  the  for- 
tunes of  the  night.  Little  did  he  dream  that  his  exulting  con- 
queror was  standing  close  by,  in  the  dark,  listening  to  every 
word.  "And  what  became  of  Dog?"  inquired  one  of  the  party. 
"Oh !  Dog,  he  took  to  the  woods,  and  I  dare  say  he  is  running 
yet."  When  the  court  met,  the  next  day,  to  try  the  delinquents, 
it  appeared  in  evidence  from  the  Tutor,  that  Dog  was  the  sobri- 
quet of  Junius  Moore.  He  was  accordingly  startled  by  a  sum- 
mons served  upon  him  by  old  Daniel  Bradley,  the  college  con- 
stable, to  appear  before  the  Faculty  as  particeps  criminis  with 
Faulkner.     Gentlemen,  you  have  read  Cicero's  graphic  descrip- 


228  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

tion  of  the  confusion  of  face  and  dumbfoundedness  of  Cata- 
line's  accomplices  when  the  consul  confronted  them  with  all  the 
damning  evidence  of  their  guilt,  you  can  conceive  and  none  but 
you,  the  looks  and  behavior  of  the  two  fence-makers,  when  Dog 
was  thus  unexpectedly  arraigned  at  the  bar." 

"As  for  Dog,  he  deserved  a  better  name,  for  he  was  a  native 
born  poet,  and  he  and  Philip  Alston  (a  graduate  of  1829),  are 
among  the  few  of  our  alumni  on  whose  birth  Melpomene  did 
smile.  Had  Moore  lived  he  might  have  written  something  to 
justify  these  praises.  Alston  lived  long  enough  to  leave  some 
memorial  of  his  genius,  but,  alas  !  not  long  enough  for  our  fame 
or  for  his  own. 

"For  Lycidas  is  dead,  dead  ere  his  prime — 
Young  Lycidas— and  hath  not  left  his  peer!" 

I  cannot  trace  the  Faulcon  of  the  story — James  F.  Faulcon, 
of  Granville.  Junius  Alexander  Moore  was  a  son  of  James,  and 
grandson  of  General  James  Moore,  of  Revolutionary  fame, 
whose  father,  Colonel  Maurice  Moore,  was  second  son  of 
Governor  James  Moore,  of  South  Carolina.  His  mother  was 
Rebecca  Davis,  aunt  of  the  late  eminent  George  Davis,  of 
Wilmington,  and  Bishop  Thomas  F.  Davis,  of  South  Carolina. 
Junius  was  a  lawyer,  removed  to  Alabama  and  died  in  early 
manhood,  leaving  daughters  but  no  son.  The  following  elegy 
by  him  on  a  famous  Chapel  Hill  horse  has  come  down  to  us.  It 
certainly  has  merit. 

1816.     On  tiie  Death  of  "Spread  Eagle." 
Soft  be  the  turf  where  rests  thy  honored  head, 
And  sweet  thy  slumbers,  much  lamented  "Spread." 
May  Spring's  first  dews  thy  sacred  hillock  lave, 
And  flowers  perennial  deck  thy  lonely  grave. 
Oft  shall  the  pensive  student,  musing  near 
Thy  home  of  rest,  bestow  the  pitying  tear — 
Think  on  thy  former  worth — thy  pristine  grace ; 
Thy  fair  proportions  and  delightful  pace, 
Say  to  himself,  while  memory  arrays 
Full  to  his  view  thy  feats  of  other  days — 
"Rest,  honored  Gray!  above  the  ills  of  life- 
Fatigue,  starvation  and  incessant  strife. 
No  more  with  blows  thy  honor  shall  be  stain'd; 
No  more  with  oaths  thy  honest  nature  pain'd; 


ELEGY  BY  MOORE.  229 

No  more  unshod  shall  flinty  rocks  assail 
Thy  tender  feet — or  flies,  thy  graceful  tail; 
No  more  unpitied  bend  beneath  thy  load, 
Or  trace,  with  wearied  steps,  the  tedious  road," 
Thus  shall  he  say — and  with  assiduous  care, 
Off  from  thy  stone  the  covering  bramble  clear; 
Carve  with  his  knife  the  letters  of  thy  praise, 
And  sing  the  Veteran  Champion  of  the  Chase. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Chapman  President — His  Administration. 

In  1812  we  find  in  the  Raleigh  Register  an  enumeration  of 
the  improvements  and  advantages  at  the  University.  "In  six 
months  the  Principal  (South)  Building  will  be  ready  for  the 
reception  of  inhabitants.  There  will  then  be  accommodations 
for  eighty  students.  There  will  be  separate  halls  for  the  Dia- 
lectic and  Philanthropic  Societies,  one  for  the  Library,  and  a 
Public  Hall  for  Prayers.  Each  of  the  Society  libraries  contains 
800  to  1,000  volumes,  that  of  the  University  1,500,  a  total  of 
3,100  to  3,500  volumes.  A  society  has  been  recently  formed 
for  the  study  of  sacred  music.  An  organ  ordered  to  be  built 
in  New  York  is  already  finished.  Public  worship  is  held  every 
Sunday  in  Person  Hall,  which  the  students  are  bound  to  attend. 
The  Faculty  consists  of  a  President,  three  Professors  and  one 
Tutor.  The  Academy  for  boys,  under  the  charge  of  Rev.  Abner 
W.  Clopton,  is  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  President.  In 
it  there  are  four  classes.  Every  possible  attention  is  paid  to 
improvement  in  reading,  writing,  spelling  and  the  English 
Grammar.  Wm.  Mimerall  is  now  a  resident  of  Chapel  Hill  for 
the  purpose  of  teaching  the  French  language,  and  is  well  quali- 
fied. The  sessions  run  as  follows:  The  first  from  1st  of  Janu- 
ary to  24th  of  May.  The  second  from  the  20th  June  to  the  15th 
of  November.  The  expenses  are  for  the  first  session  in  the 
dining-room  and  College,  Diet,  $30;  Tuition,  $10;  Room-rent, 
$1 ;  Servant  hire,  $1.50;  Library,  50  cents  ;  Washing,  $8;  candles 
and  wood,  $4;  Bed,  $3.50;  Total,  $58.50.  For  the  second  ses- 
sion, the  same.  Plainness  of  dress  and  manners  will  be  the  rule." 

It  is  noticeable  that  "every  possible  attention"  was  not  prom- 
ised for  Arithmetic.  Whether  Rev.  Clopton  was  weak  in  that 
branch,  or  that  he  left  it  to  be  taught  in  the  University  classes 
we  are  not  informed. 

Dr.  Caldwell,  although  his  masterly  temperament  indicated 
that  his  proper  place  in  the  University  world  was  that  of  Chief 
Executive  officer,  was  also  a  devotee  of  Mathematics.  At  this 
period  love  of  his  chosen  science  predominated  over  his  sense 


PRESIDENT  CHAPMAN.  23 1 

of  duty  for  being  chief  ruler  in  the  University  world.  He 
longed  for  time  in  which  he  could  complete  his  work  on  Geom- 
etry and  perfect  himself  in  the  knowledge  of  Astronomy  and 
use  of  astronomical  instruments.  He  accordingly  proposed  to 
the  trustees  to  appoint  a  President  in  his  place,  and  to  give  him 
the  chair  of  Mathematics.  They  graciously  adopted  the  plan 
and  elected  to  the  first  place  Rev.  Robert  Hett  Chapman,  D.D., 
a  Presbyterian  minister. 

Rev.  Dr.  Chapman  was  a  son  of  a  Presbyterian  minister  of 
New  York,  who  was  a  warm  Whig  in  Revolutionary  days,  Rev. 
Jedediah  Chapman.  Robert  was  born  in  Orange,  New  Jersey, 
and  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1789.  He  was  then  Instructor  in 
Queen's  College,  New  Brunswick,  until  licensed  to  preach  in 
1793.  For  a  year  or  two  he  was  a  Missionary  in  the  Southern 
States  and  was  then  pastor  at  Rah  way,  installed  in  1796,  and 
afterwards  took  charge  of  a  church  in  Cambridge,  New  York. 
To  Dr.  Caldwell's  letter  asking  him  to  allow  the  use  of  his  name 
for  the  Presidency  of  this  University,  he  complied  reluctantly 
with  the  request,  saying,  "in  doing  this  I  conceive  that  I  should 
be  called  to  relinquish  the  dearest  object  of  my  heart,  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  cause  of  our  Glorious  Redeemer,  but  I  would 
hope  that  my  usefulness  in  this  respect  would  be  enlarged." 
He  adds,  "I  am  in  the  midst  of  usefulness  and  reputation  in 
this  part  of  the  world,  but  my  salary,  which  the  people  have 
refused  to  increase,  is  utterly  inadequate  to  the  expense  of  a 
growing  family."    The  letter  is  dated  February  12,  181 2. 

The  Committee  on  Nominations  in  their  report  to  the  Board 
December  12,  18 12,  feelingly  state  that  they  accepted  the  resig- 
nation of  Dr.  Caldwell,  but  "the  unpleasant  forebodings  at  the 
resignation  of  an  officer  so  distinguished  for  his  zeal,  usefulness 
and  talents  is  in  some  sort  dissipated  by  his  willingness  to  ac- 
cept the  Professorship  of  Mathematics."  The  Board  unani- 
mously elected  Dr.  Chapman  President,  with  a  salary  of  $1,200, 
and  Dr.  Caldwell,  Professor,  with  $1,000.  The  Trustees  present 
were :  Governor  Wm.  Hawkins,  Chairman  ex-officio ;  Rev. 
Joseph  Caldwell,  John  Haywood,  Archibald  D.  Murphey,  Dun- 
can Cameron,  Calvin  Jones,  David  Stone,  Atlas  Jones,  Henry 
Potter,  Montfort  Stokes  and  Robert  Williams,  the  Treasurer. 


232  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  latter  must  not  be  confounded  with  Robert  Williams,  M.D., 
of  Pitt,  also  a  Trustee.  The  General  Assembly  promptly  elected 
the  new  President  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  administration  of  Dr.  Chapman  is  generally  thought  to 
have  been  a  failure,  but  his  defects  seem  to  have  been  somewhat 
exaggerated,  and  some  of  the  troubles  proceeded  evidently  from 
the  hot  party  spirit  engendered  by  the  war.  He  was  a  man  of 
sincere  piety,  of  strong  principles,  zealous  in  the  spread  of  re- 
ligion. He  was  a  preacher,  according  to  the  testimony  of  Chief 
Justice  Nash  and  Dr.  James  E.  Morrison,  very  earnest,  inter- 
esting and  effective.  Judge  Nash  said :  "He  was  more  highly 
gifted  with  power  on  his  knees  than  any  man  I  know.  His 
public  prayers  warmed  the  hearts  of  all  who  heard  them."  His 
manner  in  preaching  was  earnest-  and  tender  and  he  was  suc- 
cessful beyond  what  is  common  in  securing  attention. 

There  was  to  his  management  of  the  University,  however,  a 
fatal  obstacle.  He  was  a  Peace  Federalist  and  his  students 
were  in  favor  of  the  war.  It  is  difficult  for  us  at  this  day  to 
realize  the  keen  disappointment  and  even  rage  felt  by  our 
people  at  the  disasters  on  land,  such  as  the  surrender  of  Hull, 
the  failure  of  the  Canadian  Invasion,  and  the  capture  of  the 
Capital,  and  on  the  other  hand  the  wild  exultation  over  our 
naval  victories.  The  one  conspicuous  land  victory,  gained  after 
the  signing  of  the  treaty  of  peace,  that  of  New  Orleans,  carried 
the  American  commander  into  the  Presidential  chair. 

The  Republican  leaders  had  the  address  to  turn  the  dissatis- 
faction arising  from  the  imbecile  conduct  of  the  war  from  them- 
selves to  their  opponents.  They  claimed  the  credit  of  all  the 
victories  and  placed  the  discredit  of  defeats  on  the  odious  Fed- 
eralists, who,  they,  alleged,  gave  blue-light  signals  to  British 
ships  on  our  coast,  intrigued  at  Hartford  to  join  New  England 
with  Old  England,  encouraged  Great  Britain  and  discouraged 
Americans  by  denouncing  the  war  as  unjust  and  inexpedient. 
In  the  minds  of  most  people  Federalist  was  synonymous  with 
Traitor. 

Dr.  Chapman  was  too  honest  to  conceal  or  to  tone  down  his 
views.  The  friction  which  the  strict  and  irritative  methods  of 
discipline  made  inevitable  at  all  times,    was  considered    more 


OUTRAGES'.  233 

harsh  in  the  days  of  unreasoning  partisan  hatreds.  If  the  good 
Doctor  after  peace  was  declared  had  continued  unwaveringly 
in  his  executive  position  he  might  have  lived  down  the  memory 
of  the  outbreaks,  which  are  connected  so  unpleasantly  with  his 
name.  Dr.  Caldwell  had  experiences  quite  as  disastrous  to  his 
reputation  as  an  administrator,  but  he  continued  so  long  and 
bravely  in  his  position  that  his  failures  were  forgotten  in  the 
light  of  his  subsequent  successes.  Dr.  Chapman  preferred  to 
go  back  to  his  more  congenial  work  as  a  pastor  and  left  his 
reputation  as  a  University  President  to  the  mercy  of  adverse 
critics. 

I  give  sketches  of  two  outbreaks,  which  occurred  during  his 
administration,  which  illustrate  the  peculiar  difficulties  under 
which  he  labored,  as  well  as  the  spirit  of  the  times  in  Chapel 
Hill. 

About  twleve  months  after  his  inauguration  in  January,  1814, 
a  series  of  outrages  at  night  was  perpetrated  on  his  property. 
Dr.  Caldwell,  who  could  not  resist  the  impulse  to  take  the  place 
of  leader,  determined  to  ferret  out  the  offenders  by  process  of 
law.  Accordingly  he  applied  to  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Major 
Pleasant  Henderson,  for  a  warrant  against  the  unknown  per- 
petrators, intending  to  call  up  all  the  students  and  examine 
them  on  oath.  He  was  unaware  that  such  precepts,  called  "gen- 
eral warrants,"  had  been  resisted  successfully  in  England  by 
John  Wilkes,  had  been  decided  to  be  illegal  by  Chief  Justice 
Camden,  that  our  people  were  so  much  interested  in  the  contro- 
versy as  to  name  one  county  Wilkes  and  another  Camden,  and 
had  prohibited  such  warrants  in  our  fundamental  law,  the  Dec- 
laration of  Rights.  He  forgot  in  his  zeal  that  similar  warrants, 
called  Writs  of  Assistance  to  enforce  the  Navigation  Acts,  had 
led  to  armed  resistance  in  New  England  and  other  commercial 
sections.  The  Justice  refused  the  application,  being  rightly  in- 
structed as  to  the  unlawfulness  of  general  warrants ;  but  the 
fiery  doctor,  who  could  be  no  more  easily  diverted  from  his  pur- 
pose than  a  well-trained  blood-hound  from  the  track  of  a  fleeing 
criminal,  amended  the  precept  by  inserting  the  names  of  five 
students.  A  solemn  court  was  held.  The  panic  in  this  little 
community  cannot  be  imagined.     There  were  "great  searchings 


234  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  01?  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

of  spirit."  The  charges  were,  1st,  breaking  into  and  entering 
the  stable  of  President  Chapman,  and  cutting  the  hair  from  the 
tail  of  a  horse  of  the  said  Chapman;  2d.,  "for  taking  away  and 
secreting  a  cart,  the  property  of  said  Chapman ;"  3d.,  "entering 
said  Chapman's  premises  and  turning  over  or  throwing  down 
a  house;  4th.,  taking  from  its  hinges  and  carrying  away  one 
of  said  Chapman's  gates." 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  behavior  of  the  students  under 
this  trying  ordeal.  It  is  rather  surprising  that  there  was  no 
combination  for  the  purpose  of  refusing  to  answer.  Possibly 
the  Federalists  among  the  students  sympathized  with  the  Presi- 
dent. Some  declared  emphatically  that  they  knew  nothing 
about  the  matter.  Among  these  were  Aaron  V.  Brown,  Bryan 
Grimes,  father  of  the  gallant  General  of  the  same  name,  and 
John  Y.  Mason.  Others  said  that  they  knew  nothing  them- 
selves, but  gave  the  names  of  suspected  persons,  some  of  whom 
were  undoubtedly  not  guilty.  A  few  gave  direct  evidence  tend- 
ing to  criminate  Chambers.  Thornton,  Peebles,  Knox  and  Hay- 
wood, the  men  charged  by  Dr.  Caldwell,  and  as  these  refused 
to  exculpate  themselves,  they  were  probably  dismissed  from 
the  University,  though  the  record  has  been  lost.  I  knew  Fran- 
cis A.  Thornton  nearly  half  a  century  afterwards,  when  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Secession  Convention  of  1861,  a  neighbor  of 
Nat.  Macon,  a  mild-mannered,  gentlemanly,  venerable  man, 
with  no  suspicion  of  tar  on  his  hands,  tho'  he  was  a  fire-eating 
Secessionist.  Thomas  J.  Haywood  lived  to  be  a  Supreme  Court 
Judge  of  Tennessee.  All  were  probably  good  men  moved  by 
party  feelings.  The  justice's  examination  violated  all  the  rules 
of  evidence.  Leading  questions  were  asked,  the  witnesses  were 
required  to  give  their  suspicions,  and  hearsay  evidence  was  even 
admitted  as  to  what  suspicions  were  entertained  by  others,  and 
as  to  what  students  knew  of  any  of  the  perpetrators.  Among 
the  innocent  men  whose  names  were  mentioned  as  suspected 
was  the  eminent  divine,  Dr.  Francis  L.  Hawks.  A  few,  among 
them  Bedford  Brown  and  Edmund  Wilkins,  lawyer  of  Virginia, 
refused  to  answer  these  illegal  questions,  but  strong  men,  such 
as  David  F.  Caldwell,  George  C.  Dromgoole,  Charles  L.  Hin- 
ton,  Charles  Manly,  Willie  P.  Mangum,  appear  to  have  made  a 


OUTRAGES.  235 

clean  breast  of  the  facts  they  knew  as  well  as  the  imaginations 
of  their  hearts.  This  is  strong  evidence  that  there  were  not  a 
few  who  sympathized  with  the  insulted  President  in  his  views. 
There  was  a  strong  anti-war  party  in  the  State,  probably  in  the 
University,  but  they  were  of  the  modest  and  silent  order. 

Dr.  Chapman  was  likewise  insulted  by  receiving  an  anony- 
mous letter  which  is  quite  unique,  showing  another  outrage  on 
his  property,  not  included  in  the  warrant.  It  was  superscribed 
"Chapel  Hill,"  and  is  as  follows : 

"Dear  Sir  : — Having  been  informed  that  you  are  anxious  to  know  why 
your  gate-post  was  decorated  with  tar  and  feathers,  this  is  to  inform  you 
that  it  was  intended  by  the  patriotic  students  to  deride  Toryism,  and  as 
a  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  inspired  politician  and  designing 
traitor. 

In  a  balmage,  Sir,  of  delicious  tar  you  will  be  as  secure  as  Pharoah 
and,  in  a  hieroglyphic  of  feathers,  rival  in  finery  all  the  mummies  of 
Egypt.  " 

I  am  yours,  etc.,  Friend  to  Religion, 

but  an  Enemy  to  Hypocrisy.  ' 

This  precious  morceau  of  literature  proves  that  the  persecu- 
tion was  distinctly  in  resentment  for  the  supposed  leaning  to 
Federalism  of  the  clerical  President.  The  insult  is  the  more 
pointed  because  in  the  direction  he  is  dignified  only  as  "Mr. 
Robt.  Chapman,"  ignoring  his  official  and  ministerial  character. 

In  November  following  the  Faculty  report  that,  though  dur- 
ing this  year  they  have  passed  through  troublesome  times,  they 
have  been  enabled  to  stand  at  their  post  and  maintain  the  au- 
thority of  the  institution.  Some  of  the  persons  suspended  last 
session  have  returned,  and,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  have 
been  orderly.  This  session  has  been  characterized  by  order  and 
attention  to  business,  with  the  exception  of  some  irregularities 
originating  in  Steward's  Hall,  and  for  which  one  student  was 
suspended.  It  is  essential  to  the  growing  prosperity  of  the  Uni- 
versity that  further  suitable  provision  be  made  on  this  subject 
(i.  e.,  management  of  Stewards  Hall).  With  the  expectation 
that  the  Board  will  make  such  provision  the  Faculty  consider 
the  Seminary  as  in  a  truly  flourishing  condition. 

The  other  outbreak  was  on  September  18,  1816.  It  injured 
the  reputation  of  the  President  still  more  because  the  sympathy 


236       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

of  the  public  was  strongly  with  the  students  rather  than  the 
Faculty.     The  following  account  is  substantially  correct: 

Wm.  Biddle  Shepard,  a  very  able  member  of  the  Senior 
class,  belonging  to  an  influential  family  of  New  Bern,  connected 
with  the  Donnells,  the  Blounts,  the  Bryans,  the  Pettigrews  and 
others,  had  some  sentences  in  his  oration  submitted  for  correc- 
tion, of  a  strong  political  character  favorable  to  the  Republican 
party.  These  sentences,  the  President,  exercising  a  discretion 
vested  in  him,  cut  out  and  ordered  Shepard  not  to  deliver  them. 
This  order,  when  the  speech  was  delivered  in  public,  was  dis- 
obeyed, whereupon  the  President  promptly  commanded  him 
to  take  his  seat.  The  orator  insisted  on  proceeding  with  his 
address.  Numbers  of  the  students  shouted,  "Go  on !  go  on !" 
The  prompter,  Wm.  Plummer,  continued  to  perform  the  duty 
which  he  had  undertaken.  Shepard  finished  his  speech  in  defi- 
ance of  the  President,  being  vociferously  encouraged  and  ap- 
plauded. The  next  day  the  students  had  a  meeting  in  the 
Chapel  and  passed  resolutions  upholding  the  rightfulness  of 
his  and  their  conduct. 

The  Faculty  acted  promptly  and  sternly.  Forty-six  of  the 
participants  were  summoned  before  them.  Shepard  was  sus- 
pended for  six  months,  and  also  George  C.  Dromgoole,  for 
being  the  leader  in  upholding  him.  It  was  a  material  part  of 
the  charge  against  them,  that  they  declared  they  were  justifiable. 
The  Trustees  added  the  severer  sentence  of  expulsion,  declar- 
ing that  the  interest  of  the  University  required  that  the  diso- 
bedience of  which  they  were  guilty  should  be  punished  in  the 
most  exemplary  way.  Thomas  N.  Mann  was  suspended  for 
six  months  for  participating  in  the  riot,  and  "refusing  to  admit 
his  guilt."  Plummer  for  prompting,  applauding  and  afterwards 
justifying  his  conduct,  was  suspended  for  four  months. 

The  punishment  of  those,  who  in  a  public  meeting  disap- 
proved the  action  of  the  Faculty  and  upheld  the  conduct  of 
Shepard  and  his  aiders  and  abettor,  was  conditional.  All  who 
would  in  writing  acknowledge,  1st,  that  those  who  applauded 
Shepard  were  guilty  of  gross  disorder  and  disrespect  of  au- 
thority; 2d.,  that  on  the  next  morning  they  transgressed  their 
duty  as  students  and  as  good  members  of  society,  by  proceed- 


the;  shepard  riot.  237 

ing  with  tumultuous  noise  and  riotous  behavior  to  the  Public 
Hall,  and  uniting  in  an  unlawful  and  disorderly  assembly  for 
the  purpose  of  opposing  the  Faculty  and  violating  the  laws ; 
3d.,  that  they  hoped  for  forgiveness  and  solemnly  promised 
faithfully  to  submit  to  the  laws  of  the  University  and  deport 
themselves  as  orderly  members  of  society.  A  few  refused  to 
sign  the  paper  and  were  suspended.  Among  the  signers  were 
such  orderly  students  as  Wm.  M.  Green,  Wm.  D.  Moseley, 
Hugh  Waddell,  and  -Hamilton  C.  Jones. 

Notices  of  the  suspensions  were  sent  to  all  other  colleges. 

In  talking  with  the  students  of  that  day  after  they  had  be- 
come elderly  men  I  derived  the  impression  clearly  that  the 
President  was  generally  blamed  for  his  conduct  in  this  matter. 
It  was  thought  that,  even  if  he  concluded  that  Shepard's  act 
was  worthy  of  severe  punishment,  he  should  have  allowed  him 
to  finish  and  prosecuted  him  afterwards.  I  happen  to  know 
that  Plummer's  father,  Kemp  Plummer,  next  year  a  Trustee, 
sustained  his  son.  The  criticism  appears  to  be  just,  but  cer- 
tainly the  President  is  not  censurable  for  enforcing  a  law  of 
the  Trustees  forbidding  political  speeches. 

All  the  actors  in  this  riot  achieved  success  in  life.  The  prin- 
cipal, Shepard,  was  afterwards  a  leading  lawyer,  and  member 
of  the  State  and  national  Legislatures.  Plummer  stood  high 
as  a  lawyer  and  business  man,  as  Chairman  of  the  County  Court 
of  Warren,  conducting  its  business  with  ability.  Mann,  after  a 
brilliant  beginning  as  a  lawyer,  member  of  the  General  As- 
sembly and  Charge  d'  Affaires  to  Guatemala,  which  position  he 
obtained  in  the  hope  of  curing  the  pulmonary  consumption, 
under  which  he  was  suffering,  passed  away  in  early  manhood. 
The  fact  has  come  down  to  us  that  Plummer,  while  unable  to 
see  the  impropriety  of  his  conduct,  was  desirous  of  returning 
and  obtaining  his  diploma.  His  father,  thinking  he  had  been 
treated  unjustly,  refused  to  allow  it.  Mosely,  Dromgoole,  Wad- 
dell, Jones,  Leak  and  Green  are  mentioned  hereafter. 

In  October,  181 6,  in  revenge  doubtless  for  the  action  of  the 
Faculty,  a  forerunner  of  the  modern  dynamiters  perpetrated 
a  dastardly  outrage  on  one  of  the  Tutors,  John  Patterson.  Wm. 
M.  Green,  in  a  letter  to  one  of  the  suspended,  Martin  Arm- 


238  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

strong,  told  the  story.  "While  sitting  alone  a  few  nights  since 
I  was  startled  hy  a  tremendous  report,  when  on  inquiry  I  found 
that  a  brass  knob  from  one  of  the  doors  had  been  filled  with 
powder  and  placed  before  Patterson's  door  with  a  lighted  match 
at  the  end  of  it.  While  in  this  state  Glascock  discovered  as  he 
thought  a  piece  of  fire  dropped  by  accident  and  picked  up  this 
affair,  but  immediately  dropped  it.  He  had  proceeded  only  a 
few  steps  when  it  exploded,  but  without  injuring  him."  It  is 
easy  to  see  that  his  life,  or  his  eyesight  was-m  imminent  danger. 

So  far  as  the  discipline  extended  the  Faculty  were  victorious. 
Peter  O.  Picot,  of  Plymouth,  writes  to  his  cousin,  Alfred  M. 
Slade,  who  had  been  sent  home  for  some  fault,  in  doleful  jere- 
miads :  "All  quiet  here ;  the  students  seem  to  have  lost  their 
energy  and  yield  implicitly  to  the  yoke.  The  storm  has  blown 
over,  but  it  has  made  impressions  not  easily  to  be  eradicated, 
for  this  place  looks  like  some  half-deserted  village,  where  you 
may  see  its  inhabitants  collected  in  small  groups,  talking  over 
the  news  of  the  day,  some  commiserating  your  unjust  fate,  and 
others  pouring  out  invectives  against  the  Faculty  for  their  pal- 
pably erroneous  decision  and  rash  suspensions."  *  *  *  The 
suspension  of  Shepard,  Plummer  and  Mann  *  *  *  was  as  un- 
just and  unfounded  as  disgraceful  to  its  authors,  who  seem 
to  be  callous  to  equity  and  justice."  In  a  letter  written  three 
weeks  afterwards  he  says :  "Never  was  a  place  so  much  altered 
as  this.  The  Chapel  looks  destitute.  No  crowds  to  hear  the 
news  are  seen  running  before  a  member  of  the  Faculty.  All 
is  still !  All  is  quiet !  With  implicit  obedience  they  bend  to  the 
yoke,  and  undergo  with  patience  the  bondage  of  supercilious 
domination."  *  *  *  "The  poor  Philanthropic  members  are  to 
be  pitied  for  they  have  but  thirteen  members." 

Wm.  Mercer  Green,  from  boyhood  a  model  of  correct  be- 
havior, wrote  to  his  friend,  Martin  A.  B.  Armstrong,  one  of  the 
victims :  "All  again  is  quiet ;  the  countenances  of  our  most 
noble  and  impartial  Faculty  are  unclouded,  and  those  of  the 
boys  marked  with  contempt.  The  thought  of  the  near  approach 
of  the  examination  has  dispelled  all  others,  and  the  absence  of 
the  suspended,  we  are  only  able  to  call  to  mind  when  we  look 
into  the  vacant  rooms."    Then  follows  an  evidence  of  the  tact 


CHAPMAN  RESIGNS.  239 

for  which  Bishop  Green  was  distinguished  through  life.  "I 
speak  of  others,  my  friend ;  rest  assured  you  are  not  forgotten." 

While  the  first  impulse  of  the  students  was  to  take  sides 
against  the  Faculty  there  was  a  partial  reaction.  Hamilton  C. 
Jones  wrote  in  the  February  following  the  disturbance  that 
"Shepard  and  Dromgoole  are  very  much  censured  by  all  the 
sober  part  of  the  community.  Shepard's  speech  has  lost  its 
popularity,  and  notwithstanding  the  great  puffing  of  the  New 
Bern  editor  has  been  stigmatized  by  every  judge  of  literary 
merit  as  a  flowery  piece  of  nonsense."  It  should  be  noted,  how- 
ever, that  Jones  and  Shepard  belonged  to  different  societies  and 
feeling  between  the  two  was  then  bitter.  In  the  letter  in  which 
the  above  criticism  occurs  is  found  the  following:  "The  Dia- 
lectic Society  is  still  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  The  other 
(Philanthropic),  though  increasing  in  numbers,  degenerates  in 
point  of  talent."  The  writer  too.  though  the  Federalist  party 
was  practically  extinct,  sympathized  with  its  principles,  and 
afterwards  followed  Clay  into  the  wigwam  of  the  Whigs,  while 
Shepard  continued  to  be  a  warm  Republican  and  became  a  Dem- 
ocratic leader. 

It  is  altogether  probable  that  this  unfortunate  trouble  led  to 
Dr.  Chapman's  leaving  the  institution,  for  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  next  after  its  occurrence,  November  23,  1816, 
he  "in  solemn  form  resigned  his  office  as  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity." The  words  "in  solemn  form"  have  an  ominous  sound. 
His  resignation  was  certainly  associated  in  the  public  mind 
with  the  disturbance,  which  political  partisans  and  advocates  of 
free  speech  declared  to  be  evidence  of  his  incapacity.  The  let- 
ter of  resignation  dated  three  days  before  asserts  that  his  duties 
had  been  performed  "faithfully  and  successfully,"  and  that  he 
was  desirous  to  be  more  fully  devoted  to  the  gospel  ministry. 
He  gave  notice  that  his  place  would  be  vacant  at  the  close  of 
the  year  181 7,  but  the  Board  accepted  the  resignation  to  take 
effect  immediately,  agreeing,  however,  unanimously  to  pay  him 
one-half  year's  salary  ($800),  and  to  allow  him  to  retain  the 
President's  house  until  the  end  of  the  next  session.  There  is  a 
notable  absence  of  praises  of  his  past  services  and  regrets  at  his 
departure.     Judge  Cameron  wrote  to  Judge  Murphey  on  No- 


24O  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

vember  27,  1816,  that  he  was  glad  Dr.  Chapman  had  resigned — 
that  he  wished  he  had  done  so  twelve  months  ago.  "It  would 
have  been  much  better  for  himself  and  the  University."  He 
presumed  that  Mr.  Caldwell  and  the  Committee  of  Appoint- 
ments would  open  an  official  correspondence  with  Dr.  Neil  on 
the  subject  of  the  Presidency,  but  he  sincerely  wished  that  Mr. 
Caldwell  will  resume  the  office  himself.  Dr.  Neil  was  not  again 
mentioned;  probably  Dr.  Wm.  Neill,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman 
of  Philadelphia,  President  of  Dickinson  College  in  i824-'2C), 
an  author. 

The  number  of  students,  however,  did  not  indicate  any  fail- 
ure in  Dr.  Chapman's  administration.  For  his  term  of  four 
years  the  aggregate  was  352,  averaging  88  yearly,  while  for  the 
four  preceding  years  under  Caldwell  the  numbers  were  209, 
averaging  52  per  annum.  There  were  63  graduates  of  Chap- 
man's term,  averaging  about  sixteen,  while  for  the  four  pre- 
ceding years  there  were  24,  averaging  six  per  annum.  Of 
course  most  of  the  improvement  was  due  to  the  spread  of  the 
desire  and  the  means  for  attaining  higher  education.  The 
war  evidently  stirred  up  the  people.  Taking  the  four  years 
after  Chapman  left  and  Caldwell  resumed  the  reins  we  have 
465  students,  averaging  116,  and  50  graduates,  averaging  12  1-2 
per  annum.  The  next  four  years  showed  still  better  with  640 
matriculates,  averaging  160,  and  119  graduates,  averaging  30. 
The  reason  for  this  rapid  increase  of  prosperity  will  appear 
hereafter. 

Doubtless,  however,  Dr.  Chapman  must  have  had  unpleasant 
recollections  of  Chapel  Hill.  He  had  a  grievous  private  afflic- 
tion in  the  death  of  a  daughter.  In  the  village  graveyard  is  a 
marble  slab,  which  records  that  Margaretta  Blanch,  daughter  of 
Rev.  Robert  H.  and  Hannah  Chapman,  died  November  25, 
1814,  in  the  sixteenth  year  of  her  age. 

We  have  the  testimony  of  Rev.  Dr.  James  E.  Morrison,  a 
Tutor  under  Chapman,  that  he  "introduced  a  most  salutary 
moral  change."  He  required  the  study  of  the  Bible,  as  a  text- 
book, and  was  the  chief  factor  in  organizing  the  Presbyterian 
church  at  Chapel  Hill. 

The  teaching  of  the  Bible  probably  had  a  flavor  of  Calvinism. 
In  1814  we  find  one  class  of  the  University  Grammar  School 


HISTORY  OF  CHAPMAN.  24I 

charged  with  20  questions  on  the  Catechism  and  21  chapters  in 
a  book  entitled,  "Beauties  of  the  Bible."  Another  class  had  39, 
a  third  38,  and  the  fourth  jy  questions  in  the  Catechism.  The 
Senior  class  of  the  same  school  for  entrance  into  the  University 
were  examined  on  four  books  of  the  Aeneid,  ten  chapters  of  St. 
John's  Gospel  in  Greek,  and  37  questions  in  the  larger  Cate- 
chism, well  known  as  that  used  in  the  Presbyterian  church,  is- 
sued by  the  Westminister  Assembly. 

Dr.  Chapman's  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred 
by  Williams'  College,  Mass.,  in  1815.  After  leaving  the  Uni- 
versity he  became  pastor  of  Bethel  church  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley.  In  1823  he  had  a  church  near  Winchester,  Virginia, 
and  then  labored  for  a  year  or  two  as  a  Missionary  in  the  hill 
country  of  North  Carolina.  His  next  and  last  charge  was  at 
Covington,  Kentucky,  in  1830.  He  was  chosen  to  be  a  member 
of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  1833, 
and  died  at  Winchester  on  his  return,  June  18,  1833,  and  is 
there  buried.  In  1797  he  married  Hannah  Arnette,  of  Elizabeth- 
town,  New  Jersey,  who  died  at  St.  Louis,  July  7,  1845.  They 
left  seven  children,  one  of  whom  was  Rev.  Robert  Hett  Chap- 
man, D.D.,  who  is  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  at  Asheville,  N.  C. 

Of  the  teachers  of  the  University  during  his  term  I  have  al- 
ready mentioned  Professor  Rhea.  A  sketch  of  Tutor  Hooper 
will  be  hereafter  given.  I  find  no  further  mention  of  John 
Harper  Hinton  than  that  he  was  Principal  of  Caswell  Academy 
at  Yanceyville  in  1818,  and  probably  afterwards.  He  was  a 
native  of  Wake  County. 

James  Morrison,  who  was  Tutor  from  1814  to  1817,  studied 
divinity  under  Dr.  Chapman  and  was  ordained  by  the  Orange 
Presbytery  in  181 7.  He  was  for  a  while  a  teacher  in  the  Ra- 
leigh Academy.  He  was  pastor  of  New  Providence  church, 
Rockbridge  County,  Virginia,  from  1819  to  1857.  He  was 
born  in  1795  and  died  in  1870.  Dr.  Charles  W.  Dabney,  once 
Director  of  the  Experiment  Station  of  North  Carolina  and  State 
Chemist,  then  President  of  the  University  of  Knoxville,  and 
now  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  is  a  grandson  of  Dr.  James 
Morrison. 

Abner  Wentworth  Clopton,  the  Principal  of  the  Grammar 
16 


242  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

School,  has  been  heretofore  described.  He  died  March  21, 
1831,  praised  in  a  newspaper  of  the  day  as  an  "eminent  and 
devoted  member  of  the  Baptist  church,  and  one  of  the  earliest 
and  most  efficient  promoters  of  the  temperance  cause,  and  was 
equally  attentive  to  the  duties  of  the  society  of  which  he  was  a 
member." 

The  University  bells  of  the  early  period  were  very  inferior. 
A  second  was  bought  in  181 3.  We  are  told  that  this  was 
bought  in  Fayetteville ;  it,  however,  was  so  inferior  that  seven 
years  afterwards  another  was  procured.  This  latter  on  the 
procurement  of  the  new  was  hung  in  the  back  yard  of  Dr. 
Mitchell's  lot  to  be  used  when  the  clapper  of  the  other  was 
stolen  or  in  hiding.  About  the  same  time  the  Trustees  gave 
$50  for  the  transportation  of  the  organ  procured  for  the  Uni- 
versity by  private  contributions.  This  effort  to  make  worship 
in  the  Chapel  more  attractive  was  supplemented  by  authorizing 
Tutor  Hooper  to  procure  shutters  and  a  chandelier  for  the 
same. 

On  the  resignation  of  Professor  Rhea  in  1814  the  experiment 
was  tried  of  a  "Senior  Tutor,"  with  a  salary  of  $500,  authorized 
to  live  out  of  the  college  buildings  and  to  pay  his  own  board, 
instead  of  eating  without  charge  with  the  students  at  Commons. 
At  the  same  time  the  Committee  of  Appointments  were  author- 
ized to  abolish  Commons  and  rent  out  the  building  if  they 
thought  best.  The  dissatisfaction  implied  in  this  resolution  re- 
sulted doubtless  from  the  rise  of  prices  in  consequence  of  the 
war.  The  Committee  concluded  to  add  improvements  to  the 
building,  paying  Bennett  Parton  $456,  and  to  allow  an  increase 
of  10  per  cent  (to  $33)  in  price  of  board.  The  Senior  Tutor 
was  William  Hooper,  whose  health,  always  delicate,  probably 
required  the  superior  diet  of  his  mother's  table.  There  were 
other  Tutors,  James  E.  Morrison  and  Abner  Stith,  and  for  part 
of  the  time  John  Harper  Hinton.  In  181 5  the  Committee  on 
Salaries  reported  the  salaries  to  be : 

President $1,200 

Professor  of  Mathematics 1,000 

Senior  Tutor 500 

Two  Tutors,  $300  each 600 

Board  of  two  Tutors  .  150 

Treasurer 200 

$3,650 


SALARIES.  243 

To  meet  the  expenses  the  University  owned  314  shares 

of  bank  stock,  paying  8  per  cent $2,512 

Eighty  students  paying  tuition 1,600 


$4,112 

The  Committee  were  impressed  with  the  policy,  as  well  as 
the  justice  of  increasing  .the  salaries  of  the  highest  officers  by 
contingent  perquisites,  depending  on  their  industry,  activity  and 
zeal.  On  their  recommendation,  therefore,  the  Board  appro- 
priated the  dividends  from  the  bank  stock  and  one-half  of  tui- 
tion receipts  to  be  paid  to  all  the  officers  and  the  other  half  to 
increasing  the  salaries  of  the  President  and  Professors  only, 
"in  acknowledgement  of  their  ability,  industry  and  unwearied 
diligence,  by  which  it  is  hoped  and  expected  they  will  acquit 
themselves."  This  explains  why  the  half  of  Dr.  Chapman's 
salary  was  stated  on  the  acceptance  of  his  resignation  as  $800. 
The  President  was  authorized  also  to  cut  firewood  near  the  field 
set  apart  for  his  use,  out  of  sight  of  the  village.  This  field  was 
west  of  the  Pittsboro  road.  In  the  course  of  time  it  was  found 
unprofitable  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  the  Public  School 
Committee  was  authorized  to  build  a  cabin  on  it  for  a  school 
house. 

In  the  following  year  a  singular  and  ambitious  plan  was  de- 
vised, under  the  appearance  of  improving  the  institution,  of 
indirectly  increasing  the  salaries  to  meet  the  high  prices  of  the 
war.  The  Faculty  were  authorized  to  clear  out  the  land  to  the 
east  of  the  campus  on  the  roads  leading  to  Raleigh,  "so  as  to 
command  a  full  view  of  the  distant  horizon  over  Point  Prospect 
(now  Piney)  to  the  east."  As  there  were  two  roads,  one  on  the 
summit  of  the  ridge  and  the  other  about  a  hundred  yards  to  the 
north,  this  permission  included  at  least  twenty  acres  of  good  oak 
and  hickory. 

The  reply  made  by  the  Board  to  Treasurer  Williams'  request 
for  a  clerk  to  ascertain  balances  due  prior  to  his  term,  shows 
that  they  were  not  indiscriminately  generous.  They  voted  that 
the  Treasurer  "from  long  experience  and  knowledge  of  the 
fiscal  affairs  of  the  University  must  be  much  better  qualified  to 
unravel  anything  mysterious  than  a  clerk."  They  thought  it  his 
duty  to  make  the  investigation  and  recommended  that  he  "de- 


244  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

vote  such  portion  of  his  time  as  will  enable  him  to  effect  an 
eclaircisement  of  the  accounts." 

The  Board  showed  their  caution  in  another  ruling.  They  de- 
clined to  warrant  the  title  to  escheated  land  sold  by  them  be- 
cause if  the  title  is  good  it  will  not  enhance  the  price  as  the 
purchaser  is  sure  to  investigate  for  himself.  If  the  title  is 
doubtful  they  ought  not  to  warrant. 

One  of  the  old-time  "blue  laws"  was  abolished  at  this  meet- 
ing. The  by-law  forbidding  students  to  wear  hats  in  the  build- 
ings was  repealed,  but  with  the  provision  that  "they  shall  not 
wear  hats  while  addressing  a  member  of  the  Faculty."  An 
oidinance  was  likewise  adopted  that  applicants  for  admission 
delaying  to  report  more  than  twenty-four  hours  after  reaching 
Chapel  Hill  shall  be  in  danger  of  being  refused. 

During  this  regime  the  excuses  for  absences  from  Morning 
Prayers  were  noted  in  a  book.  I  copy  some  of  them  to  show 
that  our  grandfathers  acted  as  we  do.  The  answers  were 
"Sick,"  "Unwell,"  "Was  not  waked,"  "Tardy,"  "Indisposed," 
"Did  not  hear  the  bell,"  "Weather  bad,"  "Asleep."  There  is 
no  record  of  any  punishments  for  non-attendance. 

In  1815  a  tardy  sale  was  made  of  part  of  the  Gerrard  lands. 
The  statement  shows  the  trouble  experienced  in  the  location 
and  the  sale  of  land  warrants  in  Tennessee,  caused  partly  by 
carelessness  and  partly  by  fraud.  Judge  Potter  and  Treasurer 
Haywood,  a 'majority  of  the  committee,  reported  that  Gerrard's 
will  mentioned  13,000  acres.  A  memorandum  found  among  his 
papers  shows  only  11,364  acres,  so  it  is  evident  that  he  sold 
some  after  making  the  will.  He  gave  640  acres  for  locating  his 
lands,  leaving  only  10,724.  He  requested  that  his  "service 
right,"  2,560  acres,  should  not  be  sold,  so  deducting  these  they 
had  8,164.  Of  these  McKenzie's  640  tract  was  "land  lost,"  i. 
e.,  could  not  be  found  and  this  must  be  subtracted,  leaving  7,524. 
The  following  were  also  "land  lost :" 

On  Mound  Lick  Creek 1,000  acres. 

On  Lumsd en's  fork 228  acres. 

Blooming  Grove  tract 640  acres. 

Part  of  three,  but  of  these  a  small  part  was  saved 
and  sold  for  $200 1,304  acres. 

3,172 


CALDWELL  AGAIN  PRESIDENT.  245 

Taking  off  these  there  were  left  4,352  acres.  Appraisers  ap- 
pointed by  the  agent  of  the  Board  valued  these  at  $6,363.50. 
Col.  Wra.  Polk  bought  at  $6,400,  payable  one-half  cash  and  the 
rest  when  needed  to  pay  for  bank  stock,  which  the  Board  had 
resolved  to  buy.  As  a  still  further  irritation  it  was  discovered 
after  the  sale  that  428  acres  had  been  leased  for  several  years, 
so  the  price  of  this  tract  was  held  up  until  this  matter  could  be 
adjusted. 

The  General  Assembly  had  made  provision  for  issuing  other 
warrants  in  the  place  of  "lost  lands,"  but  it  took  time,  trouble 
and  expense  to  recover  them,  and  in  the  meantime  prices  fell  and 
sales  were  still  further  delayed. 

It  is  certain  that  Dr.  Caldwell  was  sincerely  desirous  of  con- 
tinuing in  his  Professorship  of  Mathematics.  He  endeavored 
vigorously  to  find  a  successor  to  Chapman,  of  sufficient  learning 
and  administrative  gifts,  but  in  vain.  In  addition  to  Dr.  Neill, 
already  mentioned,  the  office  was  tendered  to  Rev.  Lewis  von 
Schweinitz,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  of  the  Moravian  church,  who  in  addi- 
tion to  his  theological  attainments  was  eminent  as  a  Botanist. 
Both  nominees  decline^  and  the  strong  pressure  on  Caldwell 
prevailed. 

Caldwell  Again  President — Graduates—  1813-1819. 

Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Caldwell  was  a  second  time  elected  President 
of  the  University  on  December  14,  181 6.  According  to  the 
stateliness  of  the  old  school  a  regular  commission  was  issued 
to  him  : 

The  President  and  Trustees  of  the 

University  of  North  Carolina — 

To  the  President.  Doctor  Joseph  Caldwell : 
Reposing  confidence  in  your  integrity,   learning  and  ability,  we  do 
hereby  nominate  and  appoint  you  President  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  with  all  the  powers,  immunities,  compensations  and  endow- 
ments thereto  belonging,  to  commence  the  first  day  of  January,  1817. 

(Signed)  John  Haywood. 

H.  Potter. 
Will  Polk. 

The  answer  of  the  old  school  President  was  likewise  in  writ- 
ing. He  said,  "with  diffidence  I  will  accept  it.  and  if  I  shall 
ever  be  found  to  have  gone  wrong  in  discharge  of  the  duties, 


246  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

I  hope  that  the  members  of  the  Committee  and  of  the  Board 
in  general  will  be  ready  to  make  allowances  for  defects,  which 
may  easily  in  me  proceed  from  frailty  and  error  without  the 
intention  of  evil." 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  University  in  the  same  year. 

The  Trustees,  who  accepted  Dr.  Chapman's  resignation,  were 
Wm.  Miller,  Governor  and  Chairman ;  Judge  Henry  Potter, 
John  Winslow,  James  Iredell,  Calvin  Jones,  Atlas  Jones,  Rob- 
ert Williams  (of  Raleigh)  ;  Henry  Seawell,  Robert  H.  Jones, 
Wm.  Polk,  Lewis  Williams,  Simmons  J.  Baker  and  A.  D.  Mur- 
phey.  Dr.  Chapman  is  also  mentioned  as  present.  Most  of 
these  were  present  at  the  election  of  Dr.  Caldwell  on  December 
17,  1816. 

The  Faculty  records  are  singularly  deficient  during  Chap- 
man's administration  and  for  181 7.  The  following,  although 
incomplete,  is  accurate,  I  think : 

The  Graduates  of  181 3  were  in  number  14.  The  report  of 
the  class  standing  of  the  members  has  been  lost.  The  following 
attained  distinction.  William  E.  Bailey  was  a  Professor  of  An- 
cient Languages  in  the  College  of  Charleston ;  William  S. 
Blackledge  was  a  Representative  in  Congress ;  John  H.  Hinton 
and  Abner  Stith,  Tutors  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
and  afterwards  Classical  teachers.  William  J.  .Polk  was  a 
prominent  physician. 

Of  the  matriculates  with  the  class  not  graduating,  Elijah 
Graves  was  a  Presbyterian  preacher  and  a  teacher  of  repute; 
Alexander  Long,  a  very  popular  physician,  and  Romulus  M. 
Saunders,  a  Judge,  Congressman  and  Minister  to  Spain ;  Rob- 
ert Williams,  State  Adjutant-General  and  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer of  the  University. 

To  Rev.  Jeremiah  Atwater  was  given  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Divinity  (D.  D.) 

The  Senior  class  of  1814,  in  numbers  16,  was  of  a  high  grade. 
Aaron  V.  Brown  was  a  member  of  the  Tennessee  Legislature, 
Governor,  Representative  in  Congress  and  Postmaster-General; 
Charles  L.  Hinton,  a  planter.  Trustee,  Secretary  and  Treasurer 
of  the  University,  and  State  Treasurer ;  Charles  Manly,  a  Trus- 


CLASSES  OF  l8l4  AND  1815.  247 

tee  of  the  University  42  years,  and  Secretary  and  Treasurer  46 
years,  Governor  of  the  State ;  Samuel  Pickens,  Comptroller  of 
Alabama ;  James  Morrison,  a  Tutor  in  this  institution  and  a 
Presbyterian  preacher. 

Of  the  Graduates  of  181 5,  in  numbers  18,  some  became 
famous. 

John  H.  Bryan  was  elected  to  Congress  and  the  State  Senate 
at  the  same  time,  and  chose  the  first.  He  was  a  Trustee  of  the 
University  45  years.  Robert  R.  King"  was  a  Tutor  and  then  a 
preacher.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  D.D..  LL.D..  an  eminent  preacher 
and  author,  in  early  life  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  N. 
C. ;  Edward  Hall,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  Willie  P.  Man- 
gum  was  a  Judge,  Senator  of  the  United  States  and  President 
of  the  Senate ;  Mitchell  was  Clerk  of  the  General  Assembly  and 
President  of  the  Bank  of  Tennessee ;  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight 
was  the  last  Governor  elected  by  the  General  Assembly. 

The  honors  are  not  mentioned  in  the  reports,  but  tradition 
gives  the  highest  to  Croom,  Bryan,  Hawks  and  Spaight.  . 

We  have  the  exercises  of  the  class  of  181 5.  The  Latin  Salu- 
tatory was  spoken  by  Isaac  Croom,  the  Mathematical  Oration 
by  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight.  There  was  a  "Forensic  Dispute," 
anticipatory  of  the  Know  Nothing  Party,  "Whether  Civil  Offi- 
ces should  be  open  to  Foreigners?"  Matthew  McClung  opened 
as  "Respondent,"  Henrv  L.  Plummer,  called  the  Opponent,  re- 
plied, and  Hugh  M.  Stokes  closed  as  Replicator.  Another  For- 
ensic Dispute  was  "Whether  Theatrical  Amusements  are  Benefi- 
cial?" between  Robert  Hinton,  Respondent,  Semuel  D.  Hatch, 
Opponent,  and  Robert  King,  Replicator.  A  third  dispute  was 
between  Priestly  Mangum,  Stephen  Sneed  and  Edward  Hill, 
the  subject  being  "Should  a  Penitentiary  be  immediately 
erected  ?"  This  was  followed  by  an  oration  on  Natural  Phil- 
osophy, by  Stokely  D.  Mitchell,  of  Tennessee.  In  the  afternoon 
there  was  the  English  Salutatory  by  John  H.  Bryan,  followed 
by  a  three-handed  dispute  as  to  whether  students  should  be 
subject  to  Military  Duty,  a  theme  which  became  very  acute 
during  our  Civil  War.  The  Respondent  was  Matthew  Moore, 
the  Opponent  James  Hooper,  the  Replicator  George  F.  Graham. 
Francis  L.  Hawks  closed  with  the  Valedictory.  His  oratorical 
gifts  were  even  then  widely  known  and  warmlv  admired. 


248  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  other  speakers  at  this  Commencement  were : 

"Should  the  United  States  assist  the  South  American  Re- 
publics against  Spain  and  the  Holy  Alliance  ?",  by  Broomfield  L. 
Ridley. 

"The  Character  of  the  North  American  Indians,"  by  James 
H.  Norwood. 

"Will  Greece  emancipated  attain  the  Eminence  of  Ancient 
Greece?",  Daniel  B.  Baker. 

"Perpetuity  of  the  United  States,"  Harry  E.  Coleman. 

"The  Effects  of  the  French  Revolution  on  Liberty,"  Benja- 
min B.  Blume. 

"The  Effects  of  the  Invention  of  Printing,"  Augustus  Moore. 

"Should  a  Professorship  of  Law  be  established  at  the  Uni- 
versity ?",  James  W.  Bryan. 

"The  Mahometan  Religion,"  Thomas  Bond. 

"American  Literature,"  John  W.  Norwood. 

"Should  the  American  Colonization  Society  receive  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  Public,"  Robert  H.  Booth. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  on  Rev.  Levi 
Holbrook. 

Mr.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  who  had  received  the  degree  of  Mas- 
ter of  Arts  from  Yale  College,  was  awarded  the  ad  eundem 
degree  from  this  University. 

Of  the  16  Graduates  of  the  class  of  1816,  those  most  notable 
were :  William  Julius  Alexander,  a  Trustee,  member  of  the  Leg- 
islature, Speaker  of  the  House  and  Solicitor  of  his  district; 
Thomas  J.  Haywood,  Judge  in  Tennessee ;  John  DeRosset,  phy- 
sician of  great  promise,  dying  young ;  Charles  Applewhite  Hill, 
who  left  the  University  in  1804,  Principal  of  Classical  schools, 
preacher  and  State  Senator;  John  Patterson,  Tutor  U.  N.  C. 
and  preacher;  James  W.  McClung,  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Tennessee ;  John  Y.  Mason,  LL.D.,  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States,  a  Judge  in  Virginia,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  and 
Minister  to  France. 

It  was  at  this  Commencement  that  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Divinity  was  conferred  on  Rev.  Joseph  Caldwell,  the  newly 
elected  President. 

There  were  eleven  of  the  Graduates  of  181 7.  The  most  emi- 
nent was  John  M.  Morehead,  a  strong  lawyer,  Governor  of  the 


CLASSES  OF  1817  AND  l8l8.  249 

State,  President  and  chief  promoter  of  the  North  Carolina  and 
other  railroads,  a  chief  factor  in  the  industrial  development  of 
the  State,  an  active  Trustee  of  the  University  for  38  years,  mem- 
ber of  the  Confederate  Congress.  Holt  was  a  physician,  but 
especially  distinguished  as  the  pioneer  in  the  introduction  of 
blooded  stock.  He  was  the  first  President  of  the  State  Agricul- 
tural Society. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Bedford  Brown  was  a  member  of  the 
Conventions  of  1835  and  1861,  President  of  the  State  Senate, 
United  States  Senator ;  David  F.  Caldwell,  Speaker  of  the  State 
Senate,  Judge  and  President  of  a  bank;  William  B.  Shepard, 
member  of  the  State  Senate  and  of  Congress ;  John  G.  A.  Wil- 
liamson, member  of  the  Legislature,  Consul  to  Venezuela, 
Charge'  d'  affairs  at  Caraccas. 

For  the  term  ending  in  June,  the  second  half  of  the  session, 
the  strange  spectacle  was  presented  of  a  University  without  a 
Professor,  Dr.  Caldwell  and  his  Tutors  caring  for  the  institu- 
tion. They  were  William  Hooper,  Principal  Tutor,  William 
D.  Moseley  and  Robert  Rufus  King,  followed  in  the  autumn 
by  John  Motley  Morehead  and  Priestly  H.  Mangum.  Moseley 
some  years  afterwards  obtained  double  compensation  on  the 
ground  that  King  was  forced  to  resign  on  account  of  his  un- 
popularity with  the  students  in  the  fall  of  18 17,  and  double 
duties  were  devolved  on  him.  He  and  President  Caldwell  were 
the  entire  Faculty  until  Professor  Mitchell  began  work  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1818. 

The  Trustees  concluded  that  the  Principal  Tutor,  Wm. 
Hooper,  whose  learning  and  teaching  power  were  admitted, 
should  be  elevated  to  the  Chair  of  Ancient  Languages.  This 
was  done  and  the  office  of  Principal  Tutor  was  abolished  never 
to  be  restored.  The  salary  of  the  Professor  of  Ancient  Lan- 
guages was  fixed  at  $800  per  annum.  At  the  same  time  tuition 
was  raised  to  $30  per  annum. 

The  Tutors  of  this  period  were  men  of  power.  Morehead  and 
Moseley  are  described  elsewhere.  Priestly  Mangum,  brother 
of  the  more  eminent  Willie  P.  Mangum,  was  a  useful  citizen 
and  a  safe  lawyer,  for  years  Solicitor  of  the  county  of  Orange, 
and  also  a  Commoner  in  the  Legislature.     Robert  Rufus  King 


25O  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

was  a  Presbyterian  minister  of  promise,  called  by  death  from 
his  work  in  1822.  But  it  was  impossible  for  young  men,  how- 
ever able,  to  have  proper  restraining  influence  among  108 
youths,  unaccustomed  to  discipline.  We  have  glimpses  of  wild 
deeds  in  this  year.  So  incensed  were  the  Trustees  that  they 
instructed  the  President  to  invoke  the  aid  of  the  criminal  law 
to  punish  the  perpetrators  of  outrages  on  the  buildings  and 
grove  in  the  fall  of  181 7. 

MlTCHEIX,    OlvMSTEAD   AND    KOLLOCK,    PROFESSORS. 

The  Committee  of  Appointments  reported  to  the  Board  in 
November  that  they  had  selected  for  the  Chair  of  Chemistry 
Denison  Olmstead,  a  graduate  of  Yale,  and  had  allowed  him  a 
year's  study  there  before  coming  to  the  University.  For  the 
Chair  of  Mathematics,  made  vacant  by  the  elevation  of  Dr. 
Caldwell,  they  had  searched  in  vain  in  many  directions  for  a 
suitable  man,  but,  not  discouraged,  they  had  at  length  found  Mr. 
Elisha  Mitchell,  of  Connecticut,  who  had  accepted  their  offer. 

The  choice  was  exceedingly  fortunate  as  the  newcomer  was 
not  only  accomplished  and  able,  but  was  resolved,  like  his 
President,  to  live  and  die  among  us.  He  was  born  August  19, 
1793,  and  was,  therefore,  24  years  old.  His  native  place  was 
Washington,  Litchfield  County,  Connecticut.  His  father  was 
a  farmer,  Abner  by  name;  his  mother  Phoebe  Eliot,  a  lineal 
descendant  of  John  Eliot,  the  Apostle  to  the  Indians,  whose 
Bible  translated  into  their  language  is  one  of  the  famous  books 
of  the  world.  From  her  grandfather,  Rev.  Jared  Eliot,  M.D. 
and  D.D.,  one  of  the  most  noted  American  savants  of  his  day, 
he  inherited  his  fondness  for  Natural  Philosophy,  Botany  and 
Mineralogy.  He  was  prepared  for  Yale  College  by  Rev.  Azel 
Bachus,  a  noted  teacher,  afterwards  President  of  Hamilton 
College. 

At  Yale  he  graduated  in  181 3,  one  of  the  best  scholars  in  his 
class.  Among  his  class-mates  were  Denison  Olmsted,  destined 
to  be  his  colleague ;  James  Longstreet,  author  of  Georgia 
Scenes  and  President  of  the  University  of  Mississippi ;  Rev. 
George  Singletary,  an  influential  Episcopal  clergyman ;  Thomas 
P.   Devereux,  an  able  lawyer  and  Reporter  of  our   Supreme 


E.   MITCHELL,  PROFESSOR.  25 1 

Court;  and  George  E.  Badger,  an  eminent  Senator  and  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy,  who  did  not  graduate. 

After  leaving  Yale  young  Mitchell  taught  in  the  academy  of 
Dr.  Eigenbrodt  at  Jamaica,  on  Long  Island.  In  181 5  we  find 
him  in  charge  of  a  school  for  girls  in  Xew  London.  The  next 
year  he  was  appointed  a  Tutor  in  his  college,  where  he  dis- 
charged his  duties  so  faithfully  and  well  that  the  Chaplain  of 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  a  son  of  President  Dwight,  of 
Yale,  recommended  him  to  Wra.  Gaston,  then  a  Representative 
in  Congress  from  North  Carolina  and  a  Trustee  of  its  Univer- 
sity, as  learned  in  Mathematics,  as  a  cultured  man  of  letters 
generally  and  as  skillful  in  teaching. 

On  notification  of  his  appointment  Mr.  Mitchell  spent  a  few 
weeks  at  the  Theological  Seminary  in  Andover,  Massachu- 
setts, receiving  a  license  to  preach  as  a  Congregational  min- 
ister. He  reached  Chapel  Hill  on  the  31st  of  January,  1818, 
and  at  once  entered  on  his  nearly  forty  years'  service,  with  the 
intelligence,  zeal  and  success  for  which  he  was  distinguished. 
He  was  ordained  a  minister  in  the  Presbyterian  church  in  1821. 

In  the  fall  of  18 19  young  Mitchell  went  hack  to  Connecticut 
in  order  to  take  to  himself  a  wife.  His  bride  was  handsome, 
intellectual  and  well  educated,  Maria  S.  Xorth,  daughter  of  a 
physician  of  Xew  London.  Mrs.  Spencer  in  the  Lniversity 
Magazine  of  October,  1884,  gives  extracts  from  letters  from 
her  after  her  arrival  at  Chapel  Hill.  The  first  is  dated  January 
1,  1820.  I  abridge  the  narrative.  It  shows  vividly  the  discom- 
forts of  old-time  traveling.  They  started  from  Xew  York  Mon- 
day before  Christmas,  1819,  and  journeyed  by  boat  to  Elizabeth- 
town,  thence  by  stage  to  Trenton  ;  thence  by  stage  to  Philadel- 
phia, stopping  a  day  to  visit  Peale's  Museum.  West's  picture 
and  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  Thence  they  took  boat  down 
the  Delaware  to  Xew  Castle ;  thence  traveled  by  stage  to 
Frenchtown,  where  they  again  took  a  steamer,  and  after  a  moon- 
light trip  reached  Baltimore  by  sunrise  on  Thursday.  There 
they  had  time  to  visit  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  and  other 
places.  After  breakfast  they  boarded  the  steamer.  United 
States,  for  Norfolk,  starting  at  9  o'clock.  They  had  a  delight- 
ful trip,  the  day  being  pleasant.     One  of  their  traveling  com- 


252       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

panions  was  Dr.  Simmons  J.  Baker,  whom  they  describe  as  a 
man  of  liberal  education,  very  lively  and  intelligent  in  his  con- 
versation— a  Trustee  of  the  University.  "He  sets  a  higher 
value  on  the  amor  patriae  than  any  man  I've  ever  known." 
They  reached  Norfolk  at  I  o'clock  on  Friday.  As  the  stage  was 
waiting  they  missed  their  dinner  and  speeded  to  the  head  of 
Dismal  Swamp,  eleven  miles.  Here  they  entered  a  canal  boat 
20  feet  in  length.  "  'Twas  sunset  of  a  rainy  Christmas  eve 
when  we  entered  this  boat  and  were  drawn  along  for  22  miles 
at  the  rate  of  four  miles  an  hour."  It  was  suggested  that  as 
Christmas  was  a  holiday  for  slaves  and  many  runaways  were 
living  in  the  swamp,  firearms  might  be  needed;  so  the  gentle- 
men prepared  their  pistols,  three  in  number  for  possible  rob- 
bers. The  five  locks  and  three  bridges  impeded  their  progress 
so  that  they  did  not  get  through  the  swamp  until  10  o'clock  at 
night.  The  driver  of  the  stage  for  passengers  had  been  restive 
and  gone  off,  so  a  one-horse  gig  and  a  one-horse  cart  for  bag- 
gage were  procured,  and  they  made  their  way  to  a  country 
tavern  not  far  off,  where  they  spent  the  night,  sending  to  Eliza- 
beth City  for  the  stage  to  return  for  them.  They  ate  breakfast 
in  that  town  and  dined  in  Edenton  Saturday  afternoon.  As  the 
steamboat  for  Plymouth  was  gone,  in  an  open  boat  rowed  by 
four  men,  over  a  rough  sea,  one  of  the  passengers  bailing  out 
the  water  which  poured  through  the  gaping  seams,  the  travelers 
in  seven  hours  reached  Plymouth.  Here  their  first  care  was  to 
unpack  their  trunks  and  dry  their  soaked  clothes.  They  then 
proceeded  by  stage  by  way  of  Williamston  and  Tarboro  to 
Raleigh,  only  to  find  that  the  stage  to  Chapel  Hill  had  departed. 
They  hired  a  special  conveyance,  whose  driver  was  suspected 
of  being  a  murderer,  and  the  Professor  thought  it  wise  to  hint 
that  he  was  provided  with  firearms.  After  a  day's  ride  through 
a  country  almost  uninhabited  the  bride  reached  her  new  home 
December  29th,  and  her  husband  preached  his  first  sermon  on 
the  following  Sunday  in  the  old  Chapel  or  Person  Hall. 

For  a  while  they  boarded  with  Prof.  Olmsted  at  the  house 
built  for  the  President,  that  nearest  to  the  University  buildings 
on  the  west,  paying  $288  a  year  for  board,  lodging  and  wash- 
ing.    Their  host  kept  four  servants  besides  the  washerwoman. 


OBSERVATIONS  OF  A  BRIDE.  253 

He  had  a  wife  and  a  son  and,  although  a  Connecticut  man, 
paid  $350  for  a  slave  girl  as  a  nurse  to  the  youngster.  Their 
household  expenses  were  $1,000  a  year. 

Mrs.  Mitchell  expressed  much  admiration  for  the  Doctor 
and  Mrs.  Caldwell.  She  spoke  of  the  lady  as  being  sociable 
and  friendly.  They  gave  a  dinner  party  in  honor  of  the  new- 
comers, a  handsome  dinner,  handsomely  served.  The  bride  had 
the  honor  of  drinking  the  first  glass  of  wine  with  Dr.  Caldwell, 
the  sentiment  being,  "To  Absent  Friends."  Womanlike  she 
tells  her  mother  of  what  a  Carolina  dinner  consisted :  "Roast 
turkey  with  duck,  roast  beef  and  broiled,  broiled  chicken,  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes,  turnips,  rice,  carrots,  parsnips,  cabbage, 
stewed  apples,  boiled  pudding,  baked  potato  pudding,  damson 
tarts,  current  tarts,  apple  pies  and  whips." 

She  was  pleased  with  her  new  surroundings,  notwithstanding 
the  two  hundred  curious  eyes  of  the  students  when  she  was  in 
the  Chapel.  She  praises  particularly  the  fine  apples  and  abun- 
dance of  them.  Thirty  years  afterwards  the  neighborhood  was 
equally  distinguished  for  peaches.  The  orchards  have  been 
allowed  to  go  to  decay.  She  whiles  away  the  hours  when  her 
husband  is  absent,  by  study,  reciting  to  him  at  night.  She  asks 
her  mother  to  send  her  some  fine  thread,  worsted  yarn  and 
some  needles,  the  package  to  be  forwarded  to  New  York  in 
order  to  come  in  the  next  box  of  books.  Fine  materials  for 
ladies  work  were  not  procurable  at  Chapel  Hill  in  those  days. 
It  was  not  long  before  Dr.  Olmsted  bought  himself  a  residence 
and  the  young  couple  started  housekeeping  in  the  home  he 
vacated,  which  they  occupied  for  thirty-seven  years. 

At  the  same  session  the  Committee  on  Buildings  were  author- 
ized to  erect  a  building  embracing  recitation  rooms  whenever 
the  funds  would  allow. 

The  vision  of  golden  streams  to  flow  from  the  escheated  war- 
rants of  Tennessee  emboldened  the  Trustees  in  1818,  with  only- 
one  dissenting  voice,  to  add  the  Professorship  of  Rhetoric  and 
Logic  and  adjunct  Professorship  of  Moral  Philosophy.  Rev. 
Shepard  Kosciusko  Kollock  was  chosen  to  fill  the  chair  of 
Rhetoric  and  began  at  the  same  term  with  Olmsted,  the  fall  term 
of  1819.     His  salary  was  $1,240.     The  President  held  the  Chair 


254  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

of  Moral  Philosophy  and  Metaphysics.  The  Tutors  were  King 
and  Simon  Jordan.  The  number  of  students  during  the  year 
was  118. 

Dr.  Kollock  was  born  in  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  June 
25>  1795-  His  father,  Shepard  Kollock,  was  an  officer  in  the 
Revolutionary  Army,  and  hence  delighted  to  honor  the  Polish 
patriot.  The  son  graduated  with  high  honors  at  Princeton  at 
the  age  of  sixteen.  He  began  the  study  of  Theology  under  his 
brother-in-law,  Rev.  John  McDowell,  D.D.,  and  finished  his 
course  under  his  brother,  Rev.  Henry  Kollock,  D.D.,  whose  min- 
isterial work  was  at  Savannah,  Georgia.  His  first  charge  after 
ordination  was  that  of  the  Presbyterian  church  at  Oxford, 
North  Carolina,  marrying  during  his  first  year,  1818,  Miss 
Sarah  Blount  Littlejohn,  daughter  of  Thomas  Blount  Little- 
john.  Coming  to  the  University  in  1819,  he  remained  until 
1825,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Presbyterian  church  of 
Norfolk,  Virginia,  where  he  remained  about  ten  years.  He 
then  removed  to  New  Jersey,  and  was  for  three  years  the  suc- 
cessful agent  of  the  Board  of  Missions,  after  which  he  was 
pastor  successively  in  Burlington  and  Greenwich,  both  in  New 
Jersey.  In  i860  his  health  failed  and  he  accepted  light  work 
in  connection  with  a  charitable  institution  in  Philadelphia.  He 
died  April  7,  1865. 

Dr.  Kollock  married  a  second  time — Miss  Sarah  Harris,  of 
Norfolk.  Several  children  and  more  grandchildren  of  this  mar- 
riage survive.  A  child,  Sarah,  of  the  first  marriage,  was  one 
of  the  highly  esteemed  principals  of  the  excellent  School  for 
Females  of  the  Misses  Nash  and  Miss  Kollock.  The  Misses 
Nash  are  daughters  of  a  sister  of  Professor  Kollock,  wife  of 
Chief  Justice  Frederick  Nash. 

The  election  of  Prof.  Kollock  caused  an  outcry  against  Presi- 
dent Caldwell  for  filling  the  Faculty  with  Presbyterian  preach- 
ers. This  he  emphatically  denied  in  a  letter  to  Treasurer  Hay- 
wood, calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  Prof.  Hooper  was  an 
Episcopalian,  and  making  the  rather  odd  statement  that  he 
would  have  been  nominated  to  the  Chair  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic 
if  he  had  been  ordained  as  a  preacher  and  could  have  rendered 
to  him  as  much  relief  in  the  pulpit  as  Mr.  Kollock.     Moreover, 


ENLARGED  CURRICULUM.  255 

he  contended  that  the  best  man  should  be  selected  regardless  of 
denominational  bias.  It  should  be  noticed  too  that  Olmsted, 
howbeit  a  Presbyterian,  although  he  studied  Theology,  was  not 
licensed  to  preach.  A  letter  from  Treasurer  Haywood  to  Judge 
Murphey  of  the  date  of  April  26,  18 19,  shows  that  the  President 
was  so  chagrined  at  the  postponement  by  the  Board  of  his  nomi- 
nation, that  he  hinted  at  accepting  a  Professorship  in  the  South 
Carolina  College.  It  is  stated  that  the  hesitation  arose  from 
the  fear  that  this  placing  the  religious  instruction  in  the  charge 
of  two  Presbyterian  ministers  might  be  against  the  Constitu- 
tion, as  exalting  one  denomination  over  the  others.  It  is  notable 
that  Treasurer  Haywood  stated  that  he  and  Colonel  Wm.  Polk, 
adherents  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  were  of  the  opin- 
ion that  it  was  imprudent  to  elect  one  of  their  own  faith,  for 
fear  of  giving  offence  to  other  denominations.  As  Professor 
Hooper  was  then  an  Episcopalian,  one  other  of  the  same  faith 
would  have  been  a  too  heavy  weight  to  be  carried  by  the  strug- 
gling institution.  This  seems  to  prove  that  the  prejudice  from 
the  old  hostility  to  the  Church  of  England,  allied  with  the  odious 
Colonial  government,  still  lingered  among  our  people.  After 
Kollock's  election  the  Faculty  stood,  Caldwell,  Mitchell,  Olm- 
sted, Kollock,  four  to  one  Episcopalian,  tottering  towards  the 
Baptists.  As  the  Tutors  changed  almost  yearly,  I  have  not  in- 
quired into  their  religious  proclivities. 

The  Enlarged  Curriculum. 

The  scheme  of  studies  was  of  course  considerably  changed  by 
the  addition  of  the  two  new  Professorships.  For  admission  into 
the  Freshman  class  the  following  was  prescribed : 

In  Latin — The  Grammar ;  Prosody ;  Corderius  ;  25  of  Aesop's 
Fables ;  Selects  Vetera?,  or  Sacra  Historia ;  Cornelius  Nepos 
or  Viri  Romae ;  Mair's  Introduction ;  Seven  Books  of  Czesar's 
Commentaries ;  Ovidi  Editio  Expurgata ;  The  Bucolics  and 
Six  Books  of  Aeneid  in  Virgil. 

In  Greek — Greek  Grammar ;  St.  John's  Gospel  and  The  Acts 
of  the  Apostles ;  Graeca  Minora  to  Lucian's  Dialogues. 

It  is  remarkable  that  neither  Arithmetic  nor  Algebra  is  in 
this  list. 

The  Plan  of  Education  in  the  University  was  as  follows : 


256  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

For  the  Freshman  Class — 

In  Latin — The  whole  of  Sallust ;  Roman  Antiquities ;  the 
Georgics  of  Virgil ;  Cicero's  Orations ;  Ancient  Geography. 

In  Greek — Graeca  Minora  continued ;  first  volume  of  Graeca 
Majora;  Antiquities.  (The  last  included  other  ancient  nations 
besides  Greece.)      Ancient  Geography. 

In  Mathematics — Arithmetic ;  Algebra. 

In  English,  etc.,    Modern    Geography;    English    Grammar, 
Composition  ;  Declamations  ;  Theses. 
For  the  Sophomore  Class — 

In  Latin — Horace  entire. 

In  Greek — Graeca  Majora  continued,  First  Volume;  four 
books  of  Homer's  Iliad. 

In  Mathematics — Algebra  concluded  ;  Geometry. 

In  English — Geography,  Theses,  Composition,  Declamation. 
For  the  Junior  Class,  then  called  Junior  Sop  hist  ers — 

Latin  and  Greek  were  both  dropped. 

In  Mathematics — Logarithms;  Plane  Trigonometry;  Men- 
suration of  Heights  and  Distances ;  Surveying ;  Spherical  Trig- 
onometry; Navigation;  Conic  Sections,  Fluxions. 

Natural  Philosophy. 

In  English — Classics,  Composition,  Declamation. 

It  is  observable  that  in  the  catalogue  Conies  is  spelled 
Conicks,  and  means  of  course  Analytical  Geometry.  Fluxions 
is  now  called  Calculus;  Natural  Philosophy  is  called  Physics; 
Classics  (spelled  Classicks),  meant  the  writings  of  great  Eng- 
lish authors,  principally  of  Queen  Anne's  time. 
For  the  Senior  Class,  then  called  Senior  Sophist  ers — 

No  Latin,  Greek  or  Pure  Mathematics. 

In  Natural  Science — Chemistry;  Mineralogy;  Geology;  Phil- 
osophy of  Natural  History. 

In  Applied  Mathematics — Natural  Philosophy;  Progress  of 
the  Mathematical  and  Physical  Sciences;  Astronomy;  Chro- 
nology. 

In  Philosophy — Moral  Philosophy;  Progress  of  Metaphysi- 
cal, Ethical  and  Political  Philosophy:  Metaphysics. 

In  English — Logic  ;  Rhetoric ;  Classics ;  Composition ;  Decla- 
mation. 


PLAN  OF  JUDGE  MURPHEY.  257 

The  students  had  no  laboratory  work,  but  the  Professor  per- 
formed experiments  in  Chemistry  and  Physics  in  the  presence  of 
the  class.  Much  attention  was  paid  to  composition  and  declam- 
ation, which  was  supplemented  by  similar  work,  enforced  by 
fines,  in  the  two  literary  societies.  The  Alumni  of  the  Univer- 
sity were  therefore  easily  among"  the  leaders  in  political  life, 
and  had  a  good  start  in  the  professions  of  law  and  theology. 

Judge  Murphey's  Plan. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  foregoing  scheme  of  studies 
with  the  plan  of  Judge  Archibald  Murphey,  who  distinguished 
himself  about  this  time  by  a  very  able  report  on  Public  Educa- 
tion, and  was  a  man  of  large  experience  at  the  bar,  on  the  bench, 
and  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  had  professional  experience 
in  the  University.  He  moved  for  a  committee  to  report  ''a  re- 
vised plan  of  Education,-'  embodying  "changes  suited  to  the 
present  improved  state  of  science  and  general  knowledge;"  also 
to  report  a  plan  of  new  buildings.  The  following  is  the  scheme, 
recommended  but  not  adopted.  It  is  analogous  to  our  modern 
system  of  "Schools"  or  "Colleges,"  the  term  classes,  however, 
being  used  : 

1.  Class  of  Languages,  embracing  Greek  and  Latin ;  Murray's 
English  Grammar ;  Elements  of  Chronology ;  Millot's  Elements 
of  History;  Blair's  Lectures. 

2.  Class  of  Mathematics. — Pure  Mathematics  up  to  Fluxions  ; 
Mensuration  up  to  Astronomy;  Geography. 

3.  Physical  Sciences. — Embracing  Chemistry,  Mineralogy, 
Geology,  Philosophy  of  Natural  History ;  History  of  the  Pro- 
gress of  Mathematics  and  Physical  Sciences. 

4.  Class  of  the  Moral  and  Political  Sciences,  embracing 
Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind  ;  Ethics  and  Practical  Moralitv ; 
Elements  of  Theology ;  History  of  the  Progress  of  Ethical  and 
Moral  Sciences ;  Political  Philosophy  by  Paley ;  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  by  Publius ;  Political  Economy  by  Genith. 

It  is  very  notable  that  the  distinguished  Judge  did  not  include 
in  his  programme  the  study  of  the  great  sciences.  Electricity  or 
Magnetism ;  nor  is  there  mention  of  Mechanics,  Biology  and 
similar  branches  now  so  much  cultivated. 

17 


258  history  university  oe  north  carolina. 

President  Polk's  Class. 

The  class  of  1818  numbered  14. 

The  highest  honor  was  conferred  on  James  Knox  Polk,  after- 
wards President  of  the  United  States,  having  previously  passed 
through  the  offices  of  Governor  of  Tennessee  and  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  second  honor  was  won  by  William  Mercer  Green,  after- 
wards a  Professor  in  our  University,  Bishop  of  Mississippi 
and  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  the  South,  Doctor  of  Divin- 
ity and  of  Laws.  The  third  honor  devolved  on  Robert  Hall 
Morrison,  afterwards  a  Doctor  of  Divinity  in  the  Presbyterian 
church  and  President  of  Davidson  College.  The  fourth  honor 
fell  to  Hamilton  C.  Jones,  a  prominent  editor  and  lawyer  of 
Salisbury  and  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Besides  these, 
were  Hugh  Waddell,  able  lawyer  and  President  of  the  State 
Senate,  Edward  Jones  Mallett,  Paymaster-General  U.  S.  A.  and 
Consul-General  to  Italy,  and  William  Dunn  Moseley,  Speaker 
of  the  State  Senate  and  Governor  of  Florida.  The  Faculty 
reported  that  the  class  was  especially  approved  on  account  of 
the  regular,  moral  and  exemplary  deportment  of  its  members. 
Polk  never  missed  a  duty  while  in  the  institution. 

Associated  with  these,  but  not  remaining  to  take  degrees,  were 
George  C.  Dromgoole,  Speaker  of  the  Virginia  Senate  and 
Representative  in  Congress,  a  noted  stump  speaker. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  granted  to  Rev.  John 
McDowell,  of  Virginia,  and  that  of  Master  of  Arts  to  Thomas 
Pollock  Devereux,  of  North  Carolina.  Dr.  McDowell  was  of 
New  Jersey,  for  fifty  years  Trustee  of  Princeton  College,  and 
was  efficient  as  agent  in  collecting  funds  for  its  advancement. 
Mr.  Devereux,  a  descendant  of  Jonathan  Edwards,  was  a  Trus- 
tee of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  Reporter  of  the 
Supreme  Court. 

For  the  Commencement  of  18 19  the  representatives  from  the 
Dialectic  Society  were  Wm.  Hill  Jordan,  of  Bertie,  Thomas  H. 
Wright,  of  Wilmington,  and  Lucius  C.  Polk,  of  Raleigh,  after- 
wards of  Tennessee.  On  the  part  of  the  Philanthropic  Society 
were  Wm.  H.  Hardin,  of  Rockingham,  afterwards  of  Fayette- 
ville,    Tucker   Carrington,    of   Virginia,    and    Matthias    B.    D. 


CLASS  OF  1819 — LETTERS  OF  STUDENTS.         259 

Palmer,  of  Northampton  County.  The  Debaters  were  Thomas 
B.  Slade  and  Anderson  W.  Mitchell.  The  question  was  "Ought 
foreigners  to  be  admitted  to  public  offices  in  the  United  States  ?" 
Three  men  attained  the  first  distinction,  being  declared  equal. 
They  were  Walker  Anderson,  Clement  Carrington  Read  and 
Wm.  Henry  Haywood.  Anderson  had  the  Latin  Salutatory, 
Read  the  English  Salutatory,  and  Haywood  the  Valedictory. 

Besides  the  above,  Thomas  B.  Slade,  John  M.  Starke  and 
Paul  A.  Haralson  were  appointed  by  the  Faculty  to  speak  a 
humorous  dialogue. 

The  success  in  after-life  of  the  honored  men  corresponded  to 
their  college  careers.  Anderson,  who  was  slightly  superior  to 
Haywood  was  a  Professor  in  the  University  and  Chief  Justice 
of  Florida.  Haywood  was  a  leader  of  the  bar  and  United 
States  Senator.  Read  was  a  banker  of  very  high  standing.  Of 
the.  others,  Simon  P.  Jordan  was  a  Tutor  in  this  institution  and 
then  a  physician ;  James  Turner  Morehead,  a  sound  lawyer  and 
member  of  Congress. 

Contemporaries,  not  graduating,  were  John  Lancaster  Bailey, 
of  the  Convention  of  1835,  and  Judge  of  the  Superior  Courts; 
W.  F.  Leak,  Presidential  Elector  and  member  of  the  Conven- 
tions of  1835  and  1861.  Thomas  N.  Mann,  heretofore  men- 
tioned ;  Alfred  M.  Slade,  Consul  to  Buenos  Ayres ;  and  Mason 
L.  Wiggins,  State  Senator.  Rev.  Wm.  McPheeters,  who  had 
gained  fame  as  a  preacher  and  head  of  the  Raleigh  Academy,  a 
Trustee  of  the  University,  was  made  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

University  Life,  i8i3-'2o — Letters  of  Students. 

I  am  fortunately  able  to  give  information  of  interest  with 
respect  to  this  decade  of  University  history,  derived  from  letters 
by  students.  Bryan  Grimes  writes  to  his  mother  in  January  and 
April,  181 3,  regretting  his  inability  to  visit  her  during  the  ap- 
proaching vacation  because  of  the  impossibility  of  hiring  a 
horse.  He  requests  one  or  two  waistcoats  to  be  sent  him  at  the 
next  session.  He  is  inconvenienced  by  having  only  three  pair 
of  summer  stockings,  because  the  washerwoman  brings  in 
clothes  weekly  and,  therefore,  he  must  every  alternate  week 
wear  a  pair  for  seven  days  without  change.     All  things  seem 


260  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

to  proceed  in  harmony  in  college.  The  students  are  exerting 
themselves  for  examinations,  having  no  time  for  sport.  He 
reminds  his  mother  that  she  had  promised  to  write  every  month, 
and  he  begs  her  to  continue  this  frequency.  He  asks  her  to 
excuse  his  penmanship  because  he  has  no  knife  wherewith  to 
mend  his  bad  pen. 

He  testifies  that  he  was  received  with  great  politeness,  which 
indicates  that  the  evil  practice  of  hazing  did  not  then  afflict  the 
institution.  Before  applying  for  admission  into  the  Junior  class 
he  spent  several  days  in  assiduously  reviewing  Arithmetic,  his 
passing  on  the  Freshman  and  Sophomore  studies  not  dispensing 
with  this  branch.  Mr.  Grimes  proved  to  be  a  good  student,  but 
did  not  remain  to  graduate.  He  was  in  after-life  a  very  influ- 
ential and  wealthy  planter — a  most  worthy  citizen. 

In  October,  1816,  Peter  C.  Picot  gives  the  history  of  a  fight 
in  which  two  students  were  involved.  James  R.  Chalmers  and 
Thomas  G.  Coleman  were  among  those  suspended  for  the 
Shepard  riot.  They  concluded  to  sojourn  at  Hillsboro.  A  citi- 
zen of  that  town  volunteered  to  reflect  severely  on  the  conduct 
of  the  students,  for  which  Chalmers  kicked  him  out  of  doors. 
In  the  progress  of  the  fight  Coleman,  whose  nickname  was 
Cub,  was  severely  choked.  The  offenders  were  about  to  be 
consigned  to  prison  when  Judge  Thomas  Ruffin,  a  Trustee  of 
the  University,  appeared  and  settled  the  whole  matter  by  a 
compromise.  The  adversary  of  Chalmers  declined  to  prosecute 
him,  on  condition  that  the  student,  Coleman,  should  let  the 
choker  go  free,  a  curious  example  of  the  doctrine  of  set-off. 

Picot  gives  a  pathetic  story  of  Chapel  Hill  life.  "The  beau- 
tiful and  accomplished  Miss  P.'s  father  is  no  more.  Though 
the  world  will  not  grieve,  nor  has  society  to  lament,  for  he  was 
to  the  former  a  burden  and  to  the  latter  a  disgrace,  yet  a  help- 
less girl,  in  the  dawn  of  youth,  has  to  mourn  a  disgraced  father, 
for  he  died  in  jail  and  laid  there  some  time,  until  they  sent  to 
the  Governor  to  obtain  leave  to  take  him  out.  Oh !  if  you  could 
have  heard  her  shrieks  and  witnessed  her  lamentations  it  would 
have  pierced  your  heart  and  rent  your  soul.  But  she  has  got 
pacified,  and  I  had  the  inexpressible  pleasure  of  accompanying 
her  last  Thursday  evening  to  preaching."    The  subsequent  his- 


LETTERS  OF  STUDENTS.  261 

tory  of  this  consoled  inconsolable  damsel  I  have  not  been  able 
to  trace. 

Martin  W.  B.  Armstrong  writes  on  January  31,  18 18,  for 
money  on  account  of  unexpected  expenses.  He  was  one  of  a 
committee  selected  to  choose  toasts  for  a  dinner  to  be  given  on 
the  "birthday  of  our  political  father,"  and  was  bound  therefore 
to  subscribe  for  the  dinner.  "According  to  custom  the  Com- 
mittee had  to  treat  those  from  whom  they  received  the  distinc- 
tion." He  was  also  with  five  others  chosen  as  a  manager  of  the 
ball  to  be  given  to  the  graduates  at  Commencement.  For  this 
honor  he  was  "again  forced  to  be  at  the  expense  of  making 
college  drunk."  He  estimates  the  cost  at  two  or  three  dollars. 
He  regrets  the  expense  for  suitable  clothes,  which  according  to 
an  account  sent  his  father  cost  $56.  He  presses  for  more  cloth- 
ing for  daily  use.  Cambric  shirts  are  soon  gone  when  they  be- 
come crazy  and  old,  and  he  requests  that  his  mother  will  make 
him  others.  His  cassimere  pantaloons  are  worn  through  on 
the  seat  and  are  thin  on  the  knees,  and  his  only  other  pair  re- 
quires washing  after  one  week's  wearing.  "It  will  not  be  im- 
proper," he  adds,  "to  provide  for  another  supply." 

Hamilton  C.  Jones  wrote  in  the  same  year  to  Major  Abraham 
Staples  that  the  business  of  the  Dialectic  Society  had  been  con- 
ducted with  order  since  the  repeal  of  the  law  compelling  mem- 
bers to  attend  prayers,  which  had  caused  great  disturbance.  He 
praises  in  the  highest  terms  the  President.  Samuel  T.  Hauser, 
of  Stokes.  The  next  question  for  debate  was  "Do  we  experi- 
ence more  pleasure  in  contemplating  the  works  of  Nature  or 
of  Art?"  Jones  was  to  advocate  the  claims  of  Nature,  saying 
among  other  arguments  "because  ro  pa'rter  nor  no  sculpturer 
can  produce  in  the  mind  of  man  the  exquisite  sensation  pro- 
duced in  the  mind  of  the  lover  from  contemplating  the  fasci- 
nating charms  of  It's  Dulcinea."  He  has  many  other  arguments 
but  this  preponderates.  We  must  presume  that  his  adversary 
contended  stoutly  that  the  modern  fine  lady  is  in  a  laree  degree 
the  work  of  Art  and  made  some  allusion  to  the  known  fact  that 
Jones  was  desperately  in  love  w'th  a  fair  one  in  the  village, 
whom  he  afterwards  married.  Miss  Eliza  Henderson. 

As  the  notion  was  lodged  in  the  public  mind  that  Dr.  Chap- 
man failed  as  a  disciplinarian,  the  disorders  of  September,  1818, 


262  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

must  have  been  of  some  consolation  to  his  friends.  They  heard 
of  three  students,  after  loading  up  with  corn  whiskey,  tumultu- 
ously  shouting  on  the  streets  of  the  village,  breaking  into  a 
kitchen,  beating  a  negro,  and  insulting  his  owner  and  family 
with  loud  vociferations.  On  the  same  day  another  threw  stones 
at  a  dwelling.  On  the  same  day,  being  God's  holy  day,  two 
others  were  drunken  and  noisy  in  the  street.  All  but  the  stone- 
thrower  were  suspended  for  four  months,  though  they  might 
have  escaped  as  the  stone-hurler  did  by  submitting  to  public 
admonition  in  the  Chapel.  At  the  time  of  these  rowdy  occur- 
rences S.  H.  was  admonished  for  being  deficient  in  scholarship, 
often  absent  from  his  room  and  strongly  suspected  of  partici- 
pation in  frequent  explosions  of  gunpowder,  and  A.  W.  "after 
repeated  warnings  was  dismissed  for  negligence  of  studies." 

We  learn  from  a  letter  of  James  R.  Chalmers,  written  in  1818 
to  Alfred  M.  Slade,  that  besides  being  suspended  for  partici- 
pation in  the  street  riots,  one  J.  B.  was  charged  with  assisting 
in  transporting  to  the  third  story  of  the  South  Building  a  large 
stone  or  other  hard  substance,  with  the  intent  to  injure  said 
building.  President  Caldwell  swore  out  a  warrant  against  him 
and  he  was  keeping  in  hiding,  attempting  to  collect  evidence 
of  his  innocence.  Slade  was  urged  to  write  a  letter  avowing 
J.  B.'s  guiltlessness  that  "he  may  clear  himself  in  the  eyes  of 
the  Faculty,  the  Trustees  and  the  world." 

In  the  next  month  a  too  lively  Virginian  was  charged  with 
the  following  offences : 

1st.  Torturing  animals  with  spirits  of  turpentine.  Doubtless 
this  was  the  primeval  joke  of  attaching  rags  saturated  with  the 
flaming  fluid  to  the  tail  of  an  innocent  canine,  not  with  Samp- 
son's motive  of  revenge  on  the  hereditary  enemies  of  his  coun- 
try, but  for  cruel  delight  over  the  antics  of  a  frightened  and 
tortured  beast. 

2d.  With  lying. 

3d.  With  slandering  the  Faculty. 

4th.  With  threatening  physical  violence  to  a  member  of  the 
Faculty. 

5th.  With  writing  scurrilous  and  abusive  stuff  on  the  Chapel 
walls  about  the  same. 

6th.  With  drawing  a  dirk  on  a  student. 


22D  OF  FEBRUARY  DINNER — FIGHTS.  263 

The  Faculty  gravely  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  offender 
was  "not  of  a  proper  disposition  to  be  an  orderly  student,"  and 
sent  him  home. 

Three  months  afterwards,  on  the  glorious  22d  of  February, 
Walker  Anderson  delivered  an  oration,  after  which  a  dinner  was 
given  in  honor  of  the  stately  and  dignified  George  Washington, 
with  whom  temperance  and  decorum  were  life-long  habits.  The 
chronicle  says  that  many  were  intoxicated.  Deadly  weapons, 
dirks  and  pistols  were  drawn.  Tu.  C.  and  Th.  C.  had  a  furious 
fight.  Tu.  C.  drew  a  dirk.  A.  I.,  a  peace-maker,  in  parting 
them  was  stabbed  in  the  arm.  M.  H.  used  a  pistol  in  a  danger- 
ous manner  in  the  crowd  and  J.  S.  took  it  from  him. 

There  seems  to  have  been  no  punishment  of  these  offences 
other  than  signing  pledges.  The  students  were  called  on  to 
surrender  their  deadly  weapons,  to  be  retained  while  they  were 
members  of  the  University.  Six  pistols  and  two  dirks  were 
obtained. 

The  trials  of  the  eventful  year  were  not  yet  over.  The  whole 
"establishment,"  as  the  University  was  often  called,  was  con- 
vulsed by  a  conflict  between  a  student  and  a  member  of  the 
Faculty.  We  have  a  vivid  description  of  it  by  Thomas  B.  Slade, 
in  a  letter  to  his  brother.  I  condense  his  story.  The  member 
of  the  Faculty  was  Tutor  Simon  Jordan,  and  the  student  Win. 
Anthony,  of  Virginia. 

There  was  "a  woman  in  it."  "Both  escorted  Miss  Betsy 
Puckett  one  Sunday  to  Mount  Carmel,  four  miles  from  town, 
on  the  road  to  Pittsboro.  Anthony  alleged  that  Jordan  insulted 
him  repeatedly  on  the  journey.  Vowing  revenge  he  tendered 
his  resignation  as  a  student,  which  the  Faculty  declined  to  ac- 
cept. Claiming  to  be  of  age,  and  therefore  that  he  had  the 
right  to  withdraw,  he  armed  himself  with  three  pistols,  a  dirk 
and  a  club,  and  attacked  Jordan,  who  was  walking  with  R.  R. 
King,  the  other  Tutor.  A  crowd  collecting,  they  were  separated 
without  damage.  Anthony  was  summoned  before  the  Faculty, 
where  it  was  proved  that  he  had  called  the  President  a  liar.  He 
again  afterwards  armed  as  before,  attacked  Jordan,  who  had  a 
small  walking  cane.  A  few  blows  with  the  sticks  were  ex- 
changed, when  Jordan,  finding  his  weapon  too  light  in  compari- 


264  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF.  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

son  with  his  adversary's,  dropped  it  and  caught  Anthony  in 
such  manner  as  to  render  his  club  useless."  I  give  the  conclu- 
sion in  the  words  of  Slade,  who  was  a  witness,  as  they  throw 
light  on  the  frame  of  mind  of  the  students  generally.  "They 
now  commenced  a  fight  which  created  much  interest  among  the 
students,  for  the  'Dis'  were  warm  for  Simon  Jordan,  Anthony 
being  a  member  of  the  'Phi'  Society.  It  was  held  with  equal 
success  by  both  parties  for  a  few  moments,  when  King  called 
upon  me,  as  I  was  nearest,  to  part  them.  With  his  assistance 
we  parted  them.  I  leaped  for  joy  on  its  termination,  for  the 
victory,  as  far  as  the  fight  was  carried,  was  given  to  Simon, 
both  by  his  enemies  and  friends.  Of  the  two  combatants  An- 
thony is  much  the  larger,  but  Simon  much  the  more  active." 
Anthony  still  vowed  revenge,  but  a  warrant  was  sworn  out  for 
his  arrest  and  he  deemed  it  prudent  to  leave  the  county. 

About  the  same  time  James  R.  Chalmers,  heretofore  men- 
tioned, gave  a  student  who  had  left  the  University  and  returned 
to  attend  to  some  business,  a  most  unmerciful  whipping.  The 
cause  of  the  exasperation  of  the  castigator  is  unknown. 

We  have  several  letters  written  by  Thomas  B.  Slade  while  at 
the  University.  He  tells  of  a  marriage  between  Richard 
Thompson  and  Miss  Nancy  King,  of  the  engagement  between 
Miss  Eliza  Henderson  and  Hamilton  C.  Jones,  of  the  22d  of 
February  speech  by  Walker  Anderson,  which  was  very  much 
admired ;  that  Anderson  and  William  H.  Haywood  are  strug- 
gling hard  for  the  Latin  speech,  and  that  it  is  difficult  to  say 
who  will  get  it. 

Afterwards,  Slade  gives  a  description  of  some  of  the  students, 
which  shows  that  he  had  a  good  judgment  of  character.  Wm. 
H.  Haywood,  fully  sustains  the  high  reputation  he  had  at  the 
Raleigh  Academy,  as  a  young  man  of  the  first  talents.  Clement 
Read  is  also  struggling  for  the  Latin  Salutatory.  In  the 
Junior  class  Owen  Holmes  and  Martin  Armstrong  strive  with 
him,  but  he  has  left  them  far  behind,  and  their  envy  has  led  to 
disputes,  which  have  injured  the  Dialectic  Society.  Slade  and 
Anderson  live  together  at  the  President's  house  (since  burnt) 
as  lovingly  as  brothers,  which  is  "unusual  between  persons  of 
different  societies." 


LETTERS  OF  STUDENTS.  265 

James  R.  Chalmers  is  the  same  independent  young  man — 
is  a  warm  friend  and  advocate  of  Haywood,  "and  consequently 
ranks  high."  He  has  become  more  studious  in  his  habits.  He 
is  thought  to  be  of  all  his  class-mates  the  most  brilliant.  "His 
compositions  are  excellent,  display  all  the  fire  of  imagination  and 
originality  of  genius." 

John  M.  Starke,  of  South  Carolina,  since  coming  to  the  Uni- 
versity has  had  a  continued  struggle  for  life,  but  his  health  is 
greatly  re-established.  His  mind  and  vivacity  are  unimpaired. 
In  conversation  he  excels. 

James  T.  Morehead  is  the  same  blunt,  plain  old  fellow,  re- 
spected by  all  and  loves  to  hunt  and  fish  as  well  as  ever. 

Ethelred  Phillips, has  returned  after  his  sickness  and  will  join 
the  next  Junior  class.  He  is  most  assiduous  and  attentive.  A 
book  is  his  delight  and  his  talents  are  adequate  to  his  applica- 
tion. 

David  Williams  has  a  most  noble  genius.  Nature  has  be- 
stowed talents  lavishly  upon  him,  but  it  is  feared,  for  want  of 
industry,  they  will  lie  dormant. 

David  W.  Stone  is  a  fine  young  man  and  in  mathematical  tal- 
ents is  equal  to  any  in  the  class.    He  has  concluded  to  graduate. 

The  subsequent  careers  of  these  youths  fulfilled  the  promise 
of  their  student  life. 

Besides  those  I  have  elsewhere  mentioned,  Martin  W.  B.  Arm- 
strong became  a  physician  of  repute  in  Greensboro,  New  Salem 
and  Salisbury.  He  was  for  a  short  while  acting  Clerk  of  the 
Court  of  Stokes,  and  probably  emigrated  to  Tennessee,  where 
his  father  had  much  land.  He  lost  his  diploma  for  striking 
down  Haywood  with  a  club,  in  consequence  of  words  spoken  at 
a  convivial  banquet.  James  R.  Chalmers  settled  as  a  lawyer 
in  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  and  reached  the  dignity  of  Attorney- 
General.  James  T.  Morehead  was  a  prominent  lawver  of 
Greensboro  and  a  worthy  member  of  Congress  and  of  the  State 
Legislature.  He  was  a  brother  of  Governor  Morehead.  Ethel- 
red  Phillips,  uncle  of  Judge  Fred  Phillips,  was  a  physician  of 
fame  in  North  Carolina  and  Florida.  He  cured  himself  of 
pulmonary  consumption  by  extreme  care  as  to  clothing  and  diet, 
to  the  extent  of  changing  clothing  on  the  slightest  change  of 
temperature,  certainly  every  morning,  noon  and  night  through- 


266  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

out  the  year.  David  W.  Stone  was  a  son  of  Governor  Stone, 
was  first  a  lawyer  and  then  the  esteemed  President  of  the 
Branch  of  the  Bank  of  Cape  Fear  at  Raleigh. 

In  1820  occurred  a  furious  conflict  between  two  students 
named  Martin,  but  of  no  kinship.  Robert  was  from  Granville, 
tall,  orderly  and  high-spirited,  a  grandson  of  Nathaniel  Macon. 
The  other  was  Henry  Martin,  of  Stokes  County,  strong  and 
pugnacious,  a  son  of  Colonel  James  Martin,  of  the  Revolution, 
by  his  second  wife,  the  mother  of  Hamilton  C.  Jones.  Robert 
was  a  member  of  the  Philanthropic  Society,  and  while  the  So- 
ciety was  in  session  Henry  Martin  made  his  way  into  the  attic 
room  above  its  Hall,  and  in  leaping  over  the  rafters  fell  through 
the  ceiling.  As  he  was  a  member  of  the  rival  society  this  was 
deemed  an  intentional  insult  and  was  resented  by  Robert  Mar- 
tin. The  quarrel  resulted  in  a  fight,  which  came  very  near 
causing  a  pitched  battle  between  the  members  of  the  two  so- 
cieties. Governor  Graham  shortly  before  his  death  stated  that 
he  witnessed  the  conflict.  Henry,  being  the  stouter,  endeavored 
to  close  with  his  antagonist,  which  Robert  prevented  by  warding 
off  and  returning  his  blows,  slowly  backing  towards  the  well. 
By  these  tactics  they  fought  from  the  door  of  Gerrard  Hall  to 
the  well  before  they  were  parted.  According  to  the  Governor's 
recollection,  Robert  was  not  thrown,  but  there  is  a  contrary  tra- 
dition among  his  relatives  to  the  effect  that  the  Dialectic  cham- 
pion jumped  on  his  prostrate  breast,  causing  such  internal  in- 
juries that  he  died  soon  after  his  graduation  in  1822.  Dr. 
Hooper  in  his  "Fifty  Years  Since"  sustains  in  part  at  least  this 
tradition.  He  states  that  the  Di  "got  his  antagonist  down  and 
beat  him  most  dreadfully."  My  conclusion  is  that  there  were 
two  fights.  President  Caldwell  thought  best  to  prosecute  the 
victor  before  the  Superior  Court  then  in  session  at  Hillsboro. 
Dr.  Hooper  was  one  of  the  guard  and  tells  the  story  of  the  pro- 
ceedings :  "It  was  a  rainy  night,  the  prisoner  purposely  kept 
his  horse  in  a  walk,  that  we  might  not  bring  him  into  town  at 
night  as  a  guarded  criminal.  So  we  rode  up  at  breakfast  time, 
like  a  party  of  travelers  to  the  hotel,  where  the  Judge  and  prose- 
cuting officer  and  a  crowd  of  people  were  standing.  Our  mitti- 
mus was  examined,  when  lo  and  behold !  the  Justice  of  the  Peace 


FIGHT  OF  THE  TWO  MARTINS.  267 

who  issued  it  had  left  out  of  the  writ  the  initials  of  his  office 
'J.  P.,'  and  without  those  magic  letters  it  was  as  harmless  as  a 
lion  with  his  head  cut  off.  So  the  whole  proceeding-  was 
quashed,  the  prisoner  discharged,  the  expedition  covered  with 
ridicule,  and  the  escort  went  home  pretty  well  sick  of  Sheriff's 
business." 

The  feud  did  not,  however,  end  here.  The  Di  champion  be- 
came incensed  at  language  reported  as  having  been  used  by  the 
Phi  while  at  Hillsboro,  and  seeking  the  latter  in  his  room  re- 
newed the  fight.  We  have  no  details  of  its  result.  The  Faculty 
dismissed  the  aggressor  at  once,  and  the  wrathful  feeling  among 
the  students  soon  died  down  and  gave  place  to  other  excite- 
ments. 

About  the  same  time  four  other  students,  convicted  of 
"quarreling  and  fighting  in  their  rooms,"  were  called  up  and 
made  to  sign  a  pledge  to  keep  the  peace. 

An  epidemic  of  explosions  of  gunpowder  prevailed  about  this 
time  which  gave  the  Faculty  great  annoyance.  In  the  language 
of  the  grave  Secretary,  Joseph  H.  Saunders,  there  could  be  no 
object  other  than  "to  disturb  society  in  a  very  violent  manner, 
except  the  additional  one  of  sporting  with  the  injury  done  the 
order  of  the  institution ;  it  must  ever  be  considered  an  offence 
of  much  aggravation."  The  punishment  was  dismission  or 
suspension  according  to  the  previous  record  of  the  student. 
There  was  ingenuity  expended  in  securing  loud  explosives.  In 
one  case  a  hollow  brass  knob  was  covered  over  with  lead  and 
filled  with  the  powder.  The  noise  made  was  pleasing  to  the 
ears  of  the  festive  youths. 

There  is  extant  a  contemporary  printed  letter  from  an  un- 
known traveler,  who  urged  upon  the  students  in  the  kindest 
terms  more  civil  behavior  at  public  exhibitions.  He  deprecated 
"expressions  of  contempt  towards  a  decent  stranger,  who  was 
entertaining  them  with  delightful  music."  "If  a  stranger  enters 
their  room  he  is  treated  with  marked  politeness.  Why  not  carry 
into  public  conduct  the  same  character  of  genteel  breeding?" 
"Surely  the  bloom  and  gaiety  of  youth  would  receive  embellish- 
ment from  gentleness,  grace  and  dignity  of  behavior."  He 
warns  them  that  their  boisterous  conduct  is  becoming:  an  insult 


268  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

to  the  officers  of  the  University  and  even  to  the  fair  sex,  and 
asks,  "Is  the  enjoyment  of  wit  and  pleasantry  impossible  with- 
out noise?  Is  it  necessary  to  be  boisterous  in  order  to  be 
happy  ?"  There  is  no  record  as  to  whether  this  appeal  had  any 
effect  in  mitigating  the  evil  sought  to  be  remedied.  It  is  notice- 
able that  a  French  traveler  in  England  in  the  fifteenth  century 
was  amazed  to  find  that  people  seemed  to  be  unable  to  express 
joy  except  by  loud  shouting,  bell  ringing,  explosions  of  gun- 
powder, and  other  "unharmonious  noises." 

While  most  of  the  students  dressed  plainly,  those  who  held 
the  post  of  Marshall  and  Ball  Manager,  and  the  Commencement 
speakers,  had  more  costly  apparel.  We  have  a  bill  for  one  suit 
of  clothes.  Black  broadcloth  coat,  cost  $34;  Cassimere  panta- 
loons $14,  and  British  florentine  waistcoat  $8;- Total,  $56.  The 
late  Judge  Battle  remembered  that  the  University  servant,  a 
worthy  negro,  known  as  Brad,  kept  a  pair  of  boots  for  hire 
to  students  only.  They  were  in  special  request  for  visit's  to  the 
belles  of  Raleigh,  Hillsboro  and  Pittsboro,  who  were  famous 
throughout  the  State  for  physical  and  intellectual  attractions. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1881  we  had  an  eloquent  and  in- 
structive address  by  a  class-mate  of  President  Polk,  an  excellent 
specimen  of  the  old  school,  an  octogenarian,  Gen.  Edward  J. 
Mallett,  of  New  York,  lately  called  to  his  final  home.  He  was 
introduced  as  having  received  his  diploma  sixty-three  years  be- 
fore that  day,  and  it  was  stated  that  for  seventy  years  he  had 
never  taken  a  glass  of  ardent  spirits,  and,  therefore,  that  he  had 
still  the  inestimable  blessing  of  mens  sana  in  corpore  sano,  and 
that  other  still  greater  blessing  mens  sibi  conscia  recti.  In  his 
autobiography,  printed  only  for  his  relatives,  a  copy  being  do- 
nated to  our  Historical  Society,  we  find  an  account  of  the  ball 
given  in  compliment  to  his  class,  when  graduating.  The  follow- 
ing description  of  his  dress  is  interesting. 

"The  style  of  costume,"  said  Gen.  Mallett,  "and  even  the 
manners  of  the  present  generation  are  not,  in  my  opinion,  an 
improvement  on  a  half  century  ago.  The  managers  would  not 
then  admit  a  gentleman  into  the  ball-room  with  boots,  or  even 
a  frock  coat ;  and  to  dance  without  gloves  was  simply  vulgar. 
At  the   Commencement   Ball    (when  I   graduated,    1818),  my 


DRESS  OF  STUDENTS.  269 

coat  was  broadcloth,  of  sea-green  color,  high  velvet  collar  to 
match,  swallow-tail,  pockets  outside  with  lapels,  and  large 
silver-plated  buttons ;  white  satin  damask  vest,  showing  the  edge 
of  a  blue  under-vest ;  a  wide  opening  for  bosom  ruffles,  and  no 
shirt  collar.  The  neck  was  dressed  with  a  layer  of  four  or  five 
three-cornered  cravats,  artistically  laid  and  surmounted  with  a 
cambric  stock,  pleated  and  buckled  behind.  Mv  pantaloons  were 
white  canton  crape,  lined  with  pink  muslin,  and  showed  a  peach- 
blossom  tint.  They  were  rather  short  in  order  to  display  flesh- 
colored  silk  stockings,  and  this  exposure  was  increased  by  very 
low  cut  pumps  with  shiny  buckles.  My  hair  was  very  black, 
very  long  and  queued.  I  should  be  taken  for  a  lunatic  or  a 
harlequin  in  such  costume  now." 

In  1827  the  Trustees  prescribed  a  uniform  of  dark  gray  in 
summer  and  blue  in  winter,  but  six  months  afterwards  changed 
the  winter  color  to  a  dark  gray,  so  that  it  is  probable  that  our 
boys  were  the  first  in  the  State  to  wear  the  dress  which  is  so 
intimately  associated  in  Southern  minds  with  the  tenderness, 
pathos  and  heroism  of  the  Lost  Cause.  A  solemn  ordinance 
was  adopted  at  the  same  time,  which  sounds  strange  in  our 
ears,  "The  wearing  of  boots  by  the  students  is  positively  pro- 
hibited." This  law  was  passed  doubtless  on  account  of  the  fi- 
nancial panic  of  1825,  but,  like  all  sumptuary  laws,  was  regu- 
larly circumvented.  The  Seniors  during  the  Commencement 
at  which  they  graduated  were  exempt  from  the  prohibitory  boot 
law  by  special  exception  to  the  ordinance,  and  it  was  not  long 
before  ambitious  Juniors,  Sophomores  and  Freshmen  obtained 
the  distinguished  privilege. 

In  a  letter  from  his  father,  Joel  Battle,  a  student  in  1798-99, 
to  his  son,  William,  the  late  Judge  Battle,  is  some  homely  advice 
of  value  at  this  day.  He  cautions  his  son  against  jumping  into 
cold  water  when  hot.  "I  caught  dysentery  when  at  Chapel  Hill 
by  that."  He  sends  2  3-4  yards  of  broadcloth  for  a  coat  and 
vest  for  his  son's  Commencement  suit.  As  the  Judge  was  a 
small  man  that  was  doubtless  sufficient.  On  his  graduation  a 
horse  and  gig  would  be  sent  for  him.  The  driver  will  lead  an 
extra  horse  for  him  to  ride  home,  from  which  it  appears  that 
the  gig  had  only  one  seat. 


270  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Information  is  given  of  the  financial  condition  of  the  farmers 
of  Edgecombe  in  February,  1820.  The  writer  had  sold  pork 
in  Virginia  at  $6  per  hundred — -one-half  cash,  the  other  half  in 
four  months.  He  started  152  hogs  in  the  drove  and  got  143 
to  market.  The  other  nine  all  returned  home  except  one  or 
two.  Those  sold  averaged  149  1-2  pounds,  so  that  the  drove 
brought  nearly  $1,300.  There  was  great  distress  for  money 
in  the  county.  Thirty  negroes  had  been  recently  sold  in  Tarboro 
for  debt.  There  were  Sheriff's  sales  almost  every  day  or  two. 
Wm.  Ross  bought  a  woman  at  $581 ;  A.  J.  Thorp,  at  $300. 
These  doubtless  have  been  "on  account  of  those  dangerous  and 
fatal  rocks,  imprudence  and  extravagance." 

These  extracts  are  given  because  "hard  times"  were  a  serious 
obstacle  in  the  path  of  the  University  then,  and  at  other  periods. 
Six  cents  a  pound — half  on  credit — for  hogs  driven  over  100 
miles,  shows  that  money  was  hard  to  get. 

The;  Village  oe  Chapel  Hill. 

The  government  of  the  village  of  Chapel  Hill  was  primitive. 
All  white  males  between  21  and  50  years  of  age  were  distributed 
into  classes  and  in  turn  patrolled  the  streets  at  night.  Slaves 
were  liable  to  a  whipping  of  ten  lashes,  or  a  fine  of  one  dollar, 
for  being  absent  from  home  without  a  written  permit  from  the 
owner.     Nor  could  a  slave  hire  his  own  time. 

Shooting  firearms  in  the  village  "in  sport,  wantonness  or  li- 
centiousness" was  forbidden  under  a  penalty  of  one  dollar.  But 
firing  on  public  occasions  or  musters  was  not  only  not  pro- 
hibited but  encouraged.  Two  dollars  was  the  penalty  for  work- 
ing on  Sundays  in  one's  ordinary  avocation,  unless  in  case  of 
necessity  or  mercy.  Nor,  with  like  exception,  could  any  person 
buy  or  sell  any  article  under  penalty  of  five  dollars,  doubled 
in  case  of  sales  by  merchants. 

The  streets  were  to  be  worked  by  male  white  persons  between 
18  and  45,  and  black  males  between  16  and  50.  Fines  for  whites 
were  inflicted  for  absences.  Whipping  for  slaves  was  the  rule, 
but  owners  could  save  them  from  punishment  by  paying  a  fine. 
The  Commissioners  were  to  pay  one  dollar  for  absence  from 
meetings  without  excuse. 


/ 


LETTER  OF  GOVERNOR  MOSELEY.  2JI 

We  are  fortunate  in  having  a  description  of  the  village  in  a 
letter  from  Wra.  D.  Moseley,  written  in  1853.  At  the  beginning 
of  1818  Dr.  Caldwell  had  almost  as  meagre  a  Faculty  as  he 
commanded  when  he  was  presiding  Professor  in  1797.  Wra. 
Hooper,  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages,  was  on  a  health  tour 
in  the  South.  Dr.  Mitchell,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  did  not 
arrive  for  two  months  after  the  session  opened.  There  were  92 
students,  and  the  President  had  his  hands  full,  with  his  two 
Tutors,  in  charge  of  so  many  unruly  boys.  The  following  is  the 
substance  of  Moseley's  description  of  the  village : 

There  was  one  street,  running  east  and  west,  called  Franklin 
or  Main  street.  The  Raleigh  and  Hillsboro  road  crossed  this, 
that  part  to  the  south  being  Raleigh,  that  to  the  north  being 
Hillsboro  street.  East  of  Raleigh  street  were  two  dwellings 
fronting  on  Franklin,  that  at  the  corner,  the  residence  of  Presi- 
dent Caldwell  and  wife.  The  other,  east  of  it,  was  the  property 
of  Prof.  Wm.  Hooper. 

On  the  north  side  of  Franklin  and  east  of  Hillsboro  street 
was  the  dwelling  of  Mrs.  Puckett,  widow  of  the  late  John 
Puckett,  once  Postmaster.  This  was  the  lot  afterwards  bought 
by  Professor  Olmstead  and  by  him  sold  to  the  University.  Be- 
tween the  part  of  the  campus  fronting  on  Franklin  street  and 
Raleigh  street  there  were  only  two  residences,  Hilliard's  Hotel, 
afterwards  the  Eagle,  and  now  Chapel  Hill  Hotel,  and  next  to 
Raleigh  street  the  dwelling  of  Tom  Taylor,  a  merchant,  after- 
wards sold  to  the  University  for  Tennessee  land.  It  is  now 
occupied  by  Dr.  Eben  Alexander.  The  Episcopal  church  was 
not  built  until  long  afterwards. 

In  front  of  the  campus,  including  the  grounds  where  are  now 
the  Presbyterian  church  and  the  stores  of  R.  S.  McRae  and 
H.  H.  Patterson,  was  woodland,  owned  by  the  University.  Be- 
tween that  and  Hillsboro  street  were  only  two  buildings.  One, 
about  half  way,  was  a  store  belonging  to  Tom  Taylor,  and  the 
other,  at  the  corner  of  Hillsboro  and  Franklin  Streets,  the  home 
of  Wm.  Pitt,  now  belonging  to  the  heirs  of  Henry  C.  Thomp- 
son. 

Columbia  street  is  perpendicular  to  Franklin  in  the  western 
part  of  the  village.     Between  that  and  the  part  of  the  campus 


272.  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

fronting  on  Franklin  were  two  residences  only.  That  adjoining 
the  campus,  now  Central  Hotel,  was  the  residence  of  James 
Hogg,  father  of  the  eminent  lawyer,  Gavin  Hogg.  Next  to 
Columbia  street  lived  the  widow  Mitchell,  who  dispensed  table 
board. 

Opposite  James  Hogg's  was  Major  Pleasant  Henderson's, 
father  of  the  attractive  Miss  Eliza.  West  of  this  about  150 
yards  was  the  store  of  Mr.  Trice,  and  further  still,  at  the  corner 
the  blacksmith  shop  of  Christopher  or  Kit  Barbee. 

At  the  southwest  angle  of  Columbia  and  Franklin  streets  was 
the  famous  boarding  house  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  or  Betsy  Nunn, 
and  south  of  that  was  the  only  other  building  on  Columbia,  that 
of  Wm.  Barbee,  long  the  Steward  of  the  University. 

At  the  junction  of  Cameron  Avenue  and  Pittsboro  streets  was 
the  residence  of  Mrs.  Pannell,  whose  fair  daughter  captivated 
the  heart  of  Tutor,  afterwards  Bishop  James  H.  Otey,  and  be- 
came his  wife.  Opposite  Mrs.  Pannill's  on  Cameron  Avenue 
was  Mr.  Watson's,  the  father  of  Mayor  John  H.  Watson  and 
Mr.  Jones  Watson,  merchant  and  lawyer,  long  esteemed  citi- 
zens of  Chapel  Hill.  The  father  came  near  being  a  martyr  of 
the  University.  He  was  a  carpenter,  working  on  a  third-story 
scaffold  of  the  South  Building,  when  he  stumbled  and  was  pre- 
cipitated over  the  edge  of  the  scaffold.  A  friendly  nail  caught 
the  seat  of  his  tow  breeches,  of  tough  flaxen  fibre,  and  held  him 
suspended  over  the  deep  abyss,  in  a  plight  pitiable  but  safe. 

There  was  no  other  house  on  Cameron  Avenue  to  the  west- 
ward. All  was  forest,  wherein  were  numerous  chinquapin 
bushes.  Adjoining  the  campus  was  the  President's  house,  then 
occupied  by  the  new  Professor  of  Mathematics,  afterwards  of 
Chemistry,  Dr.  Mitchell. 

Governor  Moseley  overlooked  the  residence  of  the  Principal 
of  the  Grammar  School,  Rev.  Abner  W.  Clopton,  east  of  the 
campus,  now  the  Battle  residence.  The  grove  in  front  of  it  was 
then  thick  woods. 

The  only  college  buildings  were  the  East,  the  South  and  Per- 
son Hall,  or  the  "Old  Chapel,"  now,  largely  increased  in  size, 
devoted  to  the  use  of  the  Department  of  Medicine. 

Governor  Moseley  remembered  that  the  graveyard  contained 
about  half  a  dozen  graves.    He  recalled  Rock  Spring,  southeast 


MOSEI#EY  S  LETTER.  273 

of  the  campus,  now  Brickyard  Spring,  and  the  Twin  Sisters, 
north  of  the  village,  below  which  the  waters  were  conducted 
through  a  gutter,  having  a  fall  of  about  ten  feet,  and  making 
an  excellent  open  air-down-pouring  bath.  The  Davie  Poplar 
was  even  then,  eighty  years  ago,  called  the  Old  Poplar. 

In  his  distant  home,  said  Moseley,  living  the  life  of  a  hermit, 
worn  out  with  old  age,  his  six  children  all  grown  but  one,  he 
rejoiced  over  the  successes  of  the  University,  "much  of  it  due 
to  Swain's  great  abilities  and  untiring  energy."  He  felt  glad 
that  the  last  vote  he  gave  as  Trustee  was  for  him  as  President. 

The  records  show  where  the  students  of  1819  had  their  dormi- 
tories. I  give  the  list,  that  it  may  be  compared  with  Moseley's 
description  of  the  village  : 

In  the  East  Building  roomed 30  students. 

In  the  South  Building  roomed   -.  51  " 

At  Major  Henderson's  roomed    7  " 

At  President  Caldwell's  roomed   2  " 

At  Mrs.  Pannell's  roomed   3 

At  Mrs.  Burton's  roomed   2  " 

At  Mrs.  Craig's  roomed 2  " 

At  Mr.  Thompson's  roomed   2  " 

At  Mr.  Moring's  roomed 1  " 

At.  Mr.  KittrelFs  roomed  1  " 

At  Mr.  Barbee's  roomed   1  " 

At  Mr.  Pitt's  roomed    1  " 

At  Mrs.  Mitchell's  roomed   4  " 

At  Mr.  Strain's  roomed    1  " 

At  Mrs.  Xunn's  roomed    1  " 

109 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  Mrs.  Mitchell  in  this  list  was  not 
the  wife  of  the  Professor.  As  might  be  expected,  Governor 
Moseley  omitted  some  of  the  inhabitants,  but  very  few.  Cer- 
tainly Mrs.  Craig  and  Mr.  Kittrell  lived  out  of  the  village — 
perhaps  others.  Mrs.  Burton  occupied  Steward  Hall.  She  took 
the  house  with  the  burden  that  the  ball  might  be  conducted  in 
the  dining-room,  free  of  charge.  I  do  not  know  where  were 
the  residences  of  Mr.  Thompson,  Mr.  Moring  and  Mr.  Strain. 
Mrs.  Burton  was  the  young  widow  of  a  citizen  of  the  village, 
who  had  died  the  year  before. 

18 


274       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

It  was  at  this  period,  1819,  that  the  management  of  Steward's 
Hall  as  an  adjunct  of  the  University  was  discontinued  and  the 
students  allowed  to  get  their  table  board  where  they  pleased. 
As  long  as  the  manager  was  an  employee  of  the  institution  and 
especially,  as  in  the  early  days,  compulsory  eating  at  his  table 
was  the  rule,  grumbling  was  the  staple  conversation  and  rowdy- 
ism often  prevalent.  The  village  increasing  in  population, 
Steward  Hall  was  rented  out  on  condition  that  the  tenant,  Mrs. 
Burton,  should  supply  food  to  student  applicants  at  not  exceed- 
ing $9  per  month  for  the  first  year  and  $10  afterwards.  This 
plan  was  continued  about  twenty  years  longer,  the  compulsory 
feature  not  being  renewed. 

This  "Steward's  Hall"  was  a  two-story  wooden  building 
fronting  west,  painted  white,  in  the  middle  of  what  is  now 
Cameron  Avenue,  and  exactly  north  of  the  Carr  Building.  It 
was  there  that  most  of  the  students  for  many  years  boarded 
at  Commons,  paying  for  the  first  year,  1795,  $30,  or  $3  per 
month  ;  for  the  next  four  years  $40  per  year,  or  $4  per  month ; 
in  1800  rising  to  $57  per  year;  in  1805  to  $60;  in  1814,  under 
the  inflated  war  prices,  to  $66.50;  in  1818  to  $95;  in  1839  to 
$76,  when  the  system  was  abandoned.  It  was  in  this  building 
that  the  "balls"  of  the  old  days  were  given,  at  which,  tradition 
has  it,  venerable  Trustees  and  Faculty,  together  with  their 
pupils,  with  hair  powdered  and  plaited  into  "pig-tails."  and  legs 
encased  in  tight  stockings  and  knees  resplendent  with  buckles, 
mingled  in  the  dance  with  the  beauteous  damsels  of  the  day. 

Judge  Battle,  who  graduated  in  1820,  boarded,  as  did  James 
K.  Polk  and  others,  at  the  house  of  Benjamin  Yeargin  near  the 
creek  in  Tenney's  plantation,  about  a  mile  from  the  University 
buildings,  at  the  foot  of  a  long,  steep  hill. 

Governor  Moseley  stated  that  Polk  and  he  were  the  first  who 
studied  Conic  Sections.  They  occupied  the  same  room,  that  at 
the  southwest  corner  third  story  of  the  South  Building,  soon 
afterwards  to  shelter  another  excellent  student,  William  A. 
Graham.  The  study  was  regarded  by  most  students  as  ex- 
tremely difficult. 

Conduct  of  Students. 

Most  of  the  misconduct  at  this  period  consisted  of  fighting 
and  annoyances  to  the  Faculty.     The  war  fever  was  partly  the 


LAWLESS   CONDUCT.  275 

cause  of  the  former.  The  familiar  songs  were  all  boastful  of 
the  deeds  of  Perry  and  McDonough,  Decatur  and  Hull,  and  of 
General  Jackson.  But  the  war  spirit  was  stimulated  to  action 
partly  by  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  so  common  that  the  Faculty 
hardly  censured  it  except  when  drunkenness  resulted ;  even  then 
often  not  cutting  the  offender  off  from  the  institution.  But  this 
was  not  the  sole  cause.  There  was  evidently  a  fashion  to  resort 
to  bodily  injury  for  fancied  insults.  It  is  noticeable  that  it  was 
not  considered  derogatory  to  one's  reputation  to  knock  his  an- 
tagonist down  with  a  club,  without  warning.  T.  D.  Donoho, 
afterwards  a  lawyer  of  repute,  wrote  to  his  friend  Armstrong, 
who  had  felled  W.  H.  Haywood  in  this  manner,  that  all  his 
friends  sustained  him  as  having  acted  properly. 

Another  class  of  offences  was  impertinent  and  offensive 
speeches  and  conduct  towards  the  Tutors.  Most  of  this  arose 
from  irritation  at  being  ordered  by  men,  little,  if  any,  older  than 
themselves,  to  repair  to  their  rooms,  when  found  visiting  a 
friend  after  8  o'clock  at  night.  A  son  of  Chief  Justice  Hender- 
son, usually  a  polite  and  good-natured  youth,  stoutly  insisted 
that  the  officer  had  no  right  to  "order  him  about,"  and  sub- 
mitted to  being  sent  home,  "rather  than  surrender  his  rights 
as  a  freeman."  Others,  however,  while  obeying  the  officer's 
commands  secretly  vented  their  spite  by  exploding  gunpowder 
at  his  door,  throwing  stones  through  his  windows,  shouting 
abusive  words  from  a  distance  in  the  darkness,  and  other  like 
amenities.  One  Tutor  became  so  obnoxious  by  his  tactless 
severity  that  it  became  necessary  to  fortify  his  window-panes 
with  wooden  shutters. 

( hie  of  the  Secretaries,  Tutor  Andrews,  has  left  on  record  as 
evidence  in  a  case  on  trial  the  dialogue  between  the  Tutor  and 
the  student-offender,  whom  he  found  visiting  a  friend.  It  is 
worth  quoting  as  showing  the  actual  working  of  a  hard  law. 

Tutor — Mr.  H. — Do  you  know  that  the  bell  has  rung  for  8 
o'clock  ? 

Student — Yes,  sir ;  I  know  that  it  has  rung. 

Tutor — Do  you  not  intend  to  go  to  your  room? 

Student — I  intend  to  go  by  and  by. 

Tutor — Why  not  now,  Mr.  H.? 

Student — I  wish  to  read  some  more  before  I  ero. 


276        HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Tutor — I  require  you  to  go  to  your  room. 

Student — I  shall  go  when  I  get  ready. 

Tutor — Do  you  intend  to  say  that  you  will  not  go  to  your 
room  ? 

Student — I  shall  go  as  soon  as  I  am  ready. 

Mr.  H.  was  called  before  the  Faculty  and  was  asked  "on 
what  footing  he  proposed  to  place  himself  in  regard  to  this 
transaction  ?"  On  his  replying  that  he  ought  to  have  obeyed 
the  Tutor,  and  regretted  that  he  had  not,  and  that  his  purpose 
was  to  obey  the  laws  of  the  college,  he  was  acquitted. 

It  is  evident  from  the  Faculty  records  that,  while  there  was 
vigilance  in  detecting  offenders  and  strictness  in  pronouncing 
sentence,  the  law-givers  were  very  placable  provided  the  of- 
fender acknowledged  his  fault,  approved  the  law  broken  as 
reasonable,  and  gave  a  written  promise  to  obey  all  the  laws  in 
the  future.  But  there  was  sure  punishment  if  there  was  refusal 
to  do  either  of  these.  There  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  many 
students  considered  the  promises  as  not  binding  because  they 
were  in  the  nature  of  duress.  Falsehood  was  not  considered 
as  heinous  as  at  present.  There  are  numerous  cases  of  students 
answering  for  one  another  at  Prayers,  and  the  only  punishment 
was  a  reprimand.  There  was  a  striking  case  of  a  Senior  posi- 
tively assuring  the  Faculty  that  another,  under  probation,  could 
not  possibly  have  gone  to  Pittsboro,  become  intoxicated  there 
and  have  done  other  wrongs,  because  to  his  knowledge  he  had 
never  left  Chapel  Hill.  A  Professor  visited  Pittsboro  and 
found  that  all  this  was  false.  In  his  defence  the  false  wit- 
ness avowed  that  he  would  not  have  lied  for  himself.  His 
punishment  was  holding  back  his  diploma  for  a  year.  Card- 
playing,  even  for  amusement,  was  considered  a  high '  crime. 
The  players,  as  well  as  bystanders,  whether  occupiers  of  the 
room  where  the  game  was  carried  on,  or  visitors,  were  sternly 
dealt  with.  To  escape  dismission  they  were  compelled  to  ad- 
mit that  it  was  wrong  to  play,  that  they  regretted  having 
played,  and  would  refrain  in  the  future,  and  moreover  that  they 
would  never  countenance  a  game  by  their  presence,  nor  allow 
it  in  their  rooms.  Where  four  students,  after  religious  service 
on  Sunday,  were  whiling  away  the  interval  before  dinner  with 


LAWLESS   CONDUCT.  277 

a  short  hand,  they  were  dismissed  or  suspended  according  to 
their  previous  bad  or  good  conduct. 

Another  trouble  the  Faculty  had  was  in  regard  to  horse- 
racing.  There  was  a  track  near  the  Hill,  a  few  hundred  yards 
west  of  the  railroad  station.  The  races  were  inaugurated 
largely  by  liquor  sellers  and  gamblers,  and  were  frequented  by 
many  drunken  and  disorderly  persons.  The  students  were  for- 
bidden to  attend,  but  some  went  disguised  and  undetected. 
Those  caught  were  suspended  from  the  institution.  One  enter- 
prising Tennesseean,  orderly  and  studious,  stationed  himself 
where  he  could  see  the  horses  run,  while  he  did  not  approach 
the  shouting,  betting,  riotous  crowd.  Was  he  guilty?  The 
verdict  of  the  Faculty  brings  out  so  clearly  the  stately  verbiage 
considered  "good  form"  in  that  day  that  I  quote  it:  "In  the 
disposition  which  the  Faculty  feel  to  act  on  the  side  of  forbear- 
ance, where  the  circumstances  are  susceptible  of  a  different  con- 
struction in  the  mind  of  the  offending  person,  it  was  resolved 
that  the  case  of  the  said  W.  L.  be  exempted  from  any  other 
consequence  in  the  present  instance  than  a  warning  given  to 
beware  of  acting  in  such  a  manner  in  regard  to  the  rules  of  the 
college  as  bears  the  appearance  of  practicing  evasion." 

As  showing  the  leniency  of  the  sentences,  I  give  this  case 
which  occurred  in  1823:  J.  E.  was  convicted,  1st.,  of  frequent 
absences  from  recitation  without  excuse;  2nd.,  intoxication; 
3d.,  of  being  a  leader  in  a  great  noise  and  tumult  in  a  public 
passage ;  4th.,  fastening  up  the  door  of  a  Tutor's  room ;  5th,  of 
boisterous  and  profane  swearing,  "aggravating  this  offence  by 
such  a  manner  and  by  such  circumstances  as  announced  it  to 
be  his  intention  that  the  oaths  should  be  proclaimed  in  the  ears 
of  a  member  of  the  Faculty"  ;  6th.,  of  attending  disguised  in  bor- 
rowed garments  at  a  horse-race  contrary  to  the  express  orders 
of  the  Faculty ;  finally,  of  "habitual  insubordination  and  li- 
centiousness of  conduct."  He  was  suspended  for  only  four 
months.  In  another  instance  W.  H.  was  discovered  intoxicated 
and  very  noisy.     He  was  suspended  for  two  months. 

T.  P.  was  with  a  noisy  assembly  at  one  of  the  doors.  It  was 
the  day  before  the  22d  of  February  and  exercises  had  been  sus- 
pended. A  Tutor  ordered  him  to  leave  the  company.  He 
obeyed,  but  joined  another  crowd,  and  was  ordered  to  leave 


.278  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

that.  He  refused,  alleging  that  he  was  in  his  legal  rights.  He 
was  required  to  acknowledge  that  he  had  done  wrong  and 
would  in  the  future  obey  the  laws.  The  sentence  was  "until 
said  T.  P.  shall  make  the  concessions  stated  he  shall  be  dis- 
missed." 

A.  F.  rose  to  declaim  his  piece  before  the  Faculty.  Whether 
from  stage-fright  or  idleness  he  could  pronounce  only  one  or 
two  lines.  Being  told  that  he  must  perform  the  duty  on  the 
next  evening  he  avowed  his  determination  never  to  do  so.  He 
was  dismissed.  After  a  week's  cogitation  he  changed  his  mind 
and  was  required  to  perform  the  duty,  express  regret  for  dis- 
obedience and  promise  to  obey  the  laws. 

W.  E.  N.,  intending  to  leave  the  institution,  invited  a  number 
of  students  to  a  drinking  party  at  his  room.  A  number  as- 
sembled. Four  were  found  playing  cards.  They  were  ar- 
raigned for  this,  not  a  word  being  said  about  the  drinking.  They 
pleaded  that  the  students  always  played  during  examination 
week.  This  did  not  avail  them  and  they  were  required  to  sign 
a  pledge,  asserting  that  "the  habit  of  card-playing  tends  to 
create  a  dangerous  attachment  to  that  employment,  and  eventu- 
ally to  lead  to  the  fatal  practice  of  gaming,"  that  they  sincerely 
regretted  having  played,  because  it  is  against  the  University 
laws,  and  that  they  pledged  themselves  not  to  play  again  and 
not  to  allow  others  to  do  so  in  their  rooms.  One  of  the  num- 
ber refused  to  sign  and  was  dismissed.  He  afterwards  changed 
his  mind  and  was  re-admitted  on  signing  the  paper ;  and  another, 
acknowledging  that  he  did  wrong  in  declining  to  sign  when 
the  others  did,  was  pardoned. 

W.  H.,  the  feast-giver,  applied  for  leave  to  be  absent  at  Com- 
mencement, but  the  Faculty  refused  consent,  and  he  went  home 
without  it.  For  this  and  for  the  above-said  feast  he  was  dis- 
missed. The  context  shows  that  the  chief  offence  was  the  ab- 
sence without  leave. 

J.  R.  and  J.  J.  R.  were  charged  with  making  a  disturbance 
at  Prayers.  They  refused  to  express  disapprobation  of  such 
tumultuous  proceedings  or  to  give  assurance  that  they  would 
refrain  hereafter.  They  were  dismissed.  It  appears  that  the 
disturbance  was  an  attempt  to  prevent  the  reading  of  a  minute 


AMENDMENTS  TO  CHARTER — NEW   BUILDINGS.  279 

of  the  Faculty.  What  this  offensive  minute  was  is  not  re- 
corded, but,  as  a  student,  J.  F.,  had  been  dismissed  two  days 
before  for  writing"  indecent  words  on  the  walls,  and  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  announce  such  sentences  from  the  rostrum  at  the  time 
of  Prayers,  it  is  likely  that  the  friends  of  the  dismissed  man 
were  manifesting  their  sympathy  with  him,  and  resentment  at 
his  treatment. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  such  outrages  as  I  have  narrated 
were  continuous.  There  were  long  intervals  of  quiet,  and  there 
were  many  students  whose  demeanor  was  never  censurable.  In 
a  report  to  the  Trustees  in  1822  the  Faculty  unanimously  used 
this  language,  "When  we  consider  the  numbers,  industry  and 
virtuous  and  manly  deportment  of  the  young  men  who  resorted 
to  this  place  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  an  education  we  are 
ready  to  congratulate  ourselves  on  the  great  present  and  in- 
creasing prosperity  of  the  institution." 

Amendments  to  Charter — Old  East  Enlarged — Old  West 

Built. 

In  1819  important  amendments  to  the  charter,  drawn  by  Bart- 
lett  Yancey,  were  enacted.  By  the  charter  of  1789  there  were 
five  Trustees  from  each  judicial  district,  in  all  40.  Vacancies 
were  to  be  filled  by  the  other  Trustees.  The  members  present 
with  the  President  and  Treasurer,  or  a  majority  without  either 
of  those  officers,  were  a  quorum.  By  act  of  1798  the  attendance 
of  the  Treasurer  was  dispensed  with.  By  act  of  1804  filling 
vacancies  devolved  on  the  General  Assembly  and  the  number 
was  raised  to  not  exceeding  eight  for  each  district.  By  act  of 
1805  the  Governor  was  made  President  of  the  Board  ex  officio, 
but,  if  he  wished,  he  could  appoint  a  substitute.  The  Board 
could  vacate  the  seat  of  a  member  who  had  not  attended  for  two 
years.  By  act  of  1807,  it  being  found  difficult  to  secure  a  ma- 
jority, seven  were  constituted  a  quorum,  and  could  appoint  a 
President  pro  tempore. 

The  General  Assembly  did  not  carry  out  the  law  requiring 
eight  from  each  Judicial  District.  In  1821  there  were  in  office 
54  Trustees.  These  were  continued,  namely,  John  Haywood. 
Benjamin  Smith,  William  Polk.  Henry  Potter,  Archibald  D. 
Murphey,  Duncan  Cameron.  Joseph  Caldwell.  Thomas  Winns, 


280  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Edward  Jones,  James  Webb,  Henry  Seawell,  Calvin  Jones, 
John  D.  Hawkins,  Robert  H.  Jones,  Jeremiah  Slade,  Joseph 
H.  Bryan,  Robert  Williams,  William  Gaston,  Thomas  Brown, 
Francis  Locke,  Montfort  Stokes,  Thomas  Love,  Archibald  Ale- 
Bride,  Atlas  Jones,  Lewis  Williams,  William  McPheeters, 
Frederick  Nash,  Thomas  Ruffin,  James  W.  Clark,  John  Stanley, 
Bartlett  Yancey,  Leonard  Henderson,  John  Branch,  William 
Miller,  Simmons  J.  Baker,  George  E.  Badger,  Kemp  Plummer, 
Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  Willie  P.  Mangum,  James  Mebane,  John 
Witherspoon,  John  B.  Baker,  James  Iredell,  William  D.  Martin, 
Joseph  B.  Skinner,  James  C.  Johnson,  Enoch  Sawyer,  Alfred 
Moore,  John  D.  Toomer,  John  Owen,  Gabriel  Holmes,  Romulus 
M.  Saunders,  Lewis  de  Schweinitz,  and  Thomas  P.  Devereurx. 

The  number  was  now  increased  to  65,  being  the  number  of 
the  counties,  but  the  residence  of  one  in  each  county  was  not 
prescribed.  Nine  additional  were  elected,  namely,  Lewis  D. 
Herisy,  Francis  Lister  Hawks,  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  the 
younger,  Solomon  Graves,  James  Strudwick  Smith,  M.D., 
Leonard  Martin,  Thomas  Wharton  Blackledge,  Thomas  Bur- 
gess, and  Archibald  Roane  Ruffin. 

Vacancies  were  to  be  filled  by  the  General  Assembly.  The 
extraordinary  power  was  given  to  the  Board  at  their  annual 
meetings  to  remove  a  Trustee  for  improper  conduct,  provided 
fifteen  should  be  present.  The  usual  quorum  was  fixed  at  seven. 
Special  meetings  were  authorized  but  they  could  not  alter  any 
"order,  resolution  or  vote"  of  an  annual  meeting.  The  restric- 
tion on  the  power  of  special  meetings  was  made  more  stringent 
by  an  act  passed  in  1824. 

The  active  Trustees  at  this  period  were  William  Miller,  John 
Branch,  Edward  Jones,  James  Mebane,  Frederick  Nash,  David 
Stone,  Henry  Seawell,  President  Caldwell,  John  Haywood, 
Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  William  Polk,  Wm.  McPheeters,  D.D., 
James  Webb,  Thomas  Ruffin,  A.  B.  Murphey,  Simmons  J. 
Baker,  Robert  Williams,  of  Raleigh,  James  Iredell,  of  Edenton, 
afterwards  Raleigh. 

In  this  year  on  the  urgency  of  President  Caldwell,  the  Trus- 
tees resolved  to  add  a  story  to  the  Old  East  and  to  build  the 
Old  West  of  the  same  size,  and  also  a  new  Chapel.    The  neces- 


Old  West  Building. 


Gerrard  Hall,  South  Side,  Before  Removal  of  Porch. 


FACULTY   OPPOSE  NEW   BUILDINGS.  28l 

sary  funds  were  expected  from  the  Tennessee  land  sales,  and 
in  anticipation  thereof  $10,000  was  borrowed  from  the  banks. 
Two  years  afterwards  $20,000  additional  was  authorized,  and 
the  bank  stock  of  the  University,  in  the  total  375  shares,  pledged 
for  re-payment.  Afterwards  another  $10,000  was  raised  in  the 
same  way.  The  committeee  recommended  that  the  permission 
of  the  General  Assembly  should  be  obtained  but  this  was  not 
done.  The  salary  of  the  President  was  at  the  same  time  in- 
creased to  $1,600. 

The  resolution  to  enter  upon  the  construction  of  new  buildings 
was  in  opposition  to  the  views  of  the  Faculty.  In  an  earnest 
paper,  in  the  handwriting  of  Professor  Mitchell,  it  was  urged 
that  the  true  policy  was  to  purchase  books  and  apparatus.  "The 
first  impression  of  enlightened  strangers  is  uniformly  favor- 
able," they  say.  "But  when  we  show  them  our  library  and  in- 
form them  that  we  have  little  or  no  philosophical  apparatus,  we 
sink  even  more  than  is  reasonable  in  their  estimation." 

It  seems  that  the  large  room  in  the  middle  of  the  south  side 
on  the  first  floor  of  the  South  Building,  now  the  Taw  Room, 
extended  to  the  third  floor,  and  was  called  Prayer  Hall.  The 
Faculty  recommended  that  a  floor  be  thrown  across  this  at  the 
second  story  and  the  space  below  be  turned  into  two  large  lodg- 
ing rooms,  which  by  an  arrangement  common  in  other  colleges 
might  be  used  for  recitation  rooms.  The  second  story  might 
be  used  for  a  Library  and  Philosophical  Chamber.  The  present 
Library  should  be  converted  into  two  lecture  rooms.  These 
changes  would  provide  for  106  students  in  all,  and  perhaps 
room  might  be  made  in  the  fourth  story  of  the  South  Building, 
thus  accommodating  no.  The  proportions  of  those  living  in 
the  University  buildings  to  those  living  without  last  session 
were  82  to  68.  The  alterations  would  make  the  numbers  106 
to  44,  or  no  to  40. 

The  petition  closes  with  this  extraordinary  argument  and 
prediction.  If  invested  in  apparatus,  the  property  will  not  be 
perishable.  "Instruments  with  careful  usage  will  be  as  valuable 
one  hundred  years  hence  as  now." 

The  Trustees  could  not  be  diverted  from  their  purpose,  but 
they  resolved  to  purchase  the  apparatus,  some  of  which  after 


282  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

the  lapse  of  75  years  is  still  used.  The  floor  was  thrown  above 
Prayer  Hall,  but  the  room  below  was  not  divided  but  converted 
into  a  Chemical  Laboratory.  The  ceiling  was  built  and  the 
rooms  above  made  into  a  combined  Library  and  Lecture  Room 
for  the  President  and  Professor  of  Rhetoric.  The  stately  books, 
dust-covered  and  unread,  remained  until  the  erection  of  Smith 
Hall  in  1852. 

At  the  same  time  the  cupola  on  the  South  Building  was  torn 
down  because  of  its  ruinous  and  leaky  condition,  and  the  roof 
made  continuous.  The  cupola  was  not  replaced  until  after  the 
expiration  of  over  thirty  years. 

The  work  on  all  the  buildings  was  left  to  Wm.  Nichols,  archi- 
tect of  the  old  Capitol  at  Raleigh.  The  plan  was  for  him  to 
make  contracts  for  lumber,  labor  and  other  things  necessary  and 
obtain  the  funds  for  paying  for  the  same  from  the  Building 
Committee,  often  advancing  the  amounts  out  of  his  own  re- 
sources. It  was  found  that  the  two  buildings  and  some  repairs 
and  changes  in  the  South  Building  would  cost  $26,587.54,  in- 
cluding $1,000  for  commissions  for  the  services  and  compensa- 
tion of  Nichols,  including  also  surveying  and  laying  off  some 
lots  at  Chapel  Hill.  The  bricks  were  made  on  the  University 
lands,  the  water  being  obtained  from  the  spring  south  of  the 
present  Athletic  Field  known  as  Brickyard,  but  in  old  days, 
Rock  Spring. 

After  this  settlement,  which  exhausted  the  funds  on  hand, 
the  Building  Committee  concluded  that  the  prospect  of  sales  of 
Tennessee  lands  and  collections  for  those  already  sold  justified 
them  in  proceeding  with  the  erection  of  the  new  Chapel.  A 
bargain  was  made  with  Mr.  Nichols  that  he  should  assume  the 
responsibility  of  all  payments  and  await  the  convenience  of  the 
Trustees  for  re-imbursements.  Probably  on  account  of  the 
panic  of  1825  he  was  unable  to  meet  the  demands  upon  him. 
The  creditors  urged  their  claims  upon  the  Trustees.  The  Com- 
mittee therefore  deemed  it  best  to  stop  the  work  and  discharge 
all  the  debts,  especially  as  there  was  no  prospect  of  funds 
from  any  source  necessary  for  completing  the  building.  The 
amount  expended,  together  with  compensation  to  Nichols,  was 
$3,410.14.     There  was  abundant  hostile  criticism  of  his  man- 


END   OF    GRAMMAR    SCHOOL.  283 

agement,  which  the  committee  frankly  admitted  to  have  been 
wasteful  and  costly.  They  excused  themselves  partly  by  their 
distance  from  Chapel  Hill  and  partly  by  the  fact  that  the  Super- 
intendent was  for  several  months  disabled  by  a  dislocated  ankle. 

Exit  the    Grammar    School — Commencements,    i820-'2o,. 

When  Abner  W.  Clopton  gave  up  the  Grammar  School  in 
1819,  the  University  abandoned  it.  At  that  time  there  was  an 
uncommonly  good  classical  school  in  Hillsboro  called  the  Hills- 
boro  Academy.  The  general  superintendence  was  under  Rev. 
Dr.  John  Witherspoon,  but  the  active  teacher  was  Mr.  John 
Rogers,  who  had  distinguished  himself  in  his  profession  at  Wil- 
mington. President  Caldwell  induced  them  to  agree  that  their 
institution  should  be  preparatory  to  the  University.  Members 
of  the  faculty  could  participate  in  the  periodical  examinations 
of  the  pupils  and  those  passing  the  examinations  of  the  highest 
classes  had  a  right  to  enter  the  University  on  certificate  of  the 
fact. 

The  old  Grammar  School  house  was  then  left  to  the  bats  and 
owls,  but  was  after  some  years  in  the  occupancy  of  a  family 
whose  head  was  the  last  survivor  in  this  section  of  a  class,  im- 
portant in  the  early  settlement  of  the  country,  and  interesting 
figures  in  fiction— that  of  the  professional  hunter.  His  name 
was  Peyton  Clements. 

Notwithstanding  that  the  University  ceased  its  connection 
with  a  preparatory  school  at  Chapel  Hill,  sundry  teachers  en- 
deavored to  supply  its  place.  The  first  was  a  graduate  of  the 
class  of  1816,  James  A.  Craig,  who  advertised  extensively  in 
the  Raleigh  Register,  then  the  State  Gazette.  We  have  no 
means  of  knowing  his  success,  but  feel  sure  that  parents  at  a 
distance  were  not  willing  to  send  to  him  their  boys  of  tender 
years.  Certainly  when  Judge  Battle  and  others  in  1843  an^ 
1844  attempted,  with  very  competent  teachers,  to  inaugurate  a 
flourishing  academy  at  Chapel  Hill  the  number  of  pupils  did 
not  exceed  a  dozen,  not  one  of  whom  was  from  abroad.  The 
schools  here  relied  on  local  patronage  and  that  was  meagre. 
Still  from  time  to  time,  intermittently,  there  have  been  teachers 
of  intelligence  and  skill,  and  many  of  their  boys  have  taken  a 
high  stand  in  the  Universitv. 


284  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROUNA. 

The  first  honor  in  the  class  of  1820  was  assigned  to  Charles 
G.  Spaight,  the  next  to  Wm.  H.  Battle.  Then  came  Thomas 
B.  Slade,  Thomas  E.  Read,  Bartholomew  F.  Moore,  James  H. 
Otey,  and  Thomas  H.  Wright. 

In  scholarship  a  shade  the  best,  Charles  G.  Spaight,  son  of 
Governor  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  the  elder,  who  spoke  the 
Latin  Salutatory,  was  a  man  of  great  promise.  He  represented 
New  Bern  in  the  Legislature  but  his  upward  career  was  cut 
.off  by  early  death.  Next  to  him  Battle,  to  whom  the  Valedic- 
tory was  assigned,  was  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court  and 
Judge  of  the  Superior  and  Supreme  Courts  of  this  State. 
Another  honor  speech  was  by  Thomas  B.  Slade,  on  Natural 
Philosophy.  He  emigrated  to  Columbus,  Georgia,  and  became 
the  Principal  of  the  first,  great  female  school  in  the  State,  a 
Doctor  of  Divinity  in  the  Baptist  church.  Read's  career  I  have 
not  been  able  to  trace.  Moore  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  law- 
yers the  State  has  had,  particularly  distinguished  in  constitu- 
tional questions.  James  H.  Otey  was  the  venerable  Bishop  of 
Tennessee.  Wright  was  a  physician  and  President  of  the  Bank 
of  Cape  Fear.  Connected  with  this  class,  but  not  graduating, 
was  John  Hill,  of  Stokes ;  a  Representative  in  Congress  and 
member  of  the  Convention  of  1861,  dying  soon  after  voting  for 
the  Ordinance  of  Secession. 

The  subjects  of  graduating  speeches  not  named  above  were: 

Are  Banks  Beneficial  to  the  Country?,  debate  by  Thomas  H. 
Wright  and  Matt.  A.  Palmer. 

The  Character  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  William  Royal. 

Ought  Colleges  to  be  in  Populous  Cities  or  Small  Villages  ?, 
debate  by  Phil.  H.  Thomas  and  Richard  I.  Smith. 

Present  State  of  Knowledge,  Bartholomew  F.  Moore. 

Ought  Defamation  to  be  Publicly  Confronted?,  debate  by 
Wm.  Lea  and  Henry  C.  Williams. 

Influence  of  Surroundings  on  the  Manners  and  Abilities  of 
Men.  John  C.  Taylor. 

Ought  a  License  to  be  Required  for  the  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine ?,  debate  by  Charles  D.  Donoho  and  Charles  G.  Rose. 

Classical  Literature.  Thomas  E.  Read. 

The  Means  of  Acquiring  Influence.  Richard  Allison. 


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CLASS  OF    l820  AND   1 82 1.  285 

Ought  Interest  to  be  Regulated  by  Law?,  James  F.  Martin 
and  Cyrus  A.  Alexander. 

The  Advantages  of  Industry,  David  W.  Stone. 

The  Character  of  American  Indians,  Wm,  H.  Hardin. 

Ought  Novels  to  be  Interdicted  by  Law?,  debate  by  John  M. 
Starke  and  Archibald  G.  Carter. 

The  Study  of  Nature.  James  H.  Otey. 

The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  was  conferred  on  Malcolm 
G.  Purcell  and  the  honorary  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  on 
Ransom  Hubbell.  These  were  students  of  irregular  standing, 
but  deemed  substantially  to  have  earned  the  degree. 

The  best  of  the  class  of  1821  was  J.  R.  J.  Daniel,  who  spoke 
the  Latin  Salutatory.  Next  was  Anderson  Mitchell,  who  had 
the  Valedictory,  and  third  and  fourth  were  Edward  G.  Pas- 
teur and  Joseph  H.  Saunders,  to  whom  were  assigned  respect- 
ively the  Natural  Philosophy  Oration  and  that  on  the  Belles 
Lettres. 

Intermediate  honors  were  assigned  to  Willis  M.  Lea,  Wm. 
S.  Mhoon,  Samuel  H.  Smith  and  James  Stafford,  pronounced 
equal.  Next  to  them  were  Nathaniel  W.  Alexander,  Nicholas 
J.  Drake,  Samuel  Headen  and  Charles  L.  Torrence,  also  pro- 
nounced equal. 

Daniel  became  Attorney-General  of  this  State  and  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress,  then  a  planter  in  Louisiana;  Mitchell  a 
Tutor  in  this  University,  a  Representative  in  Congress  and  then 
a  Judge ;  Pasteur  was  a  Judge  in  Alabama ;  Saunders,  a  Tutor 
in  this  University,  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  who  sacrificed  his 
life  for  his  flock  in  a  yellow  fever  pestilence  in  Pensacola,  the 
father  of  Colonel  William  L.  Saunders,  of  the  class  of  1854. 

Of  the  others  Mhoon  became  State  Treasurer;  Thomas  J. 
Lacey,  a  Judge  in  Arkansas ;  and  George  Washington  Hay- 
wood, a  leader  of  the  Raleigh  bar. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Spier  Whitaker  was  Attorney-General 
of  North  Carolina  and  settled  in  Iowa  after  the  Civil  War. 

A  matriculate  of  this  year,  Leonidas  Polk,  son  of  Col.  Wm. 
Polk,  became  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  then  Bishop  of  Louis- 
iana, Lieutenant-General  of  the  Confederacy,  and  was  killed  on 
Pine  Mountain  in  Georgia  in   1864. 


28C)  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  Oi:  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

For  the  Commencement  of  1821  there  was  projected  a  scheme 
of  exercises  of  portentous  length.  On  Monday  evening  was 
"Public  Speaking,"  presumably  declamations,  by  Messrs.  Joel 
Holleman,  George  W.  Whitfield,  James  H.  Dickson,  Wm.  M. 
Inge,  Alfred  Scales,  Abram  Rencher  and  James  Norwood. 

On  Tuesday  evening  was  Public  Speaking  by  Messrs.  Robert 
V.  Ogden,  Benjamin  Sumner,  George  S.  Bettner,  Robert  B.  Gil- 
liam, Daniel  B.  Baker,  John  W.  Norwood  and  John  W.  Potts. 

On  Wednesday  evening  were  declamations  by  representatives 
of  the  two  societies.  On  Thursday,  besides  the  speeches  by  the 
honor  men,  were  the  following  "disputes:" 

1.  Has  the  Art  of  Husbandry  been  advanced  more  by  the 
Philosophical  Agriculturist  than  by  the  Practical  Farmer?  De- 
baters, Wm.  A.  Mebane  and  Wm.  Murphey. 

2.  Have  the  Moderns  equaled  the  Ancients  in  Eloquence? 
Debaters,  Robert  Cowan  and  Bryan  S.  Croom. 

3.  Is  it  probable  that  the  Aborigines  of  America  would  ever 
have  equalled  the  Ancient  Romans  if  they  never  had  had  inter- 
course with  the  Europeans?  Debaters,  Frederick  J.  Cutlar  and 
Henry  S.  Garnett. 

4.  Is  it  Sound  Policy  in  the  People  of  North  Carolina  to  open 
and  improve  the  navigation  of  their  rivers  and  coasts  ?  De- 
baters, Benjamin  F.  Blackledge  and  G.  W.  Haywood. 

5.  Are  early  Marriages  to  be  recommended?  Debaters, 
Pleasant  Henderson  and  William  Shaw. 

■  6.  Is  a  Public  preferable  to  a  Private  Education  ?  Debaters, 
Rufus  Haywood  and  James  Taylor;  Thompson  Johnston,  Um- 
pire. 

7.  Has  the  Advancement  of  the  Arts  promoted  the  Happi- 
ness of  Mankind?  Debaters,  Johnson  Alves  and  Thomas  J. 
Lacey. 

On  November  22,  1821,  probably  by  the  potent  influence  of 
State  Treasurer  Haywood.  Charles  Manly,  a  young  lawyer, 
who  had  married  Haywood's  niece,  was  elected  Secretary  and 
Treasurer  of  the  University  in  place  of  General  Robert  Wil- 
liams, deceased.  The  books  of  Williams  were  in  such  disorder 
that  an  expert  accountant,  Daniel  Dupre,  was  employed  to 
straighten  them  and  the  expense,  $110,    collected  out    of    his 


NEW   SECRETARY   AND   PROFESSOR.  287 

estate.  There  was  no  suspicion  of  fault  except  carelessness. 
Manly  was  an  excellent  officer,  and  being  a  polished  speaker, 
of  imposing  manners,  and  an  humorous  reconteur,  he  was  a  wel- 
come visitor  to  the  annual  Commencements  for  48  years.  In 
1848  and  1849  ne  attended  as  Governor  and  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  Major  Charles  L.  Hinton  holding  the  office 
of  Secretary  and  Treasurer  until  the  expiration  of  his  term  as 
Governor,  and  restoring  it  to  him  in  1850. 

In  January,  1822,  the  community  was  thrown  into  a  small- 
pox panic  by  the  tidings  that  ten  newly  arrived  students  had 
slept  in  Tarboro,  a  village  where  that  fell  disease  was  prevalent. 
Among  them  were  Augustus  Moore,  David  Outlaw  and  Sim- 
mons J.  Baker.  The  Faculty  promptly  ordered  them  to  be 
"rusticated''  five  miles  from  Chapel  Hill  until  the  danger  was 
passed. 

On  account  of  ill  health  Prof.  Wm.  Hooper  resigned  his  Pro- 
fessorship of  Ancient  Languages  and  became  rector  of  St. 
John's  Episcopal  Parish  in  Fayetteville.  He  recommended  as 
his  successor  Mr.  Manton  Eastburn,  of  Massachusetts,  after- 
wards Bishop,  as  having  distinguished  literary  acquirements, 
particularly  in  the  classics.  He  was  a  "brother  of  the  young  man 
whose  late  untimely  end  Piety  and  Poetry  must  so  long  lament." 
Professor  Hooper  adds  the  suggestion  that  it  might  be  agree- 
able to  many  of  the  influential  families  of  the  State  to  have  an 
Episcopal  representative  in  the  Faculty. 

President  Caldwell,  however,  acting  on  the  endorsement  of 
Professor  Goodrich,  of  Yale  College,  recommended  Mr.  Ethan 
Allen  Andrews,  of  Connecticut.  He  would  bring  the  Univer- 
sity "merit,  talent  and  solid  worth."  He  was  a  Senior  when 
Messrs.  Mitchell  and  Olmstead  were  Freshmen,  obtaining  the 
first  honor  in  a  class  of  sixty ;  a  fine  scholar  and  of  classical 
taste.  His  profession  was  that  of  the  law,  and  he  had  been  a 
member  of  the  Legislature.  "His  connections  are  numerous  and 
respectable."    A  strong  praise  of  Prof.  Hooper  was  given. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1822,  the  graduates  being  28  in 
number,  the  highest  honor  men  were  Benjamin  Sumner,  who 
delivered  the  Latin  Salutatory;  Robert  N.  Ogden,  the  Valedic- 
tory, with  an  oration  on  the  Moral  Sublime  ;  and  Joel  Holleman, 
the  Natural  Philosophy  address. 


288  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  01?  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Of  the  other  orators,  Benjamin  F.  Haywood  and  Thomas  Hill 
dared  to  attack  the  venerable  question,  "Is  Homer's  Iliad  Actual 
History  ?" ;  Joseph  A.  Hogan  endeavored  to  elucidate  the  char- 
acter of  Byron's  Poetry;  Lucius  J.  Polk  and  Wm.  D.  Pickett 
discussed  whether  the  new  South  American  States  would  con- 
tinue to  enjoy  Political  Freedom,  while  James  Bowman  dis- 
coursed on  Eloquence,  whether  eloquently  or  not  does  not  ap- 
pear; Robert  J.  Martin  plunged  into  State  politics  and  proved 
that  a  Convention  should  be  called  to  rectify  inequalities  in 
representation  in  the  General  Assembly.  In  the  afternoon  Wm. 
B.  Davies  spoke  on  Belles  Lettres,  William  D.  Jones  on  Intel- 
lectual Philosophy,  Thomas  F.  Davis  and  Robert  H.  Mason  de- 
bated whether  Studies,  not  having  immediate  bearing  on  Politi- 
cal Life,  are  a  part  of  a  Liberal  Education.  The  Cultivation  of 
Good  Morals  was  inculcated  by  one  whose  name  is  not  given, 
probably  by  one  of  those  to  be  preachers,  John  L.  Davies,  Wm. 
A.  Hall  or  James  G.  Hall,  who  had  not  already  spoken. 

Of  the  honor  men  of  the  class  of  1822,  Benjamin  Sumner, 
a  relation  of  Brigadier-General  Jethro  Sumner,  was  an  esteemed 
Classical  teacher  and  member  of  the  Legislature;  Robert  N. 
Ogden,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Louisiana,  and  Joel 
Holleman,  a  Representative  in  Congress  from  Virginia.  Other 
members  were  Thomas  F.  Davis,  Bishop  of  South  Carolina ; 
John  G.  Elliott,  a  quaint  but  able  teacher,  so  cadaverous  as  to 
receive  the  nickname  of  Ghost,  which  he  good-humoredly 
adopted  as  his  middle  name;  Fabius  J.  Haywood,  a  physician  of 
Raleigh,  of  large  practice ;  Pleasant  W.  Kittrell,  State  Repre- 
sentative of  Granville,  an  esteemed  physician  and  University 
Trustee ;  Wm.  D.  Pickett,  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Ala- 
bama ;  Lucius  J.  Polk,  planter,  Adjutant-General  of  Tennessee ; 
Abram  W.  Rencher,  member  of  Congress,  Governor  of  New 
Mexico,  and  Charge  d'Affaires  to  Portugal. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  conspicuous  were  Patrick  Henry  Win- 
ston, of  Rockingham  County,  a  learned  old  bachelor,  lawyer 
and  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  Hugh  McQueen,  At- 
torney-General of  the  State,  a  brilliant  speaker  of  irregular 
habits,  who  emigrated  to  Texas.  He  wrote  a  book  called 
"Touchstone  of  Oratory."     He  recommends  the  young  orator 


STATE  GEOLOGIST — CLASS  OF  1 823.  289 

to  strengthen  his  vocal  chords  by  declaiming  extracts  of  great 
speeches  as  loudly  as  God  gives  him  the  power,  preferably  in 
the  depths  of  a  forest. 

State  Geologist. 

In  this  year  (1822)  the  General  Assembly  authorized  a  Board 
of  Agriculture,  and  in  the  next  year  gave  the  Board  authority 
to  employ  a  "person  of  competent  skill  and  science  to  commence 
and  carry  on  a  geological  and  mineralogical  survey  of  this 
State."  The  modest  sum  of  $250  per  annum  for  four  years, 
and  a  year  in  addition,  was  appropriated.  The  Board  employed 
Professor  Olmsted,  who  made  a  report  which  was  published, 
the  first  probably  of  any  State  in  the  Union.  After  he  returned 
to  Yale  the  survey  was  continued  by  Prof.  Mitchell,  who  made 
one  report.  The  appropriation  was  not  renewed.  Both  Pro- 
fessors made  tours  through  the  State.  Part  of  the  diary  of  Dr. 
Mitchell  is  published  as  the  James  Sprunt  Historical  Mono- 
graph of  1906. 

Of  the  class  of  1823,  in  number  28,  Richmond  M.  Pearson, 
afterwards  Judge  of  the  Superior  and  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  was  first  and  spoke  the  Latin  Salutatory.  Wm. 
S.  Chapman  was  also  first  with  the  Valedictory,  afterwards  a 
Judge  in  Alabama.  Thomas  G.  Graham,  second  honor  man, 
was  a  physician ;  Robert  B.  Gilliam  became  Speaker  of  the 
House  and  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  Daniel  W.  Courts 
became  State  Senator  and  Treasurer;  George  S.  Bettner  was 
a  physician  in  New  Bern  and  New  York,  and  author  of  a  book 
called  "Acton,  or  the  Circle  of  Life ;"  James  H.  Dickson  was 
a  physician  of  wide  reputation,  author  of  an  admirable  address 
before  the  Alumni  Association ;  and  James  Augustus  Washing- 
ton achieved  a  national  reputation  as  a  physician. 

Matriculating  with  these,  though  not  graduating,  were  Wm. 
M.  Inge,  a  Judge  in  Tennessee ;  Alexander  D.  Sims,  a  member 
of  Congress  in  South  Carolina ;  and  Thomas  Jefferson  Green, 
a  member  of  the  Legislatures  of  North  Carolina,  Florida,  Cali- 
fornia and  Texas,  a  member  of  the  Texas  Congress  when  it  was 
a  Republic  and  a  Brigadier-General  in  the  Texan  army. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity    was  conferred    on    John 

19 


2<J0  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OS  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Stark  Ravenscroft,  the  first  Episcopal  Bishop  of  North  Caro- 
lina. 

We  have  the  list  of  speakers  on  Commencement  Day: 

Richmond  M.  Pearson,  the  Latin  Salutatory. 

Thomas  G.  Graham,  Natural  Philosophy. 

Debate — Ought  Military  Posts  be  established  on  Columbia 
River?,  Alexander  M.  Boylan  against  James  K.  Leitch. 

Robert  B.  Gilliam,  American  Literature. 

George  F.  Davidson,  Character  of  the  Irish. 

James  H.  Dickson,  Will  the  new  States  of  South  America 
continue  free? 

James  A.  Washington,  Superstition  of  the  Hindoos. 

George  S.  Bettner,  Belles  Lettres. 

Daniel  W.  Courts,  Theatrical  Entertainments. 

Thomas  J.  Sumner,  Oratory. 

John  Rains,  Effects  of  the  Waverly  Novels. 

Win.  S.  Chapman,  Sympathy,  with  the  Valedictory. 

The  grades  of  Pearson.  Chapman  and  Graham  have  been 
mentioned.  The  third  distinction  was  given  to  Bettner,  Rains 
and  Washington.  What  was  called  the  "intermediate'"  grade 
was  assigned  to  James  H.  Dickson,  Robert  B.  Gilliam,  Thomas 
J.  Sumner,  George  E.  Davidson,  Daniel  W.  Courts  and  Mat- 
thias E.  Sawyer. 

Nineteen  out  of  twenty-eight  members  of  the  Senior  class  of 
1823  concluded,  after  they  had  passed  their  final  examinations, 
to  celebrate  the  event  by  having  a  "high  old  time."  They  pro- 
cured a  large  quantity  of  whiskey  and  brandy  and  carried  it  to 
a  gushing  spring  north  of  the  village,  known  as  Eoxhall,  doubt- 
less a  corruption  of  Vauxhall.  once  a  London  pleasure  resort, 
and  proceeded  to  get  on,  as  the  phrase  goes,  a  "glorious  drunk." 
The  tradition  of  the  extravagance  of  this  carousal  lingers  yet 
about  the  village.  After  the  reason  of  one  of  them  was  in  a 
measure  dethroned,  he  proceeded  to  make  a  wholesale  toddy 
by  pouring  the  liquor  into  the  spring,  forgetting  how  rapidly 
it  would  be  diluted. 

On  being  summoned  before  the  Faculty  the  delinquents 
pleaded  that  they  entered  into  the  revelry  because  it  was  the 
last  time  thev  would  be  tog-ether,  and  these  final  "treats,"  as 


CALDWELL  S  VISIT   TO  EUROPE.  291 

they  were  called,  were  customary  with  the  Senior  classes.  The 
sentence  was  that  "proper  concessions  and  acknowledgments" 
shall  be  made  by  all,  except  one,  and  that  then  their  diplomas 
should  be  granted.  Direful  threatenings  were  made  as  to  future 
like  disorders.  The  excepted  student  almost  lost  his  diploma, 
because,  in  addition  to  being  inattentive  to  all  his  duties,  he  had 
behaved  in  a  riotous  manner  on  the  streets  after  the  "Senior 
treat."  Among  the  festive  youths  of  1823  were  a  future  Chief 
Justice,  a  State  Treasurer,  two  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court, 
four  prominent  physicians,  several  able  lawyers  and  other  like 
good  citizens.  It  is  comforting  to  knowT  that  the  excepted  one 
wrote  such  a  feeling  and  dignified  letter  of  contrition  as  to 
induce  the  Faculty  to  pardon  him  and  the  tale  of  the  class,  was 
not  lessened. 

About  this  time  two  students  were  accused  of  writing  scur- 
rilous and  defamatory  letters.  One  confessed  and  was  repri- 
manded. The  other,  who  falsely  denied  his  guilt  and  had  com- 
mitted the  same  offence  before,  was  suspended.  He  afterwards 
attained  high  legislative  and  judicial  positions.  It  is  altogether 
likely,  though  not  so  stated,  that  the  defamation  was  abuse  of 
the  Faculty. 

Caldwell's  Visit  to  Europe. 

In  February,  1824,  President  Caldwell  addressed  to  the  Board 
very  important  recommendations.  The  first  was  for  the  pur- 
chase of  more  books.  Much  advantage  was  derived  from  the 
expenditure  for  this  purpose  of  the  two  dollars  per  annum  fee 
from  each  student,  but  this  was  not  sufficient.  Without  it  "we 
must  have  become  completely  stationary,  within  limits,  which  if 
known  to  others,  would  have  been  disgraceful."  "A  Professor 
in  a  college  without  books  in  tolerable  supply,  is  analagous  to 
the  creation  of  nobility,  which  for  want  of  estate  is  obliged  to 
live  in  rags."  He  then  compares  a  bookless  Professor  to  a  law- 
yer without  a  legal  library,  to  a  shoemaker  without  awls  or 
lasts,  to  a  printer  with  insufficient  types.  Books  were  much 
cheaper  in  England  than  in  America  and  cheaper  on  the  Conti- 
nent than  in  England. 

He  added  that  it  was  impossible  to  carry  on  the  study  of  Nat- 
ural, sometimes  called  Experimental.  Philosophv.  without  a 
proper  supply  of  apparatus.    For  the  purchase  of  such  a  reliable 


292  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

agent  is  necessary.  "An  Astronomical  Clock,  a  Transit  Instru- 
ment, an  Astronomical  Telescope,  are  articles  of  high  cost,  and 
if  they  be  not  really  good,  they  are  so  much  money  thrown 
away,  only  to  tantalize  us  with  standing  objects  of  chagrin  and 
disappointment."  Makers  of  philosophical  apparatus,  unless 
carefully  watched,  will  have  their  defective  articles  "mingled 
with  the  mass  of  his  instruments  of  the  same  kind  and  talked 
off  upon  the  terms  of  the  best." 

The  President  then  modestly  suggests  his  willingness  to  act 
for  the  Trustees,  paying  his  own  expenses.  He  would  be  com- 
pensated for  the  sacrifice  by  "personal  improvement  and  acces- 
sion of  strength  in  regard  to  the  affairs  of  the  University."  He 
submits  to  the  judgment  of  the  Trustees.  Whatever  they  shall 
judge  to  be  the  best  he  "shall  be  prepared  to  admit  in  a  moment, 
and  to  settle  upon  it  with  the  utmost  complacency  and  conclu- 
siveness." The  offer  involved  a  trip  to  Europe,  then  a  very  ex- 
pensive and  prolonged  journey,  full  of  physical  discomforts. 

The  Trustees  felt  strong  enough  to  spend  $6,000,  to  be  di- 
vided equally  between  books  and  apparatus,  and  accepted  the 
offer  of  the  President.  We  have  a  long  letter  of  his  to  Dr. 
Olmsted  giving  some  account  of  his  voyage.  The  writer  was 
singularly  lacking  in  enthusiasm,  the  wonderful  sights  of  the 
Old  World  not  seeming  to  quicken  the  heart-throbs  of  the 
back-woods  mathematician.  It  is  dated  London,  August  31, 
1824.  It  was  forwarded  by  "Y.  A.  Steamer,  Thomas  W.  Evans. 
Liverpool,"  and  was  received  at  New  York  October  4th.  It  is 
as  follows : 

"It  is  now,  it  seems,  more  than  two  months  since  I  arrived 
at  Liverpool  from  New  York,  and  more  than  three  since  I  left 
the  latter  of  these  cities.  After  arriving  in  London  I  continued 
nearly  a  month  in  the  city,  first  visiting  places  and  institutions 
of  importance  and  becoming  acquainted  with  books  and  book- 
sellers, and  instruments  and  instrument-makers.  Having  in- 
formed myself  of  circumstances  and  characters  I  made  a  num- 
ber of  purchases  and  engagements,  and  set  off  in  a  steam  packet 
which  runs  between  London  and  Edinburgh.  After  a  pas- 
sage of  3  1-2  days  we  'arrived  on  the  Forth,  where  the  scenery 
of  Scotland  began  to  open  upon  our  view.    This  was  character- 


CALDWELL  IN   SCOTLAND.  293 

ized  by  what  is  known  as  North  Berwick  Low,  and  Bass  Rock 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Forth,  as  well  as  several  other  elevated 
places,  presenting  the  first  appearance  of  those  masses  of  rock, 
of  which  Scotland  seems  very  much  composed.  After  having 
a  pretty  rough  passage  along  the  British  coast  of  the  German 
ocean,  during  which  most  of  the  passengers  and  myself  too, 
at  last  became  sick,  we  found  a  beautiful  contrast  in  the  tran- 
quility and  glossy  smoothness  of  the  Forth.  I  continued  in 
Edinburgh  10  days,  and  then  passing  over  to  Glasgow,  and 
staying  some  days,  I  set  out  for  Loch  Lomond,  Rob  Roy's  Cave, 
the  Highlands,  Loch  Katrine  and  the  Trosachs,  returning  by 
Callender,  Doane  and  Stirling  to  Edinburgh,  down  the  Forth 
in  a  steamboat.  I  stayed  two  or  three  days  between  Loch  Lo- 
mond and  Loch  Katrine,  among  the  mountains,  in  a  house  or 
rather  a  cluster  of  buildings,  called  the  Garrison,  which  had 
been  built  120  years  ago,  or  more,  as  a  station  for  troops,  to 
keep  in  check  the  wild  clansmen  of  those  times  and  subdue  them 
to  the  English  power.  The  garrison  is  about  a  mile  from  Rob's 
Cave,  and  from  a  spot  where  they  tell  us  his  house  probably 
stood.  One  object  for  staying  here  was  to  be  for  some  time  in 
the  country  of  the  shepherds,  whom  I  visited  in  their  cottages 
to  observe  their  mode  of  life  and  opportunities  and  customs  and 
state  of  society.  This  is  the  tour  which  is  very  commonly  made 
by  people  from  England  and  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland,  and  its 
objects  have  had  much  interest  added  to  them  by  the  writings 
of  Sir  W.  Scott.  While  in  Loch  Lomond  I  attempted  to  visit 
the  summit  of  Ben  Lomond,  the  highest  mountain  but  one  in 
Scotland,  but  when  near  the  top  I  was  driven  back  by  a  storm, 
and  was  thus  prevented  from  seeing  those  extensive  prospects, 
which  constitute  the  principal  object  of  the  ascent. 

"After  my  return  to  Edinburgh,  reflecting  to  how  little  pur- 
pose it  is  to  be  visiting  universities  during  their  vacations,  as  I 
had  some  occasion  to  experience  in  Edinburgh,  I  concluded  to 
postpone  my  visits  to  Cambride  and  Oxford  till  after  my  return 
from  the  Continent,  and  traveled  sometimes  on  foot,  but  for  the 
most  part  by  coach  to  this  place,  whence  I  am  expecting  to  set 
out  for  Paris  this  week.  Present  me  respectfully  and  affec- 
tionately to  Mrs.  Olmstead  and  Miss  Harriet  and  all  my 
friends." 


294  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  apparatus  bought  by  the  President  was  the  best  manu- 
factured in  that  day.  It  is  a  remarkable  proof  of  his  sensitive 
integrity,  that  when  part  of  it  was  lost  by  shipwreck,  he  offered 
to  the  Trustees  to  replace  it  out  of  his  own  funds.  The  follow- 
ing statement  by  our  Professor  of  Physics  shows  that  some  of 
the  implements  are  in  good  order  after  the  wear  and  tear,  and 
at  other  times,  neglect  and  misuse,  of  three-quarters  of  a  cen- 
tury. Professor  Gore  further  states  that  the  full  list  of  pur- 
chases shows  that  they  were  made  with  excellent  judgment. 

Apparatus  purchased  by  Dr.  Caldwell  of  W.  &  S.  Jones..  No.  30,  oppo- 
site Furnival's  Inn  Holborn,  London. 

June  26th,  1829,  and  still  in  good  condition: 

1   3-feet  Plate  Electrical  Machine. 

1  Jointed  Discharger. 

1   Powder  House. 

1   Diamond  Spotted  Jar. 

1  Universal  Discharger. 

1   12-in.  Convex  Mirror  in  blackened  frame. 

Mrs.  Fannie  DeB.  Whitaker  has  presented  to  the  University, 
among  other  papers  found  among  those  of  her  grandfather,  Dr. 
William  Hooper,  the  account  of  Francis  McPherson,  for  a  por- 
tion of  the  books  purchased :  53  volumes  of  Delphin  Classics, 
89  to  141,  were  rated  £55.  13s.,  about  $277.25,  or  £1  is.  ($5.25) 
each ;  for  binding  83  volumes,  calf,  lettered  contents,  hollow 
backs  and  bands,  £12  9s.,  or  3c.  each;  the  packing  case,  10s., 
shipping  expenses,  duty,  etc.,  £17;  the  whole  bill  being  iyy  is. 
6d.     This  is  given  to  show  the  prices  of  that  day. 

The  account  rendered  by  the  President  showed  an  expendi- 
ture— 

For  books    $3,234.74 

Philosophical  and  astronomical  apparatus    3,361.35 

Minerals    9 .  00 

Boxing,  packing,  transportation  and  exchange 632.92 

7,238.01 

which  exceeded  the  appropriation  ($6,000)  by  $1,238.01.  This 
excess  was  paid  by  the  President,  but  refunded  by  the  Board. 
The  number  of  volumes  of  books  purchased  was  979.    Mr.  Cat- 


RECEPTION   AT   HOME.  295 

tell,  a  bookseller  in  London,  presented  the  University  six  vol- 
umes in  folio,  the  works  of  Thuanus,  and  the  British  and  For- 
eign Bible  Society  donated  six  volumes  of  the  minutes  of  the 
Society,  also  48  volumes,  being  copies  of  the  Bible  in  different 
languages. 

One  of  Dr.  Caldwell's  most  worthy  pupils,  the  late  Paul  C. 
Cameron,  whose  love  and  admiration  continued  fresh  during  a 
long  life  of  over  four-score  years  after  leaving  his  instruction, 
gives  a  vivid  picture  of  his  reception  on  his  arrival  from 
Europe. 

"A  trip  to  Europe  was  not  then  a  summer's  jaunt  of  a  few 
weeks,  but  caused  his  absence  for  nearly  a  year;  and  on  his 
return  to  New  York  he  announced  his  arrival  to  Prof.  Mitchell, 
the  acting  President  of  the  University,  and  the  probable  day 
of  his  arrival  in  Chapel  Hill.  He  was  on  time.  The  students 
of  the  University  resolved  on  a  welcome.  A  brilliant  illumi- 
nation— the  first  and  only  one  ever  made  in  these  buildings — 
was  resolved  on  and  it  was  an  entire  success.  Well  do  I  recall 
the  splendor  of  that  night  and  the  procession  of  the  students 
to  his  residence  and  his  stepping  out  upon  the  floor  of  the  back 
piazza — the  cheer  after  cheer  that  was  given  to  the  dear  old 
man.  Falling  into  line,  the  march  back  to  the  college  was  com- 
menced, and  on  our  arrival  at  the  front  door  of  the  South  Build- 
ing the  President  was  escorted  to  a  stand  near  the  well,  from 
which  he  addressed  the  students  and  the  entire  village  popula- 
tion with  the  affection  of  a  long  absent  father,  for  he  was  indeed 
full  of  feeling,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  he  could  give  utterance 
to  his  words.  He  was  escorted  back  to  his  modest  home,  and 
the  impression  prevailed  that  it  was  the  happiest  day  of  his 
life — the  consummation  of  his  supreme  joy." 

At  their  meeting  in  December,  1825,  the  Trustees  unani- 
mously thanked  the  President  for  his  "faithful  and  judicious 
discharge  of  the  trust  committed  to  him,  and  that  he  be  assured 
of  the  unabated  confidence  of  the  Trustees  in  his  ability  and 
devotion,  at  once  honorable  to  him,  gratifying  to  the  Trustees 
and  useful  to  the  community."  The  resolution  was  drawn  by 
Mr.  Badger,  who  had  a  deserved  reputation  for  felicitous  Eng- 
lish. 


2y6  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

The  highest  honor  men  of  the  class  of  1824  were  Edmund  D. 
Sims,  of  Virginia;  Matthias  Evans  Manly,  Thomas  Dews,  and 
William  Alexander  Graham.  The  second  honor  man  was  E. 
J.  Frierson.  The  third,  John  W.  Norwood,  James  H.  Norwood, 
Benjamin  B.  Blume,  Robert  Hall,  Henry  E.  Coleman,  Thomas 
Bond,  Augustus  Moore  and  David  Outlaw.  Sims  spoke  the 
Latin  Salutatory,  Manly  the  Valedictory,  Dews  the  Mathemati- 
cal Oration,  and  to  Graham  was  assigned  the  Classical  oration. 

The  other  speakers  at  Commencement  were : 

Should  the  United  States  assist  the  South  American  Re- 
public against  Spain  and  the  Holy  Alliance?,  by  Bromfield  L. 
Ridley. 

The  Character  of  the  North  American  Indians,  by  James  H. 
Norwood. 

Will  Greece  emancipated  attain  the  eminence  of  Ancient 
Greece?,  Daniel  B.  Baker. 

Perpetuity  of  the  United  States,  Henry  E.  Coleman. 

The  Effects  of  the  French  Revolution  on  Liberty,  Benjamin 
B.  Blume. 

The  Effects  of  the  Invention  of  Printing,  Augustus  Moore. 

Should  a  Professorship  of  Law  be  established  at  the  Univer- 
sity? James  W.  Bryan. 

The  Mahometan  Religion,  Thomas  Bond. 

American  Literature,  John  W.  Norwood. 

Should  the  American  Colonization  Society  receive  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  Public,  Robert  H.  Booth. 

Of  the  foregoing,  Sims  was  Tutor  in  this  University  and  Pro- 
fessor in  Randolph-Macon  and  the  University  of  Alabama; 
Matthias  E.  Manly  was  Speaker  of  the  State  Senate,  Judge  of 
the  Superior  and  Supreme  Courts  of  this  State,  elected  in  1866 
United  States  Senator,  but  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat.  Thomas 
Dews  became  a  very  able  lawyer,  but  dying  early.  William  A. 
Graham,  State  Senator  and  Commoner,  Speaker  of  the  House, 
United  States  Senator,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  nominee  for  the 
Vice-Presidency  on  the  Winfield  Scott  ticket,  member  of  the 
Convention  of  1861,  Confederate  States  Senator,  Trustee  for 
thirty-five  years  and  a  warm  supporter  of  the  University.  To 
him  was  assigned  the  classical  oration. 


CLASS  OF    1824 NEW   BUILDINGS.  297 

Other  noted  graduates  of  1824  were  Daniel  B.  Baker,  Judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Florida ;  John  Bragg,  member  of  Con- 
gress and  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Alabama ;  James  W. 
Bryan,  strong  lawyer,  Trustee  of  the  University  and  State  Sen- 
ator from  Craven ;  A.  J.  DeRosset,  physician  and  merchant  of 
Wilmington,  Treasurer  of  the  Dioceses  of  North  and  East  Car- 
olina and  often  Deputy  in  the  General  Conventions  of  the  Epis- 
copal church ;  Augustus  Moore,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
of  North  Carolina ;  John  W.  Norwood,  able  lawyer  and  member 
of  the  Legislature ;  David  Outlaw,  member  of  Congress,  State 
Solicitor,  State  Senator  and  Delegate  to  the  Convention  of  1835  5 
and  Bromfield  L.  Ridley,  Chancellor  of  Tennessee. 

On  December  19,  1824,  Dr.  James  S.  Smith  addressed  a  com- 
munication to  the  Board  recommending  the  employment  of  a 
regular  physician  for  the  students,  to  be  compensated  by  a  fee 
from  each.  He  expressed  his  willingness  to  undertake  the  work 
himself,  and  in  addition  conduct  a  private  Medical  School  to- 
gether with  an  Eye  Infirmary.  Dr.  Smith  was  a  physician  of 
established  reputation,  a  Trustee  of  the  University,  and  had  been 
a  Representative  in  Congress.  The  plan  was  not  adopted  until 
three-quarters  of  a  century  later.  Soon,  however,  there  was 
urgent  need  of  skilled  medical  service. 

In  this  year  a  settlement  was  had  with  Wm.  Nichols,  who  en- 
joyed the  double  position  of  supervisor  and  builder.  The  ac- 
counts seem  to  show  that  there  was  a  want  of  careful  superin- 
tendence by  Nichols.  One  of  the  entries  is,  "to  sundry  persons 
at  sundry  times,  upon  several  drafts  at  sundry  times  by  the 
Building  Committee"  $7,402.04."  The  final  account  is  "Labor 
and  material  in  repairing  President's  House,  Steward's  Hall, 
getting  timber,  making  bricks  and  building  new  Chapel,  taking 
down  cupola  from  the  South  Building,  repairing  roof  and  build- 
ing belfry,"  in  addition  to  the  expense  of  building  the  West 
Building,  $26,587.57.  The  Trustees  became  disgusted  with  the 
continual  drain  from  their  treasury,  and  as  the  receipts  of  sales 
of  Tennessee  lands  had  greatly  dwindled,  the  new  Chapel  (Ger- 
rard  Hall)  was  suffered  to  be  unfinished  and  unoccupied  for 
over  ten  years.  The  delusion  that  it  was  necessary  to  have  the 
Building  Committee  composed  of  members  of  the  Board,  al- 


298       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

though  they  lived  a  day's  journey  from  Chapel  Hill,  proved  to 
be  very  expensive  in  practice.  The  notion  that  college  profes- 
sors lacked  practical  sense  was  probably  the  cause  of  the  de- 
lusion. 

Some  College  Pranks. 

Colonel  Benjamin  Forsyth  was  killed  in  battle  in  Canada  in 
the  war  of  1812  and  gave  his  name  to  a  county.  The  education 
of  his  son,  James  N.,  was  being  paid  for  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly. In  1824  he  forfeited  his  place  in  the  University  by  irregu- 
lar conduct.  He  afterwards  entered  the  navy  and  was  lost 
with  the  ship  Hornet,  on  which  he  was  a  petty  officer. 

One  division  of  the  Sophomores  and  the  whole  of  the  Fresh- 
man class  absented  themselves  from  recitation  on  the  morning 
of  Senior  speaking.  They  were  all  required  individually  to 
acknowledge  the  impropriety  of  their  conduct,  and  pledge  them- 
selves to  refrain  from  similar  conduct  in  the  future.  All  gladly 
complied  except  R.  J.,  who  was  dismissed.  Ten  days  after- 
wards he  made  the  required  promises  and  was  readmitted. 

In  1824  occurred  a  flagrant  outrage.  A.  A.  and  L.  K.  loaded 
themselves  with  whiskey  in  the  village  grog-shop,  and  arming 
themselves,  one  with  a  club  and  the  other  with  a  pistol,  "sallied 
forth  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  the  persons  of  different  mem- 
bers of  the  Faculty."  They  committed  "violent  outrages"  on 
two  of  the  persons  hunted. 

The  Faculty  concluded  that  extraordinary  proceedings  were 
necessary.  The  Trustees  resident  in  Orange  County  were  sum- 
moned to  meet  with  the  Faculty  to  consider  the  case,  namely, 
Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  Esq.,  Honorable  Duncan  Cameron, 
Francis  L.  Hawks,  Esq.,  Hon.  Thomas  Ruffin,  Dr.  James  S. 
Smith,  Dr.  James  Webb. 

The  Faculty  present  were  Rev.  Elisha  Mitchell,  Presiding 
Professor ;  Ethan  A.  Andrews,  Joseph  H.  Saunders,  Elisha 
Young.     Dr.  Caldwell  was  in  Europe. 

The  young  criminals  expressed  their  regret  for  their  miscon- 
duct, but  it  appeared  to  the  authorities  assembled  impossible 
that  the  peace  and  good  order  of  the  institution  could  be  main- 
tained, if  such  outrages  were  permitted  to  pass  without  exem- 
plary punishment.     The  said  A.  A.  and  L.  K.  were  therefore 


LAWLESS   CONDUCT.  299 

expelled.  As  we  now  say.  "the  line  was  drawn"  at  cudgelling 
the  Faculty  with  sticks,  while  looking  into  the  muzzle  of  loaded 
pistols. 

W.  R.  was  dismissed  for  twice  throwing  brickbats  into  the 
room  of  the  Tutor. 

A  youth,  who  afterwards  became  a  distinguished  physician, 
came  from  the  village  in  a  state  of  intoxication  and  disturbed 
the  good  order  of  the  College  in  a  most  outrageous  and  violent 
manner.  As  this  was  the  first  offence,  he  was  sentenced  to 
receive  an  admonition  in  the  presence  of  the  Faculty,  and  a 
minute  of  the  proceedings  was  read  in  the  Chapel  after  evening 
prayers. 

There  was  a  strange  occurrence,  at  this  day  not  to  be  ac- 
counted for.  In  November.  1828.  after  the  students  assembled 
for  divine  worship  in  the  Chapel  on  Sunday  morning,  thirty  of 
them  retired  from  the  hall,  not  all  at  once  but  by  degrees.  The 
Faculty  proceeded  next  morning  to  investigate  the  matter.  It 
was  explained  that  two  laws  of  the  institution,  one  certainly 
and  the  other  apparently,  had  been  broken.  The  first  was  ab- 
sence from  Divine  service,  the  second  combination  or  conspiracy 
to  break  a  law.  The  absentees  were  severally  examined  as  to 
their  conduct.  Seven  at  once  gave  satisfactory  excuses,  and 
were  allowed  to  retire.  At  an  adjourned  meeting  six  others 
offered  valid  excuses  for  withdrawing.  The  remaining  seven- 
teen after  being  questioned  disavowed  any  combination,  and  the 
trial  was  ended.  The  causa  causaus  of  the  movement  cannot 
be  ascertained,  possibly  some  transient  anger  against  the 
preacher.  Some  of  the  most  orderly  students  were  among  the 
retiring  party,  for  instance,  Wm.  Eaton.  R.  H.  Smith  of  Hali- 
fax, Cadwallader  Jones  of  Hillsboro,  Judge  James  Grant  of 
Iowa. 

On  the  resignation  of  Professor  Olmsted,  passed  into  the 
ownership  of  the  University  the  dwelling  occupied  for  many 
years  by  Dr.  James  Phillips  and  of  late  by  President  Yenable. 
Belonging  to  a  widow  lady,  Mrs.  Puckett,  it  was  bought  from 
her  for  $1,300  by  Dr.  Denison  Olmsted,  who  spent  $900  on  it 
by  way  of  additions  and  repairs.  After  having  converted,  to 
use  his  language,  "an  awkward,  inconvenient  and  rude  struc- 
ture into  a  handsome,  commodious  and  neat  dwelling,"  a  de- 


300  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

scription  which  must  he  deemed  quite  roseate  hy  those  who  have 
seen  its  perpendicular  outlines  and  inconvenient  interior,  he 
induced  the  Board  of  Trustees  to  take  it  off  his  hands  at  cost, 
using  the  argument  that  the  expense  of  removal  from  New 
Haven  and  of  living  had  exhausted  his  funds.  The  lot  was  set 
apart  for  the  use  of  the  Professors  of  Chemistry,  hut  between 
Dr.  Olmsted  and  Dr.  Venable  there  was  an  interregnum  of 
over  three-score  years. 

Dr.  Olmsted  resigned  his  professorship  in  December,  1825, 
and  accepted  that  of  Mathematics  in  Yale  College,  (now  Uni- 
versity). In  1836  he  was  transferred  to  the  Chair  of  Astron- 
omy and  Natural  Philosophy.  He  published  text-books  of 
value  in  the  departments  of  science  under  his  charge,  and  a 
number  of  biographical  memoirs.  He  made  important  observa- 
tions on  hail,  meteors,  the  aurora  borealis,  etc.,  which  were 
published  in  the  Smithsonian  Contributions.  He  was  born  in 
East  Hartford,  Conn.,  June  18,  1791,  and  died  May  13,  1859. 
His  work  in  North  Carolina  has  been  described  elsewhere. 

The  distinctions  of  the  class  of  1825  were  awarded  as  follows : 

1  st.  To  John  M.  Gee,  Wm.  H.  Hodge,  and  Marshall  T.  Polk. 

2d.  To  Wm.  J.  Bingham,  Wm.  P.  Boylan,  James  Martin, 
James  Moore,  and  John  J.  Wyche. 

3d.  In  the  order  of  their  names,  to  Frederic  W.  Harrison, 
Walter  Alves,  Albert  Vine  Allen,  Burwell  B.  Wilkes,  Wm.  A. 
Wright,  and  James  C.  Bruce. 

The  program  at  Commencement  has  been  lost,  except  that 
Polk  spoke  the  Latin  Salutatory,  Hodge  the  Valedictory,  Gee 
the  English  Salutatory,  Wright,  Bruce  Harrison  and  Alves  had 
what  were  called  Intermediate  Orations,  but  the  subjects  are 
unknown. 

Of  these,  Polk,  a  brother  of  President  Polk,  settled  in  North 
Carolina  at  Charlotte,  and  was  cut  off  in  early  life,  considered 
one  of  the  most  promising  young  lawyers  in  the  State.  His 
son,  of  the  same  name,  who  became  Treasurer  of  Tennessee, 
not  a  son  of  the  University,  left  children  who  are  among  the 
best  citizens  of  that  State.  Hodge  was  a  physician  of  Tarboro, 
and  then  of  Granville.  Wm.  A.  Wright  was  an  able  lawyer  of 
Wilmington  and  President  of  the  Bank  of  Cape  Fear ;  Harrison 


SICKNESS.  3OI 

was  a  physician  in  Virginia;  Bruce  a  wealthy  and  cultured 
planter  of  Virginia,  and  member  of  its  General  Assembly ;  Wil- 
liam J.  Bingham,  the  second  able  Principal  of  the  Bingham 
School,  whose  fame  under  him  was  extended ;  Wyche  was  a 
Tutor  of  the  University  and  Professor  in  Jefferson  College, 
Mississippi ;  Alves,  a  physician  in  Kentucky ;  Allen,  a  lawyer  of 
much  reputation. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  (LL.D.)  was  con- 
ferred on  Nathaniel  Macon,  United  States  Senator;  that  of 
Master  of  Arts  (A.  M.)  on  Charles  Bailly  and  on  John  H. 
Eaton,  of  Tennessee,  a  matriculate  of  1803.  To  William  Glas- 
cock, of  Virginia,  a  matriculate  of  1816,  was  granted  the  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Arts  (A.  B.) 

In  August  and  September  of  the  year  1825  there  was  a  very 
serious  sickness  in  the  University,  evidently  typhoid  fever. 
Three  students  died- — Wm.  H.  Beard,  Zenas  Johnston,  and 
another  whose  name  is  not  recorded.  The  acting  President 
reported  that  the  first  two  brought  the  seeds  of  disease  with 
them.  From  an  unknown  cause  it  was  thought  that  the  air 
was  worse  than  usual,  as  was  shown  by  the  pallid  countenances 
of  the  students  generally.  There  were  no  ponds  or  marshes 
near  Chapel  Hill  and  the  disorder  was  attributed  to  "unknown 
conditions  of  the  air  or  water."  The  learned  Professor  drops 
no  hints  of  ferocious  and  treacherous  bacteria.  Skilled  physi- 
cians had  stated  that  the  elevated  parts  of  the  country  had 
suffered  most.  He  recommends  that  a  resident  physician  should 
be  obtained,  who  should  teach  a  class  of  medical  students. 

At  that  date  the  Faculty  had  no  power  to  prevent  theatrical 
and  other  shows.  Urgent  request  was  made  that  they  be  in- 
vested with  such  authority.  A  band  of  strolling  players  had 
given  nightly  dramatic  performances  for  a  week  and  had  re- 
ceived, it  was  estimated,  $383,  more  than  $300  of  which  was 
from  students.  Value  received  cannot  possibly  be  expected 
from  such  acting  and  scenery  as  can  be  exhibited  in  a  room 
over  a  store  in  this  village.  The  use  of  the  University  Chapel 
was  refused,  as  intolerable  profanation.  The  General  Assem- 
bly passed  a  law  in  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  the  Faculty, 
giving  them  prohibitory  powers. 


3<J2  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  Ol'  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

it  is  remarkable  that  complaint  was  made  that  the  well  be- 
tween the  building's  had  gone  dry  and  the  water  at  that  of  the 
Steward's  Hall  was  muddy.  This  must  have  been  on  account 
of  insufficient  depth,  as  pure  water  in  the  former  has  been  un- 
failing for  the  last  sixty  years  certainly.  The  latter  was  filled 
up  when  the  Hall  was  torn  down  about  1846. 

It  is  surprising  that  when  Gerrard  Hall,  designed  for  the 
new  Chapel,  was  begun  the  Trustees  had  it  in  mind  to  tear  down 
Person  Hall.  A  vigorous  remonstrance  from  the  Faculty  de- 
feated this  vandalism. 

Dr.  Mitchell  makes  the  astonishing  statement  that  the  old 
trees  in  the  Campus  were  falling,  and  there  was  no  under- 
growth from  which  a  supply  of  new  trees  was  obtainable,  and 
he  recommends  extensive  replanting.  Thirty  years  afterwards 
the  old  trees  were  so  numerous  that  the  English  gardener 
deemed  it  necessary  to  eradicate  many. 

About  this  time  a  prominent  Trustee  of  Wake  County,  about 
to  remove  to  Tennessee,  Gen.  Calvin  Jones,  presented  to  the 
University  his  "Museum  of  artificial  and  natural  curiosities." 
Probably  some  of  these  are  somewhere  among  the  University 
collections,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  they  can  be  identified. 

New  By-Laws. 

On  motion  of  Bartlett  Yancey,  a  number  of  resolutions  were 
submitted  to  a  Committee,  and  at  the  June  meeting,  1825,  were 
substantially  reported  back  and  adopted.     They  were : 

1st.  The  appointment  by  the  Trustees  of  a  Superintendent  of 
the  property  and  financial  concerns  of  the  University,  who 
shall  reside  at  Chapel  Hill,  give  a  $10,000  bond,  and  receive  not 
exceeding  $500  salary  per  annum. 

2d.  He  was  to  care  for  all  the  property  of  the  institution  and 
carry  out  all  orders  of  the  Trustees. 

3d.  Each  student  shall  pay  him  all  his  money,  and  shall 
pledge  his  honor  to  pay  all  received  at  any  time.  The  Super- 
intendent shall  out  of  the  same  pay  college  dues  and  other  nec- 
essary expenses,  the  repair  of  injury  to  College  property  done 
by  the  student ;  also  such  purchases  of  merchants  as  the  student 
may  buy,  and  to  the  student  not  over  one  dollar  pocket-money 
each  month. 


NEW    BY-LAWS.  303 

4th.  He  shall  pay  the  board  of  the  student,  provided  that  the 
boarding-house  keeper  shall  have  written  authority  from  the 
Faculty. 

5th.  He  must  notify  each  parent  or  guardian  of  the  student 
as  to  the  amount  paid  him,  and  at  the  middle  and  end  of  each 
session  furnish  them  an  account  of  expenditures. 

6th.  No  student,  under  penalty  of  admonition  or  suspension, 
shall  purchase  at  Chapel  Hill  or  elsewhere,  wares  or  merchan- 
dise, or  spirituous  liquors,  without  consent  of  the  Faculty. 

7th.  No  student  shall  change  his  room  without  permission 
of  the  Faculty. 

8th.  The  Superintendent  must  visit  all  rooms  at  least  once 
a  week,  note  the  injuries  and  their  perpetrators,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  session  take  charge  of  the  keys. 

9th.  Scribbling  and  other  injuries  in  passages  by  unknown 
persons  must  be  charged  to  those  living  on  the  same. 

Thomas  H.  Taylor,  a  merchant  of  Chapel  Hill,  was  appointed 
to  the  office  of  Superintendent.  He  did  not  give  satisfaction, 
and  in  January,  1829,  the  Faculty  were  empowered  to  choose 
the  Superintendent  out  of  their  number  at  a  salary  of  $200. 
They  settled  on  Elisha  Mitchell. 

Some  Trustees  desired  to  erect  another  boarding  house.  In 
the  meantime  the  Board  of  Visitors  was  authorized  to  employ 
some  person  to  live  in  Steward  Hall  and  to  have  the  privilege  of 
firewood  and  the  use  of  the  cleared  land  adjacent  to  the  Raleigh 
road  free.  The  Board  recommended  the  students  to  board  with 
him.  One  Moore  agreed  to  rent  it  for  six  months,  paying  fifty 
dollars. 

1st.  A  uniform  dress  was  prescribed;  in  summer  a  coatee  of 
dark  gray  mixture,  chiefly  cotton,  decent  and  cheap,  with  white 
pantaloons  and  waistcoat.  In  the  winter  the  whole  suit  must  be 
blue.  By  a  subsequent  ordinance  blue  was  changed  to  dark 
gray. 

2d.  The  wearing  of  boots  was  prohibited.  It  was  recom- 
mended that  the  other  parts  of  the  dress  should  be  plain  and 
decent,  and  the  persons  cleanly. 

3.  The  Seniors  at  Commencement  might  dress  as  they 
pleased,  it  being  presumed  that  they  would  wish  superior  attire 
on  this  momentous  epoch  in  their  lives. 


304  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Letters  were  ordered  to  be  written  to  Trustees,  three  in  num- 
ber, who  had  not  attended  any  meeting  since  their  appointment, 
asking  them  if  they  agreed  to  accept  the  office  tendered  them. 
The  movement  led  to  no  result.  Three  letters  were  written  to 
which  there  was  only  one  response. 

The  annual  Board  of  Visitors  was  reinforced  by  the  addition 
of  President  Caldwell,  who  was  a  Trustee.  By  this  reinforce- 
ment there  was  always  one  in  attendance.  For  1827  the  other 
members  were  Duncan  Cameron,  James  S.  Smith,  and  James 
Webb. 

Messrs.  Yancey,  Badger,  and  Moore  (Alfred),  were  ap- 
pointed, on  motion  of  President  Caldwell,  to  prepare  a  bill  for 
prohibiting  the  distillation  or  retailing  of  spirituous  liquors  at 
or  near  Chapel  Hill,  and  to  prohibit  the  merchants  of  the  vil- 
lage from  trading  with  the  students.  This  was  enacted  into  a 
law.  A  Chapel  Hill  merchant  was  subject  to  indictment  for 
selling  without  Faculty  permission  to  a  student  any  article. 
The  liquor  prohibition  still  exists.  The  other,  always  ignored, 
was  repealed  years  ago. 

Col.  Polk's  By-Laws — Professors  Protest. 

The  next  year  a  properly  fitted  up  room  in  the  College  build- 
ings was  ordered  to  be  assigned  to  each  professor,  and  it  was 
made  his  duty  to  be  in  it  from  9  a.m.  to  12  m.,  and  from  2  p.m. 
to  5  each  day,  except  "Sundays  and  other  College  holidays." 
The  object  was  to  aid  in  the  administration  of  discipline  and 
give  occasional  assistance  to  the  students  in  their  studies. 

It  was  stated  that  the  nightly  visitations  of  the  rooms  of 
students  by  the  Tutors  had  been  insufficient  to  maintain  order 
and  insure  the  presence  of  the  students  in  their  apartments.  It 
was  therefore  required  that  each  student's  room  should  be  vis- 
ited by  a  professor  at  night  at  least  three  times  a  week. 

This  rigorous  code  was  at  the  instance  of  Col.  Win.  Polk, 
who  always  regarded  students  in  the  light  of  soldiers  in  bar- 
racks and  professors  as  military  officers.  They  were,  with  some 
modifications,  obeyed,  by  some  without  failure,  by  others  spas- 
modically, until  near  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  They  led 
to  numberless  clashings  and  ill  feelings.  The  halls  and  campus 
were  not  lighted,  and  occasionallv  stones  and  cold  water  were 


A   HARD  BY-LAW.  305 

thrown  at  an  unwelcome  visitor.  One,  who  was  accused  of 
opening  a  drawer  of  the  absent  inmate,  was  forced  to  hide  under 
a  table  in  order  to  escape  the  missiles  through  crashing  glass. 
Signals  were  invented  which  showed  to  the  listening  students 
the  progress  of  the  professor,  so  that  card-players  would  have 
time  to  open  their  dictionaries,  and  the  corn-whiskey  bottle 
could  be  safely  hid.  When  the  word  DOGS  !  or  FACULTY! 
was  shouted  from  the  window  of  one  building,  it  was  the  sign 
that  those  in  another  might  expect  at  once  the  professorial 
policeman.  While  the  manners  of  some  professors  were  so 
agreeable  that  they  were  usually  welcomed,  others  were  so 
rough  that  they  became  odious.  Every  species  of  disorder  was 
prevalent  in  the  recitation  rooms  of  these  latter,  partly  in  the 
spirit  of  childish  fun,  but  mainly  for  the  annoyance  of  the 
instructor. 

The  professors  vigorously  protested  against  the  mandatory 
provision  in  regard  to  spending  their  mornings  and  afternoons 
in  the  College  buildings,  and  nightly  visitation  of  rooms.  Dr. 
Mitchell  addressed  an  able  letter  to  the  Board,  giving  cogent 
reasons  against  it.  He  himself  could  not  comply,  as  he  must 
spend  most  of  his  time  in  his  laboratory,  which  was  in  Stew- 
ard's Hall.  It  was  unfortunate  that  the  professors  were  not 
consulted,  as  they  are  in  the  position  of  both  witnesses  and 
lawyers.  The  visiting  rooms  at  night  will  do  no  good,  as  stu- 
dents wishing  to  go  on  excursions  will  wait,  as  they  do  now  in 
case  of  the  Tutors,  until  the  visits  are  over.  The  students  will 
not  consult  professors  about  their  studies,  as  was  found  by 
experience  at  Yale  and  at  Chapel  Hill.  They  are  afraid  of  the 
jeers  of  their  fellows.  If  rooms  were  provided  the  professors 
would  undoubtedly  be  in  them  often  and  so  secure  better  order 
without  requiring  them  to  spend  their  mornings  and  evenings 
in  them.  The  professors  have  not  been  slow  to  improve  the 
work  of  the  University  of  their  own  accord.  As  an  instance, 
when  he  came  to  Chapel  Hill  the  two  upper  classes  recited  only 
once  a  day,  the  lower  twice.  The  Faculty  have  continually 
increased  the  number  of  recitations,  and  he  believes  that  they 
are  more  frequent  than  in  any  Northern  college.  The  provis- 
ion will  be  peculiarly  burdensome  for  several  reasons : 
20 


3O0  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

J  st.  As  there  is  no  market  in  Chapel  Hill,  the  professors  must 
spend  some  time  in  providing  for  their  families. 

2d.  For  their  own  studies  their  libraries  should  be  on  hand. 
They  cannot  be  removed  to  the  College  rooms. 

3d.  Most  of  the  professors  are  engaged  in  some  study,  which 
would  be  broken  up  if  this  regulation  is  in  force.  Professor 
Hentz,  for  example,  "perhaps  is  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
Entomologists,  perhaps  the  most  accomplished  in  America." 
He  must  ramble  in  the  woods  two  or  three  evenings  in  the  week. 

The  regulation  will  be  a  hardship:  1st,  Because  professors 
would  be  exposed  to  a  charge  of  want  of  fidelity  to  duty;  2d, 
it  is  an  evil,  because  it  precludes  the  possibility  Of  exact  com- 
pliance with  the  laws,  and  thus  gives  excuse  to  students  to 
neglect  them. 

Such  duties  are  not  required  of  Professors  in  the  American 
Colleges,  and  those  in  the  wild  woods  of  Chapel  Hill,  deprived 
of  large  libraries  and  scientific  and  literary  journals,  except 
what  they  themselves  supply,  should  not  be  loaded  with  duties 
not  performed  elsewhere. 

If  this  provision  is  enforced  he  apprehends  that  we  will  lose 
Mr.  Hentz,  "a  man  whose  fellow  will  not  be  found  by  the  Trus- 
tees in  the  whole  Atlantic  coast."  He  thinks  that  another  will 
be  lost.  "I  shall  not  be  regarded  as  meaning  to  threaten  the 
Trustees  with  the  good  luck  of  getting  clear  of  the  writer  of 
this  letter.  I  have  had  an  opportunity  within  the  last  two  years 
of  exchanging  my  present  situation  for  a  professorship  in  a  re- 
spectable college  in  one  of  our  Northern  cities  with  a  salary 
of  2100  Dollars,  and,  if  the  allurement  of  900  Dollars  added  to 
his  income,  and  the  polished  society  of  a  great  city,  is  not 
enough  to  draw  a  Yankee  away,  it  is  useless  to  think  by  the  im- 
position of  new  duties  to  drive  him  away."  While  he  deemed 
himself  fixed  in  Chapel  Hill,  it  is  likely  that  some  of  his  col- 
leagues might  accept  new  and  more  congenial  duties. 

Dr.  Mitchell  was  doubtless  sincere  in  announcing  his  determi- 
nation to  stand  by  the  University,  because  he  had  no  love  of 
money  and  he  looked  on  North  Carolina  as  a  luxuriant  field  for 
botanical,  geological,  mineralogical  and  geographical  discov- 
eries, and  he.  had  resolved  to  explore  it. 


REPEAL   ASKED    FOR.  307 

President  Caldwell  made  also  an  earnest  request  for  the  re- 
peal of  the  law.  He  declared  that  visitation  of  rooms  was  the 
most  unpleasant  and  arduous  duty  the  Faculty  had  to  perform. 
"They  are  exposed  to  petty  tricks  and  occult,  insulting"  behavior, 
and  capricious  indignities.  One  of  the  chief  inconveniences  is 
drenching  with  water,  clean  or  foul,  as  they  pass  the  steps  or 
walk  the  passages.  Such  tricks  may  be  performed  with  great 
perfection  by  the  most  trifling  genius  or  idle  inhabitant  of  Col- 
lege, who  has  no  other  feeling,  but  to  exult  in  its  dexterity  and 
admirable  meanness,  and  then  to  pass  the  jest  through  the  circle 
of  his  companions,  thus  learning  to  connect  in  their  feelings 
derision  and  levity,  instead  of  respectful  deportment  with  the 
person  of  a  Professor." 

The  Trustees  were  partly  persuaded  by  the  arguments  against 
domiciliary  visits.  A  compromise  was  made.  Rooms  were 
allotted  to  the  professors,  and  they  were  requested,  not  required, 
to  spend  a  portion  of  each  day  in  them,  and  they  were  required 
to  make  nightly  visitations  only  occasionally.  As  late  as  1849 
certainly,  perhaps  later,  each  professor  in  turn  was  expected  to 
visit  every  room  at  some  time  at  night  during  the  week  as- 
signed him.  It  became  customary  to  speak  of  Dr.  Mitchell's 
week.  Prof.  Hooper's  week,  and  so  on.  Greater  tact  was  shown 
and  insults  to  the  Professors  were  rarely  offered.  When,  how- 
ever, a  "spree"  was  determined  on,  there  was  neither  civility 
nor  forbearance  shown. 

Prof.  Mitchell,  who  possessed  greater  initiative  than  any  of 
his  colleagues,  about  the  same  time  induced  the  Faculty  to 
recommend  several  changes. 

Firstly,  that  the  long  summer  vacation  be  abolished  on  ac- 
count of  its  injury  to  the  health  of  the  students,  and  replaced  by 
one  of  six  weeks,  immediately  preceding  commencement,  as  at 
Harvard  and  the  South  Carolina  College.  Another  of  four 
weeks  in  November  was  proposed.  A  thrifty  argument  is 
urged  that  the  May  vacation  would  enable  the  summer  clothing 
to  be  supplied  at  home.  The  change  would  enable  those  con- 
nected with  the  University  to  explore  the  State  "for  Botanical 
and  Geological  purposes."  The  objection  that  this  arrange- 
ment would  not  be  convenient  to  the  members  of  the  Board 


308  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

appointed  to  attend  the  examinations  is  met  by  the  half  satirical 
statement  that,  "after  repeated  alterations  of  the  time  and  re- 
peated attempts  to  adjust  it  to  the  various  wishes  of  the  differ- 
ent individuals,  the  examinations  have  been  obliged  to  be  carried 
on  for  several  years  without  the  presence  of  a  single  Trustee 
until  very  near  its  close."  It  is  suggested  that  suitable  literary 
gentlemen  be  employed  and  compensated  for  acting  as  exam- 
iners. 

If  the  change  should  be  made  the  four  weeks'  recess  to  the 
Seniors  before  Commencement  should  be  abolished. 

The  memorial  embodies  a  complaint  that  the  present  Super- 
intendent, Thomas  H.  Taylor,  had  departed  from  the  old  custom 
of  paying  the  Faculty  from  time  to  time  sums  out  of  the  tuition 
money,  that  he  retained  all  his  own  salary  and  otherwise  appro- 
priated the  funds,  leaving  little  for  the  members  of  the  Faculty. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  Librarian  should  be  paid  for  his 
services. 

The  President's  Report  shows  that  he  and  his  Faculty  were 
not  yet  emancipated  from  the  interference  of  the  Trustees  in 
small  matters  of  routine.  It  is  gravely  asked  that  the  hiring  and 
employment  of  servants  be  allowed  them.  They  are  disturbed 
about  the  ordinance  about  wearing  gowns  at  Commencement. 
By  whom  were  they  to  be  furnished  ?  Shall  all  the  Faculty  and 
students  be  required  to  don  them?  It  appears  that  the  Trus- 
tees did  not  insist  on  the  execution  of  this  mandate. 

A  question  most  earnestly  pressed  by  the  Senior  class  was 
that  of  a  Senior  vacation,  i.  e.  a  holiday  given  to  them  for  one 
month  before  Commencement.  Occasionally  the  Trustees 
ordered  its  abolition,  but  always  a  moving  petition  two  or 
three  pages  long  touched  their  hearts  and  met  a  favorable 
response  to  the  prayer  for  restoration.  One  signed  by  William 
Eaton  and  Rufus  A.  Yancey,  son  of  Rartlett  Yancey,  is  a  fair 
example,  committeemen  at  other  times  being  such  men  as 
Thomas  S.  Ashe,  Rev.  J.  Haywood  Parker,  Calvin  Jones,  Giles 
Mebane,  J.  DeBerniere  Hooper.  The  petition  alleges  firstly, 
that  the  time  was  needed  for  the  preparation  of  Commencement 
speeches, 'and  secondly,  that  as  neither  suitable  cloth,  nor  a 
skilled  tailor,   could   be   found  at  Chapel   Hill,   the  graduates 


SOCIAL  UFE  IN  THE  TWENTIES.  309 

should  be  allowed  to  go  home  and  there  prepare  such  habili- 
ments as  would  reflect  credit  on  the  University.  The  practice 
lasted  until  the  closing  of  1868.  Regularly  for  fifteen  or  twenty 
years  after  the  re-opening  in  1875  the  Faculty  were  called  on 
to  negative  petitions  for  its  revival. 

A  riot,  in  which  five  students  were  engaged,  shows  a  rough- 
ness of  manners  not  paralleled  now.  Becoming  angry  for  some 
cause  with  Wm.  Barbee,  the  ex-Steward,  who  had  been  recently 
in  the  Legislature,  colleague  of  Willie  P.  Mangum,  they  pro- 
ceeded one  Sunday  night  to  rock  his  house,  crashing  the  win- 
dow panes  and  even  the  sashes.  Barbee  swore  out  a  warrant 
against  the  leader  and  the  others  were  summoned  as  witnesses. 
To  use  the  stilted  words  of  the  clerk  of  the  Faculty,  the  wit- 
nesses "resorted  in  their  minds  to  such  construction  of  the  oath 
and  of  the  questions  put  to  them,  as  in  their  apprehension 
relieved  them  from  the  necessity  of  testifying  in  relation  to  their 
companions,  in  consequence  of  which  the  protection  of  society 
was  withheld  from  the  person,  the  family  and  property  of  one 
of  its  citizens."  *The  leader  and  one  other  were  dismissed. 
The  remaining  three  were  suspended,  two  for  four  and  one  for 
three  months. 

Social  Life  of  Chapel  Hill  in  the  Twenties. 

One  of  the  most  popular  Chapel  Hill  belles  of  this  period, 
very  winning  and  beautiful,  a  good  singer,  accustomed  to  raise 
the  tunes  in  church  service,  was  Miss  Sarah  Williams  Kittrell, 
whose  father  removed  from  Granville  to  a  home  about  two 
miles  southwest  of  the  University  buildings,  where  he  carried 
on  a  farm  and  took  student  boarders.  Tradition  says  that 
she  agreed  to  marry  a  promising  Senior,  afterwards  United 
States  Senator,  but  the  match  was  broken  off  because  of  his 
poverty  and  great  distance  from  Chapel  Hill.  After  he  became 
famous,  he  returned  by  invitation  to  deliver  the  annual  Com- 
mencement address,  and  his  old  boarding  house  keeper,  Mrs. 
Betsey  Nunn,  upbraided  him  for  breaking  faith  with  her  favor- 
ite Sally  Kittrell.  Learning  that  she  was  living  in  Midway, 
Texas,  in  her  90th  year,  Mrs.  Goree,  aunt  of  Judge  George  W. 
Kittrell  of  California,  I  wrote  to  her  and  received  in  reply  a 


3IO  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

most  sprightly  letter,  giving  her  reminiscences  of  Chapel  Hill 
society.  I  add  that  fiye  of  her  sons  and  grandsons  were  officers 
in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  that  during  a  visit  of  Miss 
Winnie  Davis  to  Texas  she  rode  one  hundred  miles  to  pay  her 
respects  to  the  "Daughter  of  the  Confederacy."  The  kindly 
manner  in  which  she  speaks  of  her  old  flame  indicates  that  their 
engagement  and  its  disruption,  if  true,  left  no  permanent  scar 
on  her  happy  soul.  With  her  aid  and  from  other  sources  I 
endeavor  to  depict  the  life  of  Chapel  Hill  in  the  twenties. 

There  were  few  residents  of  the  village,  but  among  them  were 
strong  characters,  male  and  female.  Among  the  men  Dr.  Cald- 
well and  Dr.  Mitchell  overtopped  all  in  learning  and  influence, 
while  in  society  Major  Henderson  and  his  four  sons,  James, 
William,  Pleasant,  and  Tippoo  Saib,*  all  physicians,  were  most 
agreeable  and  accomplished,  "loved  and  honored  by  rich  and 
poor."  The  leader  among  the  ladies  was  the  wife  of  the  Presi- 
dent, a  daughter  of  James  Hogg  of  Hillsboro,  who  had  moved 
from  girlhood  in  as  polished  society  as  the  United  States  af- 
forded. There  were  bright  and  handsome  young  ladies,  edu- 
cated at  the  female  schools  of  Salem  and  Oxford,  of  whom  were 
Betsy  Pannill,  and  Franky  Burton  who  became  the  wife  of 
Thomas  J.  Green,  afterwards  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Virginia. 
Wm.  Barbee,  son  of  Christopher  (or  Kit)  Barbee,  one  of  the 
donors  of  the  Univei  sity  lands,  had  several  daughters,  who  were 
very  attractive,  one  of  whom  married  Ilai  Nunn,  a  skilled  violin- 
ist, who  gave  lessons  in  dancing;  another  Jesse  Hargrave,  a 
merchant,  and  a  third  Dr.  B.  W.  Cave,  a  physician  of  the  village. 

There  was  an  excellent  Sunday  School  held  in  Person  Hall, 
called  the  Chapel,  now  the  Medical  Building.  The  teachers 
were  Mrs.  Caldwell  and  the  wives  of  the  Professors.  The  task 
was  memorizing  five  or  six  verses  of  the  Bible  and  part  or  whole 
of  a  hymn.  Four  score  years  afterwards  the  pious  "Mother 
in  Israel"  recalled  vividly  the  moral  and  educational  value  of 
this,  one  of  our  earliest  religious  institutions  for  the  young. 

*Note. — The  hatred  of  England  by  our  people  is  shown  by  their  nam- 
ing sons  after  cruel  oriental  despots,  simply  because  they  fought  our  old 
enemy.  Thus  Davie  had  a  Hyder  Ali.  Major  Henderson  a  Tippoo  Saib, 
and  a  prominent  citizen  of  Edenton  a  Tippoo  Saib  Haughton. 


SOCIAL  LIFE  IN  THE  TWENTIES.  311 

The  village  teacher  was  called  "Old  Father  Hughes,"  an 
Englishman  by  birth,  but  devoted  to  his  adopted  country,  a 
thorough  teacher  and  strict  disciplinarian,  using  frequently  the 
rod  on  boys  but  gentle  to  the  girls,  who  doubtless  suffered 
vicariously  when  the  blows  descended  on  their  brothers  and 
sweethearts.  In  one  end  of  the  school-room  at  play  hours  the 
good  Father  added  to  his  petty  tuition  receipts  by  the  sale  of 
pickled  oysters  and  ginger  cakes,  into  which  traffic  went  every 
penny  which  the  children  could  raise.  After  Father  Hughes, 
came  Rev.  Abner  Clopton,  a  Baptist  preacher,  teacher  of  the 
Preparatory  school  of  the  University. 

As  might  be  conjectured  from  the  increase  of  the  income 
from  the  students  and  in  the  number  of  the  Faculty,  together 
with  a  small  addition  to  their  salaries,  the  village  became  larger 
and  more  modern  between  1820  and  1830.  The  ladies  arrayed 
themselves  in  finer  clothes,  improved  their  houses  with  added 
rooms  and  with  paint,  cultivated  grass  and  flowers  on  their 
lawns,  frequented  the  University  and  Society  libraries,  rode  to 
hear  preaching  sometimes  in  the  neighborhood  churches,  es- 
pecially Mount  Carmel,  induced  services  in  the  University 
Chapel,  prayed  fervently  but  never  aloud,  at  prayer-meetings, 
and  inaugurated  reading  clubs. 

Notwithstanding  this  forward  movement,  luxury  was  un- 
known. Modern  children  and  their  parents  would  regard  the 
mode  of  life  at  this  period  as  one  of  intolerable  hardship.  As  a 
rule,  to  the  boys  and  girls  was  allowed  onlv  one  pair  of  shoes  for 
the  year,  which  of  course  implies  that  naked  feet  were  fashion- 
able except  in  freezing-  weather.  Most  families  kept  cows,  and 
on  farms  oxen.  When  these  ceased  to  be  producers  their  end 
was  hastened  by  the  deadly  axe  or  brain-piercing  bullet,  the 
flesh  reserved  for  the  table,  and  the  skins  sent  to  the  tannerv  to 
be  converted  into  leather.  Then  one  by  one  the  children  placed 
their  feet  on  the  outspread  hide  under  direction  of  an  itinerant 
shoemaker,  who  marked  the  shape  with  knife  or  chalk  and 
made  by  hand  the  shoes,  rough  but  serviceable.  Often  from 
want  of  skill  there  was  a  tightness  across  the  toes  or  a  mis- 
placed protuberance,  which  caused  suffering  analogous  to  that 
experienced  by  a  high-caste  Chinese  srirl.     Then  too  there  was 


312       HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

a  looseness  around  the  ankles  which  admitted  snow,  and  the 
urchin  came  in  from  his  winter  sport  with  his  feet  well  nigh 
frozen. 

The  food  was  plenteous  and  palatable.  In  addition  to  the 
poultry,  hogs  and  beeves,  which  all  raised  for  themselves,  rac- 
coons abounded  on  the  creeks,  opossums  and  squirrels  in  the 
forest,  partridges,  larks,  doves  and  hares  swarmed  in  the  fields. 
As  winter  came  on  great  flocks  of  wild  pigeons  darkened  the 
air,  often  resting  at  night  in  the  oak  trees,  where  they  were 
slaughtered  by  the  wheelbarrow-full.  Owing  to  the  abundance 
of  persimmons,  the  opossums  were  so  fat  that  their  superabund- 
ant grease  was  used  to  make  smooth  the  wagon  axles ;  their  fur 
and  that  of  hares,  minks,  muskrats  and  raccoons  were  fashioned 
into  winter  caps  for  the  boys.  Then  too  there  were  many  fish 
in  the  creeks,  and  part  of  the  daily  task  of  the  pretty  black-eyed 
Sally  Kittrell  was,  accompanied  by  a  brother,  to  visit  their  fish 
traps  and  bring  in  the  catch  for  the  breakfast  fry. 

The  clothing  was  mostly  home-made.  Small  patches  of  cot- 
ton were  planted,  and  for  some  time  the  seed  was  picked  out  by 
hand.  Each  child  had  his  or  her  task,  and  after  all  were  fin- 
ished they  were  regaled  with  cider  and  apples.  After  this, 
lessons  for  the  next  day  were  studied  by  the  light  of  split  light- 
wood  or  pine  knot.  Tallow  candles  were  a  luxury,  reserved 
for  a  great  occasion,  such  as  a  preacher's  visit,  or  a  festive 
gathering. 

Mr.  Kittrell,  the  father,  imported  the  first  cotton-gin  ever 
seen  in  this  part  of  the  world,  not  much  larger  than  a  sewing 
machine.  After  this  there  was  more  cotton  raised  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. The  date  of  the  importation  is  not  exactly  known, 
but  it  was  prior  to  1833,  when  he  removed  to  Alabama.  The 
clothing  was  woven  on  the  family  loom. 

Before  the  advent  of  the  Whitney  gin,  tobacco  was  largely 
raised.  The  market  was  Fayetteville.  The  hogsheads  contain- 
ing the  leaf  were  placed  on  little  wheels  and  thus  rolled  to  Fay- 
etteville, a  horse  pulling  each.  The  driver  would  be  absent 
two  or  three  weeks.  His  return  was  hailed  with  delight,  for 
each  girl  expected  a  calico  dress  and  a  pair  of  shoes,  to  be  worn 
Only  on  Sundays. 


SOCIAL  LIFE  IN  THE  TWENTIES.  313 

The  course  of  life  was  simple  and  happy.  There  was  no 
umbrella,  but  neither  snow  nor  rain  deterred  from  school  and 
no  one  was  afraid  to  be  wetted.  There  was  little  physic  bought, 
but  dyspepsia  was  never  heard  of.  Trading  was  mainly  by 
bartering.  Money  was  scarce,  but  the  family  never  incurred 
debt.  Sally  Kittrell  never  had  twenty-five  cents  of  her  own 
until  she  was  grown. 

Notwithstanding  all  privations,  there  was  probably  more 
hearty  fun  than  in  our  day.  Although  they  danced  no  germans, 
and  some  were  not  allowed  to  dance  at  all,  there  were  many 
social  gatherings,  with  just  enough  work  to  make  play  enjoyable 
— cotton-pickings,  husking  bees  or  corn  shuckings,  log-rollings, 
hog-killings,  house-raisings,  quiltings,  and  even  spelling  bees. 
In  some  of  these  the  girls  did  not  take  a  hand,  but  they  cheered 
their  beaux  to  feats  of  skill  and  strength,  and  after  the  work  was 
over  all  joined  in  games  and  pleasant  talk,  not  sparing  the 
piquant  anecdote  and  boisterous  laugh.  Conspicuous  among 
all  the  maidens,  doubtless  the  only  survivor  of  all  her  associates. 
was  Sally  Kittrell,  beautiful,  graceful,  agreeable,  dutiful,  pious, 
whose  memory  of  Chapel  Hill  after  seventy  years  is  still  green, 
who  in  her  distant  Texas  home,  radiating  loving  influences  all 
around,  remembers  her  old  home  with  so  vivid  clearness  and 
such  tender  love  that  she  signs  the  long  letter  written  entirely 
by  her  own  hand — 

"In  my  90th  year,  seeing  and  hearing  as  well  as  ever, 
A  daughter  of  Chapel  Hill, 

Sarah  Williams  Goree." 

The  "National  Jubilee"  was  celebrated  at  Chapel  Hill  on  the 
4th  of  July.  1826,  the  semi-centennial  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  with  enthusiasm.  There  was,  according  to  the 
local  chronicle,  "the  good  humor  and  cordiality  which  should 
ever  be  the  characteristic  of  Freemen."  There  was  a  proces- 
sion at  eleven  o'clock  to  Person  Hall.  The  famous  Declaration 
was  read  by  one  who  had  fought  for  it  in  the  Revolutionary 
struggle.  Major  Henderson.  It  was  properlv  enunciated,  for 
the  gallant  Major,  a  brother  of  Judge  Richard  Henderson,  was 


314  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

selected  for  thirty-nine  years  to  be  Reading  Clerk  of  the  House 
of  Commons  on  account  of  his  sonorous  voice.  The  oration 
was  by  a  young  lawyer,  William  McCauley,  graduate  of  1813, 
son  of  Matthew  McCauley,  a  donor  of  the  site  of  the  Univer- 
sity. He  doubtless  bearded  the  British  Lion  in  the  manner 
fashionable  on  such  occasions.  At  one  o'clock  a  dinner  was 
served  at  Mr.  S.  B.  Alsobrook's  hotel,  and  at  night  there  was  a 
ball,  at  which  Virginia  reels  and  cotillons  were  danced  to  the 
lively  tunes  of  Ilai  Nunn's  violin. 

In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  a  horse-race  was  held  in  a 
mile  of  the  village,  the  principal  objects  being  betting  and  gam- 
bling. The  Faculty  forbade  the  students  to  attend  it.  One 
disobeyed  and  was  suspended  therefor.  Another  stood  afar  off 
and  witnessed  the  running  but  did  not  go  into  the  crowd.  He 
was  excused. 

There  was  at  all  times  during  the  earlier  decades  of  the  Uni- 
versity delight  among  the  students  to  engage  in  the  explosion 
of  gunpowder.  There  are  numerous  complaints  of  the  prac- 
tice and  prosecution  of  the  offenders.  The  following  grave 
entry  is  a  sample  of  the  solemn  opinions  of  the  Faculty :  "This 
mode  of  producing  disturbance  in  the  College  Buildings  for 
some  few  nights  past,  as  it  is  a  method  of  producing  disorder 
full  of  evil  effects,  and  apparently  having  no  other  object  but 
to  annoy,  is  highly  reprehensible." 

Other  by-laws  were  added  to  the  lengthening  roll.  The  Pro- 
fessors and  Tutors  were  required  to  furnish  the  Trustees  pres- 
ent at  examinations  with  the  names  of  the  members  of  the 
classes,  so  that  "the  Trustees  may  be  enabled  to  have  their  own 
opinion  upon  scholarship." 

Each  Professor  and  Tutor  was  required  to  keep  account  of 
the  scholarship,  regularity  and  moral  conduct  of  the  members 
of  his  class,  and  furnish  an  abstract  of  the  same  to  the  parent, 
and  also  to  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  students  were  not  bound  to  promise  more  than  once  obed- 
ience to  the  rules. 

Erasmus  D.  North  was  the  best  scholar  and  spoke  the  Salu- 
tatory Latin  oration,  in  the  graduating  class  of  1826, — 21  mem- 
bers. 


CLASS  OF  1826.  315 

The  following  were  declared  equal  and  next  to  North :   Dan- 
iel  Moreau  Barringer,  who  had  an  oration  on   Modern  Lan 
guages ;  Samuel  E.  Chapman,  the  Valedictory;  William  Nor- 
wood, on  Political  Economy;  Oliver  W.  Treadwell.  on  Classical 
Literature. 

Archibald  Gilchrist,  Thomas  W.  Watts.  Henry  T.  Clark, 
Silas  M.  Andrews,  Richard  S.  Croom,  James  A.  King,  Henry 
B.  Elliott,  Ferdinand  W.  Risque,  Thomas  S.  Hoskins,  and 
George  W.  Morrow  spoke  what  were  called  Intermediate  Ora- 
tions, while  William  J.  Anderson,  Henry  I.  Brown,  Wm.  B. 
Dunn,  Samuel  I.  Johnston  delivered  Forensics. 

Of  these  honor  men.  North  was  for  a  short  while  Professor 
of  Languages  in  our  University,  an  Instructor  in  Yale,  and  a 
physician ;  Barringer,  a  member  of  Congress  and  Minister  to 
Spain ;  Chapman,  a  reputable  physician  of  Newbern ;  Tread- 
well,  a  Tutor  in  this  University ;  and  Norwood,  an  Episcopal 
Doctor  of  Divinity  over  a  large  congregation  in  Richmond, 
Virvinia.  Of  the  others,  Clark  became  Speaker  of  the  Senate 
and  Governor  ex  officio  in  1861-62. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  was  Paul  C.  Cameron,  a  wealthy 
planter,  State  Senator,  active  Trustee  of  the  University  for 
twenty-seven  years. 

In  1827  died  John  Haywood,  one  of  the  charter  Trustees  of 
1789  and  continuously  thereafter.  He  was  always  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  Appointments  and  other  like  committees, 
and  was  one  of  the  most  active  and  regular  in  attendance.  His 
popularity  in  the  State  is  shown  by  his  annual  election  as  State 
Treasurer  without  opposition  for  forty  years  ( 1 787-1827') ,  and 
by  his  name  being  given  to  a  western  county  and  to  an  eastern 
town.  In  December,  1828,  the  Trustees,  "in  consideration  of 
his  long  continued  and  useful  services"  rendered  to  the  Univer- 
sity, granted  a  scholarship  to  his  son,  William  Davie  Haywood. 
There  is  no  record,  however,  of  his  entering  the  University. 

Exercises  oe  1827 — Murphey's  Address. 

The  multitudinous  speeches  on  the  programme  of  1826  prob- 
ably led  to  the  radical  change  of  1827.  In  that  year  began  the 
series  of  orations  by  eminent  men  elected  bv  the  two  Literary 
Societies  alternately.     The  Dialectic  had  the  first  choice,  which 


316  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

fell  on  ex-Judge  Archibald  Debow  Murphey.  His  address  was 
in  the  main  historical  «and  reminiscent  and  was  perhaps  the  last 
work  of  one  who  had  done  much  for  his  State.  His  portrait  in 
the  Dialectic  Hall,  taken  at  this  time,  shows  that  his  physical 
powers  were  rapidly  waning,  but  his  mind  was  strong  and  lucid. 
A  contemporary  writer  in  the  Raleigh  Register  testified  that  "the 
debility  of  his  body  gave  an  interest  to  his  appearance.  Unas- 
suming, yet  easy  and  insinuating  in  his  address,  clear  and  dis- 
tinct in  his  enunciations,  perspicuous  and  eloquent  in  his  style, 
he  was  sustained  through  a  long  and  eloquent  oration  by  the 
admiration  and  applause  of  a  crowded  assembly. — None  of  his 
audience  will  soon  forget  their  own  emotions,  or  the  glow  of 
sympathy  imparted  to  them  by  the  orator's  beautiful  remem- 
brance of  his  friend  and  patron,  the  late  Wm.  Duffy." 

The  writer  described  the  exercises  as  "No  longer,  as  on 
former  occasions,  a  monotonous  succession  of  heavy  and  unin- 
teresting speeches,  but  a  Literary  Banquet,  where  the  different 
tastes  of  the  audience  were  gratified  by  alternate  displays  of 
Oratory  and  Wit."  "We  were  all  particularly  pleased  with  a 
little  'ludicro-comico'  piece  written  and  (as  the  Dramatists  say) 
gotten  up  by  one  of  the  Professors,  and  called,  I  think,  'Im- 
provements in  Modern  Duelling.'.  It  was  well  delivered  Tues- 
day evening  by  five  young  gentlemen,  and  exhibited  in  the  most 
ridiculous  attitude  certain  late  exquisites  and  proficients  in  that 
sublime  art."  As  Dr.  William  Hooper  was  skillful  in  this  kind 
of  writing,  conspicuous  in  his  own  address  in  1859,  entitled 
"Fifty  Years  Since,"  it  is  evident  that  he  was  the  author. 

It  was  at  this  time  that,  on  motion  of  Chief  Justice  Ruffin, 
the  once-a-month  holidays,  which  had  been  in  vogue  for  some 
time,  were  discontinued,  to  the  great  discontent  especially  of 
boys  of  a  smaller  growth,  or  less  studious  disposition. 

The  speakers  of  the  graduating  class  of  1827  were:  Richard 
Henry  Lewis,  the  Latin  Salutatory ;  Charles  B.  Shepard,  the 
Valedictory ;  Thomas  P.  Hall,  Oration  in  Greek ;  Lorenza  Lea, 
Oration  in  French ;  Alfred  O.  P.  Nicholson,  Oration  on  Politi- 
cal Economy ;  Jesse  H.  Lindsay  and  Alexander  Mackey,  Inter- 
mediate Orations. 


CLASS   OF    1827.  317 

Of  these,  the  best  scholar,  Lewis,  became  a  wealthy  planter 
of  acknowledged  ability,  cultivation  and  influence.  A  nomina- 
nation  for  Congress  was  tendered  him  by  his  party,  the  Demo- 
cratic, but  he  declined  it.  Charles  B.  Shepard,  next  to  him, 
was  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature  and  a  Representative  in 
Congress,  dying  at  the  early  age  of  37 ;  Lea  was  a  Tutor  in  the 
University,  then  a  minister  of  the  Gospel  and  President  of 
Jackson  College,  Tennessee;  Nicholson  was  a  lawyer  in  Ten- 
nessee and  held  many  honorable  positions,  including  the  Chief 
Justiceship  of  that  State's  Supreme  Court,  and  United  States 
Senatorship ;  Lindsay  was  an  influential  wealthy  citizen  of 
Greensboro,  president  of  a  bank  and  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture ;  Robert  A.  T.  Ridley,  of  Oxford,  became  Speaker  of 
the  House  in  Georgia  and  a  member  of  Congress;  Lewis 
Thompson  was  a  wealthy  and  able  farmer  of  Bertie  and  promi- 
nent in  the  Legislature ;  Warren  Winslow  became  a  member  of 
Congress  and,  as  Speaker  of  the  State  Senate,  acted  as  Governor 
in  1854;  Thompson  Byrd  was  a  Tutor  in  the  LTniversity  and  a 
minister  of  the  Gospel ;  Absalom  A.  Barr  was  also  a  minister. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  these  but  did  not  graduate, 
was  Calvin  Graves,  a  State  Representative  and  Senator,  mem- 
ber of  the  Convention  of  1835,  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  and  as 
such  gave  the  casting  vote  for  the  charter  of  the  North  Carolina 
Railroad. 

The  report  of  the  Acting  President  in  1828  was  gloomy.  The 
Faculty  should  be  nine,  whereas  four  were  lacking  from  this 
number.  North  Carolina  and  the  neighboring  States  had  been 
explored  in  vain  for  competent  Tutors,  and  Professor  Olmsted 
bad  been  written  to  for  them.  The  strength  of  the  Professor  of 
Mathematics,  Phillips,  was  waning  under  his  arduous  labors. 
Professors  and  teachers  generally  are  among  the  most  laborious 
of  men.  They  cannot  be  deficient  without  being  infamous,  nor 
can  deficiencies  and  blemishes  fail  to  expose  them  to  reproach 
and  scorn,  if  every  imperfection  be  excluded  by  an  accurate, 
prompt  and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  abstract  and  scien- 
tific analysis  on  which  they  are  employed. 

The  expected  successor  of  Judge  Murphey,  chosen  by  the 
Philanthropic  Societv  as  the  orator  of  the  Commencement  of 


318  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

1828,  was  Alfred  Moore,  son  of  the  Judge  of  the  same  name. 
He  had  been  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  but  preferred 
private  life  and  the  companionship  of  books  to  the  storms  of  a 
political  career.  He  was  one  of  the  early  students,  who  reached 
Chapel  Hill  after  the  doors  of  the  University  were  opened  in 
1795,  was  faithful  to  duty,  and  afterwards  lived  a  useful  and 
honorable  life.  It  was  a  great  disappointment  to  the  company 
that  sickness  prevented  his  filling  his  engagement.  His  bust 
is  in  Gerrard  Hall,  the  property  of  the  Philanthropic  Society. 

The  Raleigh  Register  praises  the  speeches  of  the  graduating 
class  as  free  from  the  usual  bombast  and  false  ornament,  dis- 
playing sound  sense  and  strong  discrimination.  Richard  H. 
Battle  was  pronounced  the  best  scholar  and  had  the  Latin  Salu- 
tatory. The  next  best,  Henry  S.  Clark,  had  the  Valedictory. 
Then  came  John  L.  Taylor,  with  the  French,  and  Thomas  P. 
Johnston,  the  Natural  Philosophy  orations. 

Henry  I.  Toole's  subject  was  The  Objects  of  Education; 
James  D.  Hall's  was  Mental  Philosophy;  John  L.  Taylor's 
French  speech  was  Le  Caractere  et  regne  of  Louis  Quartoze. 
There  was  a  debate  between  Edwin  G.  Booth  and  Edwin  R. 
Harriss  whether  the  Southern  States  should  turn  their  atten- 
tion to  agriculture.  James  N.  Nesbitt  and  John  P.  Gause  dis- 
cussed whether  political  parties,  not  founded  on  local  interests, 
were  prejudicial  to  the  strength  of  nations.  T.  J.  Oakes  ad- 
vocated internal  improvements.  The  Valedictory  by  Clark  was 
the  last  address  by  students.  President  Caldwell,  as  was  his 
habit,  then  delivered  a  feeling  and  wise  talk  to  the  graduates. 

Of  these,  Battle  was  a  life-long  invalid,  but  strong  enough  to 
be  Secretary  of  a  Life  Insurance  Company  and  Commissioner 
of  War  Claims  against  the  State,  by  the  appointment  of  Goa-- 
ernor  Worth.  He  was  often  Commissioner  (now  Alderman) 
of  the  city  of  Raleigh.  He  had  a  strong  and  original  mind. 
Clark  reached  the  honor  of  a  seat  in  Congress.  Taylor  was  a 
physician  of  high  standing,  and  Johnston  was  a  Presbyterian 
minister  and  missionary  for  twenty-three  years. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  J.  S.  Gatlin  was  a  Surgeon  in  the  U.  S. 
Army,  killed  in  the  Seminole  war ;  Rev.  Nehemiah  Henrv  Hard- 


CLASS    OF    1828.  319 

ing,  a  Doctor  of  Divinity  in  the  Presbyterian  Church ;  Richard 
Caswell  Gatlin  was  an  officer  in  the  United  States  Army,  then 
a  Confederate  States  Brigadier-General  and  x\djutant-General 
of  North  Carolina  in  the  darkest  hours  of  the  Civil  War. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  (A.  M.)  was  con- 
ferred on  Win.  Glascock,  M.D.,  of  Virginia,  and  on  John  Hill 
Wheeler,  afterwards  the  author  of  Wheeler's  History  and 
Wheeler's  Reminiscences. 

Ethan  Allen  Andrews  remained  at  the  University  until 
1828,  devoting  himself  to  the  close  study  of  the  ancient  classics, 
in  which  he  continued  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  that  year  he 
accepted  the  position  of  the  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  in 
the  New  Haven  Gymnasium.  A  year  afterwards  he  established 
the  New  Haven  Young  Ladies'  Institute,  conducting  it  with 
success  for  five  years.  He  then  took  charge  of  a  similar  insti- 
tution in  Boston.  Here  he  remained  until  1839,  when  having 
in  conjunction  with  Soloman  Stoddard  published  a  Latin  Gram- 
mar, which  met  with  favor  among  teachers,  he  returned  to  his 
home,  inherited  from  his  father  in  New  Britain,  and  devoted  the 
rest  of  his  life  to  the  preparation  of  school  books.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  his  books,  besides  the  Grammar  mentioned : 
First  Latin  Book ;  Latin  Reader ;  Viri  Roma; ;  Latin  Lessons ; 
Synopsis  of  Latin  Grammar ;  Questions  on  the  Latin  Grammar ; 
Latin  Exercises ;  Key  to  Latin  Exercises ;  Caesar's  Commen- 
taries ;  Sallust ;  Ovid ;  Latin  Dictionary. 

Professor  Andrews  was  intellectually,  morally  and  in  manners 
a  very  superior  man. 

He  died  March  24,  1858,  aged  71  years.  His  two  daughters 
married  successively  Prof.  Edward  D.  Sims,  a  graduate  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  in  1824. 

Troublesome  Escheats. 

The  Trustees  were  occasionally  embarrassed  by  petitions  from 
persons  who  claimed  that  they  were  injured  by  escheated  prop- 
erty vesting  in  the  University.  One  Mary  Bell  stated  the  pitia- 
ble fact  that  by  twenty-five  years  hard  labor  in  keeping  a  public 
house  she  and  her  husband  had  accumulated  some  property,  the 
title  of  which  under  the  law  vested  in  her  husband  :  that  on  his 


320  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

death  without  heirs  half  of  the  property  devolved  on  the  Uni- 
versity; that  she  was  sixty  years  old  and  could  not  live  on 
what  the  statute  allowed  her.  "I  am  a  poor  widow,  citizen  of 
a  country  whose  policy  and  well  regulated  government  does 
not  need  the.  assistance  of  property  drawn  from  old  age  and 
infirmity,  leaving  me  to  starve,  in  order  to  support  most  valua- 
ble institutions." 

The  minds  of  the  Trustees  were  torn  by  the  conflicting  ideas 
of  natural  pity  and  fiduciary  duty.  They  finally  concluded  to 
invest  the  money  and  pay  the  interest  to  Mrs.  Mary  Bell  so 
long  as  she  should  live. 

They  seemed  to  experience  no  difficulty  in  deciding  another 
case,  which  in  our  times  would  be  considered  hard.  A  free 
negro  had  a  daughter,  the  slave  of  another.  He  bought  her, 
and  she  then  became  the  mother  of  a  boy.  The  woman's  father 
died  without  kin  and  intestate.  His  child  and  grandchild  being 
his  personal  property  became  the  property  of  the  University. 
They  were  ordered  to  be  sold.  This  sounds  hard,  but  it  was 
proved  to  the  Board  that  they  were  in  the  lowest  stage  of  pov- 
erty and  degradation  and  that  it  would  redound  to  their  happi- 
ness to  have  a  master.  It  must  be  remembered  that  slaves  were 
considered  to  be  as  a  rule  in  a  better  condition  than  free  negroes. 

One  of  the  saddest  claims  which  devolved  on  the  University 
was  that  of  Governor  Benjamin  Smith,  the  first  benefactor.  In 
his  old  age  he  became  surety  for  a  man  who  owed  the  institution, 
and  the  Trustees  felt  compelled  to  enforce  payment.  There  is 
on  record  a  petition  by  him  for  extension  of  time,  which  was 
granted.  The  tradition  already  mentioned  that  he  was  impris- 
oned has  a  modicum  of  truth,  but  the  detention  was  only  for  a 
short  while  and,  as  he  himself  says,  by  the  hard  action  of  a 
lawyer,  who  was  his  personal  enemy.  The  Trustees  released 
him  as  soon  as  the  matter  was  brought  to  their  attention.  It 
must  be  remembered,  too,  that  ex-Governor  Smith  was  hope- 
lessly insolvent,  and  if  the  University  had  released  him  from 
the  debt,  his  other  creditors  and  not  himself,  would  have  reaped 
the  benefit.  All  his  valuable  lands  on  the  Cape  Fear  were  sub- 
ject to  the  judgment  obtained  by  the  United  States  to  make  good 
the  defalcations  of  Collector  Reid,  for  whom  he  was  bondsman. 


WORTHLESS  ESCHEATS.  $2 1 

It  may  be  well  to  give  other  cases,  showing  the  working  of  the 
escheat  law. 

At  a  later  date,  1852,  a  sale  of  an  escheat  on  behalf  of  the 
University  created  some  local  excitement.  A  lot  on  which  was 
an  old  building,  once  used  as  a  school  house,  but  then  in  ruins, 
had  been  for  years  claimed  by  no  one.  The  University  attor- 
ney had  it  sold.  The  sum  bid  was  one  dollar.  A  memorial 
signed  by  six  leading  men  of  the  town  stated  that  the  school  had 
been  closed  because  of  sickness  from  a  local  cause,  which  had 
been  removed,  and  plans  for  its  revival  were  renewed.  But 
"there  comes  an  agent  of  the  University  who  blasts  the  almost 
open  blossom  of  our  Hopes,  thereby  robbing  perhaps  many  a 
poor  boy  from  becoming  a  useful  and  prominent  member  of 
society,  who  might  have  been  brilliant  lights  and  added  others 
to  the  many  great  luminaries  who  claim  the  University  as  their 
Alma  Mater,  but  now  left  without  a  light  must  mope  in  darkness 
and  ignorance." 

After  several  pages  of  similar  rhetoric  it  was  stated  that  the 
attorney  found  a  bidder  at  one  dollar,  and  took  a  conveyance 
to  himself  and  sold  the  lot  to  a  widow  for  $80,  who  proceeded  to 
tear  down  the  house  and  cut  down  the  shade  trees.  Then  the 
widow  was  threatened  with  a  suit  and  she  made  a  moving  ap- 
peal to  the  Trustees,  stating  that  she  was  about  to  be  ruined. 
It  does  not  appear  that  the  pathos  and  eloquence  of  their  peti- 
tions effected  their  purpose.  Indeed,  the  petitioners  seemed  to 
have  made  the  mistake  of  applying  for  a  remedy  after  instead  of 
before  the  alleged  wrong  was  done.  The  attorney  (General 
Singletary )  asserted  positively  that  the  people  generally  ap- 
plauded his  conduct.  The  amount  received  by  the  University 
was  only  eight  dollars. 

In  1 86 1  the  Trustees  were  notified  of  a  possible  windfall  of. 
distributive  shares.  Judge  John  M.  Dick,  a  Trustee,  while 
riding  the  Mountain  Circuit,  wrote  that  Acque  to  geh.  Wage 
to  togutah,  Jack  Rabbit,  To  ga  kee  la  son  Betsy,  and  330  other 
Cherokee  Indians  living  in  Western  North  Carolina,  had  died 
since  the  Treaty  of  1836.  The  attorney  of  the  Indians,  William 
H.  Thomas,  took  out  letters  of  administration  on  their  estates, 
giving  bond  for  $33,400,  and  collected  $54  for  each  of  the  de- 

21 


322  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

ceased,  and  it  did  not  appear  that  any  return  had  been  made  to 
the  court.  As  th.~  University  realized  nothing  from  this  claim, 
it  is  to  be  presumed  that  Colonel  Thomas  made  a  satisfactory 
explanation. 

A  dissipated  Freshman,  Spencer  Reeves,  was  dismissed  in 
1829  for  giving  a  drinking  and  card-playing  frolic,  and  follow- 
ing it  up  on  Sunday  night  by  illuminating  his  windows  with 
bunches  of  lighted  candles.  It  is  sad  to  chronicle  that  after 
some  years  he  became  so  degraded  from  drink  that  he  slew  his 
sister  for  refusing  to  give  him  part  of  her  property  and  was 
righteously  hung  for  the  crime — the  only  instance  of  an  alumnus 
dying  on  the  gallows. 

J.  S.,  who  participated  in  the  spree,  was  saved  by  his  previous 
good  character  and  by  taking  the  iron-clad  pledges. 

At  the  same  time  four  students  were  dismissed  for  going 
home  at  the  end  of  the  session  without  permission  which  either 
had  been  asked  for  and  refused,  or  had  not  been  asked  for  at 
all. 

At  the  Commencement  in  1829,  described  as  very  brilliant,  a 
new  feature  was  introduced.  Representatives  from  the  Junior, 
Sophomore  and  Freshman  classes  competed  in  declamation. 

The  orator  before  the  two  societies  chosen  by  the  Dialectic 
Society,  was  Professor  William  Hooper,  who  returned  to  the 
University  in  1825  as  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic,  and 
three  years  afterwards  was  made  Professor  of  Ancient  Lan- 
guages. The  contemporary  chronicler  says  that  he  was  a  deep 
and  severe  thinker,  as  well  as  profound  and  eloquent  rhetorician. 

The  best  scholar  among  the  graduates  was  Franklin  L.  Smith 
of  Mecklenburg,  to  whom  the  Latin  Salutatory  was  assigned. 
Next  was  Richard  R.  Wall  of  Rockingham  County,  with  the 
Valedictory.  Then  were  John  Potts  Brown,  of  Wilmington, 
with  an  oration  on  Natural  Philosophy ;  Sidney  X.  Johnston  on 
Geology,  and  David  M.  Lees  on  Ethics.  Debates  were  had 
between  James  A.  Johnston  and  James  E.  Kerr  on  the  question, 
"Is  the  backwardness  of  North  Carolina  due  to  moral  or  physi- 
cal causes  ?" ;  between  Burton  F.  Craige  and  Osmond  F.  Long, 
as  to  whether  Daughters  should  be  educated  as  well  as  Sons ; 
and  between  Thomas  W.  Dulany  and  Wm.  Eaton,  as  to  whether 
Europe  was  benefitted  by  the  Independence  of  Greece,  while 


COMMENCEMENT   OF    l82y.  $2$ 

Rufus  A.  Yancey  and  Philip  W.  Alston  wrestled  with  the  great 
problem,  whether  in  the  aggregate  the  Destinies  of  Europe  were 
Beneficially  Influenced  by  the  French  Revolution.  Richard  M. 
Shepard  of  Newbern  discoursed  on  Modern  French  Literature. 

The  best  scholar  of  the  fourteen  graduates,  Smith,  died  in 
1835  with  rising  reputation  as  a  lawyer.  Wall  was  a  physician 
of  high  standing,  Brown  was  a  commission  merchant  of  the 
firm  of  DeRosset  &  Brown  of  Wilmington,  and  Brown  &  De- 
Rosset  of  New  York.  Johnston  was  a  physician  and  member 
of  the  Convention  of  1861.  William  Eaton  was  author  of  a 
valuable  law  book,  Attorney-General  and  Senator  from  War- 
ren ;  Craige,  who  dropped  his  middle  name,  was  a  Representa- 
tive in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Confeder- 
acy, member  of  the  Convention  of  1861,  and  as  such  offered  the 
Ordinance  of  Secession ;  Alston  was  an  Episcopal  minister  and 
a  poet. 

Among  those  matriculating  with  the  class,  but  leaving  before 
graduation,  may  be  mentioned  Wm.  Dallas  Haywood,  for  years 
Mayor  of  Raleigh ;  Henry  A.  London,  a  very  influential  mer- 
chant of  Pittsboro ;  Cameron  F.  MacRae,  a  prominent  Episcopal 
minister  of  this  State,  of  Georgia  and  lastly  of  Maryland ;  James 
Bryan  Whitfield,  State  Senator. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  fell  on  Rev.  John 
Robinson  of  Poplar  Tent,  and  Rev.  John  McKamie  Wilson  of 
Rocky  River,  both  of  Cabarrus.  Besides  being  pastors  of  power, 
they  were  principals  of  excellent  classical  schools. 

The  Trustees  present  were  Governor  Owen,  Dr.  S.  J.  Baker, 
F.  Nash,  John  D.  Hawkins,  William  Robards,  John  Scott, 
James  Mebane,  Dr.  J.  S.  Smith,  Arch.  McBryde,  James  Webb, 
Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  McPheeters,  Rev.  Dr.  John  Witherspoon,  Pres- 
ident Caldwell  and  Secretary-Treasurer  Manly. 

The  honorary  degrees  granted  were  as  follows,  on  the  Rev. 
Adam  Empie,  President  of  William  and  Mary  College,  after- 
wards Rector  of  a  church  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  formerlv  of 
Wilmington,  N.  C,  Doctorate  of  Divinity. 

The  same  degree  on  Rev.  Cornelius  Yermeule,  of  the  Presbv- 
terian  Church  of  New  Jersey. 

The  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  on  Professor  James  Phillips 
and  Professor  Nicholas  Marcellus  Hentz,  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Commencement  of  1830. 

At  the  Commencement,  on  Monday  evening  there  was  1.  decla- 
mation by  James  Lea,  William  Owen,  Julian  E.  Sawyer,  Wm. 
Smith,  John  S.  Hargrave,  Thomas  F.  Jones,  Solomon  Lea. 

On  Tuesday  evening,  the  21st  of  June,  the  speakers  were 
James  Grant,  J.  DeBerniere  Hooper,  Wm.  W.  Spear,  Jacob 
Thompson,  Thomas  S.  Ashe,  Michael  W.  Holt,  and  James  O. 
Stedman. 

On  Wednesday,  there  were  original  speeches  delivered  by 
representatives  of  the  two  Societies. 

The  best  scholar,  to  whom  was  given  the  Latin  Salutatory, 
was  Nathaniel  H.  McCain.  James  W.  Osborne  was  next,  with 
a  speech  on  Moral  Philosophy.  Next  came  Cicero  Stephens 
Hawks,  whose  subject  was  Influence  of  Rewards  Bestowed  on 
Distinguished  Characters.  The  fourth  in  scholarship  was  John 
A.  Backhouse,  to  whom  was  assigned  the  Valedictory.  The 
fifth  in  scholarship  was  Richard  K.  Hill,  with  a  speech  on  Polit- 
ical Economy,  and  sixth  Avas  Aaron  J.  Spivey,  whose  subject 
was  "The  LTse  and  Abuse  of  Parliamentary  Debates."  The 
next  honor  men  were  George  G.  Lea,  who  spoke  on  the  Import- 
ance of  Liberal  Education  to  all  professional  men ;  then  Mr. 
W.  L.  Kennedy,  on  the  Influence  of  Periodical  Literature,  and 
lastly  came  RaWley  Galloway,  who  discussed  Design  in  the  Con- 
stitution of  Nature.  Benjamin  F.  Terry  and  William  K.  Ruffin 
debated  whether  the  gold  mines,  recently  discovered  in  North 
Carolina  and  elsewhere,  are  attended  with  greater  advantages 
or  disadvantages  to  our  State  and  to  the  Union.  There  was 
evidently  in  the  air  dread  of  inflation  of  the  currency  and  diver- 
sion of  labor  from  other  pursuits,  as  well  of  the  evils  of  making 
haste  to  be  rich. 

John  H.  Edwards  and  Elisha  Stedman.  both  afterwards 
physicians,  discussed  this  question :  "Could  the  United  States 
maintain  its  Constitution  if  the  Atlantic  Ocean  did  not  separate 


COMMENCEMENT   OF    183O.  325 

her  from  Europe?"  J.  M.  Stedman's  thesis  was  whether  there 
could  be  a  Permanent  Government  without  Education. 

McCain  removed  to  Mississippi,  and  was  a  highly  respected 
and  successful  planter.  Backhouse  had  a  strange  career.  He 
was  of  fine  promise,  was  a  Tutor  of  his  Alma  Mater  after  grad- 
uation ;  then  studied  theology,  teaching  at  the  same  time.  After 
being  ordained  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  he  was  deposed  for 
conduct  unbecoming  a  minister,  and  died  early.  Osborne  was  a 
prominent  lawyer  and  Judge,  member  of  the  Legislature  and  of 
the  Convention  of  1861.  Hawks  was  Bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  of  Missouri.  Hill  was  a  teacher  of  repute,  in 
North  Carolina  and  Texas. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1830,  Hon.  John  H.  Bryan,  who 
changed  his  home  from  Newbern  to  Raleigh,  chosen  by  the 
Philanthropic  Society,  was  the  orator.  The  reporter  described 
his  effort  as  chaste  and  eloquent. 

The  report  of  the  President  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Board  in  December,  1827,  deplores  the  falling  off  in  numbers. 
This  was  attributed  to  three  causes:  1st.  the  establishment  of 
Universities  and  Colleges  in  Virginia,  Tennessee,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  Georgia  ;  2nd,  to  the  financial  stress  and  unparalleled 
depreciation  in  the  pecuniary  resources  of  the  people;  3rd,  vast 
efflux  of  population  to  the  West. 

He  also  informed  the  Board  that  the  Main  Building  was  in 
ruins.  Tt  had  not  been  occupied  for  years.  The  materials 
were  worthless,  the  work  wretched.  The  experiment  of  em- 
ploying a  Superintendent  of  Buildings  not  connected  with  the 
University,  at  a  salary  of  $20.  was  unsatisfactory.  Prof.  Mitch- 
ell assumed  the  duties. 

Panic  of  1825. — The  General  Assembly  Applied  to. 

The  financial  panic  of  1825,  with  its  sequelae,  was  in  truth  a 
fearful  blow  to  the  University.  The  receipts  from  Western 
lands  and  payments  for  those  sold  were  largely  cut  off.  The 
tuition  receipts  diminished  with  the  number  of  students.  The 
debts  to  the  banks,  incurred  for  building  the  Old  West  and  work 
on   the  Old  East   and   unfinished   Gerrard  Hall,  were  unpaid. 


326  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

The  Trustees  thought  that  turning  off  Professors  would  destroy 
the  prestige  of  the  institution,  and  therefore  borrowed  money 
to  meet  their  salaries.  By  1830  the  University  seemed  on  the 
verge  of  ruin.  Energetic  steps  were  necessary  to  avert  it.  The 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  called  a  special  session  to 
consider  the  matter.  It  was  on  the  21st  June,  1830,  at  Chapel 
Hill. 

There  were  present,  Governor  Owen,  Dr.  Caldwell,  Messrs. 
John  H.  Bryan,  Willie  P.  Mangum,  Charles  Manly,  James 
Mebane,  Alfred  Moore,  John  M.  Morehead,  Wm.  Robards, 
John  Scott,  James  S.  Smith,  John  Witherspoon,  D.D. 

On  motion  of  Judge  Mangum,  a  committee  of  seven  were 
appointed  to  draft  an  address  to  the  Trustees,  setting  forth  the 
urgent  necessity  for  them  to  meet  in  Raleigh  on  the  19th  of 
July.  Dr.  Caldwell  was  directed  to  send  by  express,  that  is,  a 
special  messenger,  a  copy  to  every  Trustee  within  a  reasonable 
distance  of  Raleigh,  and  to  the  rest  by  mail. 

Considering  the  difficulties  of  travel  in  the  hot  July  days,  there 
was  a  very  respectable  attendance,  about  one-third  of  the  Trus- 
tees. Their  names  should  be  held  in  remembrance.  They 
were :  Governor  John  Owen,  Dr.  Caldwell,  Messrs.  George  Ei 
Badger,  Thos.  D.  Bennehan,  John  H.  Bryan,  Duncan  Cameron, 
James  Craven,  Wm.  Gaston,  John  D.  Hawkins,  Louis  D.  Henry, 
James  Iredell,  Charles  Manly,  Alfred  Moore,  Willie  P.  Man- 
gum, Angus  McBryde,  Frederick  Nash,  Wm.  Robards,  Thos. 
Ruffin,  Romulus  M.  Saunders,  John  Scott,  Hugh  Waddell, 
James  Webb,  W.  McPheeters,  D.D.  Of  these,  nine  were  resi- 
dents of  Raleigh,  ten  of  Orange,  one  of  Fayetteville,  one  of 
Moore  County,  one  of  Franklin,  one  of  Craven,  one  of  Kinston. 
None  except  those  from  Fayetteville,  Moore,  Franklin,  and 
Kinston  lived  more  than  one  day's  distance  from  Raleigh,  and 
they  only  a  two-days'  easy  journey.  It  is  possible  that  Messrs. 
Gaston  and  Henry  were  in  attendance  on  the  Supreme  Court. 
On  motion  of  Mr.  Gaston,  not  then  a  judge,  a  strong  committee, 
Messrs.  Iredell,  Cameron,  Moore,  Henry,  Bryan,  Webb,  Rob- 
ards (State  Treasurer),  and  Waddell,  were  appointed  to  report 
the  debts  and  resources  of  the  University,  and  recommend  a 
plan  of  relief. 


UNIVERSITY    FINANCIAL    CONDITION.  327 

The  Committee,  through  Mr.  Iredell,  reported  the  next  day 
the  following  statement : 

Assets. 

23  .shares  State  Bank  stock  ($2,300)  if  at  par. 

241  shares  Newbern  Bank  stock   ($24,100)   if  at  par. 

Ill   shares  Cape  Fear  Bank  stock    ($11,100)    if  at  par. 

Judgment  in  Wake  County  Court,  $2,805. 

Interest  from  July  1,  1829. 

Bonds  for  lands  sold  in  Tennessee,  comprising  warrants  adjudicated 
in  1820  and  1822,  the  Resolution  warrants,  and  Smith  and  Gerrard  lands. 
The  whole  estimated  in  1820  and  1822,  to  be  worth  $240,642.  Probably 
not  worth  so  much. 

Debts. 

Decree   for   Jacques   le   Gorde,    $1,230.83;    interest   from 

July  1,   1828,  say,  in  all    $1,405.11 

Balance   due   Faculty    1,158. 

Due  State  Bank 17,524.24 

Due  Newbern  Bank   6,978 .  12 

Due   Cape    Fear    Bank 6,396 . 

Due  United  States  Bank   4,057.26 

Total  debts    $37,518 .73 

Average  annual  expenses   $8,200 . 

Tuition  receipts    (82   students) 2,304. 

Deficiency $5,896. 

Average  annual  receipts  from  western  lands  the  last  four  years,  about 
$6,000,  subject  to  large  deductions  for  expenses  of  collection. 

The  Committee  recommended : 

1.  That  the  judgment  in  Wake  Court  be  collected  and  applied  to  the 
Le  Gorde  debt  and  that  to  the  Faculty. 

2.  The  Cape  Fear  Bank  will  accept  their  own  stock  at  80  per  cent.  It 
is  recommended  that  payment  be  made  in  this  manner. 

3.  That  5  shares  of  Cape  Fear  stock  be  sold  at  not  less  than  75  cents 
in  the  dollar  and  proceeds  applied  to  the  U.  S.  Bank  debt. 

4.  That  26  shares  of  State  Bank  stock  be  paid  to  that  Bank  at  75 
cents,  if  they  will  be  received  at  that  price,  which  is  probable. 

5.  That  26  shares  of  Cape  Fear  Bank  stock  be  sold  at  not  less  than 
75  cents  in  the  dollar  and  the  proceeds  paid  to  the  State  Bank. 


328  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

6.  As  the  value  of  Bank  of  Newbern  stock  is  uncertain,  none  should  be 
sold  at  present. 

7.  After  these  payments  the  debts  will  be  as  follows: 

To  the  Bank  of  Newbern    $G,978 .  12 

To  the  U.  S.  Bank,  about   3,G82.26 

To  the  State  Bank   13,849 .  24 

Total $24,509 .  62 

And  the  Trustees  will  have  241  shares  of  Newbern  Bank  stock.  Esti- 
mating this  at  60  cents  in  the  dollar,  its  supposed  value,  the  University 
will  owe  about  $10,000.  Probably  this  might  be  paid  by  receipts  of 
western  lands  in  two  or  three  years,  but  it  is  not  certain  that  the  Banks 
will  wait  so  long.  Besides,  nearly  $6,000  annual  deficiency  in  the  sal- 
aries of  the  Faculty  will  be  due. 

The  Committee  therefore  recommended  that  the  General  As- 
sembly be  memorialized  for  aid  until  the  lands  in  Tennessee 
can  be  sold. 

The  report  was  concurred  in,  and  Messrs.  Ruffin,  Cameron, 
and  Gaston  were  appointed  to  prepare  and  present  the  special 
memorial  to  the  Legislature  as  was  recommended.  It  was 
drawn  by  Chief  Justice  Ruffin,  and,  like  his  writings  generally, 
is  very  thorough,  strong,  and  comprehensive.  It  sketched  the 
action  by  the  Legislature  towards  the  University  from  1789, 
and  showed  that  the  only  grant  then  of  value  that  was  available 
for  its  support  arose  from  the  Tennessee  lands,  which  came 
from  the  escheated  warrants  vested  in  the  institution.  Accord- 
ing to  the  last  report  of  the  agent,  there  were  106,051  acres, 
including  the  20,000  acres  given  by  Governor  Smith  and  about 
9,000  acres  by  Major  Gerrard.  Sales  had  been  made  and  bonds 
taken  to  the  amount  of  $71,081.24.  It  was  deemed  unwise  to 
press  the  sales  of  more  lands  or  the  collection  of  these  bonds  at 
present,  because  of  the  financial  condition  of  the  country,  and 
because  the  lapse  of  time  is  strengthening  the  University  titles, 
which  so  many  are  ready  to  attack  or  weaken  in  courts  and  in 
the  Legislature.  The  value  of  the  unsold  lands  was  estimated 
eight  years  ago  at  $240,642,  but  that  is  probably  high. 

The  actual  cost  of  the  buildings  belonging  to  the  University 
was  $95,537.41,  besides  annual  outlays  for  repairs.  The  Library 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE.  32y 

and  apparatus  cost  about  $10,000,  and  are  still  worth  about  that 
sum.  Part  of  the  debt  arose  from  the  necessity  of  providing 
accommodations  for  the  large  number  of  students,  from  150  to 
200,  whose  health  was  endangered  by  overcrowding.  The 
money  was  borrowed  from  banks  in  which  the  University  cwned 
stock  to  the  amount  of  $37,500,  for  which  par  was  paid.  The 
total  debt  amounted  to  $37,518.73.  We  now  see  that  the  stock 
should  have  been  sold,  instead  of  contracting  loans  on  pledge  of 
the  same,  but  no  one  could  foresee  the  rapid  decline  in  its  mar- 
ket value,  and  in  the  dividends.  The  most  careful  and  astute 
investors,  and  successive  Legislatures,  made  the  same  blunder. 
By  the  sales  of  stock  at  75  and  80  recently  ordered  by  the  Board, 
the  debt  has  been  reduced  to  $20,124.55.  The  Treasurer  has  on 
hand  $3,143.21,  but  of  that.  $2,790  is  payable  to  the  Faculty  for 
their  salaries.  There  remains  241  shares  in  the  Bank  of  New- 
bern,  but  the}'  have  no  market  value,  and  the  bank  is  not  paying 
dividends. 

With  ample  resources  in  prospect,  the  actual  income  is  nearly 
nothing.  The  tuition  fees  have  been  fixed  at  $30  per  annum, 
so  as  to  meet  the  wants  of  people  of  limited  means.  At  the 
enlargement  of  the  institution,  nearly  200  students  paid  an 
amount  sufficient  to  meet  the  annual  expenses.  From  various 
causes,  chiefly  the  general  distress  for  money,  and  the  erection 
of  well-endowed  colleges  and  schools,  the  number  is  diminished 
to  about  80.  The  Faculty  consists  of  a  President  at  a  salary  of 
$1,600,  four  Professors  at  $1,400  each,  and  two  Tutors  at  $400 
each.     The  expenses  may  be  stated  as  follows : 

Salaries  of  the  Faculty    $7,360. 

Secretaries,  Treasurer,  Superintendent   and  incidentals..  840. 

Interest  upon  the  debt   1,207  .  47 

Total    $9,407  .  47 

Deduct   probable  tuition  fees    2,400 . 

Deficit    $7,007.47 

If  the  State  will  assume  the  debt  to  the  banks,  the  deficit  will 
be  $5,800. 

The  Trustees  have  no  means  now  available  for  meeting  this 


33°  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

alarming  deficiency.  It  would  not  comport  with  the  dignity  of 
the  State  to  ask  individuals  to  support  a  public  institution,  nor 
would  such  an  appeal  be  successful.  The  Faculty  cannot  be 
reduced  without  seriously  impairing  the  efficiency  of  the  instruc- 
tion and  the  prestige  of  the  institution.  "By  a  slight  exertion 
of  the  fostering  care  of  the  Legislature,  this  Institution,  de- 
manded as  well  by  the  wishes  as  the  welfare  of  the  people,  may 
be  revived.  In  the  course  of  three  or  four  years  at  the  f  urther- 
est,  the  decision  as  to  its  right  to  escheated  land  in  Tennessee 
will  be  rendered.  If  favorable,  the  prosperity  of  the  University 
will  be  fixed  beyond  the  reach  of  mischance.  If  unfavorable,  it 
must  be,  like  the  colleges  of  some  of  our  sister  States,  wholly 
dependent  on  annual  appropriations,  or  close  its  doors." 

The  memorialists  venture  to  suggest  that  the  General  Assem- 
bly shall  pay  the  debt,  and  in  addition  grant  a  small  appropria- 
tion for  three  or  four  years,  or  else  apply  some  of  the  bank  stock 
owned  by  the  State  to  the  extinction  of  the  debt.  If  neither 
plan  meets  with  favor,  "it  may  then  be  considered,  whether  it  be 
wise  and  politic  that  the  public  should  suffer  its  own  child  and 
favorite  Seminary  to  be  overwhelmed  by  the  interest  accruing 
on  this  large  debt  whilst  a  Literary  Fund  of  a  greater  amount 
is  lying  in  the  vaults  of  the  Treasury,  or  deposited  in  the  banks 
for  their  own  use  and  emolument."  It  is  suggested  that  a  loan, 
without  interest,  be  granted  from  this  Fund,  enough  to  dis- 
charge the  debt,  say  $21,000,  and  in  addition  for  three  or  four 
years  supply  the  deficiency  in  the  annual  receipts  heretofore 
mentioned.  But  the  Trustees  will  be  compelled  to  accept  a 
loan  even  on  the  most  disadvantageous  terms,  as  they  cannot 
meet  the  interest  on  their  debt,  much  less  the  instalments  re- 
quired by  the  Act  of  1829  to  be  paid." 

As  Chief  Justice  Ruffin  was  considered  one  of  the  ablest  law- 
yers, not  only  in  this  State,  but  in  the  Union,  I  give  in  his  own 
language  his  opinion  of  the  value  of  higher  education. 

"Your  memorialists  refrain  from  indulging  in  extended  re- 
flections, though  obviously  growing  out  of  the  occasion,  upon 
the  vast  importance  of  education ;  its  influence  upon  individual 
happiness ;  its  tendency  to  enlighten  and  purify  the  mind ;  to 
chasten  and  correct  the  evil  passions  and  propensities  of  our 


MEMORIAL  TO  LEGISLATURE.  331 

nature,  and  soften  the  affections ;  to  enlarge  the  sphere  of  human 
action  and  promote  enterprise  and  the  arts ;  multiply  useful  men 
and  increase  their  capacity  for  usefulness ;  and  in  a  popular 
government  to  inform  the  community  at  large,  and  dispose  them 
to  cherish,  and  qualify  them  to  defend,  their  free  institutions. 
All  these  considerations  address  themselves  so  powerfully  and 
directly  to  the  understanding,  that  every  man,  and  much  more 
every  member  of  your  honorable  body,  must  estimate  its  im- 
portance highly.  In  North  Carolina  every  person,  who  is  old 
enough  to  remember  when  the  University  was  not,  must  have 
observed,  and  cannot  but  testify  to  the  effects  most  salutary  of 
its  establishment." 

The  memorial  then  shows  that  the  University  had  graduated 
more  than  460  of  her  sons,  and  about  the  same  number  had 
attended  her  instruction  without  waiting  to  obtain  degrees. 
"These  seven  or  eight  hundred  alumni  now  fill  with  honor  to 
themselves  and  to  the  College,  and  with  usefulness  to  their 
country,  most  of  her  posts  of  distinction,  trust,  labor  and  re- 
sponsibility, in  her  Legislatures,  her  Judiciary,  her  professions, 
her  schools,  besides  adding  greatly  to  the  mass  of  general  in- 
formation caught  from  them  in  the  intercourse  of  Society  and 
diffused  through  the  body  of  our  citizens.  Many,  who  have 
sought  employment  and  homes  in  distant  sections  of  the  Usion, 
make  us  favorably  known  in  sister  States,  adorn  our  character 
and  their  own,  and,  cherishing  a  grateful  memory  of  the  land 
of  their  birth,  thank  God,  that  though  they  do  not  live  in  North 
Carolina,  they  were  born  on  her  soil,  and  were  educated  under 
her  patronage." 

Then  follows  a  panegyric  on  the  Professors  and  Tutors. 
"They  are  able  teachers,  discreet  governors,  and  kind  friends  of 
their  pupils."  The  praises  of  Dr.  Caldwell  are  so  peculiarly 
adulatory  as  to  suggest  that,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Chief  Justice, 
the  recently  earned  popularity  of  the  good  Doctor,  on  account  of 
his  Carlton  letters,  falling  in  with  the  general  enthusiasm  for 
building  railroads,  would  win  scores  of  votes  for  the  institution, 
of  which  he  was  well-nigh  the  personification.  After  a  glow- 
ing tribute  to  his  character  and  pre-eminent  services,  his  learn- 


33^  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

ing,  piety,  to  his  qualifications  eminently  suited  and  always  equal 
to  his  responsible  station,  to  his  enthusiasm  for  education,  and 
the  love  and  respect  of  his  pupils,  to  his  repeated  refusals  of 
more  lucrative  positions  elsewhere,  it  is  added,  "The  mind 
revolts  from  the  thought  that  this  venerable  and  venerated 
Apostle  of  Science  and  Virtue,  should  in  the  natural  life  of  his 
frail  body  survive  the  child  of  his  mental  labors  for  thirty- four 
years,  that  he  should  now  be  compelled  to  abandon  the  scenes 
of  his  studies  and  usefulness  through  such  a  long  course  of 
time,  and  seek  another  abode,  after  witnessing  the  downfall  and 
ruin  of  that  institution,  which  has  thus  engaged  his  individual 
attention  and  from  which  he  has  shed  abroad  through  the  land 
the  lights  of  knowledge,  of  science,  social  duty,  public  virtue, 
private  probity,  and  Christian  piety." 

The  memorial  was  adopted,  and  Governor  Owen,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board,  was  requested  to  communicate  it  to  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly.  Messrs.  Cameron,  Henry,  and  Saunders  were 
appointed  to  confer  with  the  Select  Joint  Committee  of  the 
General  Assembly,  with  full  power  to  act  in  place  of  the  Board 
in  -vgard  to  financial  relief. 

I  now  give  the  action  of  the  General  Assembly.  The  part 
of  the  Governor's  message  transmitting  the  memorial  of  the 
Trustees,  was  in  the  Senate  referred  to  a  select  committee,  con- 
sisting of  Senators  Speight,  Askew,  Hill,  Jones,  Ward,  Kerr, 
McKay,  and  Williams  of  Franklin.  This  committee,  on  De- 
cember 24,  1830,  made  its  report,  accompanied  by  a  bill  without 
the  second  provision  hereinafter  recited,  giving  the  Legislature 
full  power  over  the  University  charter,  property  and  instruction. 
That  was  inserted  on  motion  of  James  J.  McKay,  Senator  from 
Bladen,  afterwards  Representative  in  Congress,  a  Jeffersonian 
Democrat,  who  probably  had  constitutional  scruples  about  the 
State's  aiding  any  institution  not  under  its  entire  control.  The 
amendment  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  35  against  26,  those  who 
voted  in  the  negative  being  more  ardent  friends  of  the  Univer- 
sity. The  names  of  these  minority  Senators  were  George  O. 
Askew  of  Bertie,  David  W.  Borden  of  Carteret,  Abraham 
Brower  of  Randolph,  Pinckney  Caldwell  of  Iredell,  Samuel 
Davenport  of  Washington,  John  M.  Dick  of  Guilford,  Edward 


VOTE  ON  STATE  AID.  333 

C.  Graves  of  Sampson,  John  Hill  of  Stokes,  Edmund  Jones  of 
Wilkes,  Jonathan  Lindsay  of  Currituck,  Clement  Marshall  of 
Anson,  Wm.  B.  Meares  of  New  Hanover,  Stephen  Miller  of 
Duplin,  Wm.  Montgomery  of  Orange,  Wm.  D.  Mosely  of 
Lenoir,  Caleb  Perkins  of  Camden,  Joseph  Ramsey  of  Chatham, 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaight  of  Craven,  Gabriel  Sherard  of  Wayne, 
Henry  Skinner  of  Perquimans,  Wm.  M.  Sneed  of  Granville, 
Robert  Vanhook  of  Person,  Edward  W^ard  of  Onslow,  Wm.  P. 
Williams  of  Franklin,  Hillory  Wilder  of  Johnston,  Louis  D. 
Wilson  of  Edgecombe. 

After  the  adoption  of  the  amendment,  the  bill  passed  the 
Senate  by  a  vote  of  40  to  19,  the  peculiar  friends  of  the  Univer- 
sity with  the  majority,  except  Senators  Dick,  Hill,  Lindsay, 
Marshall,  Perkins,  Ramsey,  Sherard,  Skinner,  and  Wilder. 
Meares  was  absent.  Of  those  who  refused  to  accept  the  amend- 
ment, Senators  Dick,  Meares,  Spaight  were  alumni.  One 
alumnus,  Charles  L.  Hinton  of  W'ake,  voted  in  favor  of  the 
amendment.  All  the  Senate  Committee  were  against  it  except 
McKay  of  Bladen  and  James  Kerr  of  Caswell. 

The  bill  passed  the  House  by  70  to  48.  It  is  evident  that  the 
hostility  of  the  Trustees  was  not  foreseen,  because  we  find  with 
the  majority  such  friends  of  the  University  as  Evan  Alexander, 
Daniel  M.  Barringer,  John  Bragg,  Joseph  A.  Hill,  Geo.  C.  Men- 
denhall,  Spencer  O'Brien,  Thomas  McGehee,  Council  Wooten, 
Jonathan  Worth,  John  H.  Wheeler,  Richard  Allison,  Bartlett 
Shipp,  Dr.  Thomas  Hill. 

Thus  in  response  to  the  eloquent,  wise  and  feeling  memorial 
of  the  Trustees,  the  General  Assembly  fed  its  child  with  a  stone 
of  striking  angularity  and  hardness.  The  Literary  Board  was 
required  to  lend  the  University  $25,000  for  five  vears.  with 
interest  from  date,  on  the  following  conditions  : 

First,  that  the  sum  loaned  should  be  a  lien  on  all  the  Univer- 
sity property,  real  and  personal,  in  possession  and  to  be  ac- 
quired. The  Trustees  should  signify  in  writing  their  assent 
to  this  lien. 

Second,  the  Trustees  must  agree  that  the  Legislature  might 
thereafter  modify  or  alter  the  charter  of  the  institution,  so  as  to 
assume  to  the  State  its  management,  and  the  possession  and 
disposition  of  all  property,  real  and  personal. 


334  THJ5   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Third,  the  Trustees  must  discharge  all  debts  having  a  lien  on 
University  property  out  of  the  proceeds  of  this  loan. 

At  that  time  it  was  thought  that  the  University  was  pro- 
tected by  the  decision  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in 
Dartmouth  College  vs.  Woodward,  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  Legislature  without  the  consent  of  the  Trustees.  At  this 
day,  however,  under  the  State's  constitutions  of  1868  and  1876, 
and  the  decisions  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States  and 
of  this  State  in  analogous  cases,  it  is  settled  that  the  Univer- 
sity is  a  State  institution  under  legislative  control.  The  Trus- 
tees of  1 83 1,  indignant  at  being  called  on  to  turn  over  the 
University  to  the  Legislature,  and  encouraged  by  a  prospective 
remittance  of  $7,500  from  Tennessee,  unanimously  rejected  the 
loan.  For  immediate  needs  they  borrowed  $4,000  from  the 
Branch  Bank  of  the  United  States  at  Fayetteville. 

Such  was  the  pressure  of  the  debt,  that  Col.  Polk  and  Messrs. 
James  Mebane  and  James  Webb,  were  appointed  a  committee 
to  offer  for  sale  the  unimproved  lands  of  the  University  around 
Chapel  Hill.  If  this  had  been  done  we  would  now  have  blasted 
rocky  old  fields  in  the  place  of  our  beautiful  forest — with  all 
the  purchase-money  gone.  A  small  sum  was  realized  by  the  sale 
of  the  Preparatory  School  Acre.  The  school  had  been  closed 
for  over  ten  years. 

An  abortive  effort  was  made  to  obtain  funds  by  subscription 
for  finishing  the  new  Chapel,  begun  years  before.  A  committee 
was  raised,  but  no  funds. 

The  Observatory. 

President  Caldwell  had  always  been  fond  of  the  Science  of 
Astronomy.  It  was  on  this  account  that,  in  1813,  as  I  have 
shown,  he  was  called  on  to  be  the  scientific  expert  on  the  part 
of  North  Carolina  in  running  the  South  Carolina  boundary 
line.  He  built  on  the  top  of  his  dwelling  a  platform,  on  which 
he  would  take  the  Seniors  in  squads  of  three  and  four,  and 
point  out  to  them  the  heavenly  bodies.  He  erected  in  his  gar- 
den a  sun  dial,  which  stood  until  the  invasion  of  the  Federal 
cavalry.  He  also  built  two  pillars,  still  standing,  covered  with 
vines,  their  eastern  and  western  faces  accurately  showing  the 
true  North  and  south  line  in  his  day. 


OBSERVATORY.  335 

In  1830  he  determined  to  erect  a  building  in  which  he  could 
use  the  astronomical  instruments  bought  by  him  in  London. 
It  was  finished  in  1831,  and  he  is  thus  entitled  to  the  credit  of 
inaugurating  the  first  observatory  connected  with  an  institution 
of  learning  in  America,  that  of  Professor  Hopkins  at  Williams 
College  being  in  1836.  Dr.  Caldwell's  building  was  on  the 
highest  summit  of  a  hill  north  of  the  Raleigh  road,  near  the 
village  graveyard.  The  structure  was  about  twenty  feet  square, 
without  a  portico  or  entry  hall,  and  with  a  window  in  each  of 
its  eastern  and  western  faces.  Through  the  center  was  a  pillar 
of  masonry  on  its  own  foundation,  and  on  a  circular  disk  on  the 
top  was  the  Altitude  and  Azimuth  instrument.  A  slit  through 
the  northern  and  southern  faces  and  through  the  flat  top  afforded 
a  range  of  180  degrees  for  the  Transit.  The  Altitude  and 
Azimuth  Telescope  stood  on  a  circular  disk  of  sandstone,  which 
capped  the  pillar.  It  was  protected  from  the  weather  by  a 
wooden  structure,  drawn  backwards  and  forwards  on  a  railway 
by  a  windlass  and  rope.  The  adjacent  trees  were  felled  so  as  to 
command  a  view  of  the  horizon.  The  instruments  used  were  a 
Meridian  Transit  Telescope,  made  by  Simms  of  London,  an 
Altitude  and  Azimuth  Telescope,  also  by  Simms.  a  Telescope 
for  observations  on  the  earth  and  sky.  Dolland  of  London,  an 
Astronomical  clock,  with  a  Mercurial  Pendulum,  by  Molineux. 
Besides  these,  which  were  stationary,  there  were  a  sextant,  by 
Wilkinson  of  London,  a  portable  Reflecting  Circle,  by  Harris  of 
London,  and  a  Hadley's  quadrant.  With  the  Astronomical 
clock  and  the  Transit,  President  Caldwell,  assisted  by  Profes- 
sors Mitchell  and  Phillips,  obtained  the  longitude  and  latitude 
of  the  South  Building,  79°  17'  W.  and  350  54'  21"  N.  This 
calculation  was  made  in  the  mathematical  room  in  the  South 
Building  in  the  second  story  opposite  the  well. 

Observations  were  made  by  President  Caldwell  and  Dr. 
Mitchell  and  the  older  Dr.  Phillips  for  the  longitude  and  lati- 
tude of  various  places,  on  Eclipses  and  on  Comets  and  other 
celestial  phenomena.     These  observations  have  been  lost. 

This  institution  had  a  short  life.  The  building  was  of  bad 
materials  and  fell  rapidly  to  decay.  After  the  death  of  Dr. 
Caldwell  it  became  necessarv  to  remove  the  instruments.     In 


336  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

1838  the  building  was  destroyed  by  fire,  tradition  says,  kindled 
by  a  student.  The  sound  bricks  were  used  to  build  a  kitchen 
for  President  Swain  on  the  lot  next  to  the  Episcopal  Church. 
The  site  of  the  old  Observatory  is  easily  recognized  by  the 
fragmentary  bats  and  the  cedars  clustering  around  the  shrunken 
basement. 

President  Caldwell,  while  he  was  averse  to  debt  and  kept  free 
from  it,  had  no  propensity  to  accumulate  money.  He  built  the 
Observatory  out  of  his  own  funds,  at  a  cost  of  $430,291.  The 
Trustees,  however,  reimbursed  him  a  few  days  before  his  death. 
After  removal  from  the  Observatory,  most  of  the  instruments 
were  for  years  unused.  Dr.  James  Phillips  and  his  son,  Dr. 
Charles,  thought  that  the  interior  of  the  dust-covered  telescope 
was  a  safe  place  for  hiding  valuables  from  the  incoming  Federal 
soldiers.  They  accordingly  deposited  their  watches  within  its 
r^  recesses.     They  underestimated  the  keen-eyed  seekers  for  hid- 

den treasures.  But  the  commanding  officer  was  in  love  with 
the  President's  daughter,  and  forced  the  lucky  finders  to  dis- 
gorge. 

Mrs.  Royali.. 

In  this  period  an  American  woman,  said  to  have  lived  among 
the  Indians  as  a  captive,  coarse  and  ignorant,  Mrs.  Anne  Royali 
by  name,  was  the  authoress  of  "Sketches  of  History,  Life.  Man- 
ners, in  the  United  States,  by  a  Traveller."  In  1830  was  pub- 
lished her  "Southern  Tour,  or  Second  Series  of  the  Black 
Book."  She  visited  Chapel  Hill  the  preceding  year  and  evi- 
dently was  avoided  by  the  Faculty  ladies,  as  her  pen  was  dipped 
into  gall  when  she  wrote  of  her  visit.  Her  first  impression  was 
unpleasant,  as  the  inn  keeper's  lady  met  her  with  the  question, 
"have  you  no  man  with  you?"  The  Univeristy.  she  said,  was 
in  a  most  delightful  situation,  sitting  upon  an  eminence,  in  the 
midst  of  a  handsome  grove,  but,  to  the  disgrace  of  the  State,  is 
under  the  influence  of  a  woman,  the  President's  wife.  She  is 
ruled  by  priests,  the  priests  are  ruled  by  money,  and  she  rules 
the  University.  The  institution,  which  cost  so  much  money,  is 
under  the  dominion  of  "these  she  wild  cats,  a  Priest  loving 
woman,  fleecing  the  last  cent  of  pocket  money  from  the  innocent, 
unsuspecting  young  men.     Meantime  they  are  ruled  by  a  rod  of 


MRS.    ROYALL.  337 

iron  by  this  she  wolf.  Not  a  step  dare  the  hen-pecked  Presi- 
dent take  without  apprising  this  tyrannical  woman.*'  As  Mrs. 
Royall  was  leaving"  Chapel  Hill,  a  tall,  genteel  young  man 
stepped  into  the  stage.  He  had  been  dismissed,  she  said,  for 
''smiling  in  church."  The  students,  fine,  manly  looking  young 
men,  came  to  take  leave  of  the  dismissed  man.  In  the  opinion 
of  Mrs.  Royall,  he  deserved  a  statue,  and  "so  would  any  man 
who  would  raise  his  voice  against  such  hypocrites  and  besotted 
fools."  "This  young  gentleman  possessed  more  virtue  and 
honor  than  the  whole  posse  of  the  Faculty,  with  Madam  Presi- 
dent to  boot." 

The  truth  is,  that  the  student  was  dismissed  for  bad  behaviour 
at  the  preaching  in  the  village  chapel  on  Sunday  night,  before 
the  arrival  of  the  preacher.  There  was  much  noise,  vocifera- 
tion, laughter,  and  tumult.  "The  house  was  turned  into  a  scene 
of  wild  riot."  After  the  arrival  of  a  member  of  the  Faculty,  he 
persisted  in  ill-behaviour,  conspicuously  disregarding  the  order 
of  the  place,  was  directed  to  leave  the  house,  but  refused  to  obey. 
On  the  next  morning  at  Prayers  he  interrupted  the  prayer  by 
scraping  with  his  feet.  He  had  repeatedly  been  guilty  of  dis- 
order, and  had  incurred  the  censure  of  the  Faculty. 

Mrs.  Royall  was  either  a  malicious,  untruthful  woman,  or 
demented.  Mrs.  Caldwell  was  a  woman  of  talent,  of  polished 
manners,  and  excellent  heart.  She  naturally  dominated  and 
gave  tone  to  the  village  society,  but  her  husband  was  distin- 
guished for  his  independence  of  character  and  inflexible  will. 
Neither  she  nor  any  other  human  influence  could  dominate  or 
lead  him.  I  quote  from  the  bitterness  of  the  slighted  vanity  of 
Mrs.  Royall,  because,  although  long  ago  consigned  to  oblivion, 
her  book  was  once  the  theme  of  amused  conversation.  Her 
vitriolic  satire  on  Chapel  Hill  ladies  is  really  a  high  tribute  to 
their  conservative  feminine  virtues.  Notoriety-seeking,  "man- 
nish" females  could  get  no  countenance  from  them. 

After  leaving  North  Carolina,  Mrs.  Royall  sojourned  in 
Washington  City,  where  she  engaged  in  writing  vituperative 
books  and  edited  a  "Paul  Pry"  newspaper,  so  full  of  scandal 
that  she  was  arraigned  and  convicted  of  the  crime  of  being  a 
common  scold — "communis  rixatrix."     She  was  sentenced  to 

22 


33<^  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

the  old  common  law  punishment  of  being-  ducked  in  the  Poto- 
mac, but,  modern  ideas  being  against  the  infliction  of  this  primi- 
tive rough  penalty  on  a  woman,  the  Court  was  induced  to  sub- 
stitute a  pecuniary  fine. 

At  the  Commencement  of  183 1,  the  Freshman  competitors 
were  Julius  C.  S.  Bracken,  of  Caswell  County;  Thomas  Pollock 
Burgwyn,  of  Craven  County;  William  H.  R.  Wood,  of  Ala- 
bama ;  Thomas  G.  Haughton,  of  Edenton ;  Pleasant  Buchanan, 
of  Alabama;  James  B.  Shepard,  of  Craven;  John  Gray  Bynum, 
of  Stokes  County;  Addi  Edwin  Donnel  Thorn,  of  Greensboro. 

For  Tuesday  evening  the  Declaimers  were  James  N.  Neal, 
of  Chatham ;  William  H.  Owen,  of  Oxford ;  William  N.  Me- 
bane,  Greensboro ;  Julian  E.  Sawyer,  Elizabeth  City ;  Thomas 
L.  Clingman,  of  Surry  County ;  Thomas  W.  Harris,  of  Halifax ; 
John  H.  Haughton,  of  Tyrrell  County;  James  R.  Holt,  of 
Orange. 

Of  the  Class  of  1831,  numbering  15,  the  best  in  scholarship 
was  John  DeBerniere  Hooper,  who  spoke  the  Latin.  The 
Valedictory  was  the  next  highest,  by  Calvin  Jones,  of  Tennes- 
see. Next  to  him  was  Jacob  Thompson.  His  subject  was,  "In- 
ducements to  the  men  of  talents  to  improve  their  powers." 
Then  was  Lemuel  B.  Powell,  who  spoke  on  "National  Pride"; 
then  Giles  Mebane,  on  the  Most  Effectual  Means  of  Promoting 
National  Wealth,  and  Thomas  J.  Pitchford,  on  the  Advantages 
Derived  from  the  Study  of  Natural  History.  Then  came  John 
L.  Hargrove,  on  the  Influence  of  America  on  the  Future  of 
Europe ;  James  O.  Stedman,  on  Christianity  as  a  Civilizer ;  John 
H.  Haughton,  on  Christianity  and  Civil  Liberty;  Thomas  F. 
Jones,  on  the  Intellect  of  the  North  American  Indians ;  Samuel 
B.  Stephens,  on  the  Fine  Arts ;  and  Thomas  P.  Armstrong,  on 
the  great  question,  "Ought  the  Legislature  to  Provide  for  Public 
Liberal  Education?";  Samuel  S.  Biddle,  on  the  effect  of  multi- 
plying Colleges  on  Education;  Michael  W.  Holt,  on  the  Com- 
munity of  Interests  between  North  and  South  American  Re- 
publics. After  this,  the  following  subjects  were  debated:  "Is 
the  Salic  law  correct  in  principle  and  practice?",  by  Charles  C. 
Wilson  and  Thomas  W.  Harris ;  "Are  Honorary  Distinctions  in 
College  expedient?",  by  Stephen  S.  Sorsby  and  Thomas  E.  Tay- 


INSTITUTE  OT  EDUCATION.  339 

lor;  "Is  the  character  of  the  Athenians  or  Spartans  more 
worthy  of  admiration?",  by  George  Hairston  and  Thomas  E. 
Taylor;  "Can  a  Christian  properly  become  a  Soldier  by  pro- 
fession?", by  Thomas  W.  Harris  and  Rufus  M.  Roseborough; 
"Would  it  be  expedient  for  the  United  States  to  employ  Ex- 
ploring Expeditions  for  the  advancement  of  Science?",  by 
Thomas  B.  Hill  and  Richard  H.  Smith;  "Is  National  Calumny 
properly  an  Occasion  of  War  by  the  Law  of  Nations?",  Cadwal- 
lader  Jones,  Stephen  S.  Sorsby  and  Samuel  A.  Williams. 

These  are  the  most  pretentious  Commencement  Day  exercises 
on  record.  All  had  places  on  the  programme  except  Doak  and 
Grant,  probably  absent.     Some  spoke  twice,  as  seen  above. 

The  honor  men  did  well  in  after  life.  Hooper  was  Tutor  and 
then  Professor  successively  of  Latin,  of  Modern  Languages, 
and  of  Greek  and  French  in  the  University.  Jones  was  a  Pro- 
fessor in  the  University  of  Alabama  and  Chancellor  of  West 
Tennessee.  Thompson  was  Tutor,  lawyer.  Congressman  from 
Mississippi,  Governor,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Inspector-Gen- 
eral of  the  Confederate  States.  Powell  was  a  physician  of  repu- 
tation. Giles  Mebane  was  an  able  and  upright  member  of  the 
Legislature,  President  of  the  Senate ;  Thomas  J.  Pitchford  a 
prominent  physician  and  State  Senator. 

Among  other  strong  men  was  James  Grant,  a  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Iowa  and  a  benefactor  of  the  University. 

The  only  honorary  degree  was  that  of  Master  of  Arts,  con- 
ferred on  John  Tate,  of  North  Carolina. 

The  Oration  before  the  two  Societies  was  delivered  by  Rev. 
Wm.  Mercer  Green,  Rector  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Hills- 
born,  of  the  Dialectic  Society,  a  graduate  of  1818. 

North  Carolina  Institute;  of  Education. 

During  the  week,  on  the  22cl  of  June,  1831,  an  organization 
was  made  of  the  friends  of  education  into  an  association  called 
"The  North  Carolina  Institute  of  Education."  A  constitution 
and  by-laws  were  adopted  on  motion  of  Benjamin  M.  Smith  of 
Milton,  who  explained  the  objects  of  the  Association  in  a  highly 
interesting  and  appropriate  address.  Doctor  Simmons  J.  Baker, 
of  Martin,  was  unanimously  elected  President,  and  Wm.  Mc- 


34-0  THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Pheeters,  D.D.,  of  Raleigh,  Rev.  Wm,  M.  Green,  and  Hon. 
Frederick  Nash,  of  Hillsboro,  Vice-Presidents.  Dr.  Walter  A. 
Norwood,  of  Hillsboro,  was  Recording  Secretary,  and  Mr.  Wm. 
J.  Bingham,  Corresponding  Secretary.  The  Executive  Com- 
mittee were  Professors  Mitchell,  Wm.  Hooper,  and  James 
Phillips  of  the  University.  The  Committee  met  and  elected 
Hon.  Alfred  Moore,  of  Orange,  Orator  for  1832. 

Lectures  were  appointed  to  be  given  at  the  Commencement 
of  1832,  as  follows:  On  Imperfections  in  "Teaching  in  Primary 
Schools,"  by  Prof.  Wm.  Hooper;  on  "Elocution,  with  Particu- 
lar Reference  to  Reading,"  by  H.  S.  Ellenwood,  of  Hillsboro ; 
on  "Lyceums  and  Similar  Institutions,"  by  James  D.  Johnson, 
of  Oxford.  The  subject  selected  for  discussion  was,  "The  Pe- 
riod Necessary  for  Preparing  for  College." 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  was  directed  to  obtain  for  the 
Institute  the  "Annals  of  Education,"  and  five  copies  of  the 
"Educational  Reporter,"  afterwards  reduced  to  one  copy. 

Temperance  Society — Dr.  Mitchell's  Address. 

In  the  summer  of  1829,  some  of  the  students  formed  them- 
selves into  a  Temperance  Society.  It  had  a  marked  effect  in 
causing  a  decline  in  the  drinking  of  spirituous  liquors.  In 
1 83 1,  Professor  Mitchell  delivered  a  very  able  discourse  before 
the  University  at  the  request  of  the  Society.  It  was  printed, 
and  the  strength  of  his  argument  and  the  excellence  of  the  style 
extended  the  reputation  of  the  speaker.  By  the  kindness  of  a 
friend,  I  have  a  copy,  and  quote  a  few  sentences  which  vividly 
portray  the  downward  career  of  the  drunkard. 

"It  seems  hardly  necessary  to  state  in  detail  how  fatal  are 
habits  of  Intemperance  to  the  poor  wretch  who  has  become  their 
victim.  Standing  perhaps  high  in  the  society  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  he  finds  the  respect  with  which  an  antecedent  life  of 
virtue,  temperance,  and  integrity  have  been  rewarded,  passing 
silently  away,  like  the  snows  of  spring  beneath  the  influence  of 
the  sun.  The  old,  whose  conduct  used  to  show  how  highly 
they  prized  his  friendship,  and  the  young,  who  were  once  so 
eager  to  exhibit  evidence  of  their  esteem  and  regard,  now  pass 


WOES  OF  A  DRUNKARD.  34I 

him  by  without  more  than  a  cold  and  distant  salutation.  His 
opinions  no  longer  have  the  same  weight  in  cases  of  doubt  and 
perplexity.  His  neighbors  think  that  a  cloud  has  settled  down 
upon  his  judgment,  and  darkened  that  mental  eye  once  so  clear 
and  keen.  *  *  *  His  affairs  are  involved  in  confusion  and 
disorder,  and  either  his  schemes  are  not  laid  with  his  usual 
sagacity,  or  the  turns  of  accident  or  misfortune  are  very  much 
against  him.  He  finds  that  he  has  lost  a  portion  of  his  power 
for  both  physical  and  mental  exertion.  His  family  appear 
melancholy  and  dejected,  and  it  is  in  vain  that  he  wakes  up  all 
his  wit  and  tries  to  revive  their  drooping  spirit.  They  used  to 
meet  him  when  he  returned  from  a  distance  with  countenances 
lighted  up  with  smiles  and  welcome  home  the  protector,  hus- 
band, friend,  and  father.  But  the  time  comes  at  length  when 
his  wife  and  children  no  longer  rejoice  at  his  return,  but.  as  he 
approaches  they  stand  silent ;  their  hearts  wrung  with  unuttered 
sorrow,  and  turn  away  their  eyes  and  refuse  to  look  upon  the 
ruin  and  degradation  of  what  was  once  so  venerable  and  lovely. 
Oh,  if  there  be  one  thing  beneath  the  circuit  of  the  sky,  of  which 
there  is  any  hope  that  it  will  awaken  the  strong  feelings  of 
nature  that  are  either  asleep  or  dead  within  him,  and  rouse  him 
to  one  last  despairing  effort  to  shake  off  his  chains  and  regain 
his  freedom,  it  is  that  distress  of  his  family.  But  often,  as  we 
know,  even  that  is  unavailing.  The  voice  of  the  strong  appe- 
tite he  has  created  is  stronger  than  the  voice  of  nature,  and  the 
mansion  that  has  hitherto  been  the  abode  of  love  and  peace, 
becomes  the  very  scene  of  his  excesses,  and  when  his  brain  is 
heated  to  frenzy,  the  arm  of  violence  is  perhaps  raised  against  a 
woman — the  wife  of  his  bosom,  or  against  those  children,  who 
should  be  the  object  of  his  tenderest  love.  But  why  pursue 
the  melancholy  story,  the  particulars  of  which,  from  the  unhappy 
frequency  of  their  occurrence,  are  but  too  well  known  to  us  all? 
Why  speak  of  the  ruin  of  his  credit,  the  wasting  of  his  prop- 
erty, the  quarrels  (with  his  best  friends,  too.)  into  which  he  is 
betrayed,  when  petulant  and  ill-natured  through  the  effect  of 
intoxication  ?  His  friends  deriving  no  pleasure  from  his  so- 
cietv,  at  length  forsake  him.  His  estate  is  squandered,  and  his 
children    (because  the  wealth  that  should  have  come  down  to 


342  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

them  from  their  ancestors,  is  intercepted  in  its  descent  by  the 
author  of  their  being,  whom  the  law  of  nature  that  binds  even 
the  brute  creation,  required  to  be  their  friend  and  protector), 
are  driven  away  to  seek  their  fortune  in  some  foreign  land  or 
distant  shore. 

"The  poor  wretch  himself  feels  at  length  the  access  of  those 
diseases,  of  which  he  has  so  long  been  sowing  the  seeds.  The 
poison  he  has  for  years  been  taking  into  his  system  operates 
decisively.  He  sinks  beneath  a  complicated  load  of  disorders 
and  infirmities — shall  I  say  into  a  late  or  an  early  grave?  An 
early  grave,  inasmuch  as  he  has  but  just  reached  the  age  when 
the  sober  and  temperate  part  of  mankind  are  in  their  prime — a 
late  one  also,  for  he  has  long  since  ceased  to  be  useful  in  the 
world,  and  ceased  therefore  to  execute  the  office  for  which  God 
created  him,  and  for  which  his  life  was  prolonged  from  day  to 
day." 

"If  the  youth  of  a  country  be  neglected,  no  matter  what  may 
be  its  physical  advantages,  or  the  form  of  its  government,  its 
soil  may  be  fertile  as  the  border  of  the  Nile,  its  government 
monarchical,  aristocratical,  or  democratical,  as  you  choose,  that 
country,  taken  as  a  whole,  will  be  poor  and  wretched.  *  *  * 
We  may  borrow  the  pen  of  Draco,  and  write  the  statute  book 
from  end  to  end  in  letters  of  blood ;  we  may  crown  the  summit 
of  every  mountain  and  hill  with  a  gibbet  and  a  prison — amidst 
all  that  apparatus  of  law  and  justice,  vice  will  present  herself 
with  a  bold  and  unblushing  countenance  in  the  most  public 
places,  and  laugh  the  lawgiver  and  judge  to  scorn." 

"The  moral  and  religious  education  of  the  children  of  the 
drunkard  must  be  miserably  neglected.  How  will  he  dare  to 
assemble  his  children  about  him  to  unfold  and  explain  to  them 
the  distinctions  between  good  and  evil,  vice  and  virtue,  with 
their  eternal  sanctions — recommend  the  one  and  warn  them  to 
avoid  the  other — he  whose  conduct  is  an  open  violation  of  the 
laws  and  morality  and  religion  every  day  he  lives?" 

"The  mind  in  ancient  days  did  not  demand  the  application  of 
stimulants  more  than  the  body.  The  orators  of  Greece  and 
Rome  needed  not  those  aids  to  eloquence,  which  our  modern 
statesmen  and  declaimers  employ.  To  the  poet,  the  fervor  of 
his  own  bosom — to  the  philosopher  the  regular  and  natural  op- 


THE    DROMGOOLE;    MYTH.  343 

eration  of  his  own  vigorous  and  unclouded  mind,  were  fully 
sufficient  for  the  production  of  those  masterpieces  of  taste  and 
wisdom  which  have  been  the  admiration  of  every  following  age. 
The  lips  of  Moses,  the  Jewish  lawgiver — of  David,  the  sweet 
singer  of  Israel — of  the  holy  and  sublime  Isaiah — of  the  Re- 
deemer of  mankind,  were  never  polluted  by  the  products  of 
distillation." 

These  extracts  are  given  because  Professor  Mitchell  is  known 
to  have  been  a  many-sided  man  in  science,  but  it  is  less  known 
that  he  possessed  no  little  literary  ability.  As  said  elsewhere, 
his  reputation  as  a  writer  of  sermons  and  addresses  was  ob- 
scured by  his  monotonous  and  awkward  delivery.  It  is  worthy 
of  notice  that  he  believed  that  the  ancients  did  not  use — did  not 
know  how  to  make — distilled  spirits,  that  the  "strong  drinks" 
mentioned  in  the  Bible,  meant  the  products  of  simple  fermen- 
tation from  honey,  grain  and  substances  other  than  grapes,  and 
neither  "wine"  nor  strong  drink  were  much  stronger  than 
cider  or  ale.  He  states  that  our  whiskey,  brandy  and  other 
liquors  did  not  influence  the  morals  and  happiness  of  man- 
kind earlier  than  the  end  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  of  England. 

The;  Dromgoole;  Myth. 

There  is  a  notable  tradition  dating  from  this  year.  Peter 
Dromgoole  of  Virginia  came  to  enter  the  University  in  1831. 
He  was  fond  of  card-playing  and  of  wild  company.  He  was 
not  a  matriculate.  He  took  offence  at  a  remark  of  one  of  the 
professors  and  refused  to  submit  to  further  examination.  After 
a  few  days  he  disappeared  and  was  never  heard  of  afterwards. 
A  story  was  started  that  he  was  killed  in  a  duel  and  his  body 
carefully  concealed.  His  uncle,  Hon.  George  C.  Dromgoole, 
one  of  our  alumni,  an  able  lawyer,  came  to  Chapel  Hill  and  for 
weeks  investigated  the  case.  It  is  said  that  he  was  satisfied 
that  there  was  no  truth  in  the  rumor.  The  room-mate  of  Peter, 
a  very  reputable  man,  Mr.  John  Buxton  Williams,  of  Warren 
County,  in  a  letter  to  the  press,  stated  that  he  never  heard  of 
Peter's  getting  into  a  quarrel,  and  that  he  started  from  Chapel 
Hill  in  a  public  stage.  I  conclude  that  he  was  ashamed  to  go 
home,  journeyed  to  what  was  then  the  turbulent  Southwest,  and 


344  THE   UNIVERSITY   UI'    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

was  killed  in  a  brawl  or  assassinated.  A  modern  tradition 
originating  within  my  knowledge  places  the  scene  of  his  fatal 
duel  on  Piney  Prospect,  and  asserts  that  he  was  buried  under 
a  rounded  rock  on  its  summit.  Certain  stains  of  iron  in  the 
rock  are  pointed  out  as  drops  of  his  blood,  and  a  still  later 
story  is  that  his  sweetheart,  Miss  Fanny,  hurried  to  stop  the 
combat,  arrived  too  late,  went  into  rapid  loss  of  reason  and 
health,  and  was  buried  by  his  side.  The  spring  at  the  base  of 
the  hill,  where  the  lovers  are  said  to  have  sat  and  cooed,  bears 
the  name  of  Miss  Fanny's  Spring.  This  last  story  is  embodied 
in  a  short  poem  of  merit  by  Mr.  L.  B.  Hamberlin,  an  Instructor 
of  Expression  in  this  University,  and  that  of  Texas,  and  pub- 
lished in  our  University  Magazine  of  1892. 

The  persistency  of  belief  in  student  circles  in  the  Dromgoole 
legend  and  its  accretions  throws  light  on  the  growth  of  similar 
legends  elsewhere  and  in  the  times  of  old.  It  doubtless  sug- 
gested to  Edwin  Fuller  in  his  novel  of  Sea-Gift  to  create  a 
fatal  duel  in  which  De  Vare  was  killed.  Some  credulous  young 
people  unblushingly  avow  their  belief  that  the  rains  and  snows 
of  three-quarters  of  a  century  have  not  washed  out  Dromgoole's 
blood  spots  on  a  rounded  granite  rock. 

Gaston's  Address. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1832  the  address  before  the  two 
Societies  was  delivered  by  Hon.  William  Gaston,  chosen  by  the 
Philanthropic  Society.  It  met  with  public  favor  to  a  most  ex- 
traordinary degree.  It  ran  through  four  editions,  the  first  of 
5,000,  published  by  the  Philanthropic  Society,  a  second  shortly 
aftenvards  by  LaGrange  College,  Alabama,  a  third  by  Mr. 
Thomas  W.  Whyte  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  with  a  strong  com- 
mendation by  Chief  Justice  Marshall.  It  was  also  published  in 
part  in  various  periodicals  and  entire  in  the  North  Carolina 
University  Magazine  of  1844.  To  satisfy  the  popular  demand, 
the  two  Societies  in  1849  jointly  issued  a  new  edition. 

It  is  remarkable  that  when  the  public  mind  was  inflamed  pecu- 
liarly on  account  of  the  bloody  insurrection  of  Nat  Turner  in  the 
preceding  year  the  orator  should  have  frankly  avowed  himself 
an  advocate  of  the  ultimate  abolition  of  slavery,  and  that  the 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1832.  345 

audience  cheered  the  utterance.  "Disguise  the  truth  as  we 
may,"  he  said,  "and  throw  the  blame  where  we  will,  it  is  Slav- 
ery which,  more  than  any  other  cause,  keeps  us  back  in  the 
career  of  improvement.  It  stifles  industry  and  represses  en- 
terprise— it  is  fatal  to  economy  and  providence — it  discourages 
skill — it  impairs  our  strength  as  a  community,  and  poisons 
morals  at  the  fountain  head."  This  bold  language  did  not 
weaken  his  standing  in  the  State.  Six  months  afterwards, 
although  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  Constitution  contained  a 
clause  inhibiting  men  of  that  faith  from  holding  office,  he  was, 
by  the  General  Assembly,  elected  a  Supreme  Court  Judge.  He 
accepted  the  office,  being  persuaded  that  the  clause  was  con- 
trary to  the  Declaration  of  Rights  and  therefore  void.  One 
cause  of  the  popularity  of  the  address  was  the  eloquent  dentin-  * 
ciation  of  Disunion  and  praise  of  the  Constitution,  at  a  time 
when  South  Carolina  threatened  Nullification  and  many  openly 
advocated  Secession. 

The  Graduating  Class  had  36  members  and  was  notable  for 
merit.  The  honors  were  as  follows :  The  best,  Thomas  L. 
Clingman,  who  had  the  Latin  Salutatory.  Next,  John  Hay- 
wood Parker,  who  had  the  Valedictory.  Thomas  S.  Ashe, 
speaking  on  the  Application  of  Steam  to  the  Arts,  being  third, 
and  James  C.  Dobbin,  on  Mental  Philosophy,  being  fourth. 

As  a  rule,  the  members  were  successful  in  after  life.  Of  the 
honor  men,  Clingman  was  a  Representative  in  Congress,  and  a 
Senator,  also  prominent  in  State  legislation.  He  was,  more- 
over, a  Brigadier  General  of  the  Confederate  States.  Parker 
was  an  Episcopal  clergyman  of  power;  Ashe  was  a  Senator 
of  the  Confederate  States  and  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
this  State.  Dobbin  was  an  able  member  of  the  State  Legisla- 
ture and  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  To  this  class  belonged  Rich- 
ard H.  Smith,  a  sound  lawyer,  wise  member  of  the  Legislature, 
and  Delegate  to  the  General  Conventions  of  the  Episcopal 
Church ;  Cadwallader  Jones,  Solicitor  for  his  Circuit  and  Colo- 
nel in  the  Confederate  army,  and  John  H.  Haughton,  a  very  able 
lawyer,  and  efficient  in  the  General  Assembly  in  shaping  the 
legislation  of  the  State. 

Among  the  non-graduates  was  the  eminent  physician.  Wm.  F. 


346  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Strudwick,  of  Hillsboro.  Of  the  matriculates  of  1832,  Charles 
G.  Nelms,  of  Anson  County,  after  reaching  the  rank  of  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel lost  his  life  in  the  Civil  War. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  granted  to  Rev. 
Jarvis  Barry  Buxton,  Rector  of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Fay- 
etteville,  and  Rev.  Samuel  Lyle  Graham,  of  Virginia. 

The  second  meeting  of  the  North  Carolina  Institute  of  Edu- 
cation was  on  June  19,  1832.  Mr.  Alfred  Moore  delivered  the 
Annual  Address  according  to  appointment.  Rev.  Dr.  Wm. 
McPheeters  and  Messrs.  Wm.  Hooper  and  Wm.  J.  Bingham 
were  appointed  a  Committee  to  report  on  questions  and  sub- 
jects for  the  next  Commencement.  Mr.  James  Grant,  after- 
wards Judge  Grant  of  Iowa,  moved  that  a  Committee  be  ap- 
pointed to  memorialize  the  Legislature  on  the  subject  of  Popu- 
lar Education.  The  motion  was  carried,  and  Wm.  Gaston, 
Frederick  Nash  and  David  L.  Swain  were  appointed. 

The  Institute  adjourned  until  3  o'clock,  at  which  time  wa^ 
heard  the  lecture  on  Primary  Schools  by  Prof.  Wm.  Hooper. 
It  met  with  such  favor  that  it  was  published  in  pamphlet  form. 
He  began  by  stating  that  good  schools  cannot  abound  in  com- 
munities where  all  are  engaged  in  clearing  and  subduing  new 
lands.  Then  his  first  point  was  that  the  imperfections  of  our 
schools  were  due  to  the  circumstances  of  our  youth,  raised  amid 
active  toil  and  hunting  and  fishing,  and  the  slack  discipline  of 
parents.  He  was  noted  for  his  numerous  illustrations.  I  give 
a  sentence  or  two  as  showing  this,  and  also  the  nicety  of  his 
scholarship.  "Will  it  be  wonderful  if  a  youth  sent  from  do- 
mestic indulgences,  should  find  school  ungrateful  and  accuse 
his  teachers  of  being  cruel,  that  he  should  recite  with  mournful 
recollections,  and  still  sadder  forebodings,  that  awful  Greek 
verb,  tupto,  to  beat,  particularly  in  the  passive  voice,  tuptomai, 
I  am  under  beating  now;  etuptomen,  I  was  under  beating  a 
little  while  ago,  and  then  the  dismal  future,  tuphthesomai,  I 
shall  be  beaten — but  above  all  the  tenses  (denoting  the  immi- 
nence of  his  dangers),  tetupsomai,  I  shall  be  very  soon  beaten 
again."  He  then  argues  for  more  severe  training,  praising  the 
father  of  John  Adams,  the  President,  who,  when  his  son  was 
reluctant  to  learn  Latin,  put  him  to  ditching  as  a  punishment. 


DR.    HOOPER  S   IDEAS   ABOUT  SCHOOLS.  34/ 

A  second  injury  to  improvement  comes  from  the  employment 
of  cheap  teachers  and  want  of  proper  valuation  of  superior  men. 
Due  applause  should  be  given  to  the  superior  schools. 

The  third  cause  of  imperfection  of  primary  schools  is  the 
scarcity  of  able  teachers.  Among  the  deficiencies  is  the  neglect 
of  the  common  rudiments  of  English  education.  Another  is 
the  omission  of  the  greater  part  of  the  classical  course.  A 
third  defect  is  the  want  of  spirit  and  energy  in  imparting 'in- 
struction. "The  manner  a  schoolmaster  should  have  is  much  of 
the  promptness,  energy  and  decision  of  a  military  officer,  giving 
the  word  of  command  to  a  company  of  soldiers." 

Another  improvement  in  our  schools  would  be  the  use  of  oral 
lectures.  Apparatus,  maps,  plans  of  sieges,  etc.,  military  en- 
gines, should  be  used ;  for  example,  the  line  of  march  in  one 
of  Caesar's  campaigns  in  Gaul,  the  columns  of  the  two  armies, 
and  all  the  testudos,  vineae  and  battering  rams  which  were  em- 
ployed.    The  trustees  of  academies  should  provide  such. 

The  proper  construction  of  schoolhouses  should  be  attended 
to.  They  should  be  built  with  an  especial  eye  to  the  purposes 
to  which  they  are  to  be  applied.  Stoves  should  be  provided 
instead  of  fireplaces.  He  states,  that  the  celebrated  Round  Hill 
in  Massachusetts,  and  the  Newbern  Academy  in  this  State. 
approach  near  to  his  beau  ideal  of  a  schoolroom.  He  then 
describes  what  he  considers  the  best — with  floor  of  brick  laid 
upon  plank,  to  prevent  noise,  not  omitting  the  small  cell  for 
confining  the  unruly. 

Professor  Hooper  then  gives  some  hints  on  female  education, 
making  the  criticism  that  some  seminaries  attempt  too  much. 
"The  whole  encyclopedia  of  knowledge  is  embraced  in  the  list 
of  studies ;  and  the  young  lady,  by  the  time  she  reaches  her 
teens,  is  in  clanger  of  thinking  herself  grammarian,  geographer, 
astronomer,  chemist,  botanist,  painter  and  whatnot." 

He  closes  with  a  strong  argument  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Seminary  for  the  Education  of  Schoolmasters.  "We  have  semi- 
naries for  training  up  physicians,  lawyers  and  divines ;  even  me- 
chanics learn  their  trades  under  the  best  masters.  But  that 
most  important  and  difficult  business  of  fashioning  the  intellect, 
moulding  the  disposition  and  wielding  the  nascent  energies  of 


348  THE;  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

those  who  are  soon  to  be  rulers  of  the  world,  is  left  to  mere 
accident,  or  falls  to  the  lot  of  the  most  common  and  inexperi- 
enced characters." 

"We  know  not  how  many  young'  persons  have  been  ruined  or 
injured  by  unskillful  management  at  school." 

The  address  shows  that  the  author  largely  anticipated  the 
ideas  now  ruling  the  world  of  thought  on  the  subject  of  educa- 
tion. 

In  1832,  on  the  21st  of  June,  the  Institute  of  Education  had 
another  meeting.  The  Committee  on  Addresses  and  Questions 
for  the  meeting  in  1833  made  their  report,  which  was  adopted. 
Joseph  A.  Hill,  of  Wilmington,  was  appointed  to  deliver  the 
Annual  Address,  James  D.  Johnston,  of  Oxford,  to  read  a  paper 
on  Lyceums,  Rev.  Frederick  Nash,  on  A  System  of  Elemen- 
tary Schools  for  North  Carolina,  Walker  Anderson  on  "Excit- 
ing Emulation  in  Literary  Institutions  by  Rewards  and  Dis- 
tinctions." 

Plea  for  Balls. 

Those  acquainted  with  college  life  are  surprised  at  the  in- 
tensity of  earnestness  felt  in  this  microcosm,  miniature  world, 
over  matters  trivial  in  the  estimation  of  those  who  move  in  the 
greater  world.  An  abstract  of  a  petition  to  the  Trustees  in 
1833,  signed  by  Christopher  C.  Battle,  John  H.  Watson  and 
William  P.  Webb,  written  by  Battle,  will  illustrate  this.  They 
were  a  Committee  appointed  by  a  mass-meeting  of  students, 
for  the  purpose  of  procuring  from  the  Board  of  Trustees  per- 
mission to  use  a  room  in  Steward's  Hall  for  the  Commencement 
Ball.  The  petitioners  are  "sensibly  touched  with  the  delicacy 
of  presenting  their  petition  at  so  early  a  period  (November  6th), 
but,  knowing  not  whether  there  will  be  another  meeting  of  the 
Trustees  before  Commencement,  the  strongest  motives  of  policy 
constrain  their  sending  it  in  now,  though  stamped  with  the 
impress  of  prematurity."  The  intellectual  improvement  and 
gentlemanly  accomplishments  caused  by  dancing  would  justify 
a  special  ball-room,  and  if  the  New  Chapel  were  completed, 
they  would  have  asked  permission  to  fit  up  the  old  Chapel  for 
the  purpose  at  their  own  expense.  It  would  be  extreme  pre- 
sumption to  argue  the  propriety  of  balls,   since  the  Trustees 


SOPHOMORIC   ELOQUENCE.  349 

"deduce  conclusions  from  the  wisdom  of  experience."  No 
genius,  however  promising,  can  effect  much  in  the  present  en- 
lightened era,  destitute  of  the  polished  accomplishments. — ■ 
Since  on  this  retired  Hill  of  Science,  we  are  precluded  from 
the  improvement  of  Society,  we  feel  an  inevitable  drawback 
upon  our  literary  acquirements.  As  balls  greatly  promote  gen- 
tility, acquiescence  in  the  petition  is  earnestly  asked  for.  Waiv- 
ing all  personal  concern,  we  strenuously  advocate  its  principles 
as  promoting  the  best  interests  of  the  institution,  as  enhancing 
the  splendors  of  our  Commencements,  and  as  contributing  much, 
very  much,  to  the  gratification  and  pleasure  of  the  adored  Fair, 
who  honor  us  with  their  company  on  that  universal  jubilee." 

The  Trustees  could  not  stand  against  such  eloquence.  The 
Ball  Managers  in  their  gratification  concluded  to  send  special 
invitations  to  all  the  great  men  in  the  State.  Young  Battle  (a 
brother  of  Judge  Battle)  wrote  to  the  Governor,  Swain,  a  per- 
sonal letter,  asking  him  to  attend  the  Ball,  ''in  order  to  give  dig- 
nity and  stability"  to  it.  The  Governor  replied,  regretting  that 
he  could  not  attend,  and  suggested  that  "agility"  would  be  more 
needed  than  "stability."  Battle  was  so  afraid  of  this  becoming 
known  to  the  students,  that  he  made  his  colleague.  Judge  Webb, 
promise  to  keep  the  correspondence  secret,  which  he  did  faith- 
fully until  after  their  graduation. 

In  1833,  Tutor  John  DeBerniere  Hooper  resigned  his  place 
in  order  to  become  a  teacher  in  the  Episcopal  School  in  Raleigh, 
which  had  been  inaugurated  with  great  promise  of  usefulness, 
which  however  for  various  causes  failed  as  a  school  for  bovs. 
but  afterwards  as  St.  Mary's  Girls'  School  became  a  power  for 
good.  The  Sophomore  Class  passed  resolutions,  which  show 
the  strong  hold  the  Tutor  had  on  their  admiration..  The  letter 
of  the  Committee  accompanying  the  resolutions  is  such  a  char- 
acteristic specimen  of  the  peculiar  style  which  has  given  the 
name  of  Sophomoric  to  a  species  of  Oratory,  that  I  quote  some 
sentences.  In  truth,  no  history  of  a  University  would  be  com- 
plete without  embalming  a  specimen  of  such  euphuism.  The 
praises,  though  grandiloquently  expressed,  were  well  deserved. 

"In  every  day  occupations  Farewell  has  an  awful  and  ill- 
boding  sound  in  it,  but  when  we  reflect  that  we  are  now  about 


350  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

to  be  parted,  and  perhaps  forever,  with  one  who  has  labored  so 
diligently  for  our  present  happiness  and  future  aggrandisement, 
and  who,  by  his  own  example  of  piety  and  virtue,  has  also 
pointed  out  to  us  the  bright  and  glittering  paths  of  morality, 
we  are  constrained  to  transcend  the  usual  cold  formalities  of 
separation  and  bid  you  that  word  bearing  in  its  aspect  our  true 
expressions  of  grief  in  a  valedictory  letter."  .  .  .  "Now  since 
wc  are  all  in  the  glow  of  youth  and  health,  and  have  ample 
opportunity,  let  us  take  an  affectionate  and  deep-impression ed 
farewell,  such  a  one  as  long-cherished  friends  take  when  they 
part  with  the  expectation  of  meeting  no  more  on  this  side  of 
eternity.  Working  out  the  great  course  of  Nature,  some  dire 
pestilence  may  sweep  across  our  country  and  fell  you  or  us,  and 
perhaps  both  ;  war  and  famine  may  hurry  us  into  oblivion,  or  an 
earthquake  may  submerge  us ;  to  part  we  must,  and  whether  we 
ever  again  shall  meet  is  on  the  fluctuating  tides  of  chance, 
therefore  let  us  part  as  convicts  doomed  to  die,  but  not  despair- 
ing of  hope.  To  the  reckless  and  unthinking  this  may  indeed 
appear  more  the  outward  expressions  of  grief  than  the  spontan- 
eous emotions  of  sorrow-stricken  hearts,  but  they  should  recol- 
lect that  we  are  about  to  bid  adieu  to  him  that  has  so  honorably 
conducted  us  through  the  Sophomore  year,  to  him  that  has  laid 
the  foundations  of  our  future  eminence,  to  him  that  has  con- 
nected the  beauties  of  the  scholar  and  the  refinements  of  the 
gentleman.  It  belongs  alone  to  the  viper  to  implant  his  fangs 
in  the  bosom  that  warmed  him,  but  to  a  man  who  is  endowed 
with  the  finer  sensibilities  of  his  God,  it  belongs  to  repay  in  a 
two-fold  proportion  every  generous  and  benevolent  action." 
.  .  .  "Now,  in  all  the  emotions  which  the  word  naturally  sug- 
gests, we  bid  you  an  affectionate  'farewell.'  In  the  name  of 
the  whole  class,  'farewell.'  " 

It  was  in  1833  that  Messrs.  Gaston  and  Badger  gave  the  opin- 
ion that  the  Board  had  the  right  to  sell  the  "service  tract"  of 
Maj.  Charles  Gerrard,  at  the  mouth  of  Yellow  Creek  in  Tennes- 
see, notwithstanding  the  wish  expressed  in  his  will  that  it  should 
be  retained  by  the  University.  Colonel  Polk  as  attorney  made 
the  sale,  $6,400  for  the  2,560  acres,  and  $2,000  of  the  proceeds 
was  voted  to  the  finishing  of  the  new  Chapel.    It  was  resolved, 


UNIVERSITY  ATTORNEYS.  35  I 

that  in  order  to  manifest  a  grateful  sense  of  the  liberality  of  the 
donor  and  perpetuate  his  memory  of  it,  this  building  be  forever 
known  as  Gerrard  Hall.  Col.  J.  B.  Killebrew,  the  late  very  in- 
telligent ex- State  Geologist  of  Tennessee,  informed  me  that  the 
tract  is  not  of  especial  fertility,  and  that  the  iron  deposits  once 
reported  to  be  in  its  limits  are  of  little  value. 

In  1832  the  list  of  attorneys  for  the  University  was  revised. 
On  motion  of  Louis  D.  Henry  the  requirement  of  a  bond  was 
dispensed  with,  as  being  unusual,  and  sometimes  mischievous, 
because  excluding  superior  lawyers,  who  consider  the  require- 
ment a  reflection  on  their  professional  character.  I  give  their 
names  as  a  matter  of  history.  The  numbers  begin  in  the  moun- 
tain counties. 

No.  1.     Joshua  Roberts Asheville 

2.     Anderson  Mitt-hell States ville 

I!.     Robert  H.  Burton Lincolnton 

4.  Washington  Morrison Mecklenburg 

5.  Clement  Marshall Anson 

()      John  M.  Dick Greensboro 

7.  John  W.  Norwood  Hillsboro 

8.  John  D.  Eccles Fayetteville- 

9.  John  D.  Hawkins Franklin  County 

10.  Thomas  P.  Devereux  Raleigh 

11.  William  D.  Mosely Lenoir  County 

12.  Hardy  L.  Holmes Clinton 

13.  Joseph  A.  Hill  Wilmington 

14.  Matthias  E.  Manly  Newbern 

15.  Benj.  J.  Blume  

Hi.  Joseph  R.  Lloyd Tarboro 

17.  John  S.  Hawks Washington 

18.  John  L.  Bailey  Elizabeth  City 

In  the  same  year  the  Board  sold  at  public  auction  their  243 
shares  in  the  Bank  of  New  Bern.  The  average  price  per  share 
was  63.10  1-2,  the  purchasers  being  Col.  Win.  Polk  and  Messrs. 
John  Snead  and  Alfred  Jones.  The  purchase  money,  $15,- 
208.56,  was  at  once  paid  on  the  debts  to  the  Bank  of  New  Bern 
and  the  State  Bank,  leaving  only  $1,500  due  the  branch  of  the 
Bank  of  New  Bern  at  Raleieh. 


352  THE   UNIVERSITY    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Removal  to  Raleigh. 

Ex-Governor  and  ex-Senator  Iredell,  who  had  recently  re- 
moved from  Edenton  to  Raleigh,  moved  that  a  committee  of  fif- 
teen members  be  appointed  to  consider  the  expediency  of  trans- 
ferring- the  University  to  the  seat  of  government,  one  of  the 
committee  at  least  to  be  from  each  Congressional  District.  The 
President  of  the  Board,  Governor  Swain,  appointed  the  follow- 
ing : 

James  Iredell Chairman 

John  B.  Baker  Gates 

Win.  A.  Blount Beaufort 

John  H.  Bryan  Craven 

John  Owen  Bladen 

William  S.  Robards  Granville 

John  D.  Toomer Cumberland 

John  M.  Morehead  Guilford 

John  Giles Rowan 

Wm.  J.  Alexander Mecklenburg 

Thomas  Lov e  Haywood 

Lewis  Williams Surry 

James  C.  Johnston Chowan 

While  it  is  not  known  that  this  committee  was  favorable  to 
removal,  it  is  certainly  open  to  criticism  that,  with  such  wise 
Orange  County  trustees  to  choose  from  as  Judge  Duncan  Came- 
ron, Dr.  Joseph  Caldwell,  Judge  Frederick  Nash,  James 
Mebane,  Dr.  James  Webb,  Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  Rev.  Dr.  John 
Witherspoon,  Alfred  Moore,  Judge  Willie  P.  Mangum,  Dr. 
James  S.  Smith,  John  Scott,  Hugh  Waddell,  all  very  active 
friends  of  the  University,  their  county,  more  interested  than  any 
other,  had  no  representative. 

Most  of  the  committee  were  often  called  on  to  visit  Raleigh 
on  private  or  official  business.  Owen  and  Robards  had  recently 
resided  there.  Johnston  was  a  relative  of  the  chairman,  Iredell, 
and  often  visited  him  at  his  home  in  Raleigh.  Four  of  them, 
Dr.  S.  J.  Baker,  General  Blount,  Mr.  Bryan  and  Mr.  Henry, 
removed  to  the  capital,  and  Dr.  J.  B.  Baker  was  a  relative  of  Dr. 
S.  J.  Baker.  Although  a  majority  of  these  trustees  might  have 
been  expected  to  favor  removal,  the  committee  in  December, 
1833,  reported  that  it  was  inexpedient  at  that  time.    Notice  was 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1833.  353 

given  that  it  would  be  called  up  at  the  next  meeting,  but  the 
measure  slept  forever. 

There  was  a  spirited  discussion  of  this  question  between  two 
Seniors — Crenshaw  of  Wake,  and  Proteus  E.  A.  Jones  of  Gran- 
ville— at  the  ensuing  Commencement.  It  is  said  that  Mr.  Cren- 
shaw of  Wake,  "applied  the  lash"  to  Orange.  He  contended 
that  Wake  County  would  welcome  the  University.  He  sarcas- 
tically remarked  that  no  one  in  that  county  would  get  votes  by 
running  about  and  telling  the  people  that  he  would  persuade  the 
Legislature  to  force  students  to  work  on  the  roads.  This  was 
probably  aimed  at  Joseph  Allison,  a  Representative  for  that  and 
other  years,  and  often  Senator,  whose  reputation  for  saying 
things  pleasing  to  the  people  was  very  high.  Mr.  Jones  of 
Granville,  with  much  animation  and  ingenuity,  vindicated 
Orange,  and  opposed  removal.  The  question  was  not  brought 
again  before  the  Trustees.  The  University  was  in  such  condi- 
tion that  all  its  energies  were  required  to  enable  it  to  stay  in 
Chapel  Hill. 

The  Commencement  of  1833  was  held  without  the  presence  of 
Dr.  Caldwell,  whose  health  required  a  visit  to  Philadelphia. 
The  strong  man's  constitution  was  steadily  giving  away  to  the 
assaults  of  an  incurable  disease,  and  the  most  eminent  surgeons 
advised  against  lithotomy.  The  joltings  over  the  long  rough 
roads  gave  him  exquisite  anguish,  which  he  bore  with  the  forti- 
tude of  a  martyr.  Professor  Mitchell,  the  senior  professor, 
presided  as  his  lieutenant,  at  the  request  of  the  Trustees. 

The  address  before  the  Literary  Societies  was  delivered  by 
George  E.  Badger,  chosen  by  the  Dialectic  Society,  who  had 
stood  from  early  manhood  among  the  ablest  and  best  in  our 
State.  It  is  said  by  the  chronicler  to  show  "accurate  and  pro- 
found thought,  strength  and  vigor  of  expression,  interspersed 
here  and  there  with  a  caustic  sarcasm  forcibly  applied."  While 
1  his  praise  is  well  merited  it  did  not  meet  with  the  success  ob- 
tained by  that  of  Judge  Gaston. 

John  Gray  Bynum  carried  off  the  first  honor,  and  spoke  the 

Latin  Salutatory.     Junius  B.  King  and  Wm.  N.  Mebane  were 

next  and  equal,  and  Mebane  drew  the  Valedictory.     King  took 

the   Philosophical   Oration,   and   Solomon  Lea  that  on  Belles 

23 


354  THE  UNIVERSITY  01'    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Lettres.  The  other  honor  men  were  Julian  E.  Sawyer,  Addi  E. 
Thom  and  Wra.  H.  Owen,  and  to  them  were  allotted  the  In- 
termediate Orations.  Wm,  M.  Crenshaw  and  Proteus  E.  A. 
Jones,  as  heretofore  stated,  discussed  the  question  whether  the 
University  should  be  removed  to  Raleigh ;  Edmund  Jones  and 
Josiah  Stallings  wrestled  with  the  problem,  "Will  the  Emanci- 
pation of  the  Slaves  in  the  West  Indies  be  Beneficial?"  and 
W.  E.  Kennedy  and  Henry  I.  McLin,  "Whether  the  Recent 
Revolutions  in  Europe  Will  Be  Productive  of  Good  to  the 
Human  Race?" 

In  after  life  Bynum  was  a  very  strong  lawyer  and  influential 
in  the  State  Legislature,  but  missed  high  political  preferment. 
Mebane  was  an  able  and  useful  Presbyterian  minister  and  King 
embraced  the  same  calling,  and  held  similar  rank  in  Alabama. 
Lea  was  in  the  front  rank  of  Methodist  preachers,  a  tutor  in 
Randolph-Macon  College,  President  of  Farmville  Female  Sem- 
inary, and  then  of  Greensboro  female  College.  Sawyer  was 
likewise  a  minister,  as  well  as  Thom.  Owen  was  a  much 
respected  Tutor  of  Ancient  Languages,  and  then  professor 
of  the  same  at  Wake  Forest  College.  Edmund  W.  Jones  was 
a  State  Senator,  a  councillor  of  State  and  member  of  the  Con- 
ventions of  1861  and  1865. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Rev.  John 
Avery,  rector  of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Edenton,  and  Prin- 
cipal of  the  Edenton  Academy,  and  that  of  Master  of  Arts  on 
Rev.  Philip  Bruce  Wiley,  a  teacher,  and  also  Episcopal  minister. 

Joseph  Alston  Hill,  son  of  one  of  the  Commissioners  to  select 
the  site  of  the  University,  William  H.  Hill,  very  early  in  life 
attained  distinction  as  full  of  promise  of  future  usefulness,  and 
was  cut  off  before  reaching  middle  age.  The  speech  delivered 
by  him  before  the  Institute  of  Education  justified  his  reputation, 
being  full  of  wit,  fancy,  elegance,  good  sense.  He  described 
with  much  effect  his  sufferings  at  the  Preparatory  School  in 
Chapel  Hill,  and  pleaded  for  a  more  sparing  use  of  the  rod. 
The  reporter  however  thought  that  the  number  and  appropriate- 
ness of  his  classical  quotations  proved  that  the  scourgings  he 
had  received  had  not  been  in  vain. 

A  lecture  on  Lyceums  by  Mr.  James  D.  Johnston  of  Oxford, 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1834.  355 

showed  extensive  research.  The  veteran  editor,  Col.  R.  B. 
Creecy,  states  that  Mr.  Johnston  was  an  uncommonly  able 
teacher. 

Prof.  Walker  Anderson  closed  by  giving  his  experience  in 
the  education  of  females.  It  is  unfortunate  that  this  paper  is 
lost. 

The  North  Carolina  Institute  of  Education  seems  to  have  had 
no  other  meeting.  As  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper  was  evidently  a  leading 
spirit,  if  not  the  promoter  of  it,  I  conjecture  that  the  distractions 
caused  by  the  long,  painful  and  fatal  sickness  of  his  step-father, 
President  Caldwell,  withdrew  his  attention  from  everything 
extraneous  to  his  regular  duties.  It  is  notable  that  the  profes- 
sors of  chemistry  (Mr.  Mitchell)  and  of  mathematics  (Mr. 
Phillips),  declined  active  aid  to  it  although  they  became  mem- 
bers. It  is  significant  that  in  183 1  the  Executive  Committee 
were  Messrs.  Mitchell,  Hooper  and  Phillips,  and  in  1832 
Messrs.  McPheeters,  Hooper  and  Bingham.  It  was  a  brave 
effort,  however,  on  the  part  of  its  promoters.  One  hundred  and 
thirty  of  the  leaders  of  the  State  became  members. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1834,  Prof.  Mitchell  presided, 
President  Caldwell  still  languishing  with  his  painful  disease. 
The  newspaper  correspondent  was  enthusiastic  over  the  im- 
proved behavior  of  the  students.  The  obstreperous  plaudits, 
with  which  they  used  to  deafen  the  audience,  no  matter  when  in 
or  out  of  place,  were  either  omitted  altogether,  or  exchanged 
for  judicious  signs  of  approbation.  The  feeble  health  of  the 
President  was  sympathizingly  commented  on.  His  altered  ap- 
pearance presented  a  sad  contrast  with  the  active  steps  and 
cheerful  disposition,  which  once  distinguished  him. 

The  class  was  the  last  which  graduated  before  the  death  of 
President  Caldwell.  James  Biddle  Shepard  was  the  best  and 
had  the  Latin  Salutatory.  Abraham  F\  Morehead  was  the 
next,  with  the  Valedictory.  Then  followed  David  McAllister, 
who  spoke  on  Political  Economy.  Wm.  Pugh  Bond  and  Wm. 
Pinckney  Gunn  were  next  and  equal.  Bond  spoke  on  the  Drama 
and  Gunn  on  Astronomy.  Samuel  R.  Blake  and  Samuel  Wil- 
liams discussed  the  query  whether  a  College  Education  was 
essential  to   General   Culture ;  Thomas   Goelet   Hausrhton   and 


356  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Thomas  Jasper  Williams,  Whether  Manufacturers  would  be 
beneficial  to  the  South;  Henry  Watkins  Miller  and  Harrison 
Wall  Covington,  Whether  Institutions  for  Public  Education 
should  be  under  control  of  the  State,  and  William  Brown  Carter 
and  Albert  Gallatin  Anderson,  Whether  a  Medical  Board  would 
be  of  benefit  to  North  Carolina. 

Of  the  honor  graduates,  Shepard  became  a  member  of  the 
General  Assembly  and  United  States  District  Attorney.  He  was 
the  nominee  of  the  Democratic  party  for  the  Governorship  when 
Wm.  A.  Graham  was  elected  in  1846.  He  was  a  fine  speaker, 
but  too  wealthy  to  undergo  the  drudgery  of  the  bar.  More- 
head,  a  brother  of  Governor  Morehead,  was  Tutor  of  the  Uni- 
versity, wrote  some  short  poems  of  merit  and  was  a  promising 
lawyer  when  carried  off  by  pulmonary  consumption  in  1837. 
McAlister  was  also  a  Tutor,  and  then  a  physician.  Bond  was 
a  Judge  and  member  of  the  Legislature  in  Tennessee,  also  a 
preacher  of  the  Baptist  Church. 

Of  those  who  gained  no  honors,  Henry  Watkins  Miller  was 
one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  and  most  eloquent  orators  in  the 
State.  He  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War,  and  died  while  a  member. 

Of  those  matriculating  but  not  graduating,  Edwin  Alexander 
Anderson  graduated  at  Yale,  was  an  able  physician,  President 
of  the  State  Medical  Society.  A  President  of  this  University, 
now  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  was  named  after  him — Ed- 
win Anderson  Alderman.  One  matriculate — Wm.  W.  Avery — 
lost  his  life  in  the  Civil  War,  as  will  be  hereafter  described. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws,  (LL.D.)  was  con- 
ferred on  George  Edmund  Badger,  late  Judge  and  afterwards 
United  States  Senator,  on  Thomas  Ruffin,  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  on  Levi  Silliman  Ives,  Bishop  of  North 
Carolina ;  that  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  on  Rev.  Andrew  Syme  of 
Virginia,  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  That  of  Master  of  Arts  on 
Samuel  Smith. 

Aid  to  Caldwell. 

President  Caldwell's  disease  proved  to  be  beyond  the  sur- 
geons' skill,  and  caused  him  excruciating  pain  the  remainder 
of  his  life.     Possessed  of  remarkable  fortitude,  he  did  not  at 


HELP  FOR  CALDWELL.  $$/ 

once  lay  down  his  accustomed  work.  In  December,  1833,  the 
disease  had  made  such  ravages  on  his  strength  that  for  the  first 
time  he  asked  for  help.  At  his  suggestion  it  was  ordered  that 
when  the  President  was  unable  by  failure  of  health  to  take  a 
personal  and  active  part  in  preventing  disorders  in  and  among 
the  College  Buildings  and  the  vicinity,  the  professor  of  oldest 
standing  should  be  peculiarly  vested  with  the  responsibility  and 
power  to  aid  in  the  active  duties  of  the  Presidency.  Thus 
Elisha  Mitchell  was  at  first  partially,  and  then  entirely,  the 
acting  President  until  the  advent  of  President  Swain. 

Although  President  Caldwell  insisted  on  doing  his  part  in 
instruction,  the  Trustees  determined  to  relieve  him  to  some 
extent.  On  motion  of  Wra.  Julius  Alexander,  an  Adjunct  Pro- 
fessorship of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy  was  created, 
with  a  salary  of  $1,000,  soon  raised  to  $1,240.  The  Standing 
Committee  of  Appointments  elected  Walker  Anderson  to  the 
Chair.  The  house  expected  to  be  purchased  from  Thomas  H. 
Taylor,  that  east  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  was  promised  to 
him. 

The  following  by-laws,  regulating  the  conduct  of  students, 
were  the  last  proposed  by  President  Caldwell,  and  they,  to- 
gether with  that  above  mentioned,  in  regard  to  the  Senior  Pro- 
fessor, show  clearly  his  disciplinary  ideas. 

A  mandate  was  laid  on  every  member  of  the  Faculty  to  be 
vigilant  in  carrying  out  the  laws  of  the  College,  and  to  report 
transgressions. 

It  was  declared  to  be  a  great  object  of  the  Trustees  in  assign- 
ing rooms  in  the  buildings  to  Tutors,  that  they  should  individu- 
ally and  unitedly  suppress  disorders,  not  only  in  their  own,  but 
in  all  the  buildings.  They  could  not  be  absent  without  permis- 
sion of  the  President. 

The  Tutors  must  go  to  their  recitation  rooms  a  reasonable 
time  before  the  bell  rings  and  teach  the  whole  hour,  unless  bell 
for  dismission  should  sound  earlier. 

Among  other  provisions,  after  several  years  of  entreaty  on 
the  part  of  the  Seniors,  the  vacation  asked  for  by  them  of  one 
month  prior  to  Commencement,  was  granted.  This  became 
the  settled  practice  for  years,  to  the  great  satisfaction  of  those 


358  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

who  had  speeches  to  prepare  for  Commencement,  and  the  de- 
light of  those  to  whom  text-books  were  a  torment. 

As  Professor  Wm.  Hooper  owned  his  dwelling  and  Prof. 
Anderson  rented  one,  they  were  allowed  a  commutation  of  $75 
per  annum,  which  was  about  the  rental  of  the  best  houses  in 
Chapel  Hill. 

Our  modern  football  has  not  unrivalled  distinction  of  peril 
to  life  and  limb.  The  President  reported  that  the  favorite  game 
of  the  students,  known  as  Bandy,  or  Shinny,  was  dangerous, 
especially  if  played  with  a  round  wooden  ball.  The  players 
were  frequently  knocked  apparently  lifeless  and  were  incapaci- 
tated for  duty  several  days.  The  students  themselves  were 
once  so  shocked  that  they  voluntarily  gave  up  the  sport,  but 
renewed  it.  It  was  so  firmly  established  by  prescription  that  the 
Faculty  doubted  their  power  of  prohibiting  it  without  the  pre- 
vious action  of  the  Board,  which  action,  however,  was  not  had. 

Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  McPheeters,  the  Principal  of  the  flourishing 
Raleigh  Academy,  earnestly  pressed  raising  the  standard  for 
admission  into  the  University.  This  was  acceded  to,  and  the 
following  requirements  were  enacted. 

In  Mathematics,  the  whole  of  Arithmetic  (Barnard's  or 
Adam's)  and  Young's  Algebra  to  Simple  Equations.  In  the 
Classics,  Jacob's  Greek  Reader,  the  whole  of  the  prose ;  or  Grseca 
Minora  and  the  latter  part  of  Jacob's  Greek  Reader ;  the  whole 
of  Virgil,  and  Cicero's  Select  Orations,  except  the  Philippics. 

The  work  of  the  Faculty  was  assigned  as  follows : 

President  Caldwell  to  hear  each  week  (if  his  health  permit, 
and  if  not,  Professor  Anderson  to  hear  for  him),  three  recita- 
tions ;  Professor  Anderson,  six  recitations ;  Professor  Mitchell, 
eight  recitations ;  Professor  Hooper,  eight  recitations ;  Profes- 
sor Phillips,  eight  recitations ;  three  Tutors,  each  nine  recita- 
tions. 

For  the  coming  session  the  President,  or  Dr.  Mitchell,  was  to 
appoint  three  Tutors,  temporarily,  but  from  and  after  the  1st  of 
January,  1835,  tne  Trustees  were  to  appoint  three,  at  a  salary 
of  $500  each.  One  should  be  styled  Tutor  of  Ancient  and 
Modern  Languages,  one  of  Ancient  Languages,  and  the  third 
of  Mathematics. 


professor  anderson  s  scheme.  359 

Recommendation  of  Professors — Judge  Anderson's 
Scheme. 

The  President  and  Professors  were  requested  to  report  to  the 
Board  such  alterations  as  their  own  experience  and  acquaint- 
ance with  other  colleges  might  suggest. 

The  Faculty,  in  response  to  this  request,  made  the  following 
recommendations,  probably  the  last  important  paper  in  the 
handwriting  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  his  legacy  to  the  University. 

That  there  shall  be  three  Tutors.  One  with  a  salary  of  $750, 
to  be  styled  the  first  or  principal  Tutor,  to  teach  Latin  and 
French.  A  second  is  to  teach  Greek,  and  the  third  Mathe- 
matics. It  has  been  found  by  experience  that  the  present 
salary,  $400,  is  not  sufficient  to  retain  our  best  scholars.  Tutors, 
as  a  rule,  must  be  educated  by  this  institution.  Weight  of  char- 
acter is  of  very  great  importance,  as  well  as  scholarship,  and 
this  combination  cannot  be  assured  for  a  length  of  time  on  so 
small  compensation  as  heretofore  paid.  The  following  scale  is 
deemed  best :  A  graduate  who  has  never  taught,  $450;  a  gradu- 
ate who  has  taught  one  year,  $500 ;  a  graduate  who  has  taught 
two  years,  $600.  The  regulations  for  the  duties  of  Tutors  to 
be  as  heretofore  adopted. 

The  standard  of  Education  in  the  best  Northern  colleges  is 
higher  than  in  our  University.  It  is  recommended  to  advance 
to  theirs'  by  degrees.  If  we  were  to  adopt  those  of  Harvard 
and  Yale,  we  would  for  a  year  have  no  Freshman  class.  The 
Trustees  were  asked  to  confer  the  authority  to  fix  the  terms  of 
admission  on  the  Faculty. 

Individual  members  of  the  Faculty  submitted  separate  papers. 

The  most  elaborate  and  novel  recommendation  was  by  Walker 
Anderson,  a  man  of  much  experience,  good  sense  and  honesty 
of  intention.  He  began  by  avowing  his  veneration  and  respect 
for  his  colleagues.  The  defects  he  will  point  out  do  not  involve 
any  censure  on  them. 

The  first  defect  is  the  low  standard  of  scholarship,  not  per- 
haps in  comparison  with  other  colleges,  but  still  certain.  Our 
graduates  in  the  large  majority  of  cases,  carry  with  them  the 
most  slender  and  superficial  knowledge  of  what  they  studied. 
There  are  two  causes  for  this.  One  is  the  deficiency  of  primary 
schools.     The  second  is  the  utter  inapplicability  of  University 


¥ 


360  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

discipline  to  the  regulation  of  boys.  Some  half  dozen  of  the 
lower  classes  are  stimulated  by  the  hope  of  distinction,  but  the 
multitude,  unambitious,  unconscious  of  the  value  of  time  and 
opportunity,  and  secure  in  the  panoply  of  college  principles,  are 
impenetrable  to  motives  Professors  can  present. 

The  second  defect  is  the  nature  of  the  discipline.  This  is 
moulded  to  suit  the  needs  of  mere  boys,  and  the  necessary  strict- 
ness is  irritating  to  the  young  men.  Boys  learning  Latin  and 
Greek  and  the  elementary  parts  of  Mathematics,  as  is  the  case 
with  our  two  lower  classes,  ought  to  be  in  school  under  a 
master. 

The  third  defect  is  the  isolation  of  the  University.  He  be- 
lieves that  a  village  has  all  the  temptations  and  evils  of  a  city, 
without  the  restraining  influence  of  an  enlightened  and  Chris- 
tian community. 

He  might  mention  other  defects,  but  these  are  sufficient  to 
show  that  a  change  should  be  made. 

What  are  the  remedies  ? 

1.  Better  academical  instruction. 

2.  The  subjection  of  boys  to  school  discipline  until  they  have 
obtained  probable  discretion. 

3.  A  more  elevated  standard  of  scholarship,  both  in  the  Lan- 
guages and  Sciences. 

4.  That  the  students  should  be  placed  in  the  reach  of  an  im- 
proved and  Christian  society. 

5.  That  these  objects  be  accomplished  without  adding  mate- 
rially to  the  expense  of  the  institution. 

It  is  proposed  that  the  institution  be  divided  into  two  depart- 
ments, "The  Collegiate  Institute  of  North  Carolina"  and  "The 
LTniversity  of  North  Carolina."  The  former  to  be  located  at 
Chapel  Hill  under  a  Rector  and  three  Tutors,  and  to  be  mod- 
elled after  the  high  schools  of  Europe  and  our  Northern  States. 
In  this  should  be  taught,  under  the  most  improved  school  dis- 
cipline the  studies  leading  up  to  our  Junior  Class. 

2.  The  University  should  be  located  in  a  town,  preferably  in 
Raleigh ;  its  officers,  four  Professors,  one  to  be  President,  name- 
ly, one  of  Mathematics  and  Astronomy,  one  of  Chemistry  and 
Natural  Philosophy,  one  of   Moral   Philosophy  and    Political 


professor  andersox's  scheme.  361 

Economy,  and  one  of  Belles  Lettres  and  Ancient  Literature. 
There  should  be  three  classes,  the  course  to  occupy  three  years. 
The  Professors  should  be  ready,  if  necessary,  to  teach  in  other 
departments.  It  might  be  expedient,  after  awhile,  to  add  a 
Professor  of  Law.  They  should  reside  under  the  same  roof 
with  the  students.  The  object  should  be  to  have  a  University 
of  the  highest  grade.  The  half  grammar  school  and  half  col- 
lege which  we  have  now,  can  never  be  different  from  the 
present. 

As  to  the  expense — 

The  present  expenses  for  the  teaching  force  is  $8,560.  The 
officer  to  assist  the  President  on  account  of  his  declining  health 
receives  $1,240.  When  he  is  no  longer  needed  the  annual 
charge  will  be  $7,320.  The  tuition  fees  are  about  $3,000,  leav- 
ing near  $4,500  to  be  provided  from  other  sources.  Under  the 
proposed  arrangement,  the  salaries  of  the  Rector  ($1,200)  and 
the  three  Tutors  ($600  each)  will  amount  to  $3,000,  which 
would  be  discharged  by  tuition  fees  of  those  receiving  an  ele- 
mentary education.  It  might  be  best,  however,  to  employ  an 
able  Rector  and  let  him  receive  all  fees  and  be  responsible  for 
all  expenses. 

There  would  then  be  in  the  University  proper,  at  Raleigh  or 
elsewhere,  the  President  and  three  Professors.  Let  them  re- 
ceive $1,000  each,  and,  in  addition,  the  President  have  two- 
fifths  of  the  tuition  money,  and  the  other  Professors  to  have 
one-fifth  each.  If  there  should  be  forty  students,  these  officers 
would  receive  about  the  amount  now  paid  them.  The  charge 
on  the  University  would  be  about  $4,000  a  year,  which  is  less 
than  at  present. 

As  to  the  Buildings — 

It  is  recommended  that  a  part  of  the  funds  to  be  derived  from 
the  Tennessee  lands  be  invested  in  a  building  to  contain  four 
lecture-rooms,  and  accommodations  for  64  students,  or  have 
50  students  and  rooms  for  the  President  and  his  family.  Such 
a  structure  would  cost  $10,000,  and  the  rent  of  rooms  would 
pay  8  per  cent  on  that  sum.  If  the  number  of  students  should 
increase,  they  might  be  provided  for  in  the  same  manner,  and 
so  Professors  and  students  would  be  under  the  same  roof. 


362  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

In  another  letter  Judge  Anderson  expresses  the  opinion  that, 
if  the  foregoing  changes  be  adopted,  there  ought  not  to  be  any 
Tutors.  The  most  unlearned  pupils  require  the  best  teachers. 
The  Freshman  and  Sophomore  studies  are  taught  with  less 
efficiency  by  inexperienced  preceptors  than  the  more  advanced 
portions,  and  should  have  the  most  skillful  teachers.  The  dis- 
cipline, too,  is  devolved  upon  young  men,  possessing  no  author- 
ity, nor  weight  of  character,  with  the  students.  The  Professors 
ought  to  live  among  the  students,  as  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia. Professor  Anderson  closes  his  letter  by  declining  the 
proposition  made  to  him,  to  give  instruction  in  Natural  Philoso- 
phy, Astronomy,  Moral  Philosophy,  Political  Economy,  Rhet- 
oric and  Logic.  He  cannot  attend  to  the  business  of  two  and  a 
half  Professors. 

Dr.  Mitchell  wrote  that  he  was  not  furnished  with  such  facts 
and  dates  as  would  entitle  his  opinion  to  respect.  He  suggested 
that  the  Faculty  should  correspond  with  other  institutions,  and 
report  plans  founded  on  information  gathered.  It  is  possible 
that  being  the  locum  tenens  of  the  President,  he  deemed  it 
wrong  to  criticize  the  institution,  which  was  the  product  of  the 
labors  and  thoughts  of  Dr.  Caldwell. 

Prof.  Wm.  Hooper,  of  the  Department  of  Ancient  Lan- 
guages, answered  the  enquiries  of  the  Trustees  with  much  earn- 
estness, especially  directed  against  the  consignment  of  the  two 
lower  classes  to  Tutors.  These  contain  thirty  to  thirty-five 
members  each,  while  the  upper  classes  have  only  fifteen  or 
twenty.  He  described  the  Tutors  as  almost  always  recent  grad- 
uates, without  authority  of  character  and  of  scholarship, 
scarcely  a  whit  superior  to  their  pupils.  It  is  not  to  be  ex- 
pected that  such  novices — equals  to-day  and  superiors  to-mor- 
row— should  command  respect  and  enforce  good  order.  The 
result  is  the  total  prostration  of  good  scholarship  and  considera- 
ble relaxation  of  discipline.  At  present  the  whole  instruction 
of  three  Professors,  and  the  partial  instruction  of  a  fourth,  will 
be  given  to  the  Senior  class.  Of  one  hundred  or  more  Uni- 
versity youth,  about  sixty-five  or  seventy  are  starved  with  a 
meagre  taste  of  knowledge,  while  the  favored  minority  are 
stuffed  even  to  surfeiting.     The  experience  of  Northern  Col- 


SCHEMES  OF  HOOPER  AND   PHILLIPS.  363 

leges,  which  employ  numerous  Tutors,  is  like  that  of  our  Uni- 
versity. This  statement  is  made  on  the  authority  of  Professor 
Stuart  of  Andover. 

Professor  Hooper,  in  January,  1834,  sent  to  the  Committee 
of  Appointments  a  formal  protest  against  the  recommendation 
by  the  majority  of  the  Faculty  of  the  immediate  choice  of  a 
Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  a  third  Tutor.  The  reasons  for  the 
protest  may  be  inferred  from  the  foregoing  invective  against 
the  Tutorial  system  and  the  neglect  of  classical  instruction  in 
the  lower  classes.  He  closes  by  saying  that  he  has  done  his  duty 
in  laying  before  the  Trustees  the  true  state  of  his  department. 
If  the  evil  be  not  remedied,  he  will  feel  himself  absolved  from 
the  responsibility  of  attempting  to  make  classical  scholars  at 
this  college  and  ''resign  himself  to  the  tranquillity  of  despair." 
He  asks  for  an  Adjunct  Professor  to  share  his  labors. 

It  would  not  be  fair  to  the  Tutors,  most  of  whom  were  of 
ability  and  high  character,  not  to  mention  that  Dr.  Hooper,  on 
account  of  ill  health,  often  took  very  gloomy  views  of  his  sur- 
roundings. Dr.  Caldwell  at  this  time  informed  the  Board  that 
the  Professor  had  been  subject  to  another  attack  of  hemorrhage 
from  the  lungs,  which  was  somewhat  copious  and  continued  for 
some  time.  He  recommended  the  appointment  of  a  Professor 
of  Greek,  if  possible,  and  thus  take  one  of  the  Ancient  Lan- 
guages from  the  shoulders  of  Prof.  Hooper. 

The  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Rev.  James  Phillips,  sent  in 
a  spicy  report  and  recommendation.  He  stated  that  he  had 
been  engaged  in  the  business  of  teaching  for  twenty-five  years, 
the  last  eight  of  which  at  this  place,  and  though  he  had  met 
with  discouragements,  he  could  not  recollect  a  single  case  of 
entire  failure.  After  an  impartial  review  of  what  had  been 
effected  here,  he  is  compelled  to  say  that  he  has  on  the  whole 
failed  of  his  object.  Some  of  the  causes,  at  least,  may  be 
traced  to  the  following  sources:  I.  The  bad  method  of  teach- 
ing in  our  schools.  2.  The  inexperience  and  incompetency  of 
our  Tutors.  3.  The  low  estimate  placed  on  the  mathematical 
sciences  here  and  in  the  State.  4.  The  obstinate  determination 
on  the  part  of  some  students  to  do  as  little  as  possible.  This 
might  be  obviated  by  refusing  diplomas  to  them.     5.  The  oral 


364  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

examinations  are  too  short,  should  be  superseded  by  written, 
and  time  given  to  those  examined  to  collect  their  thoughts. 

With  regard  to  the  proposal  to  demand  of  matriculates  an 
acquaintance  with  Algebra,  the  following  suggestions  are  made. 

The  system  which  embraces  the  synthetic  to  the  exclusion  of 
the  analytic  modes  of  instruction,  is  defective.  1.  The  analy- 
tic is  more  concise  and  admits  of  greater  amount  and  variety 
of  instruction  in  a  given  time.  2.  It  is  more  uniform,  general 
and  comprehensive.  3.  It  is  the  easiest  and  imposes  no  unnec- 
essary load  on  the  memory.  For  this  statement  he  quoted  La 
Croix  and  La  Place.  4.  The  best  treatises  on  Statics,  Dynamics, 
and  Physical  Astronomy  abound  with  analytical  formulae,  which 
would  be  unintelligible  to  those  unacquainted  with  analysis. 
5.  It  induces  the  habit  of  investigation  and  compels  the  student 
to  think  for  himself. 

If  it  be  objected  that  the  deficiences  of  our  students  are  such 
that  the  standard  ought  to  be  lowered  rather  than  raised,  it  is 
answered  that  no  increase  of  difficulty  is  intended ;  that  this 
University  ought  to  enter  into  honorable  competition  with  those 
who  have  introduced  analytical  Trigonometry  and  Geometry, 
and  that  the  interests  of  society  and  not  that  of  individuals 
ought  to  require  not  only  the  quantity  but  the  quality  of  in- 
struction. 

He  therefore  recommends  that  there  should  be  required  for 
admission  into  the  Freshman  class,  the  whole  of  Arithmetic, 
practical  and  theoretical,  and  Algebra  as  far  as  Irrational  and 
Imaginary  quantities  in  Young's  Algebra,  or  a  fair  equivalent 
on  the  same  subject  in  any  other  treatise.  This  would  place 
our  University  on  a  level  with  the  most  respectable  institutions 
in  our  country. 

In  a  report  two  years  before  this,  Dr.  Caldwell,  with  his 
accustomed  strength,  urged  that  the  Faculty  might  be  allowed 
to  employ  and  pay  scholarly  men  to  attend  the  examinations. 
The  plan  of  relying  on  Trustees  had  failed.  Few  had  for  years 
come  at  all,  and  they  had  dropped  in  near  the  close  of  the  period. 
He  tactfully  suggested  an  argumentun  ad  homines.  A  very 
scientific  person  may  not  be  qualified  to  be  a  Trustee,  and  so  one 
may  properly  be  elevated  to  a  seat  on  the  Board,  who  is  very 
imperfectly,  if  at  all,  prepared  to  become  an  inquisitor  into  the 


EXAMINATIONS  AND  VACATIONS.  365 

scientific  attainments  of  a  student.  This  point  was  thoroughly 
appreciated  by  the  boys  under  examination,  who  well  under- 
stood that,  no  matter  how  wise  they  looked,  gentlemen  fresh 
from  attendance  on  the  Courts  or  Legislature,  were  necessarily 
rusty  on  Greek  roots  and  differential  co-efficients. 

Moreover,  the  presence  of  learned  strangers  would  have  a 
strong  moral  effect  on  idle  students.  Having  often  been  re- 
proved by  their  instructors,  they  become  revengeful,  deal  in 
charges  of  oppression,  partiality,  prejudice  and  even  personal 
enmity.  In  this  they  encourage  and  fortify  one  another — 
against  authority,  and  are  studious  of  open  or  secret  methods  of 
evading  or  resisting  the  laws.  They  look  on  examinations 
only  as  other  instruments  of  oppression  and  unite  together  to 
set  them  at  naught.  A  Faculty  may  act  with  unexceptional 
prudence,  and  strive  to  maintain  parental  and  benevolent  feel- 
ings in  all  their  intercourse,  and  yet  find  it  difficult  to  prevent 
the  success  of  the  idle  and  dissipated,  whose  object  is  to  pre- 
cipitate all  into  confusion  and  inefficiency.  They  have  a  need 
of  reacting  force  from  without.  This  may  be  provided  with 
incalculable  effects  by  subjecting  the  merits  and  demerits  of 
students  to  examiners  called  in  from  society  at  large  throughout 
the  State. 

At  much  length  he  argued  in  favor  of  having  the  vacations 
in  the  spring  and  fall,  when  the  weather  is  pleasant.  "In  the 
summer  the  eastern  students  now  become  saturated  with  ma- 
laria. In  the  winter  the  students  leave  their  habitual  protec- 
tion for  exposure  on  their  journeys  three  to  five  or  six  days, 
"through  the  storms  of  winter,  and  through  mire  and  water, 
if  the  weather  be  soft,  but  through  ice  and  snow  if  it  be  cold." 
The  good  doctor  even  became  poetical  for  once.  The  object 
of  vacations  is  to  allow  the  students  and  members  of  the  Fac- 
ulty to  restore  tone  and  energy  to  the  system  languishing  with 
inaction,  and  to  the  mind  worn  with  exertion  unbalanced  by  that 
of  the  body.  To  this  is  necessary  daily  activity  with  pleasant- 
ness and  variety  of  outward  scenery.  With  this  end  in  view, 
who  of  us  would  select  the  fiery  ardors  of  the  summer  solstice, 
or  the  chilling  blasts  or  snows  of  mid-winter?  Though  they 
seem  illy  sorted  here,  it  is  hard  to  avoid  the  repetition  of  those 
lines  which  we  all  have  so  often  heard : 


366  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

"  Who  can  hold  a  lire  in  hand, 
By  thinking  on  the  frosty  Caucasus? 
t  Or  wallow  naked  in  December's  snow, 

By  thinking  on  fantastick  Summer's  heat? 
Ah  no  !  the  apprehension  of  the  good, 
Gives  but  the  greater  feeling  to  the  worse." 

The  student  should  have  acquaintance  with  the  society  and 
the  world,  which  can  be  better  had  in  the  pleasant  seasons. 

He  urged  other  objections  to  the  existing  plan.  One  is  that 
many  students,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  traveling,  remain 
at  Chapel  Hill,  peculiarly  liable  and  often  succumbing  to  temp- 
tation. 

He  mentions  with  indignation  the  depredations  of  the  villa- 
gers on  the  woodlands  of  the  University,  and  suggested  the 
employment  of  a  ranger  for  stopping  it. 

The  part  of  the  foregoing  report  in  regard  to  the  vacations 
was  referred  to  Messrs.  Nash,  Caldwell,  Jos.  B.  Skinner,  and 
D.  L.  Swain,  who  recommended  that  the  vacations  should  be 
six  weeks  long,  beginning  on  the  last  Monday  of  April  and  the 
first  Monday  of  October  of  each  year.  The  Board  refused  to 
concur  in  the  proposition,  and  also  rejected  the  further  recom- 
mendation that  the  Commencements  shall  be  held  in  the  middle, 
and  not  at  the  end  of  the  sessions. 

Instead  of  employing  experts,  the  Trustees  were  divided  into 
five  classes,  their  duty  being  in  rotation  to  attend  the  examina- 
tions, those  attending,  not  exceeding  five,  to  be  paid  $1.50  per 
day  for  expenses.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  even  this  gilded 
bait  did  not  often  attract  them.  One  Committee  was  secured, 
who  recommended  that  the  pay  should  be  $3.00  and  ten  cents 
mileage,  but  the  Trustees  did  not  grant  it. 

The  President  ineffectually  urged  that  the  Professors  should 
hold  their  office  during'  good  behaviour.  In  practice  this  has 
virtually  been  the  rule.  In  rare  cases  the  Trustees  acted  on 
their  legal  right  of  dropping  an  obnoxious  Professor  without 
specifying  any  misbehaviour. 

It  is  to  the  credit  of  the  Philanthropic  Society  that,  at  this 
time,  under  the  leadership  of  strong  members,  like  Richard  B. 
Creecy,  Haywood  Guion,  Wm.  B.  Rodman,  James  B.  Shepard, 
and  Ralph  H.  Graves,  it  offered  $1,000  as  a  contribution  to- 


the:  harbinger.  367 

wards  a  new  library.  They  proposed  a  room  forty  feet  square, 
with  six  windows  and  three  fireplaces.  The  finances  of  the 
University  did  not  allow  the  acceptance  of  the  offer. 

A  contract  of  sale  of  fifty  acres  of  the  forest,  now  called 
Battle  Park,  was  made  with  Prof.  Wm.  Hooper,  which  was 
cancelled  on  his  leaving  the  University.  The  large  trees  were 
mostly  cut  off  under  this  contract.  The  white  oak  trees  were 
left  to  supply  hogs  with  acorns.  There  are  remnants  of  a  stone 
wall  enclosure  extending  into  the  Park. 

This  Harbiintger. 

In  1834  there  was  published  by  Isaac  C.  Partridge,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Faculty,  a  weekly  newspaper  called  the 
Harbinger.  The  terms  were  $3.00  if  paid  in  advance,  $4.00  if 
delayed  six  months,  the  publication  being  conditioned  on  ob- 
taining six  hundred  subscribers. 

The  objects  of  this  novel  enterprise,  as  stated  in  the  Prospec- 
tus, were  very  ambitious  and  patriotic, — "to  diffuse  literary 
information  with  correct  taste,  to  impress  the  importance  of 
popular  and  academic  education,  and  explain  the  best  methods 
discreetly  but  with  independent  freedom  of  stricture ;  to  discuss 
subjects  on  which  it  is  important  to  enlighten  the  public  mind; 
to  furnish  events  and  circumstances  occurring  among  our- 
selves, that  deserve  notice ;  to  exhibit  science  in  popular  form 
that  will  solicit  curiosity  and  be  generally  intelligible ;  to 
promote  the  cause  of  Internal  Improvement ;  and  to  give  a 
competent  portion  of  the  political  and  religious  intelligence  of 
the  time,  with  studious  exclusion  of  all  party  character." 

The  opinion  is  expressed  that  the  public  had  long  expected 
such  a  publication  from  the  site  of  the  University,  "the  express 
purpose  of  which  is  to  cultivate  and  diffuse  valuable  knowl- 
edge, such  as  is  already  treasured  up  and  is  constantly  increas- 
ing with  the  progress- of  the  age." 

Fears  are  expressed  as  to 'the  promptness  of  remittances, 
which  was  all  the  more  necessary,  "as  the  enterprise  will  be 
wholly  without  profit  except  the  necessary  remuneration  to  the 
publishers  and  his  employees.  A  periodical  paper  in  all  its 
movements  must  by  the  very  terms  run  against  time,  and  every 
experienced  and  reflecting  man  knows  the  truth  expressed  by 


368  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

Dr.  Johnson,  that  he,  who  enters  the  lists  with  time  for  his 
antagonist,  must  toil  with  diligence  not  to  find  himself  beaten. 
Every  one  who  favors  the  Harbinger  with  his  patronage  we 
hope  will  do  it  with  presence  of  mind  to  the  importance  of 
fidelity  in  his  remittance.  On  this  the  establishment  must 
depend  for  its  support." 

Then  the  publisher  comes  in  with  a  modest  disclaimer  that 
he  "would  not  enlarge  on  the  qualities  of  the  proposed  periodi- 
cal even  to  excite  in  the  bosom  of  his  fellow  citizens  a  disposi- 
tion to  give  it  countenance  and  support,  lest  while  consulting 
that  object,  he  might  seem  to  expose  himself  to  the  charge  of 
making  vain  promises,  or  raise  expectations  too  high  to  be 
fulfilled.  But  that  a  paper  of  such  a  character,  as  perhaps  has 
been  already  imagined  in  the  minds  of  his  readers,  is  desirable 
in  our  State,  he  cannot  but  think  few  will  deny." 

The  prospectus  closes  with  the  request  that  all  to  whom 
copies  have  been  sent  will  not  only  subscribe  for  themselves, 
but  procure  subscriptions  from  others.  Moreover,  the  pub- 
lisher naively  asks  all  the  papers  in  the  United  States  not  only 
to  copy  it,  but  to  act  as  agents  to  further  its  object.  It  is  dated 
January  26,  1833,  and  it  was  hoped  to  begin  publication  by  the 
first  of  the  following  June. 

We  do  not  have  a  file  of  the  Harbinger,  but  fragments  of  it 
were  cut  out  and  pasted  in  a  book,  from  which  we  are  enabled 
to  get  a  glimpse  of  its  character.  Judging  from  the  subjects 
discussed  and  the  style,  the  mixture  of  humor  and  gravity, 
Dr.  Mitchell  and  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper  were  evidently  the  chief 
contributors.     I  give  abstracts  of  some  of  the  leading  articles. 

There  is  a  very  intelligent  paper  on  "The  Stars,"  suggested 
by  the  great  fall  of  meteors  on  the  night  of  November  13,  1833. 
The  writer  suggested  that  they  were  "Terrible  indications  of 
war — between  certain  members  of  the  editorial  corps  in  North 
Carolina"  (a  Raleigh  editor  had  recently  felled  another  with  a 
bludgeon),  or  "the  Legislature  are  going  to  have  a  stormy 
session,"  or,  by  their  laws,  "wage  fatal  war  upon  the  best 
interests  of  their  constituents."  This  ridicule  was  then  useful, 
as  many  ignorant  people  were  really  frightened.  The  article 
then  treats,    1st  of  Lightning,   2nd,  of  "Fire-balls  or  proper 


THE  HARBINGER — METEORS.  369 

Meteors,"  3rd,  of  the  Aurora  Borealis,  4th,  of  Shooting  Stars, 
5th,  of  Ignis  Fatuus,  6th,  of  San  Elmos.  The  first  is  pro- 
nounced the  most  dangerous  of  all.  As  to  the  Fire  Balls,  after 
giving  three  hypotheses,  the  author  believes  in  a  fourth,  that 
they  are  terrestrial  comets,  which,  becoming  visible  to  us  when 
in  their  perigeum,  and,  electrified  passing  through  the  atmos- 
phere, discharge  their  electricity  with  an  explosion  that  rends 
off  part  of  their  mass,  and  pass  on.  Shooting  stars  are  very 
common,  but  never  so  brilliant  as  on  the  morning  of  the  13th 
November,  1833.  The  author,  however,  thinks  their  number 
was  exaggerated,  as  he  saw  only  one  at  intervals  of  two  or 
three  seconds,  but  greater  numbers  may  have  fallen  earlier  in 
the  night.  Of  the  Aurora  Borealis,  he  states 'that  it  was  so 
brilliant  on  the  night  of  September  28,  1828,  in  Paris  that  the 
fire  companies  turned  out  and  drove  furiously  through  the 
streets,  thinking  the  city  was  on  fire.  It  is  produced  by  "elec- 
tricity in  motion,  we  cannot  tell  why  or  how."  Of  the  Ignis 
Fatuus,  he  says  that  he  has  been  tempted  to  pronounce  it  a 
delusion,  but  its  appearance  is  too  well  authenticated  to  be 
doubted.  The  chemist  can  form  nothing  like  it.  It  is  "like 
rotten  wood,  which  according  to  our  theories  ought  not  to  be 
luminous,  but  it  shines  notwithstanding."  There  is  a  note  here 
which  resembles  the  style  of  Dr.  Mitchell  laughing  at  the 
Professor  of  Ancient  Languages.  "  The  words  ( Jack-o'- 
the-Lantern,  Will-o'-the-Wisp)  will  afford  to  the  future  in- 
vestigator of  the  English  tongue,  when  it  shall  have  become 
a  dead  language,  an  ample  field  for  dissertation.  If  we  may 
be  allowed  to  substitute  the  signs  of  the  dialects  of  Greece  for 
those  he  will  use,  we  may  suppose  him  to  state  that  the  original 
form  was  Jackwithalantern,  which  became  Ionice,  Jackothelan- 
tern ;  Doric,  Jackomelantern ;  Attic,  Jackalantern.  He  will 
also  remark,  that  Willwithawisp  is  altogether  irregular,  from 
an  obsolete  root,  as  Haireo  makes  eilon  in  the  second  aorist." 
San  Elmo  is  a  Spanish  name  for  a  meteor  of  electric  origin. 
When  there  were  two  the  ancients  called  them  Castor  and 
Pollux. 


'Note. — Vulgarly  called  Fox-fire,  i.  e.  Faux  (false)  and  tire. 

24 


370  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Another  article,  published  April  24,  1834,  strongly  praises 
Tudor's  Travels  in  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies,  as  one  of  the 
best  books  of  travels  that  has  been  published  at  a  period  pro- 
lific in  works  of  this  kind.  The  critic,  evidently  Dr.  Mitchell, 
is  rapturous  over  the  magnificent  scenery,  "the  bold  and  salient 
outline,  the  close  association  of  light  and  shadow"  in  these 
countries.  He  jocularly  adds  that  "it  seems  as  though  our 
country  were  intended  for  the  residence  of  a  race  of  prudent 
republicans,  who  are  to  raise  fine  crops  of  tobacco,  wheat,  corn, 
cotton,  and  rice ;  construct  railroads  and  dig  canals ;  make  good 
laws  and  steer  the  ship  of  state,  driven  and  buffeted  though 
she  be  by  a  tremendous  northeaster,  in  safety  over  the  ocean  of 
ages,  but  that  the  improvised  child  of  genius  must  be  nourished 
and  inspired  amid  the  happy  valleys  or  on  the  wild  rocks  of 
Mexico."  The  allusion  to  the  "tremendous  northeaster"  seems 
a  prophecy  of  our  terrible  Civil  War,  but,  if  Mexico  has  ex- 
celled us  in  children  of  genius,  it  is  not  at  all  apparent.  Nor 
can  we  assent  to  the  snow  covered  peaks  of  our  neighbors  as 
being  superior  to  the  grandeurs  of  Niagara  Falls  and  the  Yel- 
lowstone Geysers. 

Another  editorial  is  entitled  "A  Meditation  among  the 
Pines."  When  the  breeze  blows  through  a  forest  of  long- 
leaved  pines,  the  mind  of  the  writer  is  moved  to  speculate  on 
the  beauty,  the  usefulness  and  antiquity  of  the  trees.  There 
are  botanists  who  believe  that  plants  have  sensations  of  pleas- 
ure and  pain  analogous  to  those  of  man,  "But  though  we  may 
indulge  in  these  dreams  in  regard  to  a  healthy  and  vigorous 
oak  or  hickory,  it  seems  difficult  to  extend  them  to  the  pines. 
Driving  their  roots  into  a  mass  of  arid  sand,  and  with  leaves 
just  large  enough  to  whistle  and  sigh  with,  but  not  to  be  the 
means  and  seat  of  enjoyment,  an  old  Pythagorean  might  be 
excused  for  believing  them  the  appointed  abodes  and  prisons 
of  all  the  misers  who  have  ever  trod  the  earth — to  look  down 
upon  the  yellow  sand  and  find  in  it  an  image  and  likeness  of 
that  which  engrossed  their  affections  in  other  days." 

Changing  the  thought,  the  goodness  of  the  Deity  is  discerned 
in  this  most  useful  tree,  covering  what  without  it  would  be  a 
worthless  waste.     It  was  probably  introduced  on  this  continent 


THK    HARBINGER — MASTODON.  3JI 

during  the  ages  when  lived  here  the  mammoth  and  the  ele- 
phant. 

The  excavations  of  the  Clubfoot  and  Harlow  Canal  disclosed 
bones  of  the  great  Mastodon,  "part  of  which  found  their  way 
to  Dr.  Jones'  Museum  and  a  couple  of  teeth  were  sent  to  the 
University,  it  is  believed,  by  Captain  (Otway)  Burns."  Af- 
terwards were  discovered  the  jaws  of  a  young  elephant,  with 
teeth  sound,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Fulton,  the  late 
State  Engineer,  who  carried  them  off  to  Georgia.  Mr.  Lucas 
Benners,  one  of  the  few  men  of  North  Carolina  who  under- 
stood the  value  of  the  marl  beds,  presented  to  the  University 
a  "magnificent  tooth  of  a  full-grown  elephant  in  good  preserva- 
tion." The  Jones  here  mentioned  was  Dr.  Calvin  Jones  of 
Wake  County.  Fulton  was  a  Scotch  civil  engineer,  employed 
by  the  State  at  a  salary  of  $6,000  a  year  to  make  our  rivers 
navigable. 

An  apology  is  made  for  wandering  from  the  pine.  "The 
character  of  this  communication  would  be  at  variance  with  its 
title,  if  there  were  an  intimate  connection  between  its  first  and 
latter  part."     It  is  signed  by  "N." 

In  another  issue  is  given  a  description  by  Michaux  of  the 
method  of  making  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  and  gas,  the  long- 
leaved  pine  being  the  chief  source.  It  is  annotated  by  "N," 
who  states  that  illuminating  gas  was  made  by  letting  melted 
rosin  flow  on  anthracite  coal.  He  predicts  a  great  future  for 
the  manufacture  of  oil  from  cotton  seed,  "when  a  little  addi- 
tional perfection  is  given  to  the  machinery  for  the  separation  of 
the  outer  porous  coat  from  the  oleaginous  seed,"  a  prediction 
since  verified. 

There  is  a  very  vivid  description  of  a  storm  off  Hatteras  by 
"J.  J.  T."  Although  professedly  written  on  shipboard,  if  there 
is  any  truth  in  the  narration,  it  must  have  been  detailed  from 
memory.  "Our  mainmast  has  gone  by  the  Larboard,  our  rig- 
ging and  sails,  split  into  a  thousand  ribbons,  commingling  to- 
gether, are  wildly  streaming  in  the  wind.  Dismay  and  despair 
are  depicted  on  every  countenance.  .  .  .  For  sixteen  days  we 
have  been  driven  at  the  mercy  of  the  winds  and  waves.  .  .  . 
The  beautiful   and   accomplished   Miss  is   among   the 


372  the  university  of  north  Carolina. 

passengers  .  .  .  tossed  upon  the  roaring  waves.  Were  she  but 
safe  I  would  willingly  embrace  the  fatal  ingurgitating  billow. 
If  we  are  destined  here  to  find  a  grave,  may  the  same  wave 
receive  us  both." 

There  are  several  articles  on  "Rural  Economy."  In  them 
Kenrick's  New  American  Orchardist  is  highly  praised,  and 
much  valuable  advice  is  given.  Kenrick  described  235  vareties 
of  apples,  251  pears,  87  peaches,  20  nectarines,  19  apricots,  63 
plums,  43  cherries,  56  grapes,  and  a  number  of  almonds,  cur- 
rants, gooseberries,  raspberries,  etc.  A  statement  is  made  which 
may  be  new  to  some  readers,  that  a  graft  on  any  stock  will 
keep  pace  in  the  changes  it  undergoes  with  the  stock  from 
which  it  is  derived.  Part  of  a  paper  on  the  cultivation  of  the 
vine  in  Madeira,  published  in  Silliman's  Journal,  is  given,  in 
order  to  show  that  peculiarities  of  soil  and  exposure  even  on 
the  same  farm  must  be  observed,  in  order  to  obtain  good 
results. 

A  very  intelligent  editorial,  signed  "N"  (undoubtedly  Dr. 
Mitchell)  gives  the  best  methods  of  producing  fire.  After 
mentioning  the  old  method  of  rubbing  two  pieces  of  dry  wood 
together,  of  striking  a  flint  with  steel,  and  by  the  sunglass,  he 
describes  the  phosphorous  vial,  into  which  a  splinter,  with 
sulphur  coating  the  end,  was  thrust  and  rapidly  withdrawn. 
For  this,  some  ten  or  twelve  years  before,  there  was  substi- 
tuted Hertner's  Eupyrism,  from  Paris.  This  was  a  vial  con- 
taining strong  sulphric  acid  and  a  bundle  of  matches,  the  latter 
headed  with  chlorate  of  potash  and  a  little  starch  or  sugar, 
colored  with  vermilion.  The  fire  was  produced  by  contact  of 
the  acid  with  the  potash  and  starch  or  sugar. 

"Very  recently  a  new  fire  apparatus  has  been  introduced 
under  the  name  of  Lucifer  Matches."  The  making  of  these  is 
described,  and  the  prediction  ventured  that  "this  little  appa- 
ratus appears  to  be  superior  to  and  likely  to  supplant  every 
other."  The  writer  does  not  mention  the  "chunk,"  or  frag- 
ment of  burning  wood,  which  good  housekeepers  covered  up, 
when  they  retired  to  sleep,  nor  the  perpetual  fire  kept  burning 
in  old  Rome  by  the  Vestal  Virgins,  from  which  the  citizens 
could  obtain  a  spark  when  desired. 


THE   HARBINGER — ENGRAVING   ON    STEEL — VULTURES.       373 

There  is  an  excellent  article  by  the  same  pen  on  "Engraving 
on  Steel."  "N"  explains  engraving  on  wood,  on  stone,  and  on 
plates  of  copper,  a  soft  metal,  and  then  shows  how  plates  of 
steel  were  softened  by  heating  with  iron  filings  and  so  became 
soft  enough  to  be  cut  by  the  tools  of  the  artist,  then  hardened 
by  heating  with  charcoal.  This  interesting  statement  is  made : 
"When  the  adherents  of  the  Bonaparte  family  wished  to  ex- 
cite a  feeling  in  their  favor  a  few  years  since,  some  small  prints 
were  brought  into  the  market  and  sold  at  an  insignificant  price, 
well  executed  on  steel  and  exhibiting  the  appearance  of  Napo- 
leon at  the  time  of  the  most  remarkable  events  of  his  life — 
when  yet  a  stripling  he  directed  the  siege  of  Toulon,  afterwards 
at  the  bridge  of  Areola,  in  Egypt,  passing  the  Alps,  at  Tilsit, 
Austerlitz,  Fontainbleau,  and  St.  Helena."  I  have  one  of 
these  prints,  a  bunch  of  violets,  showing  the  features  of  the 
Emperor,  Maria  Louisa,  and  their  son. 

In  a  paper  on  Crocodiles  much  skepticism  is  shown  about 
Waterton's  claim,  that  he  rode  on  the  back  of  an  alligator  into 
the  water,  twisting  one  of  his  forelegs  over  his  back  as  a  bridle. 
It  is  suggested  that  it  requires  enormous  strength  thus  to  han- 
dle the  arm  of  the  animal,  and  that  the  beast  would  be  more 
likely  to  sink  in  the  mud  at  the  bottom  than  to  retain  buoyancy 
sufficient  to  float  with  a  large  man  on  his  back.  Quotations 
are,  however,  made  from  Pliny,  asserting  that  the  Egyptians 
would  mount  a  crocodile  in  the  water  and  when  he  opened  his 
mouth  thrust  a  club  between  his  jaws,  so  that  they  could  not 
be  closed,  and  thus  easily  capture  him.  Dr.  Pococke,  in  his 
observations  on  Egypt,  places  the  locality  of  riding  on  land, 
not  in  the  water. 

(  )f  an  article  on  Mathematics  only  the  title  remains. 

A  very  interesting  discussion  is  given  as  to  whether  a  vult- 
ure, in  our  land  called  turkey  buzzard,  finds  his  food  by  sight 
or  by  scent.  It  had  been  the  general  opinion,  supported  by 
the  authority  of  the  ornithologist,  Wilson,  that  it  was  by  his 
very  acute  sense  of  smell,  but  in  1826  Audubon  furnished  for 
Jameson's  Journal  an  article,  detailing  some  careful  experi- 
ments which  tended  to  prove  that  Turkey  Buzzards,  at  least, 
depend  for  the  discovery  of  their  prey  on  sight.     Charles  Wa- 


374  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

terton,  author  of  "Wandering  in  South  America,"  ridicules 
Audubon.  He  says,  "I  grieve  from  my  heart  that  the  vulture's 
nose  has  received  such  a  tremendous  blow.  ...  I  have  a  fellow 
feeling  for  this  noble  bird.  We  have  been  for  years  together 
in  the  same  country.  We  have  passed  many  nights  amongst 
the  same  trees ;  and  though  we  did  not  frequent  the  same  mess, 
still  we  saw  a  great  deal  of  each  other's  company."  Waterton 
relies  on  the  fact  that  a  large  serpent  lay  untouched  under  thick 
trees,  until  it  was  putrefied,  when  the  birds  found  it  at  once. 
He  thinks  it  strange  that  vultures,  if  they  rely  on  sight,  do  not 
pounce  down  on  sleeping  fowls,  even  on  men,  who  in  the 
tropics  take  their  siesta  in  the  open  air. 

On  the  other  side,  Dr.  John  Bachman  instituted  a  series  of 
experiments  lasting  a  month  in  order  to  settle  the  question. 
The  professors  of  the  Medical  College  of  Charleston  were 
observers  of  his  work.  They  all  agreed  that  the  turkey  buz- 
zards of  that  region  are  guided  entirely  by  sight. 

The  critic  of  the  Harbinger  was,  however,  not  satisfied.  He 
says,  "We  cannot  help  suspecting  that  it  will  turn  out  at  last 
that  the  buzzard  has  both  eyes  and  a  nose,  or  at  least  nostrils. 
Nor  can  a  Charleston  bird  be  considered  a  perfectly  fair  expe- 
riment, bred  as  he  has  been  in  the  smoke  and  steam  of  two  or 
three  thousand  kitchens,  and  amid  the  offal  of  a  large  city,  and 
differing  therefore  from  a  buzzard  inhabiting  the  fields  and 
forests  of  the  back  country,  as  much  as  the  keeper  of  a  dram 
shop  does  from  a  thoroughgoing  member  of  a  temperance 
society.  The  former,  if  he  be  allowed  to  apply  his  nose  to  the 
bung-hole  of  a  whiskey  barrel,  can  hardly  tell  what  is  in  it, 
while  the  latter  will  detect  a  man  if  he  has  been  indulging  in 
half  a  thimbleful  of  beverage,  at  a  distance  of  something  less 
than  a  hundred  yards." 

It  is  a  little  surprising  that  the  writer,  evidently  Dr.  Mitchell, 
should  call  our  vulture  a  buzzard.  A  buzzard  is  a  species  of 
hawk.  Turkey-buzzard  is  the  correct  name,  according  to  Web- 
ster, Audubon,  and  others. 

It  is  also  surprising  to  see  our  learned  Doctor  using  the 
following  language :  "There  is  some  room  for  the  suspicion 
both  in  his  (Waterton's)  case,  and  that  of  Audubon,  that  they 


THE   HARBINGER — ROTATION    OF   CROPS.  3/5 

have  studied  the  art  of  writing  a  book  of  travels  in  the  school 
of  Gulliver,  the  Baron  Munchausen,  Mandeville,  and  the  re- 
nowned worthies  of  that  class."  Knowing  Audubon  as  we  do, 
we  can  hardly  realize  that  a  well-read  and  accomplished  scholar 
should  suggest  the  possibility  of  his  veracious  description  being 
munchausenism. 

It  appears  that  there  was  an  article  on  Sound,  but  it  is  not 
preserved.  There  is  one  on  the  economic  uses  of  the  long- 
leaved  pine.  Its  products  were  much  sought  after  in  those 
days  when  steam  was  not  used  or  used  but  little.  The  pro- 
ducts are  enumerated  as  lumber  of  various  kinds,  turpentine, 
spirits  of  turpentine,  rosin,  tar,  and  pitch. 

A  paper  by  J.  Hamilton  Couper  on  Rotation  of  Crops  as 
adapted  to  the  Southern  States,  published  in  the  Southern 
Agriculturist,  is  highly  praised.  Much  emphasis  is  laid  on 
the  statement  that,  "it  is  now  ascertained  that  a  living  vege- 
table does  not  merely  leave  in  the  earth  a  quantity  of  nutritious 
matter  that  is  not  adapted  to  its  own  subsistence  and  support, 
but  deposits  under  the  form  of  an  exudation  from  its  roots  a 
quantity  of  vegetable  substance,  upon  which  neither  itself,  nor 
any  other  plant  of  the  same  species,  can  feed,  but  which  is  well 
fitted  to  become  the  sustenance  of  another  of  a  different  kind." 
This  fact  is  now  made  available  especially  by  our  more  ad- 
vanced farmers  in  the  use  of  nitrogenized  bacteria. 

The  writer  mentions  that  Dr.  Sondley  of  Newburg  District 
had  discovered  that  a  "new  and  valuable  indigenous  grass," 
(Leersia  Orizoides),  is  a  good  food  for  cattle,  that  it  is  found 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Chapel  Hill  and  recommends  that  it 
be  tried  on  damp  and  cold  lands. 

There  is  also  an  appeal  for  improved  roads  so  intelligent 
that  it  would  delight  the  heart  of  Professor  Holmes  and  the 
other  advocates  of  similar  beneficent  agencies  in  our  day.  The 
MacAdam  process  was  preferred. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  columns  of  the  Harbinger 
contained  only  scientific  discussions.  "N"  prints  a  love-poem, 
a  valentine,  a  particular  favorite  of  his  in  "his  days  of  fancy, 
youth  and  frenzy,"  some  stanzas  of  which  he  still  regarded  as 


37<9  THE   UNIVERSITY   OV    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

very  beautiful  poetry.     The  authoress  was  Miss  Ella  Trefusis. 
I  give  two  verses  out  of  eight  as  specimens : 

0  man  !   how  little  dost  thou  know 
The  sources  whence  our  pleasures  How; 

0  man  !  how  little  canst  thou  share, 
The  soft  refinements  of  the  fair  ! 

Those  heavenly  nothings  which  we  prize, 
Your  grosser  appetites  despise  ; 
Never  in  your  hacknied  bosom  live 
Those  loyal  sentiments  which  give 
A  sacred  character  to  love, 
And  prove  its  mission  from  above. 
Alas  !  my  every  wish  was  thine ; 
But  the  world  shared  my  Valentine. 

The  following  is  possibly  a  good  description  of  an  engaged 

couple — ■ 

Think,  Mellidor,  on  former  days, 
Think  on  the  thousand  winning  ways, 
By  which  my  heart  thou  did'st  obtain  ! 
The  fond,  fond  look,  the  melting  strain, 
The  frequent  letter,  praises  bland, 
This  tenderly  imprisoned  hand  ; 
Full  many  an  eve  together  past, 
Each  eve  more  valued  than  the  last ; 
When  by  the  sun's  declining  rays 

1  dared  the  transitory  gaze, 

Read  in  those  eyes  that  dame  divine, 
Now — felt  but  by  thy  Valentine  ! 

The  last  of  the  original  articles  which  I  notice  are  on  the 
history  of  the  State.  Searches,  it  was  urged,  should  be  made 
for  documents.  The  biographies  of  officers  and  soldiers  should 
be  written.  The  conduct  of  Cornwallis'  army  during  the  in- 
vasion of  1780  and  1781  should  be  investigated.  Stedman,  an 
Englishman  and  a  Tory,  says,  that  "at  Halifax  some  enormi- 
ties were  committed  by  the  British,  which  were  a  disgrace  to 
the  name  of  a  man."  What  were  these  enormities?  What 
influence  upon  the  American  cause  by  the  fighting  Quakers, 
the  Highlanders,  and  the  Regulators,  should  be  looked  into,  as 
well  as  that  of  the  Tories  of  Rutherford  and  west  Lincoln. 

Another  valuable  paper  was  on  the  counties  of  North  Caro- 


THE  HARBINGER — HARVARD   IN    1 834.  57 J 

lina,  their  date  of  erection  and  the  origin  of  their  names.  The 
statements  are  as  a  rule  accurate,  but  as  Williamson  and  Mar- 
tin were  followed  there  are  a  few  errors.  For  example,  North- 
ampton County  was  not  called  after  a  county  of  the  same  name 
in  England,  but  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Northampton,  father 
of  Spencer  Compton,  Earl  of  Wilmington,  Prime  Minister. 
Surry  County  was  named  after  Lord  Surrey,  who  opposed  the 
American  war,  in  office  under  Rockingham.  Surrey  was  after- 
wards Duke  of  Norfolk. 

These  historical  articles  are  over  the  pen  name  of  "N,"  un- 
doubtedly from  internal  evidence,  Dr.  Mitchell,  as  has  been 
said. 

Besides  the  well-written  and  instructive  editorials,  there  was 
the  usual  supply  of  clippings,  including  useful  facts  and  humor- 
ous anecdotes.  Among  the  facts  is  a  statement  that  Harvard 
College  in  1830,  excluding  buildings,  library,  apparatus  and 
grounds,  had  property  amounting  only  to  $460,624.  Of  this 
amount  only  $149,171  was  applicable  to  the  universal  use  of 
the  college,  the  balance  belonging  to  the  theological  and  law 
departments,  and  including  the  funds  pledged  to  salaries  and 
professorships,  etc.  The  annual  expenditure  for  1832  was 
$41,054;  income,  $40,962.  In  about  seventy  years  Harvard 
University  has  increased  to  near  6,000  students,  over  500 
teachers,  over  $15,000,000  of  property,  and  an  annual  income 
of  more  than  a  million  dollars. 

The  Harbinger  soon  came  to  an  end,  doubtless  from  want 
of  pecuniary  support,  as  has  been  the  fate  of  all  journals  in 
North  Carolina,  which  appealed  to  love  of  knowledge  and 
literature. 

Of  a  similar  nature  to  the  Harbinger,  the  Columbian  Reposi- 
tory, printed  at  Chapel  Hill,  was  projected  in  1836  by  Hugh 
McQueen.  No  specimen  of  it  is  known  to  exist.  Probably 
it  expired  with  the  first  number.  The  unfortunate  habits  of 
the  otherwise  gifted  editor  and  the  limited  number  of  those 
likely  to  be  interested  in  his  journal  necessarily  brought  it  to 
an  untimely  end. 


378  the  university  of  north  carolina. 

Sale  oe  Tennessee  Land  Warrants. 

While  President  Caldwell  was  languishing  on  his  couch  of 
pain,  the  bodily  agony  equalled  by  his  grief  for  the  distressed 
condition  of  the  institution  he  loved  more  than  life,  plans  were 
maturing  on  the  wise  initiative  of  Duncan  Cameron,  President 
of  the  -Bank  of  the  State,  one  of  the  shrewdest  financiers  of 
his  time,  which  ultimately  gave  the  University  an  endowment 
and  filled  her  halls  with  students.  This  beneficent  result  came 
from  the  sale  of  her  land  warrants  and  other  assets  in  the 
State  of  Tennessee.  The  trials  and  difficulties  encountered  in 
pushing  these  claims  deserve  a  detailed  narrative. 

The  grant  of  Carolina  to  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  1663  anc^ 
1665  extended  nominally  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  "South 
Sea"  in  the  charter,  but  of  course  as  Great  Britain  became  the 
owner  only  to  the  Mississippi  River,  this  river  was  the  real 
western  limit.  By  the  acts  of  1782,  1783,  and  1784  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina,  the  warrants  for  lands 
granted  to  its  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  Continental  Line  were 
to  be  located  in  a  region  in  the  western  part  of  the  territory, 
now  the  State  of  Tennessee,  called  the  Military  Reservation, 
with  the  proviso  that  if  sufficient  tillable  land  could  not  there 
be  found,  other  unappropriated  land  could  be  substituted.  A 
land  office  was  opened,  afterwards  known  as  John  Armstrong's 
office,  for  the  entries  under  said  acts,  and  also  under  the  Act 
of  1783  for  the  redemption  of  specie  certificates,  issued  for  the 
expenses  of  the  war. 

In  December,  1789,  North  Carolina  passed  the  Act  of  Ces- 
sion of  the  territory  of  Tennessee  to  the  United  States,  which 
was  approved  by  Congress  April  2nd,  1790.  The  rights  of  the 
officers  and  soldiers  were  not  forgotten.  The  Governor  of 
North  Carolina  was  to  have  power  to  perfect  their  titles  by 
grants ;  rights  of  occupancy  and  pre-emption  theretofore  grant- 
ed were  preserved,  and  all  entries  already  made,  which  inter- 
fered with  prior  entries,  might  be  located  elsewhere  in  the  ceded 
territory.  With  these  exceptions,  the  sovereignty  over  this 
territory  passed  to  the  United  States. 

In   1796  Congress  admitted  Tennessee  into  the  Union,  but 


ESCHEATED    LAND    WARRANTS.  379 

the  unappropriated  lands  were  not  ceded  to  the  new  State. 
Tennessee,  however,  claimed  that  North  Carolina's  rights  ex- 
pired in  1792,  for  the  reason  that  the  time  for  procuring  grants 
was  by  the  act  of  the  North  Carolina  Assembly  limited  to  that 
date,  that  there  was  no  reservation  of  the  power  to  extend  the 
time,  and  that  all  extensions  of  the  time  for  soldiers  to  claim 
their  bounties  made  after  1792  were  null  and  void. 

In  disregard  of  this  claim  the  General  Assembly  of  North 
Carolina  granted  extensions  from  time  to  time  until  1801,  when 
this  body  barred  all  claims  not  presented  by  1st  of  June,  1803. 
By  an  act  of  1807  that  of  1801  was  repealed  and  applications 
were  directed  to  be  made  to  the  Legislature,  and  warrants  to 
issue  only  on  its  resolution.  In  1819  the  Governor,  Treasurer 
and  Comptroller  were  made  a  board,  vested  with  the  authority 
reserved  to  the  Legislature  in  1807. 

Before  this  Board  of  1819  the  I  niversity  presented  its 
claims  for  very  many  warrants.  A  large  number  was  allowed, 
laid  before  an  adjudicating  board  appointed  by  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  allowed  by  them,  patents  issued,  placed  in  the  hands 
of  locators,  and  subsequently  grants  issued. 

Although  the  State  had  published  the  names  of  the  Conti- 
nental officers  and  soldiers  and  notified  them  of  the  warrants 
awaiting  their  application,  a  large  number  never  came  forward. 
Presuming  that  these  delinquents  had  died  without  heirs,  the 
General  Assembly,  by  resolution,  in  182 1  directed  that  a  num- 
ber of  undelivered  and  unclaimed  warrants  in  the  names  of ' 
those  entitled  should  be  delivered  to  the  University.  And  in 
1824,  in  order  to  stop  the  clamor  of  the  people  of  Tennessee 
that  the  flow  of  warrants  was  inexhaustible,  the  Secretary  of 
State  was  ordered  to  close  the  muster  roll  and  make  out  war- 
rants in  the  name  of  the  University  for  all  the  remaining  non- 
claimants. 

Let  us  now  see  something  of  the  course  of  legislation  in 
Tennessee  and  in  Congress.  In  1799  Tennessee  asserted  her 
right  as  a  State,  sovereign  except  as  to  the  powers  vested  in 
the  LTnited  States,  to  all  ungranted  lands  within  her  limits, 
even  those  claimed  by  the  United  States.  She  asserted  that 
the  national  title  was  abandoned  when  she  was  admitted  into 


380  Tliiv   UNIVERSITY  OF   North    CAROLINA. 

the  Union  without  expressly  reserving"  that  title,  but  as  the 
claim  was  not  allowed,  she  refrained  from  opening  a  land  office. 
In  1801  she  confirmed  all  prior  entries,  warrants,  and  grants 
already  made  and  directed  that  Tennessee  grants  be  issued  on 
such  warrants.  At  the  same  lime  she  prohibited  by  heavy 
penalties  any  further  action  by  North  Carolina  surveyors  and 
entry  takers.  In  1803  Tennessee  appointed  Judge  John  Over- 
ton as  agent  to  make  a  "friendly  explanation  and  adjustment" 
of  these  differences  with  North  Carolina.  This  resulted  in  the 
Act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  this  State  of  December  2nd, 
1803,  passed  subject  to  ratification  by  Tennessee,  which  was 
given,  and  of  Congress,  which  was  not  given.  This  Act  gave 
Tennessee  the  function  of  perfecting  title  to  claims  of  lands 
reserved  to  North  Carolina  in  the  Act  of  Cession,  subject  to 
certain  restrictions,  that  which  concerned  the  University  being 
the  exclusive  right  retained  by  North  Carolina  to  issue  military 
warrants. 

In  1806  Congress,  in  a  spirit  of  liberality  and  compromise, 
ceded  to  Tennessee,  subject  to  North  Carolina's  reservation 
in  the  Act  of  Cession,  and  also  to  certain  Indian  titles,  the  rights 
of  the  United  States  to  about  one-third  of  the  State,  approxi- 
mately from  sixteen  to  seventeen  million  of  acres,  of  which 
after  satisfying  all  North  Carolina  claims  to  this  section  there 
remained  in  1838  about  eight  million  acres.  The  United  States 
retained  title  to  about  one-third  of  the  State.  The  boundary 
between  the  two  sovereignties  was  called  "the  Congressional 
reservation  line."  It  began  where  the  main  branch  of  the  Elk 
River  crosses  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State,  thence  due 
north  to  Duck  River,  thence  northwesterly  down  Duck  River, 
nearly  to  Centerville,  thence  due  west  to  Tennessee  River, 
thence  down  the  Tennessee  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
State.  In  official  reports  the  area  west  and  north  of  this  line 
was  estimated  as  6,840,000  acres,  of  which  942,375  acres  were 
granted  by  North  Carolina  previous  to  the  Act  of  Cession. 

As  soon  as  the  Act  of  Congress  of  1806  was  accepted  by  the 
Tennessee  Legislature,  that  State  opened  her  land  offices  for 
satisfying  the  reserved  claims  of  North  Carolina.  The  lands 
south  of  the  French  Broad  and  Holston  Rivers  were  excepted. 


ESCHEATED   LAND   WARRANTS.  381 

In  181 1  North  Carolina  claimed  the  right  to  perfect  titles  to 
lands  west  and  south  of  the  Military  Reservation  line,  and 
sent  a  surveyor.  Col.  Thomas  Love,  for  the  purpose.  After 
he  had  surveyed  about  50,000  acres,  the  Tennessee  Legislature, 
as  heretofore  mentioned,  passed  a  prohibitory  act  with  heavy 
penalties  on  the  surveyor  and  register,  and  disbarring  and 
fining  any  lawyer  who  should  bring  suit  on  such  claim. 

North  Carolina  thereupon,  in  181 5,  memorialized  Congress, 
claiming  the  right,  and  complaining  of  so  much  of  the  Act  of 
1806  as  gave  Tennessee  200,000  acres  for  colleges  and  acad- 
emies. Of  course  Tennessee  presented  a  counter  memorial.  In 
this  it  was  stated  that  the  lands  east  and  north  of  the  Reserva- 
tion line  had  been  exhausted  without  satisfying  North  Caro- 
lina's claims,  and  Congress  was  requested  to  authorize  these 
claims  to  be  located  in  the  Military  Reservation.  Congress 
complied  with  this  request  and,  by  Act  approved  April  4th, 
1818,  authorized  Tennessee  to  perfect  titles  by  grants  to  all 
locations  prior  to  the  Act  of  Cession,  and  "also  to  issue  grants 
within  said  territory  on  all  valid  warrants  of  survey,  interfer- 
ing entries,  certificates,  grants  and  locations,  that  had  not  been 
actually  located  or  granted  east  and  north  of  the  reservation 
line,  and  that  were  removable  under  the  North  Carolina  Ces- 
sion Act."  In  pursuance  of  this  authority,  Tennessee  in  1819 
opened  a  land  office,  and  the  time  for  satisfaction  of  such 
claims  was  from  time  to  time  extended  until  1839.  It  was 
calculated  that  3,567,801  acres  were  adjudicated  after  the  Act 
of  1 81 8  to  meet  these  claims,  leaving  to  the  United  States 
between  2,300,000  and  3,300,000  acres,  which  were  ultimately, 
in  1846,  donated  to  Tennessee. 

Another  element  of  trouble  was  the  claim  of  the  Chickasaw 
Indians  to  lands  stretching  from  the  Ohio  River  south  into  the 
State  of  Mississippi,  including  the  western  part  of  Tennessee, 
which  was  recognized  by  the  United  States  by  the  Piomingo 
Treaty  of  1786.  By  treaties  in  1805,  1816  and  1818,  the  Chick- 
asaws  ceded  all  their  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  For 
the  territory  north  of  the  Tennessee  River,  the  price  paid  in 
1816  was  $12,000  a  year  for  twelve  years,  of  which  $4,500  was 


382  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

paid  in  sixty  days.  For  that  west  of  that  river,  Governor 
Isaac  Shelby  being  the  commissioner  of  the  United  States, 
there  was  agreed  to  be  paid  $300,000  in  fifteen  annual  instal- 
ments of  $20,000  each,  besides  presents,  $7,000  or  $8,000  worth, 
to  the  chiefs.  It  is  stated  that  three  thousand  Indians  were 
present  when  the  treaty  was  negotiated.  The  Indian  title 
being  thus  extinguished,  there  was  no  further  obstacle  to  the 
location  and  sale  of  soldiers'  warrants  within  these  limits. 
Now,  for  the  first  time  since  Governor  Smith's  donation  of 
20,000  acres  in  1792,  his  beneficence  became  available. 

Still  another  complication  arose  from  the  frauds  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  James  Glasgow,  and 
the  Registrars  of  the  Land  Office  in  Tennessee,  John  and 
Martin  Armstrong.  The  latter  converted  to  his  own  use  large 
sums  belonging  to  the  State,  for  which  an  uncollectible  judg- 
ment was  obtained  and  given  to  the  University  by  the  State. 
And  moreover  these  frauds  created  suspicions  of  false  entries 
and  such  confusion  of  claims  as  materially  increased  the  hostil- 
ity of  Tennessee  towards  the  just  demands  of  the  institution. 

The  Trustees  of  our  University  lost  no  time  after  1819  in 
obtaining 'their  grants  from  the  State  of  Tennessee.  An  oppo- 
sition grew  up,  on  account  of  the  magnitude  of  the  University's 
demands,  so  fierce  as  to  threaten  the  adjudication  of  all  remain- 
ing warrants.  Judge  Archibald  D.  Murphey  and  Hon.  Joseph 
H.  Bryan,  the  latter  an  ex-Member  of  the  United  States  House 
of  Representatives,  were  appointed  to  secure  the  interests  of 
the  institution.  Judge  Murphey  journeyed  to  Nashville,  ascer- 
tained by  private  conferences  with  the  members  and  his  attor- 
neys the  best  possible  terms,  and  asked  for  and  obtained  per- 
mission to  address  the  General  Assembly.  He  spoke  during 
the  working  hours  of  two  days.  When  he  concluded,  Felix 
Grundy  proposed  that  Jenkins  Whitesides  and  James  Trimble, 
who  had  in  full  the  public  confidence,  should  be  appointed  com- 
missioners to  investigate  and  adjust  the  claim  of  the  University, 
with  power  to  compromise  disputes  and  to  grant  exemption 
from  taxation  as  asked  for.  The  leader  of  the  opposition 
accepted  the  proposition,  and  it  passed  the  Assembly. 


ESCHEATED    LAND    WARRANTS.  383 

On  August  26th,  1822,  these  commissioners  came  to  an 
agreement  with  Attorney  Joseph  H.  Bryan,  by  which  grants 
should  issue  upon  the  warrants  owned  or  acquired  by  the  Uni- 
versity, and  that  they  should  be  exempt  from  taxation  until 
January  i,  1850.  The  University  on  its  part  agreed  to  transfer 
to  East  Tennessee  College,  now  University  of  Tennessee, 
twenty  thousand  acres,  and  to  Cumberland  College,  now  Uni- 
versity of  Nashville,  forty  thousand  acres,  the  assignments 
being  subject  to  contracts  previously  made  for  procuring  and 
locating  the  same.  The  University  further  agreed  to  warrant 
the  title  to  45,000  acres  at  $1.50  per  acre,  with  interest,  liability 
to  end  unless  adverse  claims  should  be  made  by  January  1st, 
183 1.  This  was  duly  ratified  by  the  Trustees  of  the  University 
and  the  General  Assembly  of  Tennessee. 

After  giving  to  the  Colleges  of  East  Tennessee  and  Cumber- 
land their  shares  of  the  warrants  then  in  hand,  there  remained 
to  the  University  of  the  1,823  warrants  only  4,476  acres.  The 
application  to  the  General  Assembly  for  their  location  was 
refused,  but  Judge  Stewart  of  the  Circuit  Court,  on  a  suit  for 
mandamus,  founded  on  the  statutes  in  existence,  instituted  by 
James  Trimble  for  the  University,  ordered  the  Secretary  of 
State  to  adjudicate  them.  It  was  hoped  that  the  Secretary 
would  likewise  under  this  decision  adjudicate  the  warrants  of 
1824  and  subsequently,  but  he  declined  to  do  so  until  the  ques- 
tion should  be  passed  on  by  the  Supreme  Court.  Before  that 
body  the  University  was  represented  by  James  Trimble,  Felix 
Grundy  and  Alfred  Balch,  who  argued  in  vain.  The  applica- 
tion was  rejected.  Soon  after  this  argument,  ex- Judge  Trim- 
ble's valuable  services  were  lost  by  his  death,  and  ex-Judge 
Win.  S.  Brown  was  employed  in  his  place. 

A  special  session  of  the  Legislature  being  called,  Judge 
Murphey  addressed  a  strong  memorial  to  that  body,  which  was 
supported  by  Mr.  Brown,  whose  speech  was  said  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  to  have  been  "the  most  splendid  effort  of  human 
intellect  he  had  ever  witnessed."  Mr.  Crabb,  the  counsel  for 
Cumberland  College,  he  wrote,  was  "as  usual  very  respecta- 
ble." Major  Abram  Maury  (pronounced  and  often  written 
Murray),    a    representative,    manifested    his    "usual    zeal    and 


384  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

honest  independence"  for  the  bill,  and  was  ably  sustained  by 
Mr.  Grundy,  also  a  member.  The  opponents,  however,  pre- 
vailed by  a  vote  of  20  to  18. 

At  a  subsequent  session,  on  application  of  the  attorneys  of  the 
University,  a  hard  compromise  was  offered.  In  1825,  after 
much  furious  opposition,  an  act  was  passed  providing  for  a 
commissioner  to  adjudicate  the  validity  of  all  military  war- 
rants, presented  to  him  by  the  University  or  the  East  Tennessee 
or  Cumberland  College,  not  exceeding  in  all  105,000  acres,  for 
which  certificates  would  be  issued  for  land  west  and  north  of 
the  Congressional  line,  in  25-acre  tracts,  which  should  be  sold, 
first  to  actual  occupants  at  fifty  cents  per  acre,  next  to  general 
purchasers  at  one  dollar,  and  after  a  limited  period  at  fifty  cents 
per  acre,  and  lastly  the  residue  at  public  auction ;  one-third  of 
the  proceeds  to  be  paid  to  the  University,  one-third  to  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Tennessee,  and  the  remaining  one-third  to  the 
two  aforementioned  colleges.  Under  this  act  the  University 
received  in  cash  $15,002.68. 

I  now  proceed  to  show  what  was  done  by  the  Trustees  in 
working  this  mine,  so  full  of  difficulties  and  disappointments. 

The  management  of  the  Western  lands  was  left  to  the  Com- 
mittee of  Appointments,  Archibald  D.  Murphey  and  Thomas 
Ruffin  being  added,  the  other  members  being  John  Haywood, 
Henry  Potter  and  Wm.  Polk,  the  Governor  being  ex-officio 
Chairman,  when  present.-  Duncan  Cameron  was  added  in  the 
following  year.  In  December,  1825,  the  Trustees  denominated 
the  committee,  so  increased,  as  the  Land  Committee,  and  con- 
ferred on  them  full  power  "to  adopt  such  course  in  respect  to 
the  land  claims  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  beneficial  to  the 
interests  of  the  University."  Besides  those  already  named, 
from  time  to  time  until  the  creation  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee in  1835,  George  E.  Badger,  Thomas  P.  Devereux,  James  F. 
Taylor,  William  Robards,  Charles  Manly,  Wm.  S.  Mhoon, 
James  Iredell,  and  Romulus  M.  Saunders,  besides  Governors 
Burton,  Owen,  Stokes  and  Swain,  were  members.  Ichabod 
Wetmore,  agent  in  Raleigh,  of  the  Bank  of  New  Bern,  was 
appointed  Secretary  at  a  salary  of  $250  per  annum. 


HENDERSON   AND  DICKENS  APPOINTED   AGENTS.  385 

As  Col.  Wm.  Polk  often  visited  Tennessee,  having  large 
interests  therein,  he  was  vested  by  the  committee  with  power 
to  employ  agents  on  such  terms  as  he  thought  best.  On  Au- 
gust 5th,  1821,  he  made  a  contract  with  Col.  Thomas  Hender- 
son, Jr.,  late  editor  of  the  Raleigh  Star,  of  whom  Governor 
Swain  said  "No  citizen  succeeded  in  conciliating  the  warm 
regards  of  a  greater  number  of  personal  friends  than  he."  He 
was  to  procure  evidence  as  to  all  persons  who  had  served  in  the 
Continental  line  of  the  State  who  had  died  without  heirs 
capable  of  inheriting  land.  He  was  then  to  lay  the  same  before 
the  Governor,  Public  Treasurer  and  Comptroller — the  Board 
of  Adjudication  appointed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  this 
State  in  1819,  and  if  passed,  then  before  the  Board  of  Adjudi- 
cation in  Tennessee — the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  and 
Register  of  the  Land  Office.  For  compensation  he  was  to 
receive  one-half  of  the  warrants. 

Col.  Henderson  proceeded  to  his  duty  with  alacrity  and  suc- 
cess. He  appointed  sub-agents,  agreeing  to  assign  them  part 
of  the  warrants,  what  proportion  does  not  appear,  and  on  Octo- 
ber 3rd  was  ready  for  a  division.  This  was  done,  leaving  to 
the  University  warrants  calling  for  147,853  acres.  Other  war- 
rants besides  these  were  subsequently  realized,  as  will  be  seen. 

As  an  agent  residing  in  Tennessee  was  necessary  for  locating 
and  selling  the  lands,  Colonel  Polk  selected  a  man  of  ability 
and  means,  Samuel  Dickens  of  the  county  of  Madison,  post- 
office,  Spring  Creek,  a  recent  settler,  who  had  been  a  member 
of  the  North  Carolina  Legislature  from  Person  County  and  a 
Representative  in  Congress  in  181  o- 181 7.  To  him  in  1821 
was  given  power  "to  do  all  things  to  maintain,  secure  and  pre- 
serve the  rights  and  interests  of  the  University."  The  appoint- 
ment was  fortunate,  as  through  a  long-continuing  agency  he 
proved  himself  to  be  vigilant  and  wise.  He  had  charge  not 
only  of  the  escheated  warrants,  but  of  those  given  to  the  Uni- 
versity bv  Governor  Smith  and  Major  Gerrard.  His  compen- 
sation for  locating  the  lands  was  that  usually  given,  viz.,  162-3 
per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  lands  surveyed,  payable  in  land. 
For  selling,  collecting  and  paying  over,  his  commission  was 

25 


■". 


386  THE  UNIVERSITY   OK   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

six  per  cent  at  first  and  afterwards  ten  per  cent.  In  locating, 
he  had  a  partner,  Dr.  Thomas  Hunt,  a  graduate  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  1800,  the  firm  under  the  name  of  Hunt  &  Dickens, 
having  a  numerous  staff  of  young  men  "in  the  woods."  In 
dividing  in  1823  the  lands  given  for  locating,  the  decision  was 
"by  lottery,"  or  as  we  say,  by  lot.  For  the  purpose  of  securing 
an  equitable  division  all  the  lands  were  grouped  into  two  divis- 
ions, northern  and  southern,  and  each  division  into  two  classes ; 
first  class  being  tracts  worth  $4  per  acre,  and  second  worth 
less  than  $4  per  acre.  On  May  3rd,  1823,  Dickens  estimates 
the  $4  lands  of  the  northern  division  at  $37,589  and  those  under 
$4  at  $46,314.75.  The  aggregates  of  the  southern  division  he 
estimates  at  $57,153  and  $56,007  for  the  corresponding  classes. 
Deducting  162-3  per  cent  from  these  amounts,  the  University 
had  the  prospect  of  realizing  $164,220,  less  six  per  cent  for 
selling  and  paying  over.  The  net  receipts  of  warrants  subse- 
quently acquired  were  in  addition  to  this.  A  dangerous  ob- 
stacle encountered  was  the  hunting  up  by  speculators  of  heirs, 
or  pretended  heirs,  of  the  soldiers  whose  warrants  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  University.  Expensive  litigation  became  neces- 
sary. So  satisfied  were  the  Trustees  that  the  bulk  of  these 
new-found  claims  were  fraudulent,  and  that  they  were  owned 
by  speculators  who  paid  a  trivial  sum  for  them,  and  moreover 
that  it  was  impossible  to  distinguish  the  false  from  the  true, 
that  they  adopted  a  resolution  to  yield  to  no  claim,  no  matter 
how  plausible.  They  determined  to  interpose  every  objection, 
technical  or  otherwise.  To  this  the  kindhearted  Treasurer 
Haywood  entered  his  protest. 

The  instructions  to  the  agent,  January  21st,  1826,  drawn  by 
Judge  Murphey,  show  the  precautionary  measures  adopted. 
The  agent  was  ordered  to  place  a  tenant  on  each  tract,  so  as 
to  make  the  statute  of  limitations  begin  to  run.  If  a  squatter 
was  already  in  possession  he  would  be  induced  to  leave,  and 
adverse  claims  should  be  bought  in,  the  seller  conceding  the 
fact  that  they  were  for  the  University.  Suits  should  be  com- 
promised, if  deemed  advisable.  But,  says  the  instruction,  "let 
the  suits  remain  on  the  dockets  for  several  years  that  specula- 
tors may  be  kept  in  the  dark  as  to  the  true  state  of  things.     Not 


UNIVERSITY  ATTORNEYS  IN   TENNESSEE.  387 

many  suits  will  probably  be  brought  if  there  be  no  decisions. 
Speculators  will  anxiously  wait  and  look  out  for  the  decision 
before  they  adventure  far."  As  the  University  guaranteed 
the  title  to  the  warrants  assigned  to  the  Tennessee  colleges 
against  all  claims  made  prior  to  1831,  suits  should  be  avoided 
by  all  safe  means  until  1832.  As  it  had  been  settled  by  the 
Tennessee  courts  that  claimants  were  barred  by  the  statute  of 
limitations  on  the  lapse  of  three  years  from  the  "appropriation," 
if  not  of  the  "emanation"  of  the  warrants,  the  agent  was  in- 
structed to  ascertain  from  the  counsel  of  the  University  the 
meaning  of  these  terms  and  to  complete  whatever  was  needed 
to  make  the  statute  begin  to  run.  It  was  hoped  that  they  meant 
the  issuing  by  the  Secretary  of  State  of  North  Carolina.  If 
so.  the  University  was  already  safe. 

Three  thousand  dollars  cash  was  sent  Mr.  Dickens  to  meet 
expenses  of  various  kinds,  including  counsel  fees. 

The  counsel  of  the  University  in  Tennessee  at  that  time  were 
ex-Judge  James  Trimble  and  Felix  Grundy,  partners,  of  whom 
Mr.  Dickens  wrote  that  Grundy  was  the  greatest  orator  and 
Trimble,  the  soundest  lawyer;  at  other  times  ex- judges  John 
Overton  and  Wm.  L.  Brown,  Jenkins  \\ 'hitesides,  Alfred  Balch, 
Pleasant  M.  Miller,  George  S.  Yerger.  Besides  these,  there 
were  local  lawyers  to  attend  particularly  to  suits  in  their  respec- 
tive counties.  Wm.  Washington  was  one  of  them.  The  prin- 
cipal lawyer  for  the  University  of  North  Carolina  was  Archi- 
bald D.  Murphey,  general  counsel  in  this  State  and  special  in 
the  State  of  Tennessee.  The  Land  Committee  likewise  re- 
tained Wm.  Gaston  and  George  E.  Badger,  as  general  counsel 
in  all  suits  in  which  the  University  should  be  interested.  After 
Gaston  became  Supreme  Court  Judge,  Thomas  P.  Devereux 
took  his  place. 

The  lawyers  concerned  with  the  settlement  of  the  land  dis- 
putes were  men  of  the  highest  repute  in  the  transmontane  coun- 
try. John  Overton,  born  in  Virginia,  younger  brother  of  Gen- 
eral Thomas  Overton,  Andrew  Jackson's  second  in  his  fatal 
duel  with  Dickinson,  had  been  a  judge  of  the  Superior  and 
Supreme  Courts  of  Tennessee,  a  man  of  soundest  judgment, 
and  noted  as  a  real  estate  lawyer.  Jenkin  Whitesides,  a  native  ■ 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  specialist  in  land  laws  and  had  an  im- 


388  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

mense  practice.  James  Trimble  was  born  in  Virginia,  lived  for 
a  time  in  Knoxville,  and  was  a  judge  in  the  eastern  circuit.  He 
moved  to  Nashville  in  181 3  and  there  practiced  law  until  his 
death  in  1824.  Trimble  was  the  soundest  lawyer.  He  taught 
law  to  some  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  State,  such  as 
Samuel  Houston,  Wm.  L.  Brown  and  George  S.  Yerger.  Fe- 
lix Grundy  has  a  national  reputation  for  oratory,  second  only 
to  Clay  and  Webster.  Born  in  Kentucky,  he  distinguished 
himself  in  the  legislature  and  reached  the  dignity  of  a  Judge- 
ship of  its  Supreme  Court.  He  settled  in  Nashville  in  1807 
and  at  once  attained  a  large  practice.  He  was  soon  elected  a 
representative  in  Congress  and  was  so  ardent  in  support  of 
the  war  of  181 2,  that  its  opponents  declared  that  it  was  brought 
on  by  "  Madison,  Grundy  and  the  Devil."  In  1829  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate.  He  was  Attorney-General 
of  the  United  States  under  Van  Buren  and  again  a  Senator  in 
1834  and  until  his  death  in  1840.  He  was  a  wonderfully  suc- 
cessful criminal  lawyer.  It  is  stated  on  good  authority  that  he 
defended  165  criminals  charged  with  capital  crimes,  only  one 
of  whom  was  convicted  and  executed.  There  is  a  legend  that 
he  once  caused  to  be  printed  a  false  almanac  in  order  to  deceive 
the  jury  as  to  a  date. 

Pleasant  M.  Miller  was  also  a  native  of  Virginia.  He  set- 
tled in  Knoxville  and  was  a  Representative  in  Congress  from 
that  district.  In  1824  he  removed  to  West  Tennessee,  and 
after  twelve  years  of  full  practice  was  elected  Chancellor.  His 
letters,  notwithstanding  that  he  wrote  "I  have  went  there"  and 
spelt  cession  with  an  initial  S,  show  that  he  had  a  vigorous  and 
original  mind. 

George  S.  Yerger's  father,  of  Dutch  descent,  settled  in  Le- 
banon, Tennessee.  The  son  was  a  bright  lawyer.  He  was 
Reporter  of  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  his  State  and 
its  first  Attorney-General.  He  removed  to  Mississippi  and  was 
eminent  there. 

Wm.  L.  Brown  and  Alfred  Balch  are  not  mentioned  in  Cald- 
well's History  of  the  Bench  and  Bar  of  Tennessee.  Brown 
was  afterwards  a  judsre,  and  a  verv  able  one. 


SALES    AND   EXPENSES.  389 

At  their  meeting  in  1823,  the  Board  of  Trustees  ordered  ' 
25,000  acres  to  be  sold  under  direction  of  the  Land  Committee. 
The  agent,  Samuel  Dickens,  executed  the  trust  with  faithful- 
ness and  sound  judgment,  except  that,  owing  to  good  offers 
made,  he  sold  somewhat  more  than  the  number  specified.  His 
action  was  approved.  From  time  to  time  other  sales  were 
authorized.  Previous  to  and  during  1824,  6,873  acres  realized 
on  credit  $21,067.  ^n  l&25  were  bargained  7,560  acres  for 
$22,802;  in  1826,  11,180  acres  for  $32,474;  in  1827,  2,001  acres 
for  $5,668;  in  1828-9,  4,273  acres  for  $13,190;  in  1830-'!, 
6,260  acres  for  $18,383  ;  and  in  i83l-52,  6,103  acres  for  $17,831. 
A  total  of  44,207  acres  for  $131,415.10.  The  price  averaged 
a  trifle  less  than  $3  per  acre.  The  land  unsold  in  December, 
1832,  was  112,602  acres. 

The  sales  were  generally  made  on  credit  of  one,  two  and 
three  years,  with  interest  from  date.  The  agent  at  the  above 
date  (1832)  had  collected  $52,436.71,  leaving  a  balance  due  on 
notes  of  purchasers  $78,978.39.  Including  interest,  the  balance 
was  $94,587.31. 

Of  the  cash  there  was  paid  to  the  University  up  to  January 
1.  1833,  $34.657-50,  leaving  $17,779.21  to  be  accounted  for. 
This  was  expended  by  the  agent  for  the  following  items  : 

1st.  Commissions  for  selling,  collecting  and  transmitting. 

2d.  Compensation  to  agent  for  attention  to  suits. 

3d.  General  superintendence,  etc.,  etc. 

4th.  Locative  interest  in  certain  warrants  not  divided  until 
sale  and  payment. 

5th.  Attorney's  fees. 

6th.  Taxes. 

7th.  Drafts  paid  on  order  of  the  Committee  on  account  of 
buildings  at  Chapel  Hill,  $1,114.24. 

These  drafts,  $1,114.24,  should  have  been  added  to  the  cash 
paid  the  University.  Doing  so,  we  have  receipts  into  the  treas- 
ury of  $35,771.74,  and  the  expenditures  for  realizing  this 
amount  $16,664.97,  *■  e->  about  32  per  cent  of  the  total. 

In  January,  1832,  the  agent  reported  that  there  belonged  to 
the  University,  excluding  the  Gerrard  lands — 


39°  'rHE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

59,264  acres  unsold,  valued  at $1 16,397 

14,724  acres  Resolution  lands,  valued  at 24>°39 

20,000  acres  Smith  lands,  valued  at 20,000 

93,988  acres,  valued  at   160,436 

The  "Resolution  lands"  were  those  ordered  to  be  given  the 
University  by  resolutions  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1821. 

The  report  of  1834  shows  that  there  had  been  sold  by  the 
agent  in  all  47,077  acres,  for  $125,150.05.  There  had  been 
collected  and  accounted  for  $56,814.17,  being  $4,377.46  in  addi- 
tion to  what  was  reported  in  1832.  There  still  remained  due 
the  University  $68,335.88,  principal,  and  a  large  amount  of 
interest. 

Besides  the  receipts  from  the  agent,  there  was  had  from  the 
State  of  Tennessee  under  the  Act  of  1825,  as  heretofore  men- 
tioned, $15,154.04  1-4,  making  a  total  in  cash  account  of  Ten- 
nessee lands  $50,925.78  received  into  the  treasury. 

With  regard  to  the  title  of  the  University  to  the  aforesaid 
lands,  the  agent  hoped  that  by  the  decision  of  the  Supreme 
Court  in  the  case  of  Dunlap  vs.  McNairy,  the  statute  of  limi- 
tations placed  them  beyond  controversy. 

The  Register  of  Tennessee  became  alarmed,  on  account  of 
public  clamor,  and  stopped  issuing  grants  on  some  of  the  "Reso- 
lution warrants."  It  was  hoped  that  he  would  resume  without 
further  trouble.  None  of  the  warrants  for  which  grants  were 
actually  issued  were  included,  nor  was  a  tract  of  2,551  acres 
about  which  was  a  suit  with  John  Terrell. 

The  tenants  placed  on  the  lands  prior  to  1826  for  the  purpose 
of  claiming  actual  possession  by  the  Trustees,  generally  de- 
serted in  order  to  settle  their  own  lands.  This  caused  the  agent 
to  make  some  sales  to  people  of  no  means,  who  would  not 
otherwise  have  been  accepted. 

There  was  pending  one  suit  against  East  Tennessee  College 
for  2,500  acres  and  one  against  Cumberland  College  for  640 
acres,  both  brought  before  the  expiration  of  the  guaranty,  but  it 
was  confidently  expected  that  there  would  be  no  others.  There 
were  some  other  claims,  however,  which  might  give  trouble, 


UNIVERSITY  ATTORNEYS.  3QI 

but  it  was  recommended  to  be  quiet  until  the  seven  Years  limita- 
tion expired.  The  decision  in  Dunlap  v.  McNairy  was  popular 
with  a  large  majority  of  the  people.  George  S.  Yerger  was 
one  of  the  few  lawyers  who  understood  the  law  correctly  and 
was  paid  a  fee  for  arguing  the  case. 

The  foregoing  statement  shows  the  history  of  the  escheated 
Tennessee  land  claims  up  to  the  end  of  Caldwell's  administra- 
tion. The  compensation  to  the  attorneys  was  in  land  and 
money.  To  Joseph  H.  Bryan  and  Archibald  D.  Murphey 
were  given  $1,000  in  money  and  warrants  for  640  acres  of  land 
each.  The  Tennessee  lawyers  were  likewise  usually  paid  both 
in  land  and  money,  but  the  amounts  to  all  do  not  appear.  Judge 
W.  L.  Brown  received  $1,500  cash  and  no  land.  P.  M.  Miller 
received  $1,000  in  money  and  a  640-acre  tract.  The  agent  said 
that  Miller  thought  his  services  worth  much  more.  He  ex- 
pected the  Board  to  order  Major  Dickens  to  convey  to  him 
two  tracts  instead  of  one  of  choice  land,  640  acres  each,  and 
$1,000  in  cash. 

I  note  that  while  Major  Dickens  praised  Brown  and  Miller. 
he  makes  no  mention  of  the  services  of  Balch.  The  Secretary 
of  State,  Graham,  gives  the  credit  of  the  passage  of  the  compro- 
mise largely  to  Judge  Brown,  after  Balch  had  been  driven  from 
the  field. 

An  interesting  fact  is  that  Balch  counted  confidently  on  the 
influence  of  Andrew  Jackson  and  John  H.  Eaton,  United 
States  Senators,  who  would  com-ince  the  members  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  that  Congress  would  never  cede  the  public  lands 
in  Tennessee  to  the  State,  as  long  as  the  University  claims  were 
unsettled.  They  were  expected  to  be  in  attendance  on  the 
General  Assembly.  Judge  Murphey  likewise  regarded  Jackson 
as  friendly  to  the  University.  As  Eaton  was  a  University  man 
and  was  warmly  esteemed  by  Jackson,  who  made  him  his  Sec- 
retary of  War,  it  is  probable  that  here  we  see  an  instance  of  the 
potential  influence  of  the  alumni.  The  Secretary  of  State, 
Daniel  Graham  was  also  an  alumnus,  having  migrated  to 
Tennessee  from  the  county  of  Anson,  and  all  his  influence  was 
exerted  in  favor  of  his  Alma  Mater. 


392  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

The  suit  in  equity  of  Ivey  against  Pinson  and  Hawkins, 
brought  out  clearly  the  point  in  the  attack  on  some  of  the  Uni- 
cersity  titles.  Ivey  claimed  that  he  was  a  soldier  in  the  Conti- 
nental Line.  Believing  him  to  be  dead  without  heirs,  the  Uni- 
versity obtained  his  warrant  as  an  escheat,  caused  it  to  be 
located  and  sold  the  land  to  Pinson,  who  sold  to  Hawkins. 
Ivey  then  brought  suit  against  Pinson  and  Hawkins,  alleging 
that  he  was  the  soldier  entitled  to  the  warrant,  and  therefore 
to  the  land  located  under  it ;  moreover,  that  the  doctrine  of 
escheats  was  not  applicable  to  such  warrants. 

The  defendants  contended  that  the  University  should  be  a 
party  to  the  suit,  to  enable  it  to  contest  the  identity  of  Ivey; 
/^lso  to  set  up  the  defence  of  the  statute  of  limitations,  45  years 
Vhaving  elapsed.  It  was  also  contended  that,  as  the  proper  au- 
thorities had  passed  the  warrant,  and  invested  the  land  located 
under  it  in  the  University  and  its  assignee,  Pinson,  it  was 
prima  facie  the  property  of  Pinson's  vendee,  and  if  there  were 
any  grounds  of  relief  it  lay  in  the  emanation  of  the  warrant 
under  a  mistake  of  fact,  and  the  University  should  be  a  party 
in  order  to  contest  the  alleged  mistake.  It  was  claimed  that 
Ivey,  if  not  barred  by  lapse  of  time,  at  all  events  could  only 
get  damages  for  the  value  of  the  warrant,  and  a  suit  for  dam- 
ages should  be  in  the  common  law  court,  whereas  this  was  in 
equity. 

The  Chancellor  strongly  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  the 
University  was  a  necessary  party,  but  he  would  not  order  a 
dismissal  of  the  suit  at  once.  As  to  the  other  point  he  doubted, 
but  rather  believed  the  complainant  could  not  get  the  land.  He 
continued  the  case  until  the  next  term. 

Ivey  had  sold  his  claim  to  two  speculators,  who  made  it  their 
business  to  hunt  up  old  soldiers  or  their  heirs  and  buy  up  their 
supposed  rights.  The  agents  and  attorney  of  the  University 
felt  deep  interest  in  the  case,  not  because  of  the  value  of  the 
land  in  controversy,  but  because  a  swarm  of  speculators  were 
ready,  if  the  plaintiff  succeeded,  to  precipitate  litigation  which 
would  have  been  ruinous.  In  the  lower  court  the  plaintiff  was 
successful.  The  Supreme  Court  was  divided.  The  Legisla- 
ture authorized  the   Governor  to  appoint  a  special   judge  to 


LITIGATION    IN    TENNESSEE.  393 

untie  the  knot.  The  new  judge,  Nicholas  Smith,  and  Judge 
John  Catron,  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  divided  in  opinion,  and  then  Judge  Andrew 
Whyte  came  in  and  proposed  to  join  Smith  in  the  decision  for 
the  plaintiff.  To  this  the  counsel  for  the  University  strenu- 
ously objected,  because  Whyte  had  not  heard  the  second  argu- 
ment. It  required  a  threat  of  impeachment  to  turn  him  from 
his  purpose.  The  court  directed  a  new  argument,  but  Overton 
and  Miller  declined  to  speak  again.  Then  Andrew  L.  Martin 
was  employed  to  file  a  written  argument,  especially  covering  the 
evidence  and  facts  in  this  particular  case,  rather  than  the  gen- 
eral principles  so  ably  discussed  by  the  other  counsel.  The 
decision  was  against  the  defendants,  who  appealed  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States.  Through  the  agency  of 
Hon.  Lewis  Williams,  Daniel  Webster  was  employed  for  the 
University,  who,  because  the  University  was  an  institution  of 
learning  and  of  moderate  means,  charged  a  retainer  of  onh 
$200,  to  be  added  to  in  the  event  of  victory.  I  have  been 
unable  to  find  this  case  in  the  Supreme  Court  Reports.  Per- 
haps it  was  compromised. 

Col.  Dickens  wrote  that  he  had  seen  enough  to  convince  him 
beyond  doubt  that  all  the  large  speculators  in  University  claims 
wholly  relied  on  perjury,  and  hence  the  constant  necessity  of 
having  agents  to  attend  to  getting  up  counter-testimony  and 
attorneys  to  cross-examine  fraudulent  witnesses.  One  Hugh 
Moore,  a  preacher,  was  about  to  bring  forty  suits,  when  it  was 
discovered  that  by  forgery  and  perjury  he  had  been  a  long  time 
committing  frauds  on  the  United  States  Treasury. 

Nor  were  open  enemies  only  to  be  watched  and  thwarted. 
One  of  the  University  counsel,  a  man  of  eminence,  had,  because 
of  the  delay  in  the  payment  of  an  additional  $500,  written  him 
a  disgraceful  letter,  threatening  to  retire  from  the  service  of  the 
University  and  hinting  at  the  extent  of  mischief  he  might  do 
to  her. 

And  then,  after  sales  were  effected,  necessarily  on  credit, 
payments  were  slowly  made,  and  it  was  dangerous  to  attempt 
coercion  by  suit.  Not  only  was  hatred  aroused  which  might 
and  did  find  expression  in  hostile  legislation,  but  "judges  were 


394  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

ready  to  grant  injunctions  on  all  imaginable  allegations,  even 
on  plain  notes  of  hand."  This  accounts  for  the  slow  collection, 
which  forced  the  Building  Committee  at  Chapel  Hill  to  resort 
to  the  banks. 

Such  public  prejudice  was  worked  up  by  the  speculators  in 
military  warrants,  that  the  Board  of  Trustees,  in  1826,  deemed 
it  advisable  to  issue  a  public  defence.  At  their  request  one  of 
their  number,  George  E.  Badger,  then  thirty  years  old,  who 
had  just  resigned  his  Superior  Court  judgeship,  prepared  an 
able  argument,  which  was  printed  in  pamphlet  form  and  dis- 
tributed extensively  in  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  The 
author  contended  that,  with  but  few  exceptions,  the  adversa- 
ries of  the  University  in  these  claims  were  not  the  brave  men 
who  fought  for  their  country,  nor  the  children  of  such,  but 
greedy  and  cunning  speculators.  "  From  the  Trustees  the 
lands  are  sought  to  be  wrested,  in  order  to  minister  to  a  restless 
speculation,  stimulated  into  action  by  grasping  avarice,  laying 
its  plans  of  acquisition  with  coolness,  and  bringing  to  their 
execution  all  the  machinery  of  crafty  villainy."  The  defend- 
ants, on  the  other  hand,  are  the  University  and  the  Tennessee 
Colleges.  "By  them  the  funds  are  destined  for  purposes  of 
great  public  utility.  Without  knowledge,  exertions  can  not  be 
made  for  our  country  with  success,  either  in  the  cabinet,  the 
Senate,  or  the  Field.  Even  war  is  a  science  in  which  mind 
vindicates  its  superiority  over  brute  force,  and  mere  courage, 
the  most  common  of  all  possessions,  is  of  little  avail  without 
genius  to  suggest  and  skill  to  execute.  These  colleges  are 
destined  to  fill  our  land  with  learning  and  with  virtue ;  and 
thus  to  give  to  our  republican  edifice  both  stability  and  beauty. 
It  is  a  purpose  a  wise  man  will  aid  and  a  good  man  approve. 
It  awakens  everey  generous  emotion  in  its  behalf,  and  leaves 
us  only  unmixed  abhorrence  for  those  who  are  willing  to  sac- 
rifice alike  the  Soldier  and  the  College ;  who  are  eager  to 
defraud  both  valor  and  learning,  and  are  intent  alone  on  the 
gratification  of  a  cupidity,  unjust  in  its  origin,  rapacious  in  its 
extent,  and  reckless  of  everything  but  its  own  aggrandizement." 

Mr.  Badger,  however,  spends  his  strength  chiefly  in  showing 
that  even  honest  claimants — soldiers  or  their  heirs,  have  no 


BADGERS  ARGUMENT  AGAINST  CLAIMANTS.  395 

rights  to  which  the  University  should  yield  its  claims.  The 
scope  of  his  argument  is  : 

1st.  That  the  Act  of  1782  was  not  a  contract  for  future  ser- 
vice, but  only  a  bounty,  purely  gratuitous.  This  mere  dona- 
tion could  be  withdrawn  at  any  time. 

2d.  In  1783  a  time  was  fixed  beyond  which  there  could  not 
be  acceptance  of  this  bounty.  After  various  extensions,  the 
General  Assembly,  in  1801,  barred  claims  not  presented  by  the 
1st  of  January,  1803.  By  the  Act  of  1807,  that  of  1801  was 
repealed,  and  all  applications  were  directed  to  be  made  to  the 
General  Assembly,  and  warrants  to  issue  only  on  their  resolu- 
tion. By  the  Act  of  1819,  the  Governor,  Treasurer  and  Comp- 
troller were  made  a  Board,  vested  with  the  authority  reserved 
to  the  Legislature  in  1807. 

3d.  These  commissioners  ordered  the  warrants  to  issue  to 
the  Trustees.  The  State  of  Tenneessee  adjudicated  and  al- 
lowed them  and  patents  were  issued  and  legal  titles  vested  in 
the  Trustees. 

"The  claimants,  heirs,  or  assignees  of  the  officers  and  soldiers 
ask  either — 1st,  the  value  of  the  warrants  as  personal  property, 
or,  2d,  that  the  Trustees  be  ordered  to  convey  to  them  the 
lands  on  which  they  were  located.  It  is  clear  that  the  2d'  can 
not  be  maintained.  The  claimant  never  had  any  right  to  the 
particular  land  covered  by  the  patent.  But  in  order  to  gain 
his  case  the  claimant  must  have  a  superior  equity.  This  he 
has  not.  The  sovereign  offered  him  a  gift,  fixing  the  time  in 
which  he  should  apply.  She  extended  the  time.  Again  he 
failed  to  apply.  She  for  the  third  time  extended  the  time. 
She  called  on  him  to  exhibit  his  claim  to  the  Legislature.  She 
then  appointed  a  Board  to  receive  these  claims.  She  had  ex- 
tensively published  her  muster  rolls'  for  general  information. 
Thirty  years  elapsed,  and  she  was  justified  in  concluding  that 
the  claimant  was  dead  without  heirs  or  had  abandoned  the 
bounty  offered.  She  recalled  it  and  gave  it  to  an  institution 
intended  to  disseminate  knowledge  and  virtue  among  her  sons. 
and  to  enlighten  with  wisdom  and  arm  with  rational  valor  her 
future  statesmen  and  defenders."  For  thirty  years  the  claim- 
ant slept  upon  his  claim,  neglected  every  invitation,  until  his 


39^>  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

State  bestowed  the  bounty  on  an  institution  willing  to  use  it 
for  public  merits.  Where  is  his  equity  ?  Shall  the  fund  never 
be  available  for  the  purpose  of  public  benevolence  or  private 
usefulness  ? 

Again,  the  question  of  right  to  these  warrants  has  been  de- 
termined by  competent  authority.  North  Carolina,  by  com- 
pact with  Tennessee,  reserved  to  herself  the  right  to  issue  mili- 
tary warrants.  Having  the  right  to  issue,  she  had  the  right  to 
decide  who  was  entitled.  She  established  a  Board  to  make 
this  decision.  That  Board  adjudged  certain  warrants  to  the 
University.     This  adjudication  is  the  act  of  a  sovereign  State 

;>-and  can  not  be  attacked  in  the  courts  of  another  State.  If 
Tennessee  thinks  herself  aggrieved  she  must  demand  redress 
of  North  Carolina  and  if  refused  she  can  resort  to  the  Judi- 
ciary or  Legislative  Department  of  the  Union.  The  Courts 
of  a  State  have  no  power  over  controversies  between  States. 
And  so  the  claimant's  course  is  to  apply  to  North  Carolina  for 
redress,  being  restricted  of  course  to  application  to  her  Legis- 
lature. 

Moreover,  the  authorities  of  Tennessee  have  settled  the  ques- 
tion. A  board  elected  by  her  have  adjudicated  these  warrants. 
"The  two  States — the  sovereign  parties  to  the  compact — have 
by  solemn  and  deliberate  acts  determined  the  right  of  the 
Trustees  to  these  warrants.  It  can  not  then  consist  with  the 
dignity  and  honor  of  either,  that  private  individuals  shall  dis- 
turb what  they  have  decided." 

This  defence  of  the  University  claims,  and  especially  the 
high  ground,  that  they  were  really  the  claims  of  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  was  suggested  by  two  of  the  Tennessee  law- 
yers. ex-Judge  Overton  and  Pleasant  M.  Miller.  By  making 
the  question  a  controversy  between  States,  it  was  thought  that 
Congress  would  require  its  settlement  before  considering  the 
further  question  of  surrendering  to  Tennessee  the  residue  of 
the  public  lands  within  her  limits.  To  impress  the  imaginations 
of  the  people  of  Tennessee  and  their  representatives  it  was 
further  urged  that  a  prominent  lawyer,  preferably  Judge  Mur- 

;  phey.  appointed  by  resolution  of  the  Trustees,  and  if  possible 
of  the  General  Assemblv,  should  visit  the  General  Assemblv  at 


UNPOPULARITY  OP  UNIVERSITY  CLAIMS.  397 

Nashville  in  the  character  of  an  envoy  extraordinary  and  ask 
for  a  hearing. 

Mr.  Miller  fully  sustained  Mr.  Badger  as  to  the  character 
of  those  interested  in  the  claims.  "Companies  of  speculators 
are  hunting  up  claimants.  They  will  swarm  around  the  Legis- 
lature and  procure  some  act  favorable  to  their  views.  Nash- 
ville is  the  focus  of  all  the  mischief.  They  are  backed  by  the 
mob,  who  sympathize  with  the  alleged  poor  soldier  cheated  out 
of  his  land.  He  is  a  stern  judge  who  can  stand  up  against  the 
clamor.  One  of  them  has  given  away,  surrounded  by  men 
clamorous  for  bread." 

The  Secretary  of  the  State,  Daniel  Graham,  in  a  letter  to 
Colonel  Polk  in  1825,  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  the  attitude  of  the 
public  mind  to  the  claims  of  the  institution.  "You,  who  have 
seen  us  here  in  the  fullness  of  our  democratic  power  and  level- 
ling spirit  can  form  some  idea  of  the  difficulties  to  be  encount- 
ered in  a  conflict  with  occupant  privileges  and  prejudices.  There 
is  in  the  Legislature  the  strongest  spirit  of  Radicalism.  Propo- 
sitions to  permit  further  location  of  escheated  warrants  are 
treated  as  'rank  Toryism  against  our  sovereign  rights.'  Balch, 
as  counsel  for  the  University,  was  driven  from  the  field,  and  it 
required  seven  weeks  negotiation,  with  the  aid  of  Judge 
Brown's  commanding  genius,  to  patch  up  by  a  bare  majority  the 
compromise  of  1825.  There  was  a  grievous  pelting  of  illiberal 
calumny  heaped  upon  the  Old  North  State,  its  officers  and 
friends,  but  they  took  it  like  a  prudent  Israelite,  looking  more 
to  the  security  of  his  usury  than  to  the  opinion  of  men.  The 
sounds  of  fraud,  perjury,  corruption,  speculation,  gentlemen's 
children  grinding  the  face  of  the  poor,  etc..  etc.,  are  still  ting- 
ling in  our  ears." 

Graham  advised  that  the  Trustees  should  accept  the  terms 
proposed,  as  they  are  the  best  that  will  be  offered.  Even  this 
measure  would  not  have  passed  if  the  relief  to  the  people  south 
of  the  French  Broad  and  Holston  had  not  been  included.  "Even 
if  the  University  could  ever  succeed  in  getting  the  fifty-five  re- 
maining warrants  adjudicated  it  would  be  impossible  to  locate 
them  without  including  land  already  occupied,  and  as  the  Ten- 
nessee law  authorized  compensation  for  improvements,  the  esti- 


398  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

mation  to  be  made  by  neighboring'  occupants,  little  would  be 
left  for  the  University.  Again,  the  Compact  under  the  Act  of 
1822  does  not  exempt  from  taxation  the  warrants  afterward  ac- 
quired, and  so  rabid  was  the  hostility  that  some  members  of  the 
Legislature  proposed  to  repudiate  the  contract.  Even  if  some 
relief  could  be  ordered  by  a  United  States  Court,  a  decision 
could  not  be  obtained  before  the  land  would  be  covered  by 
'squatting  occupants,'  who  have  a  powerful  influence  on  fron- 
tier legislation.  There  is  a  fixed  leveling  demagogical  spirit 
prevailing,  not  only  against  a  foreign  literary  institution,  but 
even  against  Tennessee  colleges.  The  most  influential  cham- 
pions of  the  University  were  Haling  in  the  House  and  Hall  and 
Frey  in  the  Senate.  Some  of  our  natural  allies,  Carolina  by 
birth,  yea  even  alumni  of  the  good  mater,  tucked  down  their 
tails,  as  a  Kentuckian  would  say,  or  'took  the  water,'  as  a 
Tennessean  would  say,  before  the  dreaded  influence  of  popular 
breath." 

Such  was  the  popularity  of  their  cause  that  the  House  of 
Representatives  refused  to  hear  Balch  and  Brown,  the  Uni- 

/  versity  attorneys,  except  by  memorial.  Balch  afterward  in 
asking  for  large  compensation  is  eloquent  about  his  exertions. 
He  had  assisted  in  securing  the  compromise  but  did  not  feel 
at  liberty  to  state  the  mode  of  his  exertions,  though  consistent 
with  justice  and  honorable  deportment.  When  afterward  the 
General  Assembly  prohibited  further  locations,  he  applied  for 
and  obtained  a  mandamus  from  the  Circuit  Court,  for  over 
three  thousand  acres,  and  on  appeal  argued  the  case  in  the  Su- 

Vpreme  Court.  In  1824  he  endeavored  to  get  relief  from  the 
General  Assembly,  expending"  his  time  and  money,  though  with- 
out success.  This  year  he  went  to  Murfreesboro  where  the  As- 
sembly met,  during  the  first  week'in  the  session,  remained  there 
thirty-six  days.  His  language  hints  at  countless  beverages 
freely  bestowed  on  thirsty  legislators.  He  expended  $50  to  $60 
more  than  his  tavern  bills.  It  is  certain  that  he  "was  not  plead- 
ing law,"  for  "what  good  would  light  and  truth  do  with  such 
men?"  Judge  Murphey,  who  was  his  co-worker,  "could  tell 
how  much  feeling  is  sacrificed  and  how  much  anxiety  is  suf- 
fered by  those  who  are  the  active  agents  in  procuring  any 
capital  measure  adopted  by  a  Legislature  of  Tennessee." 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  CONSTITUTED.  399 

In  addition  to  his  work  as  a  lawyer  and  lobbyist,  he  claimed 
that  his  most  valued  services  to  the  Board,  though  unobtrusive, 
were  in  thwarting-  the  schemes  of  speculators,  and  discouraging 
innumerable  applicants  by  stoutly  maintaining  the  justice  of  the 
University  claims  and  fighting  off  adverse  decisions  of  the 
courts.  Especially  he  had  induced  the  Chancellor  to  announce 
that  if  the  University  had  sold  a  warrant  or  the  land  without 
notice,  the  bona  fide  purchaser  was  protected.  This  had  quieted 
fears  on  the  part  of  purchasers.  Even  if  the  sale  was  with 
notice  the  purchaser  could  only  be  made  to  pay  the  price  of  the 
warrant  and  the  fees  for  locating,  not  the  value  of  the  land. 

Balch  thought  that  there  were  points  of  weakness  in  the 
claims  of  the  University  which  made  it  advisable  for  them  to 
accept  the  compromise  of  1825.  These  were  :  first,  the  failure  in 
the  Act  of  Cession  of  1789  to  declare  that  the  reservation  in- 
cluded equitable,  as  well  as  legal  estates ;  and  second,  the  omis- 
sion to  state  what  ceremonies  should  be  substituted  for  that  of 
"office  found,"  according  to  the  ancient  law  books,  in  order  to 
consummate  the  escheat  of  the  claim  of  the  soldier.  These  points 
were  "anxiously  considered  and  regarded  with  heavy  doubts." 
"Was  North  Carolina  able  to  pass  any  law  concerning  lands,  or 
claims  to  lands  in  Tennessee,  after  she  ceded  that  territory  to 
the  United  States,  and  especially  after  it  became  a  state  in 
1796?" 

Balch  pressed  for  additional  compensation.  As  yet  he  had 
received  only  a  land  warrant.  As  we  hear  no  more  from  him 
doubtless  his  soul  was  satisfied  with  a  cash  payment. 

Creation  oe  Executive  Committee. 

On  January  2,  1835,  the  Trustees  determined  to  place  the 
management  of  the  University  in  the  hands  of  an  Executive 
Committee  of  seven  Trustees,  of  whom  the  President  of  the 
Board  (the  Governor),  should  be  ex  officio,  a  member,  the  other 
six  to  be  elected  annually  by  the  Board;  the  Secretary  of  the 
Board  to  be  Secretary  of  the  Committee. 

Their  powers  were : 

1.  All  those  of  the  Land  Committee,  of  the  Committee  of  Ap- 
pointments, and  the  Building  Committee. 


400  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

2.  To  sell  the  property  and  effects,  real  and  personal,  of  the 
University. 

3.  To  change  and  regulate  the  course  of  studies  and  dis- 
cipline. 

4.  To  dismiss  any  Professor  or  Tutor  for  such  cause  as  they 
may  deem  sufficient. 

5.  To  fill  vacancies  in  their  own  body. 

6.  To  keep  a  Journal  and  lay  their  proceedings  before  the 
next  annual  meeting  of  the  Board. 

This  change,  which  has  proved  of  signal  benefit  to  the  Uni- 
versity, was  made  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  Cameron.  It  has 
given  unity  and  efficiency  to  the  management  of  the  institution. 
The  Committeemen  have  been  chosen  with  reference  to  their 
residence  in  Raleigh,  or  easy  access  to  it,  and  the  understanding 
has  been,  and  on  the  reorganization  in  1875  was  expressly  en- 
acted, that  they  have,  in  the  recess  of  the  Board,  all  powers 
not  forbidden  to  them.  In  1874  the  Executive  Committee  were 
authorized  by  Act  of  Assembly,  and  their  number  afterward 
was  increased  to  nine. 

The  first  chosen  were  Duncan  Cameron,  George  E.  Badger, 
William  McPheeters,  Charles  Manly,  Frederick  Nash  and  Wil- 
liam A.  Graham.  Governor  David  L.  Swain  was  Chairman  ens 
officio  as  well  as  a  member.  At  their  first  meeting  on  the  10th 
of  January,  1835,  Cameron  was  elected  Chairman,  whenever 
the  Governor  should  be  absent. 

At  a  meeting  held  on  the  5th  of  March,  1835,  Governor 
Swain  offered  resolutions,  prepared  by  Duncan  Cameron,  ap- 
pointing Charles  Manly  the  agent  of  the  University  to  have  a 
final  settlement  with  the  Tennessee  agent,  Samuel  Dickens,  and 
I  empowering  and  directing  him  and  Col.  Dickens  to  sell  all  the 
lands  of  the  University  in  that  State,  at  public  or  private  sale, 
in  bulk  or  in  parcels,  as  they  might  think  best.  The  preamble 
given  as  the  reason  for  this  heroic  course,  that  the  condition  of 
the  University  is  languishing  and  precarious  for  the  want  of 
certain  and  available  funds,  and  the  resources  of  the  institution 
in  Tennessee,  on  which  it  relies  solely  for  existence,  are  un- 
available, complicated  and  far  removed  from  the  immediate  sup- 
ervision and  control  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.    Another  reason 


CHARLES    MANLY   C0AGENT.  4OI 

might  have  been  given  that  there  was  then  a  revival  of  specula- 
tion in  Western  lands. 

Provided  with  a  full  power  of  attorney,  which  enabled  him 
and  Colonel  Dickens  to  do  whatever  the  Board  had  power  to 
do,  Mr.  Manly  arrived  at  the  home  of  his  colleague  in  Madison 
County,  in  West  Tennessee,  about  the  middle  of  July.  He  made 
his  final  report  on  the  21st  of  November,  1835.  After  consulta- 
tion advertisement  was  made  that  all  lands  not  sold  privately 
would  be  offered  on  the  17th  of  September  in  the  town  of  Jack- 
son, County  of  Madison,  at  public  auction  on  a  credit  of  one, 
two  and  three  years. 

The  prospects  of  a  satisfactory  sale  of  all  lands  did  not  seem 
bright.  Colonel  Dickens,  since  his  last  report,  had  disposed  of 
many  eligible  tracts  as  were  sold,  a  few  by  Mr.  Manly  after  the 
advertisement.  Those  that  remained  were  the  remnants  of  what 
had  been  culled  over  for  fifteen  years.  They  were  in  the  counties 
adjoining  Kentucky,  unsuited  to  cotton  and  near  Kentucky 
lands,  which  could  be  had  for  twenty-five  cents  per  acre.  A 
large  area  owned  by  non-residents  depressed  the  price,  while  the 
millions  of  fertile  acres  in  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Louisiana, 
Arkansas  and  Texas  at  almost  nominal  prices  had  called  off  the 
attention  of  immigrants. 

On  the  other  hand  no  one  could  predict  when  the  tide  would 
turn  in  favor  of  Tennessee,  and  delay  would  involve  loss  of  in- 
terest and  payment  of  taxes.  It  is  true  that  some  thought  that 
the  University  lands  were  non-taxable  under  the  compact  of 
1822  whereby  60,000  acres  were  surrendered  to  Tennessee  Col- 
leges, but  it  appeared  that  this  compact  had  never  been  ratified 
by  the  Legislature  and  the  new  constitution  of  Tennessee  au- 
thorized no  exemption.  It  was  concluded  to  go  on  with  the 
auction  sale,  making  vigorous  efforts  by  special  notices  to  in- 
vestors to  procure  bidders,  privately  or  publicly.  Such  notices 
were  also  given  to  men  of  wealth  in  the  State  who  might  take 
an  interest  in  the  subject. 

Final  Sale. 

The  lands  bequeathed  to  the  University  by  Major  Charles 
Gerrard  had  all  been  sold,  but  the  20,000  acres  donated  by  Gov- 
ernor Benjamin  Smith  still  remained.     Of  these  15,000  acres 
26 


402  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

were  well  night  unsalable,  almost  of  no  value.  They  had  been 
\  shaken  up  by  the  great  earthquake,  called  by  the  settlers  "the 
Shake,"  and  were  largely  covered  by  the  waters  of  the  Obion 
river,  which  in  places  formed  extensive  lakes  and  swamps. 
Other  portions  were  rocky  and  unfit  for  cultivation.  After 
much  negotiation  42,345  83-100  acres  at  one  dollar  per  acre, 
and  the  20,000  Smith  acres  at  seventy  cents  an  acre  were  sold 
to  Messrs.  Orme  and  Gifford,  of  Boston,  for  a  Northern  com- 
pany, and  the  $56,345.83  purchase  money  was  paid  by  drafts  on 
New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

This  sale  included  all  the  University  land  except  three  tracts, 
which  were  in  litigation,  and  eight  other  parcels  aggregating 
5,020  acres,  which  Secretary  Manly  expressed  the  desire  to  pur- 
chase for  himself  on  such  terms  as  the  Executive  Committee 
should  deem  fair.  He  made  collections  of  bonds  for  rent  of 
part  of  the  Gerrard  lands  due  before  their  sale,  $543.48  and  "a 
tolerable  good  work  horse  and  three  mule  colts."  "Finding 
the  animals  rather  inconvenient  baggage  for  a  stage  coach,  he 
converted  them  into  cash  at  the  price  of  $204." 

The  Secretary  highly  praised  the  fidelity,  energy  and  ac- 
curacy of  his  associate,  and  gave  a  statement  of  his  accounts 
from  1822  to  the  period  of  their  joint  action.  He  had  sold 
59,319  acres  for  $160,147.05,  and  had  paid  into  the  University 
Treasury  $69,618.94,  having  disbursed  on  warrants  of  the  Land 
and  Building  Committee,  fees  to  attorneys,  taxes  on  lands  held 
under  the  Resolution  warrants,  his  own  compensation  and  other 
contingencies,  $23,613.96,  showing  uncollected.  $81,079.71  and 
$10,309.13  interest;  total  uncollected  $91,388.90. 

The  Secretary  and  Treasurer  then  gives  a  condensed  state- 
ment of  the  financial  condition  of  the  University  November 
21,1835:      . 

Cash  in  the  Treasury $77>235-99 

Bonds  for  lands  sold,  in  the  hands  of  Col. 

Dickens 91,388.90 

Bonds  of  one  Kelly  for  land 1,500.00 

Bonds   for  rent  of  Gerrard  lands  before 

sale 53348 

Interest  of  Trustees  in  litigated  lands 1,000.00 

Making  an  aggregate  of $171,658.37 


FIXAL   SALE.  403 

He  estimates  that  at  least  $150,000  of  this  amount  can  cer- 
tainly be  realized  and  invested,  the  interest  on  which,  added  to 
the  tuition  receipts,  will  exceed  the  annual  expenses  of  the 
present  establishment  by  $4,000. 

On  motion  of  Governor  Swain  the  Executive  Committee  gave 
the  report  their  entire  concurrence,  and  as  compensation  for 
the  services  of  Air.  Manly  the  eight  tracts  of  land,  amounting 
to  5,020  acres,  mentioned  in  the  report,  were  conveyed  to  him. 

In  addition  to  the  trials  and  discomforts  of  traveling  by  stage- 
coach and  on  horseback,  amid  perils  of  robbers  and  perils  of 
waters,  and  of  transacting  business  in  a  wild,  sparsely  settled 
country,  the  agent  was  prostrated  by  a  long  spell  of  fever.  To 
add  to  his  embarassment,  the  wife  of  Colonel  Dickens,  his  as- 
sociate, lay  for  many  weeks  at  the  point  of  death,  preventing 
her  husband  from  leaving  his  home.  Considering  these  things 
and  the  long  absence  from  home  and  from  his  business,  the 
fee  does  not  seem  excessive. 

In  November,  1837,  the  Trustees  concluded  to  dispose  of  all 
their  uncollected  claims  for  land  sold,  and  also  their  interest  in 
one  or  two  small  tracts,  for  which  suits  were  then  pending,  to 
their  agent  Colonel  Samuel  Dickens  for  forty-five  thousand 
dollars,  payable  in  equal  installments  in  one,  "two  and  three 
years,  to  bear  no  interest  until  the  end  of  the  first  year. 

Naturally  there  was  in  those  troublous  days  difficulty  in 
transmitting  money.  One  draft  for  $13,000  by  John  Williams 
on  J.  M.  McCulloch  &  Co.,  of  Petersburg,  Virginia,  was  pro- 
tested, but  finally  settled  by  drafts  on  Brander,  McKinne  and 
Wright.  New  Orleans,  in  five,  seven,  ten  and  fifteen  months. 
These  were  all  protested  for  non-payment,  and  the  Trustees 
compromised  the  claim  for  $2,385  which  was  paid  over  to  the 
Attorney  of  the  Board  in  Mobile.  On  his  failure  to  account 
judgment  was  obtained  against  him,  from  which  nothing  was 
ever  realized. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  sudden  acquisition  of  comparative 
wealth,  after  a  long  struggle  with  extreme  poverty,  did  not  un- 
settle the  ideas  of  economy  held  by  the  Trustees.  The  applica- 
tion of  Professors  James  Phillips  and  William  Hooper  for  free 
tuition  for  their  sons  was  refused,  although  both  were  clergy- 


404  THE  UNIVERSITY   OI«    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

men.    The  Board  proceeded  to  enlarge  the  institution  with  ex- 
treme caution. 

It  must  not  be  understood  that  an  utterly  safe  deliverance  of 
the  Tennessee  lands  was  had.  Orme  and  Gifford  brought  suit 
on  account  of  the  defective  titles  of  some  of  the  tracts,  which 
gave  trouble  for  several  years,  but  the  funds  of  the  University 
were  not  greatly  affected  thereby.  They  also  brought  a  suit  in 
equity  to  set  aside  the  sale,  but  failed.  A  few  parcels  were  lost 
to  those  having  superior  titles  and  the  Trustees  made  good  their 
warranty.  The  attorneys  of  the  University  were  Samuel  Mc- 
Clenehan  and  Thomas  Washington.  As  much  as  $1,700  in  fees 
were  paid  the  former  and  $800  to  the  latter.  The  Trustees, 
who  had  charge  of  the  University  from  1868  to  1875  were  in- 
duced to  prosecute  a  suit  for  the  recovery  of  a  tract,  the  title  of 
which  had  been  passed  to  Orme  and  Gifford,  or  was  long  ago 
lost  by  the  Statute  of  Limitation.  A  bill  of  costs,  including 
lawyer's  fees,  of  over  $400  was  the  sad  result. 

The  University  Library. 

It  seems  proper  to  give  a  history  of  the  Library  up  to  the 
death  of  President  Caldwell.  I  am  aided  by  an  eight-page 
pamphlet  on  the  subject  published  by  Fisk  P.  Brewer  (A.  B. 
Yale),  Professor  of  Greek  in  this  University,  1869-70. 

In  the  charter  of  the  University  the  importance  of  a  Library 
is  indicated  by  the  direction  that  it  shall  be  called  by  the  name 
of  its  largest  donor.  As  no  one  appeared  to  claim  the  honor, 
after  about  fifty  years,  the  building  was  called  after  Governor 
Benjamin  Smith,  on  account  of  his  gift  to  the  infant  institution. 
The  first  book  given  was  a  folio  copy  of  Bishop  Wilson's  works, 
one  of  a  number  presented  to  Congress  by  his  son  and  by  that 
body  distributed  to  the  States.  The  resolution  of  Congress 
March  22,  1785,  is  recited  on  the  fly-leaf  and  then  the  follow- 
ing: "In  pursuance  of  the  above  resolution  the  undersigned, 
delegates  from  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  have  agreed  to 
transmit  the  works  of  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson  to  Newberne,  to  be 
deposited  there  in  the  Library,  belonging  to  the  Public  Acad- 
emy, till  the  time  arrives,  which  they  hope  is  not  far  distant, 
when  the  wisdom  of  the  Legislature,  according  to  the  express 


DONATIONS  TO  LIBRARY.  405 

intention  of  the  Constitution,  shall  have  caused  a  College  or 

University  to  be  erected  in  the  State. 

HU.  WILLIAMSON, 
JNO.  SITGREAVES. 

The  next  donation  was  by  the  "Father  of  the  University," 
Wm.  Richardson  Davie,  thirty-nine  volumes  of  such  histories  as 
those  of  Hume  and  Gibbon.  Richard  Bennehan  gave  twenty- 
eight  volumes  and  Joseph  Blount  Hill  an  Encyclopedia  of 
eighteen  volumes. 

Next  came  Rev.  James  Hall,  D.D.,  the  Revolutionary  captain 
of  cavalry,  with  forty-nine  volumes.  Joseph  Gautier  of  Bladen 
County,  a  lawyer  of  ability  and  a  State  Senator,  bequeathed 
by  will  his  library  of  about  ioo  volumes,  mostly  in  the  French 
language.  Besides  public  documents,  nearly  one  hundred  others 
contributed  by  Judge  John  Williams,  James  Reid  of  Wilming- 
ton, David  Ker,  first  presiding  professor ;  Abraham  Hodge,  the 
editor,  of  Halifax ;  the  Centre  Benevolent  Society  of  Iredell, 
through  Rev.  Samuel  E.  McCorckle,  D.D. ;  Francis  N.  W. 
Burton  of  Murfreesborough,  Tenn. ;  Wm.  Henry  Hill,  repre- 
sentative in  Congress,  of  Wilmington ;  Edward  Jones,  Wil- 
mington and  Chatham  County,  Solicitor  General ;  and  General 
Calvin  Jones  of  Wake  and  then  of  Tennessee.  In  1812  it  was 
reported  that  there  were  in  the  Society  libraries  800  to  1,000 
volumes  and  in  the  University  library  1,500. 

In  1803  it  was  enacted  by  the  Board  that  every  student 
should  be  considered  as  using  the  public,  library  and  should  pay 
a  tax  for  the  privilege.  The  fee  was  rift}'  cents  per  term  or  one 
dollar  per  annum.  This  was  doubled  in  1813.  We  have  a 
record  of  174  books  bought  with  this  fund  in  the  three  years 
ending  18 16.  Afterward  in  1824  there  is  a  mention  of  forty- 
three  volumes  and  sixty-four  numbers  of  journals  purchased 
for  $350.25.  As  there  is  no  further  mention  of  receipts  from 
the  source  it  is  probable  that  the  tax  was  abolished,  the  students 
using  their  funds  for  the  building  up  of  the  Society  libraries. 

Among  the  regulations  were  the  following:  A  borrowed 
book  could  be  kept  out  three  weeks.  Only  juniors  and  seniors 
could  take  an  Encyclopedia.     The  Faculty  fixed  the  price  of 


406  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

"hiring  books,"  i.  e.,  those  text-books  which  were  kept  on  hand 
for  this  purpose.    Of  course  injuries  to  books  must  be  paid  for. 

The  Librarian's  salary  was  one-half  the  fees.  His  duties 
were  light.  The  library  was  for  some  years  in  the  President's 
house,  in  the  room  at  the  head  of  the  stairs;  afterward  in  the 
University  building. 

There  wrere  few  works  which  undergraduates  cared  to  read. 
The  late  Judge  Battle  said  that  it  was  a  matter  of  pride  to 
borrow  them,  and  then  use  them  as  dead-falls  for  the  swarm- 
ing mice.  The  tall  tomes  of  St.  Augustine  were  as  efficacious 
in  slaughtering  these  troublesome  rodents  as  was  their  great 
author  in  crushing  the  religious  heresies  of  his  day. 

In  1822  the  Faculty  reported  to  the  Trustees  that  the  chief 
need  of  the  institution  was  the  procurement  of  books  and  ap- 
paratus. If  five  thousand  or  even  one  thousand  dollars  should 
be  at  once  expended  for  this  it  would  be  a  great  relief  of  the 
distressing  want.  In  1824  President  Caldwell  went  into  the 
subject  at  length  and  earnestly.  He  began  by  testifying  to  the 
usefulness  of  the  purchases  made  out  of  the  library  fees.  He 
urged  that  it  is  perhaps  hardly  considered  that  a  Professor  in  a 
College,  who  is  without  books  in  a  tolerable  supply,  is  analagous 
to  the  creation  of  nobility,  which  for  want  of  estate  is  obliged 
to  live  in  rags.  He  compared  the  bookless  professor  to  a 
lawyer  without  copies  of  the  statutes  and  reports  of  decisions. 
So  a  Professor  of  a  College  should  "employ  his  whole  time  and 
utmost  diligence  in  the  extension  of  his  knowledge  by  the  ex- 
amination and  study  of  the  multitude  of  authors  who  have 
written  upon  the  subjects  upon  which  it  is  his  business  to  teach 
and  deliver  lectures."  He  then  gave  illustrations  of  shoe- 
makers without  awls  and  lasts,  of  carpenters  without  planes 
and  chisels,  and  printers  with  one  or  two  fonts  of  worn-out 
type.  "We  have,  however,"  he  said  "been  greatly  relieved  by 
the  resource  furnished  by  the  library  money,  with  which  we 
have  had  it  in  our  power  to  furnish  some  supplies  of  that 
species  of  food  on  which,  as  instructors,  we  are  called  upon  to 
subsist  and  grow." 

Dr.  Caldwell  then  asked  for  $6,000  for  books  and  apparatus 
for  instruction,  offering  to  go  in  person  to  Europe  at  his  own 


INCREASE  OF  LIBRARY.  407 

expense  to  make  the  purchases.  As  had  been  stated  the  offer 
was  accepted,  the  money  to  be  equally  divided  between  addi- 
tions to  the  library  and  apparatus.  The  books,  979  in  number, 
were  placed  in  the  library  by  December,  1825.  Donations  were 
made  by  a  bookseller  in  London  of  Thuanus  in  six  folio 
volumes  and  fifty-four  volumes  by  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Societies. 

In  1827  the  Board  expressed  its  .intention  to  appropriate 
$250  per  annum  for  additions  to  the  library,  abolishing  the  $1 
tax  on  students,  but  owing  to  want  of  funds  no  purchases  were 
made.  Each  professor  sent  in  a  list  of  works  needed  in  his 
department,  but  there  was  no  response.  Dr.  Mitchell  recom- 
mended nine,  including  Gillie's  History  of  the  World.  In 
expectation  of  an  up-to-date  collection  it  was  enacted  that  a 
student  should  not  take  a  book  from  the  shelves.  It  must  be 
delivered  by  the  Librarian.  Each  Tutor  in  turn  was  to  be 
Librarian. 

The  Record  Commission  of  the  English  Government  from 
1833  to  1841  donated  to  the  University  eighty-three  folios  and 
twenty-four  octavos,  which  was  accompanied  by  twelve  books 
and  many  pamphlets  written  or  edited  by  Charles  Parton 
Cooper,  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission.  Among  the  books 
presented  by  the  Commission  is  a  copy  of  the  Domesday  Book, 
compiled  by  order  of  William,  the  Conqueror. 

In  1836  Professor  Mitchell  journeyed  to  the  North  for  the 
purpose  of  examining  a  mineralogical  collection.  He  reported 
that  the  greatest  need  of  the  University  was  books,  philo- 
sophical apparatus,  cabinets  of  minerals,  rocks  and  shells,  for 
which  eight  or  ten  thousand  dollars  should  be  expended.  "We 
have  a  professorship  of  modern  languages,"  he  said,  "and  with 
the  exception  of  a  broken  copy  of  Voltaire's  works  and  some 
old  books  of  controversy  between  the  Catholics  and  Protestants, 
presented  many  years  ago  by  Gautier  of  Elizabeth,  in  Bladen, 
have  hardly  a  French  work — in  Italian,  Spanish  and  Portugese 
we  have  nothing.  Books  are  continually  published  in  the  dif- 
ferent departments  of  science  and  learning,  which  the  profes- 
sors must  have,  without  which  the  library  of  the  University 
can  not  be  respectable." 


408  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Tutor  W.  H.  Owen  was  the  most  active  of  the  early  librar- 
ians. In  December,  1836,  he  reports  about  1,900  books  in  the 
lFbrary,  kept  in  the  lecture  room  in  the  south  building,  the 
second  story,  south  side,  for  years  called  Governor  Swain's 
recitation,  or  lecture,  room.  He  states  that  the  munificence  of 
individuals,  conspicuous  in  the  early  history  of  the  University, 
had  ceased,  and  there  had  been  very  little  since  the  Caldwell 
purchases.  When  the  Trustees  allowed  the  Faculty  to  choose 
from  their  number  a  receiver  of  dues  from  students,  the  profes- 
sors agreed  to  discharge  the  duty  alternately,  and  to  give  one- 
half  of  the  compensation  allowed  them  for  the  purchase  of 
books.  Since  the  change  of  this  plan  and  the  appointment  of 
Professor  Mitchell  as  permanent  bursar  this  source  of  en- 
largement ceased. 

The  report  of  the  librarians  show  that  there  were  no  addi- 
tions made  by  purchase,  the  increase  coming  only  from  public 
documents  of  the  United  States  and  this  State,  together  with  a 
few  acts  and  reports  of  other  States.  Hon.  B.  F.  Moore, 
Chairman  of  a  Select  Committee,  reported  that  not  a  volume 
has  been  purchased  by  the  Trustees  during  the  last  quarter  of 
a  century.  The  professors  have,  in  some  instances  supplied 
the  means  of  instruction  in  their  own  departments  by  most  in- 
convenient draughts  upon  private  resources.  This  latter  state- 
ment was  especially  true  of  Professors  Mitchell,  DeBerniere 
Hooper  and  James  and  Charles  Phillips. 

In  1850  a  handsome  new  building,  called  by  a  belated  act  of 
justice,  Smith  Hall,  was  erected  for  accommodation  of  the 
library.  It  is  modeled  after  a  Greek  temple.  The  hall  is  eighty- 
four  feet  long,  twenty  feet  high  and  has  five  ample  windows  on 
each  side.  "^  An  agreement  was  made  with  the  students  that 
the  annual  ball  might  be  herein,  an  arrangement  which  would 
have  marred  the  legitimate  usefulness  of  the  library  if  the 
books  had  been  in  demand.  Professor  Hubbard,  who  was  its 
chief  officer  for  several  years  ending  1868,  wrote  that  "the  Col- 
lege Library  was  never  open  to  the  students ;  on  two  occasions 
only,  as  I  remember,  consulted  by  persons  from  abroad ;  and 
almost  never,  except  as  told  above  (used  by  Governor  Swain 
and  the  Librarian")  used  by  members  of  the  Facultv." 


DR.    MITCHELL  S   LIBRARY   BOUGHT.  409 

After  the  death  of  Dr.  Mitchell  his  books,  1897  in  number, 
were  purchased  for  the  Library.  Many  of  them  are  still  valu- 
able, but  the  others,  owing  to  the  rapid  advance  of  the  sciences, 
are  mostly  out  of  date.  The  collection  includes  works  on  history, 
theology,  the  classics,  general  literature  and  the  sciences.  In- 
cluding these  and  a  few  donations,  together  with  constant  ad- 
ditions of  public  documents,  the  library  numbered  about  seven 
thousand  volumes.  During  the  Civil  War  they  were  kept  in  a 
room  in  the  Old  East  building  for  safety,  but  were  carried  back 
to  Smith  Hall  after  the  reopening  in  1875. 

In  1885  the  Trustees  resolved  that  dancing  should  no  longer 
be  allowed  in  Smith  Hall,  and  two  years  afterward  the  Uni- 
versity Library  was  consolidated  with  those  of  the  two  societies. 
There  are  now  about  40,000  volumes  in  the  total. 

Prior  to  1838  the  Librarian  was  appointed  by  the  Faculty 
every  half  year.  After  that  date  the  Senior  Tutor  was  ex 
officio  Librarian.  This  rule  was  broken  in  1865  when  Rev  Dr. 
F.  M.  Hubbard,  Professor  of  Latin,  was  chosen.  We  have  the 
names  of  none  of  the  early  officers  except  Tutor  Joseph  H. 
Saunders,  in  1824.  Tutor  Wm.  H.  Owen  held  the  office  from 
1836  to  1843.  Then  came  Tutor  Ashbel  G.  Brown  for  twelve 
years,  succeeded  by  Professor  Hubbard,  President  Swain  oc- 
casionally taking  joint  charge,  until  July  1868.  Then  came 
Prof.  Fisk  P.  Brewer  for  one  year,  1869-70.  The  officers  since 
the  reopening  in  1875  will  be  given  in  the  second  volume  of  this 
history. 

The  Library  contained  some  unique  volumes,  for  example : 
The  Elements  of  Geometrie  of  the  most  ancient  Philosopher 
Elucide  of  Megara,  Faithfully  (now  first)  translated  into  the 
English  toung  by  H.  Billingsley,  Citizen  of  London.  Where- 
unto  are  annexed  certaine  Scholies,  Annotations  and  inuentions, 
of  the  best  Mathematiciens,  both  of  time  past  and  in  this  our 
age.  With  a  very  fruitful  praeface  made  by  M.  I.  Dee,  speci- 
fying the  Chiefe  Mathematical  Sciences,  what  they  are  and 
whereunto  commodious ;  where,  also,  are  disclosed  certaine  new 
Secrets,  Mathematical  and  Mechanical,  until  these  our  daies 
greatly  missed.  The  fly  leaf  at  the  beginning  has  the  name  of 
Montuela,  a  distinguished  French  mathematician.  The  date 
of  publication,  1570,  is  on  the  last  page. 


4IO  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Among  the  donations  of  Dr.  Hall  is  an  interesting  book- 
entitled  Derodon's  Logic,  1659.  On  the  fly  leaf  is  "E.  Libris 
Dan:  Hyd:  e  Coll:  Wadh :  Anno  Domini  1696.  This 
Professor  Brewer  says  shows  that  it  belonged  to  a  member  of 
Wadham  College  in  Oxford  University.  Another  legend  of  a 
latter  date  is  "Ex  libris  Guli.  Livingstone,"  probably  Wm. 
Livingstone,  Governor  of  New  Jersey  during  the  Revolution 
and  afterward,  and  author  of  works,  civil  and  military. 

Another  of  Dr.  Hall's  gifts  is  a  Latin  paraphrase  of  Milton's 
Poems,  1690,  by  Gulielmus  Hogaeus.  It  begins,  "Primaevi 
cano  furta  Patris,  furtumque  secutae." 

President  Swain  said  that  the  Library  contained  books  do- 
nated by  the  great  Napoleon.  He  asserted,  also,  that  for  in- 
trinsic value  it  was  worth  more  than  the  Society  collections,  an 
estimate  in  which  few  concur. 

The  Dialectic  and  Philanthropic  Societies  from  their  begin- 
ning in  1795  accumulated  libraries  of  their  own.  In  the  main 
the  books  were  judiciously  purchased  out  of  a  fund  provided 
by  annual  taxation  of  the  members.  Care  was  taken  to  pro- 
vide histories  and  other  works  useful  in  the  preparation  of 
debates,  as  well  as  fiction,  poetry,  travels,  and  drama.  As 
the  libraries  were  open  only  two  or  three  hours  a  week,  the 
opportunity  for  research  was  meagre,  but  continuous  access 
was  given  to  the  Commencement  Debaters.  A  catalogue 
printed  in  1835  by  the  Dialectic  Society  shows  the  following 
aggregates:  Periodicals,  371  volumes;  Epistolary,  jj,  Voy- 
age and  Travels,  106;  Politics  and  Law,  72;  Poetical,  292; 
History,  356;  Natural  History,  37;  Geographical,  2j ; 
Dramatical,  106;  Theological,  196;  Biography  and  Memoirs, 
248 ;  Novels  and  Romances,  493 ;  Miscellaneous,  583.  Total 
bound  volumes,  2,954;  and  ten  maps.  The  Philanthropic  So- 
ciety library  was  equal  to  this,  so  as  early  as  1835  there  were 
about  6,000  well-selected  books  in  the  two,  probably  the  best 
collection  in  the  State. 

The  high-water  mark  of  numbers  during  Caldwell's  ad- 
ministration was  reached  in  1823,  when  there  were  173  matric- 
ulates. The  100  mark  was  crossed  in  1817.  From  1817  to 
1827,  both  inclusive,  the  matriculates  were  108,  120,  no,  127, 


UNIVERSITY  DECADENCE  AND  DEATH   OF  CALDWELL.         4II 

146,  165,  173,  157,  122,  112,  76.  They  continued  under  a 
hundred  for  four  years.  From  1831  to  1836,  inclusive,  they 
were  107,  184,  109,  101,  104,  89.  The  highest  number  of 
graduates  was  thirty- four  in  1824.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
falling  off  in  numbers  of  the  University  was  prior  to  the  panic 
of  1837.  What  were  the  causes?  Doubtless  there  were  more 
than  one.  The  panic  of  1825  and  the  low  prices  of  farm  pro- 
ducts must  have  kept  off  students.  Morever,  President  Cald- 
well's agonizing  disease  often  deprived  him  of  the  power  to 
attend  to  his  duties.  This,  of  course,  partly  paralized  the  pro- 
gressiveness  of  the  institution.  Then  again,  the  net  receipts 
from  the  sale  of  the  Tennessee  lands  became  almost  nothing, 
and  the  payment  of  the  interest  on  the  $40,000  debt  to  the  banks 
left  not  a  sufficiency  to  pay  the  salaries  of  the  Faculty.  This 
led  to  resignations  so  that  in  1829  there  was  one  vacant  profes- 
sorship and  two  tutorships,  in  1830  one  professorship,  in  1831 
and  1832  two  professorships,  in  1833  one.  A  fourth  trouble 
was  the  Nullification  controversy,  principally  in  South  Caro- 
lina, but  extending  to  the  adjoining  States,  and  at  one  time 
threatening  Civil  War.  Its  effect  on  the  University  is  shown 
clearly  by  the  following  statistics.  In  1820  there  were  seven- 
teen; in  1821,  nineteen;  in  1822,  sixteen,  students  from  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Tennesee,  and  Kentucky,  while 
for  the  five  years  ending  with  1833  there  was  from  those 
States  only  an  average  annual  attendance  of  five.  South  Caro- 
lina in  1830  had  no  students  at  all,  and  for  three  years,  1829- 
1832,  inclusive,  did  not  exceed  one. 

Dr.  Caldwell's  Death. 

On  the  27th  of  January,  1835,  the  sufferings  of  President 
Caldwell  were  ended.  His  death  brought  grief  to  the  officers 
and  alumni  of  the  University,'  and  to  the  friends  of  education 
and  enlightened  progress  throughout  the  land.  He  had  stood 
by  the  cradle  of  the  University,  had  worked  for  it  through  its 
infancy  up  to  strong  manhood ;  had  been  the  most  potent  factor 
in  placing  it  on  the  highest  table-land  of  Southern  institutions. 
He  had  lived  to  see  its  pupils  in  all  positions  of  usefulness  and 


412  the:  university  of  north  Carolina. 

honor  throughout  our  Southland,  and  he  had  their  profound 
admiration.  He  had  won  the  position  of  educational  headship 
in  our  State.  He  was  the  recognized  authority  on  matters  con- 
nected with  mathematical  and  astronomical  questions. 

The  early  history  of  Dr.  Caldwell  has  been  already  given. 

As  a  preacher,  although  not  eloquent,  he  was  an  orthodox 
and  fervid  expounder  of  Christian  principles.  Some  of  his  ser- 
mons were  sought  for  with  a  view  to  publication,  and  a  few, 
notably  that  on  the  death  of  Washington  and  at  the  funeral  of 
Prof.  Samuel  A.  Holmes,  were  printed  in  pamphlet  form  by 
admiring  hearers.  His  style  was  elevated,  too  diffuse  for  mod- 
ern taste,  yet  highly  appreciated  by  his  contemporaries. 

Dr.  Caldwell  was  on  several  occasions  driven  into  print  on 
account  of  attacks  on  himself  for  alleged  aristocratic  views, 
and  on  the  institution  under  his  charge.  His  adversaries  found 
that  he  wielded  with  potency  the  weapons  of  ridicule  and  of 
sarcasm. 

In  his  private  relations  he  was  neighborly,  amiable  and  be- 
loved. His  accomplished  and  able  step-son,  Rev.  Dr.  William 
Hooper,  has  shown  how  the  grave,  almost  stern,  University 
President,  at  home  disdained  not  the  relaxation  of  genial 
humor,  radiated  happiness  around  him,  was  affectionate  and 
kindly  to  all  from  his  brilliant  wife  to  the  humblest  slave. 

He  wrote  a  series  of  letters  to  the  public  over  the  nom  de 
plume  of  Carlton,  advocating,  with  much  wealth  of  argument 
and  information,  gathered  during  his  visit  to  Europe,  and  by 
reading,  the  construction  of  railroads.  This  gained  for  him 
the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  fathers  of  internal  im- 
provements in  our  State.  He  advocated  with  similar  intelli- 
gence and  ability  common  school  education  and  thus  took  rank 
with  Judge  Murphey  and  Bartlett  Yancey  as  a  pioneer  in  this 
great  work.  It  has  been  mentioned  that  he  was  the  State  as- 
tronomer in  locating  part  of  the  Southern  boundary  of  the 
State. 

It  was  in  recognition  of  his  services  to  the  State  and  its 
institutions  that  the  General  Assembly  of  1841  conferred  on  a 
Piedmont  county  the  name  of  Caldwell,  the  only  county  which 
honors  a  teacher. 

Dr.  Caldwell  was  a  man  brave  and  strong,  of  tireless  energy, 


RESOLUTIONS  OF  EULOGY.  413 

a  scholar  yet  a  man  of  action,  stern  in  discipline,  yet  of  kindly 
heart,  a  true  Christian,  firm  in  his  Presbyterian  convictions, 
but  never  intolerant  towards  others,  a  preacher  fervent  and 
forcible,  a  teacher  patient  and  inspiring. 

The  following  resolutions  of  the  Trustees,  whom  he  served, 
have  the  merit  of  truth  without  exaggeration  : 

Raleigh,  6th  of  February,  1835. 

On  motion  of  Governor  Swain. 

Whereas,  the  Executive  Committee  with  the  deepest  emotions 
of  sorrow  have  received  intelligence  of  the  death  of  Rev. 
Joseph  Caldwell,  D.D.,  President  of  the  University. 

Resolved,  unanimously,  that  by  the  eminent  purity  of  his 
life,  his  patriotism  and  zeal  in  the  cause  of  learning,  and  his 
long,  faithful  and  disinterested  public  service  at  the  head  of 
the  University,  Doctor  Caldwell  has  approved  himself  one  of 
the  noblest  benefactors  of  the  State  and  deserves  the  lasting 
gratitude  and  reverence  of  his  countrymen. 

This  eulogy  was  read  in  public  at  the  next  Commencement. 

The  students  of  the  University  passed  the  following  resolu- 
tions, Haywood  W.  Guion  being  chairman  and  C.  C.  Battle 
secretary.  Accompanied  by  a  well-written  letter  they  were 
forwarded  to  Mrs.  Caldwell  by  Wm.  P.  Webb  of  Alabama, 
Wm.  B.  Rodman  of  North  Carolina,  and  Robert  W.  Henry  of 
Virginia : 

Resolved,  that  the  students  of  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, deeply  affected  by  the  melancholy  death  of  our  much  es- 
teemed President,  Joseph  Caldwell,  do  convey  to  his  bereaved 
family  a  proper  expression  of  our  profound  sense  of  his 
acknowledged  worth,  and  our  unfeigned  sorrow  for  his  irrep- 
arable loss,  which  they  and  society  have  thereby  sustained. 

Resolved,  that  each  of  us  do  wear  a  suitable  badge  of  mourn- 
ing in  testimony  of  our  sorrow  for  his  death  and  the  cherished 
recollections  associated  with  his  name. 

The  reply  of  Mrs.  Caldwell  is  in  excellent  taste : 
To  the  Students  of  the  University, 

Young  Gentlemen :  It  was  with  no  common  feeling  I  read 
your  affectionate  communication  to  me  this  morning.  It  is 
very  gratifying  to  have  the  sympathy  and  condolence  of   so 


414  TI1E  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

many  friends.  Be  assured  you  have  my  gratitude  and  best 
wishes  for  your  present  and  eternal  welfare,  and  may  the  God 
he  served,  whose  loss  we  all  deplore,  lead  you  to  choose  and 
serve  your  Creator,  in  the  days  of  your  youth.  May  he  direct 
and  support  and  guide  you,  and  at  last  lead  you  to  those 
heavenly  mansions  where  all  is  peace  and  joy. 
With  sentiments  of  respect  and  regard, 

I  am  yours,  etc., 

Helen  Caldwell. 

He  was  first  buried  in  the  middle  of  the  village  cemetery, 
which  was  originally  designed  for  use  of  Faculty  and  Students 
of  the  University  as  well  as  the  inhabitants  of  Chapel  Hill,  in  a 
grave  dug  and  walled,  in  pursuance  of  his  orders.  The  body 
has  been  twice  exhumed.  In  November  after  his  death  at  the 
instance  of  the  Philanthropic  Society,  it  was  taken  up  under 
the  direction  of  Alfred  S.  Waugh,  an  artist,  in  order  to  get 
a  plaster  cast  of  his  features.  The  bust  then  executed  is  in 
Gerrard  Hall  and  is  a  faithful  reproduction.  The  grave  was 
again  reopened  on  the  31st  of  October,  1846,  and  the  remains 
were  reinterred  by  the  side  of  his  wife  on  the  east  side  of  the 
old  monument. 

Judge  Frederick  Nash  and  Rev.  Wm.  McPheeters,  D.D., 
were  appointed  by  the  Trustees  to  erect  an  appropriate  monu- 
ment over  his  grave.  In  the  first  impulse  of  enthusiasm  a  shaft 
worthy  of  the  man  and  the  University  was  contemplated.  We 
find  that  Mr.  Robert  Donaldson,  of  New  York,  sent  designs, 
as  did  the  sculptor,  Alfred  S.  Waugh.  These  were  submitted 
by  the  Trustees  to  David  Paton,  a  Scotchman,  one  of  the 
architects  of  the  Capitol,  but  there  is  no  record  of  any  report 
made  by  him.  Eventually,  in  1837,  the  design  submitted  by 
Thomas  Waite,  an  energetic,  but  careless,  master  mechanic, 
who  then  had  charge  of  carrying  on  the  repairs  of  University 
buildings,  was  adopted. 

This  monument  was  of  sandstone  from  one  of  the  quarries 
near  the  University,  either  that  on  the  plantation  of  Robert  W. 
Strowd,  or  that  of  Solomon  Morgan,  since  bequeathed  to  the 
University  by  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Mason.  The  shaft 
was  cut  bv  T-  B.  Turnev,  a  skilled  mechanic.     It  soon  began  to 


THE  OLD  MONUMENT.  415 

crumble  and  grow  dingy.  Moreover,  the  plan  was  to  insert 
on  the  eastern  face  a  marble  slab  with  appropriate  inscriptions 
in  Latin,  written  by  the  scholarly  teacher,  Dr.  Wm.  McPheet- 
ers.  When  the  slab  came  from  the  workman  at  the  North,  the 
Latin  was  found  to  be,  by  careless  workmanship,  so  atrociously 
bad  as  to  be  beyond  amendment.  The  professor  of  that 
language  in  disgust  seized  a  hammer  and  smashed  the  offend- 
ing marble  into  fragments.  The  unfortunate  stone  became  of- 
fensive to  good  taste  and  all  interest  in  it  was  lost.  No  in- 
scription was  ever  cut  showing  to  whom  the  structure  was 
reared.  When  the  New  West  building  was  erected  its  front  was 
in  close  proximity  to  the  rugged  and  gruesome  stone.  The  only 
recognition  of  it  was  the  raising  of  hats  by  the  processions  as 
they  marched  near  it  at  Commencements. 

The  site  chosen  was,  at  the  time,  thought  to  be  sufficiently 
remote  from  any  building  then  standing  or  likely  to  be  erected. 
Its  inconvenient  proximity  to  the  New  West  building  shows  at 
once  the  progress  of  the  University,  and  the  want  of  foresight 
in  the  able  Committee.  To  their  minds  six  and  seven  score 
students  were  gratifying  numbers  and  the  locality  selected  was 
hidden  away  from  the  active  life  of  the  University.  The  history 
of  the  new  monument  will  be  told  hereafter. 

At  the  request  of  the  Executive  Committee  Prof.  Walker 
Anderson,  soon  to  leave  the  institution  for  his  eminent  career 
at  the  bar  in  Florida,  at  the  ensuing  Commencement,  June, 
1835,  delivered  an  eloquent  and  appreciative  address  on  the 
career  of  the  deceased  President.  He  was  peculiarly  well 
fitted  for  the  task,  having  been  his  pupil,  a  professor  in  his 
Faculty,  and  his  assistant.  He  thus  had  a  more  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  the  character  of  his  superior  officer  than  was  vouch- 
safed to  others.  The  address  was  printed  and  much  enhanced 
the  reputation  of  Judge  Anderson  as  a  graceful  and  eloquent 
orator.  It  was  his  last  work  for  the  State  and  the  institution 
which  he  had  served  so  long. 

I  give  some  specimens  of  his  style :  "The  religious  character 
of  Dr.  Caldwell  was  not  the  formation  of  a  day,  nor  the  hasty 
and  imperfect  work  of  a  dying  bed.  *  *  *  He  had  made 
religion  the  guide  of  his  youth ;  it  beautified  and  sanctified  the 


416  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

labors  of  his  well-spent  life ;  nor  did  it  fail  him  in  the  trying 
hour,  which  an  all-wise,  but  inscrutable  Providence  permitted 
to  be  to  him  peculiarly  dark  and  fearful.  The  rich  consolations 
of  his  faith  became  brighter  and  stronger  amidst  the  wreck  of 
the  decaying  of  flesh ;  and,  if  the  dying  testimony  of  a  pure  and 
humble  spirit  may  be  received,  death  had  for  him  no  sting — 
the  grave  achieved  no  triumph.  *  *  *  His  hope  of  a 
happy  immortality  beyond  the  grave  was  to  him  a  principle  of 
strength  that  sustained  him  amidst  the  conflicts  of  the  dark 
valley ;  and  to  us,  who  witnessed  the  agonies  of  his  parting 
hour,  a  bright  radiance  illumined  the  gloom  which  memory 
throws  around  the  trying  scene.  On  the  evening  of  the  24th  of 
January  his  terrible  disease  made  its  last  ferocious  assault. 
*  *  *  By  the  exercise  of  prayers  and  other  acts  of  the  holy 
religion  he  professed,  he  strengthened  himself  for  the  last  con- 
flict, and  spoke  words  of  consolation  and  hope  to  his  sorrowing 
friends.  But  death  was  yet  to  be  indulged  with  a  brief 
triumph,  and  for  three  days  his  sufferings  were  protracted  with 
such  intensity  that  his  vigorous  and  well-balanced  mind  sank 
beneath  the  contest.  We  willingly  drop  the  veil  over  the  bitter 
recollections  of  that  hour,  and  we  take  refuge  in  those  high 
and  holy  hopes  which  were  the  last  objects  of  his  fading  con- 
sciousness, and  which  had  lent  to  the  long  twilight  of  his  mortal 
career  some  of  the  light  of  that  heaven  to  which  they  had 
directed  his  longing  gaze. 

"The  labors  of  a  useful  life,  to  use  the  thought  of  an  old 
stoick,  are  like  things  consecrated  to  God,  over  which  mor- 
tality has  no  power.  'Haec  est  temporis  nostri  sacra  ac  dedi- 
cata;  quam  non  inopia,  non  metus  non  morborum  incursus  ex- 
agitat.'  The  pure  and  patient  spirit  had  escaped  its  narrow 
and  tempest-stricken  prison  house,  the  wasted  form  is  resting 
from  its  sore  conflict  in  the  blessed  hope  of  a  joyful  resurrec- 
tion, but  those  consecrated  acts  of  his  useful  life  remain  with 
us,  to  spread  their  beneficent  influence  through  successive 
generations.  *  *  *  We  may  say,  without  the  fear  of  con- 
tradiction, that  the  whole  present  generation  of  the  citizens  of 
North  Carolina  owe  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Caldwell  gratitude 
as  well  as  admiration ;  and  that  we  are  indebted  to  his  agency, 


WM.   HOOPER. 


JAMES   PHILLIPS. 


ELISHA    MITCHELL. 


SHEPHERD    K.    KOLLOC'H. 


CHARLES    W.    HARRIS. 

(Paid  to  resemble  his  uncle, 

Charles  W.  Harris.) 


CALDWELL  S    FACULTY.  417 

directly  or  indirectly,  more  than  to  any  one  individual,  for  the 
very  remarkable  change  that  has  taken  place  in  the  moral  and 
intellectual  character  of  our  State  within  the  last  forty  years.  I 
speak  not  only  of  the  fruits  of  his  labors,  as  a  faithful  in- 
structor and  ripe  scholar;  I  speak  of  the  whole  moral  in- 
fluence of  his  life  and  labors — as  a  Christian  minister,  an  en- 
lightened and  active  patriot,  as  one  who  conscientiously  ful- 
filled all  the  duties  binding  him  as  a  man  and  a  Christian ;  I 
claim  to  write  upon  his  tomb  the  proud  and  safe  defiance — 
'Ubi  lapsus?" 

An  honor  appropriate  to  the  career  of  the  first  President  was 
resolved  on,  the  erection  of  a  building  near  the  east  of  the 
South  building,  corresponding  to  Gerrard  Hall,  to  be  known  as 
Caldwell  Hall,  and  to  be  used  as  a  laboratory,  library  and 
lecture  room.  Waite,  the  Superintendent,  was  instructed  to 
take  measures  for  its  construction,  but  his  management  of  the 
finishing  of  Gerrard  Hall  and  of  the  repairs  of  other  buildings 
was  so  extravagant  and  unbusinesslike  that  further  action  was 
suspended,  as  it  proved,  indefinitely.  For  twenty  years  after- 
ward the  honor  to  Caldwell  was  talked  of,  but  never  executed. 
The  marble  shaft  of  1847  was  thought  to  be  sufficient. 

Summary  of  Caldwell's  Faculty. 

The  changes  in  the  Faculty  during  President  Caldwell's 
second  term,  not  already  mentioned,  may  be  seen  in  the  follow- 
ing summary: 

The  President  himself  in  1816  changed  from  Mathematics 
to  Moral  Philosophy.  In  1834  he  added  Astronomy  to  his 
title.  Elisha  Mitchell  was  in  charge  of  Mathematics  and 
Natural  Philosophy  (Physics),  from  181 7  to  1826,  when  he 
took  the  chair  of  Chemistry,  Mineralogy  and  Geology  and 
held  it  for  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

Denison  Olmsted  was  in  1817  Professor  of  Chemistry  and 
Mineralogy.  In  1825,  in  consequence  doubtless  of  having  been 
chosen  Director  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  he  added 
Geology  to  his  title.    He  resigned  the  same  year. 

Ethan  Allen  Andrews  was  Professor  of  Languages  from 
1822  to  1826  when  his  title  was  changed  to  Professor  of 
27 


418  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Ancient  Languages,  which  continued  until  his  resignation  in 
1828. 

Walker  Anderson,  elected  Adjunct  Professor  in  order  to  aid 
President  Caldwell,  was  a  native  of  Petersburg,  Virginia,  born 
July  11,  1801.  His  parents  were  Daniel  Anderson,  a  merchant, 
and  Mary  R.  Cameron,  a  sister  of  Judge  Duncan  Cameron,  of 
.North  Carolina.  Graduating  with  highest  honor  at  this  Uni- 
versity in  1819  he  studied  law  under  his  uncle,  Judge  Cameron. 
Having  on  his  21st  birthday  married  Phebe  R.  Hawks,  sister 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  he  was  induced  to  become  the 
principal  of  a  boarding  school  for  females  in  Hillsboro.  He 
was  called  from  this  position  to  the  University,  at  first  as 
Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic,  and  then  as  Adjunct  Profes- 
sor of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy. 

Resigning  his  chair  in  1836  he  emigrated  at  once  to  the 
Territory  of  Florida  and  engaged  in  milling  and  mercantile 
business.  Failing  in  these  he  entered  on  the  practice  of  law, 
and  soon  won  eminence  therein.  Florida  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  a  state  in  1846  and  in  1851  the  Legislature  or- 
ganized her  Supreme  Court.  Mr.  Anderson  was  the  first  Chief 
Justice.  He  resigned  in  1853  and  died  in  Pensacola  January, 
1857.     He  had  fourteen  children,  of  whom  three  are  Hying. 

Judge  Anderson  was  a  man  of  loftiest  and  purest  character, 
of  most  winning  manners,  of  fine  literary  taste,  and  possessed 
of  an  easy,  flowing  style.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church. 

William  Hooper  was  Professor  of  Languages  from  1817  to 
1822,  when  he  resigned  for  his  work  as  Episcopal  minister.  He 
returned  in  1825  and  was  for  three  years  in  charge  of  Rhetoric 
and  Logic.  In  1828  he  succeeded  Andrews  in  Ancient 
Languages  and  held  that  place  until  1837  when  he  left  finally 
the  service  of  the  University. 

Shepard  K.  Kollock  was  the  first  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and 
Logic,  in  1819,  and  resigned  in  1825.  This  chair  was  vacant, 
except  for  a  few  months  in  1828,  but  Professor  Mitchell  volun- 
tarily added  the  duties  to  his  own,  during  much  of  the  time. 

James  Phillips  succeeded  Mitchell  as  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics and   Natural   Philosophy  in   1826  and  held  that  chair 


PROFESSOR  HENTZ.  419 

until  his  death.  He  was  not  elected  without  opposition.  Mr. 
Ferdinand  R.  Hassler,  an  eminent  mathematical  author,  seemed 
to  have  been  the  favorite  of  President  Caldwell,  but  he  probably 
declined  to  be  a  candidate.  The  claims  of  Matthias  Evans 
Manly,  a  tutor,  destined  to  a  most  honorable  career  in  the 
profession  of  law,  were  pressed,  the  President  admitted  his 
ability,  but  while  not  opposing",  declined  to  recommend  him, 
probably  on  account  of  his  youth,  he  having  graduated  only 
two  years  before. 

Nicholas  Marcellus  Hentz  was  elected  Professor  of  Modern 
Languages  in  1826  and  held  the  place  until  his  resignation  in 
1833.  This  chair  was  established  under  a  resolution  offered 
by  Mr.  Badger,  that  a  "Professor  of  Modern  Languages,  in- 
cluding French,  Spanish  and  as  far  as  possible  other  living 
languages  of  Europe  be  employed."  Treasurer  Haywood, 
Judge  Potter  and  Rev.  Dr.  McPheeters  voted  aganst  it,  prob- 
ably on  economical  grounds.  Although  a  majority  of  the  Board 
were  thus  liberal  at  a  time  when  they  were  borrowing  money 
wherewith  to  pay  the  Faculty,  they  approved  unanimously  the 
report  of  a  committee,  of  which  Colonel  Polk  was  Chairman, 
that  it  was  highly  objectionable  to  pay  one  Raleigh  newspaper 
$6.00,  $1.25,  $3.50  and  $4.50  for  advertisements  for  which  its 
rival  charged  only  $2.50,  75c,  $1.87  1-2  and  $2.50,  aggregating 
$15.25  for  one  and  $7.62  1-2  for  the  other.  These  sums  were 
the  total  expenses  for  advertising  for  the  year.  As  the  news- 
papers were  of  opposite  politics  it  is  easy  to  understand  Colonel 
Polk's  criticism. 

Mr.  Hentz  seemed  to  have  had  little  opposition  though  the 
President  very  much  distrusted  the  employment  of  foreigners. 
He  urged  in  a  general  way  on  the  Board  their  probably  in- 
ability to  enforce  discipline,  arising  from  the  impossibility  of 
their  understanding  the  disposition  of  American  youth.  Weight 
of  character  and  personal  influence  are  as  much  needed  as 
learning.  He  especially  inclined  to  a  Virginian  applicant,  who 
signed  the  pen  name,  Inconnue,  whose  real  name  was  Gessner 
W.  Harrison,  afterwards  a  noted  educator  and  author.  It  is 
probable,  too,  that  the  President  distrusted  the  reliious  principles 
of  the  foreign  born. 


420  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Mr.  Hentz  was  born  in  France  July  25,  1797,  and  emigrated 
to  America  in  181 6.  In  1825  he  married  Caroline  Lee,  daughter 
of  General  John  Wright,  of  Massachusetts.  He  taught  Modern 
Languages  at  Northampton  in  that  State,  and  at  Chapel  Hill, 
Covington,  Kentucky ;  Cincinnati ;  Tuscaloosa,  Tuskegee,  Ala- 
bama; Columbus,  Georgia;  and  Marianna,  Florida.  At  some 
of  these  places  he  was  principal  of  schools.  He  was  an  agree- 
able and  accomplished  man  and  a  good  teacher.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  entomologist,  wrote  a  monograph  on  the 
Arachnidae  (spiders)  which  is  of  high  authority.  While  at 
Chapel  Hill  he  occupied  two  small  houses  on  the  lot  of  Kemp 
P.  Battle.  On  the  walls  of  the  upper  room  of  one  of  these,  and 
in  glass  cases,  were  numerous  insects  impaled  on  pins,  some 
dead,  others  lingering,  the  modern  humane  method  of  asphyxia- 
tion not  being  generally  used.  He  is  said  to  have  imported  for 
his  dwelling  the  first  lightning  rod  in  the  village,  in  consequence 
of  some  strange  freaks  played  by  the  electric  fluid  during  a 
storm.    He  died  in  Florida  November  4,  1856. 

His  wife,  Caroline  Lee  Hentz,  was  born  in  Lancaster,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1800.  She  was  beautiful,  versatile  and  accomp- 
lished. She  wrote  a  novel,  a  poem  and  a  play  before  she  was 
thirteen  years  old.  Like  her  husband  she  painted  elegantly  in 
water  colors.  A  tragedy  by  her,  called  "Lamona,"  was  pub- 
lished. Her  novels  were  much  admired  when  published,  but 
are  now  not  read.  Among  them  are  Lovell's  Folly,  Rana,  The 
Planter's  Northern  Bride,  Linda.  In  Lovell's  Folly  she  por- 
trayed some  inhabitants  of  Chapel  Hill,  among  them  "Doctor 
November,"  then  the  carriage  driver  of  the  President,  and 
Venus,  his  wife.  Mrs.  Hentz  preceded  her  husband  in  death 
by  a  few  months. 

While  at  the  University  this  admirable  couple  met  with  a 
heart-rending  tragedy.  A  sprightly  son  of  three  or  four  years 
old,  with  his  father's  name,  fell  from  a  chair  and  was  instantly 
killed  by  the  fracture  of  a  bone  in  the  neck.  He  was  buried  in 
the  garden  of  Dr.  Mitchell's  residence,  now  Professor  Gore's. 

Rev.  Cornelius  P.  Vermuele  was  Professor  of  Ancient 
Languages  for  a  few  months  in  1830  during  the  absence  of 
Professor  Hooper  on  account  of  sickness.     The  tutors  were : 


TUTORS MITCHELL   CHAIRMAN.  421 

John  Motley  Morehead  and  Priestly  Hinton  Mangum  for  1817; 
Robert  Rufus  King  and  William  Dunn  Moseley  for  1817-18; 
Hamilton  Chamberlaine  Jones  and  Simon  Peter  Jordan  for 
1818-19;  S.  P.  Jordan  and  R.  R.  Kng  for  1819-20;  S.  P.  Jordan 
and  James  Hervey  Otey  for  1820-21 ;  Joseph  H.  Saunders  and 
Anderson  Mitchell  for  1821-23 ;  J.  H.  Saunders  and  George 
Shonnard  Bettner  for  1823-24;  J.  H.  Saunders,  G.  S.  Bettner 
and  Elisha  Young  for  1824-25;  G.  S.  Bettner,  Matthias  Evans 
Manly  and  Edward  Dromgoole  Sims  for  1825-26;  E.  D.  Sims, 
John  Jenkins  Wyche  and  Oliver  Wolcott  Treadwell  for  1826- 
27 ;  Silas  Milton  Andrews,  J.  J.  Wyche  and  O.  W.  Treadwell 
for  1827-28;  Lorenzo  Lea  and  O.  W.  Thompson  for  1828-29; 
Th  ">on  Birr!  for  1829-30;  Henry  Grantham  Smith  and  John 
Allen  t)^  :>r  1830-31 ;  H.  G.  Smith,  John  DeBerniere 

Hooper  and  jc  b  Thompson  for  1831-32;  J.  DeB.  Hooner,  J. 
Thompson  and  Giles  Mebane  for  1832-33  ;  Jas.  Hogg  Norwood, 
Thomas  Lapsley  Armstrong  and  Wm.  Nelson  Mebane  for 
1833-34.  Thomas  Burgess  Haywood  held  the  position  for 
awhile  in  this  year.  Samuel  Richardson  Blake,  William  Pugh 
Bond  and  Harrison  Wall  Covington  were  the  Tutors  for  1834- 
'35.  In  1828  a  Tutorship  was  offered  to  James  D.  Johnston, 
the  able  teacher  of  Oxford,  but  was  declined,  although  a  salary 
of  $800  was  annexed.  David  McAllister,  Wm.  Henry  Owen, 
and  Abraham  Forrest  Morehead  taught  in  1835.  In  January, 
1835,  Owen  tendered  his  resignation,  and  David  Francis  Bacon 
of  Connecticut  was  chosen  in  his  place.  On  his  declination, 
Owen  was  induced  to  remain.  A.  Burgevin  was  two  years 
Professor  of  Modern  Languages. 

Mitchell  Chairman  ol  Faculty. 
After  the  death  of  Caldwell  to  the  arrival  of  President  Swain, 
Dr.  Elisha  Mitchell  continued  to  be  the  Acting  President.  It 
has  been  stated  that  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper  desired  the  office.  Of 
this  there  is  no  evidence,  but  the  tradition  that  he  was  in  favor 
of  the  continuance  of  Dr.  Mitchell,  is  probably  true. 

Graduates  1835. 
The  highest  honor  man  of  the  class  of  1835  was  Haywood 
William  Guion,  who  spoke  the  Salutatory.     The  next  to  him, 
declared  equal,  were  Augustus  J.  Foster  and  Wm.  Peter  Webb. 


422  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

They  drew  lots  for  the  Valedictory,  and  Foster  won  it.  Hon- 
orary orations  were  assigned  to  Samuel  H.  Ruffin,  James  Hill 
Hutchins,  Wm.  Alexander  Rose,  Henry  Lee  Graves  and  James 
Campbell  Smith. 

Guion  became  a  leader  at  the  bar,  an  efficient  President  of 
the  Wilmington,  Charlotte  and  Rutherfordton,  now  Carolina 
Central,  Railroad  Company,  and  author  of  a  scientific  work, 
called  the  Comet;  Foster  was  a  farmer  and  a  most  efficient 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  unable  to  engage  in  active  pursuits  by 
reason  of  being  a  victim  of  rheumatism.  Wm.  P.  Webb  was  a 
Judge  in  Alabama.  Of  those  not  gaining  honors,  C.  C.  Battle 
was  a  lawyer,  Private  Secretary  to  Governor  Dudley,  and  a 
volunteer  in  the  Mexican  War.  Richard  B.  Creecy  is  a  useful 
and  honored  editor  and  lawyer  and  author  of  many  monographs 
illustrative  of  the  history  of  our  State,  now  (1895)  the  oldest 
living  graduate  of  this  University.  One  matriculate.  Colonel 
Clarke  M.  Avery,  was  killed  in  battle. 

Of  those  not  graduates,  Johnston  Blakeley  Jones  of  Chapel 
Hill  and  Charlotte,  was  a  physician  of  skill  and  genius,  and 
John  Archibald  Bingham  was  a  preacher  and  teacher  in  the 
noted  Bingham  School,  his  brother  William  J.  being  Principal. 

The  chief  feature  of  the  occasion  was  the  eloquent  eulogy, 
already  mentioned,  on  the  character  of  the  late  President  Cald- 
well by  Professor  Walker  Anderson. 

A  meeting  of  the  Institute  of  Education  was  held,  but  the 
proceedings  were  not  recorded,  except  that  Professor  Mitchell 
gave  a  talk  on  Agriculture. 

Thomas  S.  Ashe,  a  recent  graduate,  afterwards  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  was  elected  Tutor,  but  declined. 
It  was  stated  that  he  was  in  all  respects  an  excellent  student. 

The  Commencement  of  1835  under  the  management  of  Pro- 
fessor Mitchell,  Chairman,  was  the  first  after  the  death  of  Dr. 
Caldwell.  The  Trustees  ratified  all  the  acts  of  the  Executive 
Committee,  including  the  resolutions  about  the  late  venerated 
President.  The  students,  with  the  happy  buoyancy  of  youth, 
had  begun  to  make  preparations  for  the  usual  ball,  but  the 
Faculty  thought  it  would  be  heartless  and  unbecoming.  Both 
sides   appealed   to   the   Trustees,   who   sustained   the   Faculty. 


<Z£/  gooza/ 


ELECTION   OF  EX-GOVERNOR   SWAIN.  423 

Messrs.  Perrin  Busbee  and  Green  M.  Cuthbert  managed  die 
case  for  the  students,  doubtless  with  ability,  for  they  were  men 
of  superior  talent.  Their  letter  to  Governor  Swain,  asking 
him  to  be  an  honorary  Ball  Manager,  "in  order  to  give  dignity 
and  stability  to  the  occasion,"  and  his  letter  of  refusal,  were 
deemed  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  spread  on  the  Minutes 
of  the  Committee. 

The  Committee,  while  deeming  this  contemplated  violation 
of  funeral  etiquette  to  be  under  their  cognizance,  administered 
a  mild  rebuke  to  the  Acting  President  Mitchell  for  summoning 
them  to  adjudicate  some  cases  of  discipline.  They  refused  to 
consider  them,  alleging  that  they  belonged  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Faculty. 

At  the  same  time  quite  a  sharp  implied  rebuke  was  adminis- 
tered to  some  members  of  the  Faculty  by  a  resolution  that, 
whenever  one  should  be  absent  without  leave  a  pro  rata  deduc- 
tion should  be  made  from  his  salary.  Possibly  the  offender 
was  Tutor  Bacon,  as  he  was  shortly  afterwards  legislated  out 
of  office,  $150  being  paid  him  for  compensation  for  the  re- 
mainder of  his  year. 

This  was  a  very  notable  meeting,  because  held  on  the  20th 
of  June,  1835,  when  the  important  State  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  that  year  was  sitting  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
Raleigh.  There  were  twenty-nine  Trustees  present — very  emi- 
nent men.  They  took  steps  to  secure  worthy  candidates  for 
the  office  of  President  by  recommending  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee to  ''open  correspondence  with  distinguished  literary  men, 
and  in  other  ways,"  the  election  to  be  at  the  next  annual  meet- 
ing. The  President's  salary  was  fixed  at  $2,000  per  annum 
and  the  use  of  a  dwelling. 

Election  of  Swain. 

On  the  5th  of  December,  1835,  David  Eowrie  Swain,  on  the 
nomination  of  Duncan  Cameron,  was  elected  by  ballot  Presi- 
dent of  the  University.  It  is  not  stated  that  the  vote  was 
unanimous,  but,  as  there  was  no  other  nominee,  his  majority 
must  have  been  large,  as  tradition  so  states.  He  was  fond  of 
mentioning  that,  while  he  desired  the  place,  he  was  unwilling 


424  THE  UNIVERSITY   OP   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

to  have  it  without  the  support  of  the  strong  men  of  the  Board. 
He  therefore  consulted  Judge  Frederick  Nash  and  asked  him 
to  confer  with  ex-Judge  Duncan  Cameron,  and  he  would  be 
guided  by  their  opinion.  The  latter  was  enthusiastic  in  his 
favor,  the  former  acquiesced,  and  the  Trustees  generally  ap- 
proved. 

He  was  elected  on  account  of  having  been  by  his  talents  and 
winning  manners,  a  wise,  energetic,  successful  administrator 
in  the  high  public  offices  to  which  he  had  been  elected.  Born 
on  the  4th  of  January,  1801,  he  was  well  taught  by  the  skilled 
Rev.  George  Newton  of  Asheville,  in  the  classics  and  mathe- 
matics. He  entered  Sophomore  Class  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  in  1822,  but,  on  account  of  the  bad  health  of 
his  father  and  straitened  means,  in  a  few  months  he  left  the 
institution  for  the  study  of  law  under  Chief  Justice  John  Louis 
Taylor  at  Raleigh.  He  began  practice  in  1822  at  Asheville, 
with  immediate  success.  He  served  in  the  House  of  Commons 
1824  to  1829,  when  he  was  chosen  to  be  Solicitor  of  the  Eden- 
ton  Circuit,  and  was  transferred  the  next  year  to  the  Superior 
Court  bench.  The  General  Assembly,  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1832,  inaugurated  him  Governor.  By  successive  elections  he 
continued  in  that  high  office  for  three  years.  After  leaving 
the  executive  chair,  he  was  an  active  member  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1835.  J-n  a^  these  positions  he  studied 
with  care  and  decided  intelligently  the  questions  which  came 
before  him."  In  our  State  history  he  was  peculiarly  learned, 
and  in  that  of  the  United  States,  well  versed. 

Although  Professor  Wm.  Hooper  sneeringly  said,  "the  peo- 
ple of  North  Carolina  have  given  Governor  Swain  all  the  offices 
they  have  to  bestow  and  now  have  sent  him  to  the  University 
to  be  educated,"  he  was  by  no  means  an  illiterate  man.  Gov- 
ernor Perry  of  South  Carolina  in  his  book  of  Reminiscences, 
states  that  he  was  the  best  scholar  at  the  classical  school  of 
Mr.  Newton,  and  was  proficient  in  Homer  and  other  ancient 
authors.  He  was  known  to  quote  lines  from  the  Iliad  after 
his  coming  to  Chapel  Hill.  He  had  a  tenacious  memory,  was 
well  acquainted  with  the  genealogies  of  the  leading  families  of 
the  State,  and  excelled  as  a  popular  speaker.     His  person  was 


PRESIDENT  SWAIN     LINEAGE.  425 

very  imposing-,  over  six  feet  high,  but  so  ungainly  that  number- 
less witticisms  were  perpetrated  on  its  deviation  from  the 
standards  of  manly  beauty.  An  old  Whig,  boasting  of  the 
triumph  of  his  party  in  a  debate  in  the  Legislature,  said :  "The 
Democrats  were  beating  us  until  old  'Warping  Bars'  from 
beyond  the  mountains  thrashed  them  out."  But  notwithstand- 
ing this  defect,  his  genial  temper,  ready  wit,  his  kindliness,  his 
gift  of  speech,  made  him  a  favorite  in  all  companies,  while  his 
industry  in  preparation  on  the  questions  under  debate  and 
skill  in  arranging  his  argument  made  him  a  formidable  antag- 
onist. I  add  that  in  a  long  life  his  integrity  was  never  im- 
peached, and  that  he  was  prudent  in  the  management  of  his 
private  affairs.  His  great  popularity  in  the  State  was  a  mani- 
fest gain  to  the  University. 

The  new  President  was  of  a  goodly  lineage.  His  father, 
George  Swain,  was  of  sturdy  New  England  stock.  Emigrat- 
ing to  Georgia,  he  was  soon  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature 
and  of  the  Constitutional  Convention.  For  the  sake  of  his 
health,  he  removed  to  a  small  farm  near  Asheville.  Here  he 
planted  fruit  trees,  some  varieties  imported  from  New  England, 
raised  the  crops  usual  in  his  'region,  and  carried  on  the  trade  of 
a  hatter.  For  years  he  was  also  Postmaster  of  Asheville.  Like 
New  Englanders  generally,  he  highly  valued  education,  and 
gave  his  children  the  best  available  opportunities. 

Governor  Swain's  mother  was  of  a  prominent  North  Caro- 
lina family,  said  to  have  been  connected  with  Governor  Ralph 
Lane,  who  led  a  colony  to  Roanoke  Island.  Her  name  was 
Caroline  Lane,  the  widow  of  a  good  man,  named  Lowrie.  She 
was  a  sister  of  Colonel  Joel  Lane,  long  State  Senator  from 
Wake,  who  sold  the  site  of  the  seat  of  Government.  Another 
brother  was  Jesse  Lane,  whose  son,  Joseph,  was  a  General  in 
the  Mexican  War,  a  Senator  from  Oregon,  and  a  candidate  for 
the  Vice-Presidency  on  the  Breckenridge  ticket. 

It  was  intended  by  the  Trustees  that  the  new  President 
should  occupy  the  dwelling  on  the  west  side  of  the  Campus  on 
Cameron  Avenue,  originally  built  for  its  chief  officer.  But 
President  Swain  disliked  to  dispossess  Professor  Mitchell  of 
his  home,  and  his  wife  did  not  approve  the  dwelling  last  occu- 


426  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

pied  by  Dr.  Caldwell,  because  inconvenient  for  young  children. 
That  next  to  the  Episcopal  Church  on  the  east  was  preferred, 
and  was  the  executive  mansion  until  1848. 

There  was  much  speculation  as  to  whether  the  high  standing 
and  personal  popularity  of  President  Swain  would  bring  new 
students.  In  his  favor  was  the  relief  of  the  University  from 
severe  financial  strain;  against  him  was  the  panic  of  1837  and 
the  depression  of  many  following  years.  As  late  as  1845  cot- 
ton, the  chief  Southern  money  crop,  brought  only  five  cents  a 
pound.  Remembering  this,  we  conclude  that  his  administra- 
tion had  a  very  successful  beginning.  There  were  only  89 
matriculates  in  1835,  entering  in  the  fall  before  his  election. 
In  1837  there  were  142;  in  1838,  164;  in  1839,  160;  in  1840, 
169;  1 841,  167. 

The  Faculty  starting  with  President  Swain  were  Elisha 
Mitchell,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Geology  and  Mineralogy; 
Wm.  Hooper,  of  Ancient  Languages ;  James  Phillips,  of  Math- 
ematics and  Natural  Philosophy ;  Walker  Anderson,  of  Rheto- 
ric and  Logic ;  A.  Burgevin,  of  Modern  Languages.  The 
Tutors  were  Wm.  H.  Owen,  of  Ancient  Languages,  and  David 
McAllister,  of  Mathematics. 

Some  friction  arose  between  Dr.  Mitchell  and  the  new  Presi- 
dent because  of  a  criticism  by  the  latter  as  to  the  deficiency  of 
class  work  done  by  the  Department  of  Chemistry  and  Geology. 
The  sensitive  Doctor  showed  that  by  adding  his  conducting  of 
prayers  and  preaching  of  sermons,  and  his  duties  as  bursar,  to 
his  lecture  work,  he  was  not  behind  any  other  professor.  The 
ruffled  tempers  were  soon  appeased,  and  his  relations  with  his 
chief  were  henceforth  harmonious. 

Class  of  1836. 

The  village  of  Chapel  Hill  being  of  sparse  population,  and 
circuses,  theatres  and  such  like  entertainments  being  excluded, 
Commencements  were  important  occasions.  The  number  of 
equipages  and  visitors  was  surprising.  The  day  was  the  first 
Thursday  in  June,  selected  so  as  not  to  conflict  with  the  courts 
of  the  neighboring  counties.  On  Monday  night  of  1836  there 
were  declamations  by  members  of  the  Freshman  class,  namely, 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 836.  427 

Wm.  R.  Walker,  Gaston  H.  Wilder,  Win.  F.  Brown,  Dennis 
D.  Ferebee,  James  H.  Headen,  Duncan  K.  McRae,  and  Thomas 
D.  Meares. 

On  Tuesday  night  the  declaimers  were  Augustus  Benners, 
James  Sidney  Smith,  George  Davis,  J.  W.  Evans,  John  O.  L. 
Goggin,  J.  J.  Jackson,  and  James  Somerville  of  South  Carolina. 

Of  these,  Brown,  McRae,  Smith,  Benners  and  Goggin  did 
not  remain  for  graduation.  Smith  was  a  lawyer  and  Assem- 
blyman with  reputation  as  a  speaker.  Two  of  this  year's 
matriculates,  Lucius  J.  Johnson,  Major,  and  Oliver  H.  Prince, 
Captain,  lost  their  lives  in  the  Civil  War. 

On  Wednesday  the  orator  chosen  by  the  Philanthropic  So- 
ciety, Henry  L.  Pinckney,  a  Representative  in  Congress  from 
South  Carolina,  was  to  deliver  an  address,  but  was  unable  to 
be  present,  on  account  of  sickness.  He  forwarded  a  copy  of  it 
to  the  Society,  and  at  their  request  it  was  read  by  the  President. 
The  newspaper  correspondent  reported  that  he  "performed  this 
duty  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  all  and  gave  promise  of  mak- 
ing an  able  and  popular  President." 

In  assigning  the  honors  of  Commencement  day  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Senior  class,  it  was  resolved,  1st,  that  only  two 
separate  distinctions  be  awarded  to  the  two  best  scholars ;  the 
remainder  to  be  divided  into  two  orders,  to  one  of  which  hon- 
orary, called  Popular,  orations  to  be  assigned,  the  other  to  be 
required  to  prepare  "Forensics." 

To  Wm.  B.  Rodman  was  assigned  the  Latin  Salutatory,  the 
highest  honor.  To  Lawrence  W.  Scott,  the  Valedictory  in 
English.  To  James  E.  Crichton,  Ralph  H.  Graves,  Wm.  W. 
Hooper,  Thomas  Jones,  Frederick  N.  McWilliams,  and  Charles 
L.  Pettigrew,  "Popular  Orations." 

To  the  remainder  were  assigned  what  were  called  Forensics. 

Speeches  at  Commencement  were  by  all  the  Seniors.  The 
subjects  are  of  interest  as  showing  what  young  men  were  think- 
ing about  in  the  closing  years  of  Andrew  Jackson's  administra- 
tion. 

The  Salutatory  in  Latin,  Wm.  B.  Rodman.  History,  Ralph 
H.  Graves.  The  Influence  of  Fame  on  Genius,  Fred  N.  Mc- 
Williams.    The  Influence  of  Catholicism  on  Free  Institutions, 


>S 


428  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

James  E.  Crichton.  Shall  the  Indians  be  Trained  to  be  Free 
Citizens  or  Made  Slaves?  debate,  Thomas  Gholson,  Thos.  S. 
Jacocks.  Should  Universal  Education  be  Enforced?,  James 
Saunders.  Should  Texas  be  Annexed  to  the  United  States? 
Debate,  Benj.  I.  Howze,  Wm.  L.  Stamps.  Should  the  United 
States  Recognize  Texas?  Debate,  James  E.  Hamlet,  Henry 
K.  Nash.  The  Indians  of  North  America,  Thomas  Jones. 
The  Inequality  of  Genius,  Wm.  W.  Hooper.  Should  Educa- 
tion be  Compulsory?,  Charles  L.  Pettigrew.  Should  England 
and  France  Restore  Poland?  Debate,  Robert  G.  McCutchen, 
Thomas  Stamps.  Is  the  Salic  Law  Just  and  Wise?  Debate, 
John  A.  Downey,  John  G.  Tull.  Valedictory,  Lawrence  W. 
Scott. 

Although  there  was  a  recess  for  dinner,  this  formidable  pro- 
gramme illustrates  the  superior  patience  of  our  fathers  and 
grandfathers. 

Of  the  honor  men,  Rodman  was  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers 
of  the  State,  and  reached  a  seat  on  the  Supreme  Court  bench. 
He  was  also  a  Colonel  and  member  of  the  Convention  of  1868; 
Scott  was  a  lawyer  and  also  a  physician;  Crichton  was  a  phy- 
sician, Graves  a  Tutor  of  Mathematics  at  the  University  and 
then  Principal  of  a  classical  school  of  very  high  standing  and 
co-Principal  of  the  Horner  School,  father  of  the  late  very  able 
Professor  of  the  same  name ;  Hooper  was  a  physician,  who  died 
early ;  Jones  was  a  minister  of  the  Gospel ;  Pettigrew,  brother 
of  General  J.  J.  Pettigrew,  a  successful  planter  and  of  wide 
influence.  Of  those  without  honors,  Henry  Kollock  Nash  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature,  Presidential  Elector  for  Scott 
and  Graham,  and  of  high  rank  as  a  lawyer  and  orator. 

Of  the  matriculates  with  the  class  not  graduating  were 
Andrew  Jackson  Donaldson,  nephew  and  Private  Secretary 
to  President  Jackson,  Minister  to  Prussia  and  Germany,  and 
candidate  for  the  Vice-Presidency  with  Fillmore;  and  William 
H.  Polk,  brother  of  President  Polk,  Charge  d' Affaires  at 
Naples. 

Professor  Mitchell  and  Rev.  Dr.  McPheeters  were  appointed 
a  committee  to  examine  the  curricula  of  the  leading  colleges 
of  the  United  States  and  report  as  to  what  advance  should  be 


CABINET  OF   MINERALS.  429 

made  in  order  to  assimilate  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
to  them.  They  found  that  there  was  substantially  little  differ- 
ence in  the  terms  of  admission,  and  no  change  was  then  made. 

Among  other  events  of  this  year,  a  Civil  Engineer,  W.  D. 
Riddick,  was  employed  to  investigate  the  sandstone  formation 
east  of  the  village  to  ascertain  if  a  quarry  of  building  stone 
could  be  secured.  Material  for  the  steps  and  window-sills  was 
obtained  at  two  places,  as  is  shown  by  the  sunken  pits,  but  has 
not  proved  to  be  durable.  The  first  Caldwell  monument  is 
from  this  rock.  As  only  $13  was  paid  the  engineer,  the  exami- 
nation could  not  have  been  extensive. 

Professor  Mitchell,  while  on  one  of  his  annual  visits  to  his 
old  home,  was  instructed  to  examine  the  cabinet  of  minerals 
belonging  to  Dr.  J.  H.  Griscom.  The  good  doctor,  evidently  a 
Quaker,  wrote  from  Philadelphia  in  December,  1835,  with  an 
artlessness  not  expected  of  those  living  north  of  Mason  and 
Dixon's  line,  that  his  price  was  $1,500,  but  if  he  could  not  get 
that  he  would  take  $1,250,  and  if  a  sale  could  not  be  effected 
by  the  spring  he  would  take  even  less.  Professor  Mitchell 
was  not  much  impressed,  stating  that  he  believed  better  results 
could  be  obtained  by  purchasing  of  M.  Moldenhauer  of  Heidel- 
burg,  Germany.  He  adds:  "Baron  Laderer,  the  Austrian 
Consul,  has  one  that  he  holds  at  $4,000.  He  has  paid  more 
for  single  specimens  than  Dr.  Caldwell  did  for  the  whole  cabi- 
net he  purchased  for  the  Trustees."  As  it  is  stated  elsewhere 
that  Caldwell  paid  only  fifteen  dollars,  the  Baron  must  not  have 
had  very  costly  stones. 

While  on  this  journey,  Professor  Mitchell  went  out  of  the 
way  to  inspect  Northern  colleges,  in  order  to  inform  the  Trus- 
tees of  our  deficiences — Yale,  "the  Methodist  College  in  Mid- 
dletown,"  now  Wesleyan,  Washington  College  at  Hartford, 
Brown  University  at  Amherst.  He  was  furnished  with  letters 
of  introduction  at  Harvard  and  Princeton,  but  "was  so  little 
gratified  by  what  he  had  already  seen  that  he  neglected  to  use 
them."  He  advised  that  instruments  purchased  should  be  those 
useful  for  illustration  before  a  class,  and  gave  a  gentle  criticism 
of  Dr.  Caldwell's  purchases  in  Europe,  the  Astronomical  Clock, 
the  Altitude  and  Azimuth   instrument,   and  the  Transit,   "all 


430  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

good  and  necessary  in  an  Observatory,"  but  consumed  a  large 
part  of  the  funds.  Two  thousand  dollars  are  needed  for  the 
department. of  Natural  Philosophy. 

While  the  appropriations  for  Chemistry  were  once  liberal, 
there  was  then  needed  $1,000  additional  to  meet  its  wants, 
including  Apparatus  for  Electro-Magnetism  and  the  Polariza- 
tion of  Light. 

He  stated  that  the  University  had  a  Professorship  of  Mod- 
ern Languages,  but  the  only  books  owned  were  a  broken  copy 
of  Voltaire's  works  and  some  old  books  illustrating  the  con- 
troversies between  the  Catholics  and  Protestants,  the  gift  of 
Senator  Gautier  of  Bladen  County.  We  had  nothing  in  Italian, 
Spanish  or  Portugese.  Books  are  continually  published  in  the 
different  departments  of  science  and  learning  which  the  Pro- 
fessors must  have  and  without  which  the  library  can  not  be 
respectable.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  Professor  in  enumera- 
ting the  modern  languages  in  which  our  deficiency  was  appa- 
rent, omitted  altogether  German.  He  seemed  to  think  we 
needed  instruction  only  in  Latin  tongues. 

For  all  these  needs,  $8,000  or  $10,000  should  be  expended. 
If  a  larger  telescope  should  be  desired,  $1,200  or  $1,500  must 
be  added.  One  at  $1,200  had  just  been  received  at  Middletown 
from  Leubours  of  Paris,  and  Princeton  was  expecting  one  more 
costly  from  the  shop  of  Fraunhofer. 

The  Professor  then  takes  up  the  question  of  cheap  board 
for  poor  students.  The  usual  plan  has  been  the  establishment 
of  Commons  with  dearer  and  cheaper  tables,  of  which  the 
boarder  can  take  his  choice.  This  is  liable  to  great  objections. 
We  are  brought  into  collision  with  the  most  capricious  and 
unmanageable  part  of  the  student's  system — his  stomach.  All 
of  them  lead  an  inactive  life,  and  therefore  have  not  the  raven- 
ing appetite  they  have  at  home  after  a  day's  work  or  hunting. 
The  Steward's  Hall  is  a  common  source  of  vexation  and  dis- 
turbance at  all  colleges.  It  is  suggested  that  students  earn- 
estly desirous  of  an  education,  "willing  to  live  on  very  plain 
food  and  make  out  their  dinner  on  Greek  roots  and  Conic  sec- 
tions," shall  have  a  house  where  they  can  manage  for  them- 
selves.    The  Professor  hopes,  with  the  approval  of  the  Trus- 


GERRARD  HAIJ.   FINISHED.  431 

tees,  with  the  funds  accruing  from  the  tuition  money,  to  provide 
such  an  establishment. 

Dr.  Mitchell  was,  when  this  letter  was  written,  temporary 
President,  and  his  recommendations  were  made  as  such.  It 
does  not  appear  that  he  carried  into  effect  his  plan  of  helping 
poor  students  to  cheap  board,  but  in  recent  years  it  has  been 
adopted  with  great  success.  The  Steward's  Hall  was  rented 
to  persons  willing  to  charge  reasonable  rates  to  students,  but 
the  latter  were  not  compelled  to  patronize  its  tables.  Among 
those  who  entered  into  the  obligations  were  John  B.  Tenny, 
Mrs.  McCauley,  widow  of  Wm.  McCauley,  Mrs.  Caroline 
Scott,  widow  of  John  Scott,  who  removed  from  Hillsboro  to 
Texas  and  died  soon  afterwards,  and  Miss  Sally  Mallett.  In 
1847  tne  wings  were  given  to  President  Swain  to  be  used  in 
erecting  a  servants'  house,  and  the  main  structure  was  sold. 

The  building  designed  for  public  exercises,  Gerrard  Hall, 
was  finished  in  1837.  As  most  of  the  exercises  during  the 
year  were  of  a  sacred  character,  it  was  known  as  the  New 
Chapel.  Person  Hall,  or  the  Old  Chapel,  was  soon  given  up 
to  lectures,  divided  into  four  rooms  for  this  purpose.  The 
chief  carpenter  and  manager  was  Thomas  Waitt,  a  man  of 
force  but  careless  in  his  financial  dealings ;  extravagant,  but  not 
chargeable  with  dishonesty.  He  was  succeeded  by  Kendal 
Waitt,  probably  his  son,  who  was  for  many  years  the  carpenter, 
locksmith  and  plumber  for  the  institution.  They  were  from 
New  England. 

In  this  year  the  vacations  were  enlarged  to  six  weeks  in 
summer  and  the  same  in  winter. 

An  entry  in  the  Treasurer's  book  of  1836  brings  to  mind  that 
the  astutest  of  men  could  be  caught  by  the  fallacious  hopes 
of  what  are  now  called  "boom  towns."  Peter  Brown  was  a 
hardheaded,  closefisted  lawyer,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who  ac- 
cumulated a  fortune  of  $200,000.  A  town  was  laid  out  at  the 
junction  of  the  Cape  Fear  and  Haw  Rivers,  which  it  was  ex- 
pected to  be  connected  with  the  ocean  by  slackwater  naviga- 
tion and  to  become  a  prosperous  commercial  city.  It  was 
named  after  the  State  Treasurer,  John  Haywood,  and  aspired 
to  be  the  capital  of  the  State  and  the  site  of  the  University. 


432  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Many  leading  citizens  hoped  to  share  in  the  golden  harvest  by 
buying  lots,  among  them  the  sagacious  Peter  Brown.  When 
he  turned  his  real  estate  into  money  in  order  that  his  Scottish 
nephew  might  obtain  the  fund  under  his  will,  his  Haywood 
investment  escaped  his  memory,  and  the  University,  by  escheat, 
obtained  $25,  not  for  each  front  foot,  but  for  the  whole  acre. 

One  • — ■  Seabrook  was  appointed  Tutor  of  Modern  Lan- 
guages at  $600  per  year.  The  Faculty  books  show  that  he  did 
not  accept  the  offer,  but  for  several  months,  February  to  May, 
1836,  A.  Burgevin  was  numbered  among  the  Professors,  his 
chair  being  that  of  Modern  Languages.  Of  him  we  know 
nothing. 

After  paying  off  pressing  debts,  the  Trustees  bought  from 
the  State  100  of  the  five  per  cent  certificates  of  $1,000,  each 
bearing  five  per  cent  interest,  issued  under  an  Act  passed  in 
1835,  "to  provide  for  paying  for  the  Shares  reserved  to  the 
State  in  the  Capital  Stock  of  the  Bank  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina."  In  1837  the  certificates  were  surrendered  in  ex- 
change for  one  thousand  shares  of  stock  in  the  bank.  As  the 
bank  paid  an  average  of  eight  per  cent  dividends,  the  $8,000 
annually  thence  derived,  together  with  the  tuition  money,  occa- 
sional escheats  and  interest  on  money  loaned,  constituted  the 
income  of  the  University  until  the  ruin  of  the  Civil  War. 

Graduates  oe  1837. 

The  Commencement  of  1837  was  held  in  Gerrard  Hall.  The 
newspaper  of  the  day,  the  Raleigh  Register,  describes  it  as  a 
"commodious  building,  with  large  galleries,  just  completed 
with  becoming  taste  and  good  style."  The  reporter  became 
enthusiastic  and  poetical  in  depicting  the  occasion.  "It  is  the 
first  young  budding  of  fame  to  a  Collegian,  to  see  an  ocean  of 
bonnets  and  ribbons,  and  the  banks  of  snow  gauze  waving  and 
rustling  at  his  appearance,  as  if  the  gentle  south  had  breathed 
on  a  wheat  field ;  but  it  is  the  full  bloom  of  popularity,  if,  when 
he  retires,  he  shall  see  the  ocean  toss  with  emotion  that  rolls 
beneath  its  surface." 

On  Monday  night  came  the  Freshmen  declaimers,  generally 
called  Competitors,  Tod  R.  Caldwell,  John  W.  Cameron,  Wm. 


class  of  1837.  433 

H.  Henderson,  John  A.  Lillington,  Duncan  Sellers,  Albert 
Shipp  and  Wra.  M.  Shipp.  The  Sophomore  Competitors  were 
George  Davis,  Joseph  W.  Evans,  James  Summerville,  Wra,  R. 
Walker,  Dennis  D.  Ferebee,  James  H.  Headen,  Walter  A. 
Huske.     All  graduated  in  regular  course. 

The  address  before  the  Literary  Societies  was  by  Hon.  Rob- 
ert Strange,  a  Senator  of  the  United  States,  who  had  been  a 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Courts.  He  was  a  polished  speaker,  a 
graduate  of  Hampden-Sidney  College,  especially  successful  as 
a  criminal  lawyer,  when  appearing  for  the  defence. 

The  Representatives  chosen  by  the  Dialectic  Society  were 
Benjamin  M.  Hobson,  Joseph  John  Jackson,  Thomas  D. 
Meares,  and  by  the  Philanthropic,  James  M.  Burke,  Hazell  W. 
Burgwyn,  and  William  S.  Pettigrew.  William  J.  Long  was 
added  by  the  Faculty. 

In  those  days  there  was  no  prize  to  the  winner  and  no  ad- 
judication by  a  committee  or  by  the  audience,  as  to  the  merits 
of  the  speakers,  but  the  best  always  learned  from  his  friends 
the  good  news  of  his  triumph.  All  these  became  graduates 
except  Burke,  who  died  three  years  afterwards. 

The  honors  in  the  Senior  class  were  awarded,  the  highest  to 
Wm.  Waightstill  Avery,  who  spoke  the  Valedictory,  and  the 
next  to  James  G.  Womack,  with  the  Latin  Salutatory.  Hon- 
orary orations  were  next  assigned  to  the  following,  whose 
rank  was  in  the  order  of  their  names.  Augustus  Benners,  on 
The  Importance  of  Southern  Literature.  Perrin  H.  Busbee, 
on  The  Causes  which  have  retarded  Political  Economy.  Peter 
W.  Hairston,  Future  Prospects  of  our  Country.  Leonard  H. 
Taylor,  Character  of  the  Aborigines  of  America. 

Forensic  orations,  that  is,  those  carrying  no  honor,  were 
assigned  to  Alexander  Swann,  Samuel  B.  Massey,  George  Hol- 
ley,  and  Kemp  P.  Alston.  Afterwards  Massey,  Alston  and 
Holley  were  excused,  and  Swann  being  displeased  with  the  re- 
port, refused  to  stand  the  examinations  and  speak. 

The  first-honor  man,  Avery,  attained  a  distinguished  posi- 
tion at  the  bar  and  was  a  leader  in  the  Democratic  party.  He 
was  Speaker  of  the  State  Senate  and  a  Senator  of  the  Confed- 

28 


434  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

erate  States.  He  was  killed  in  1864  while  repelling  a  raid  of 
bushwhackers  on  Morganton.  Womack  was  a  physician  in 
Tennessee.  Benners,  the  next  scholar,  was  a  lawyer  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  in  Alabama.  Busbee  was  an  able  law- 
yer, of  large  practice  and  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He 
was  cut  off  in  middle  life :  Hairston  was  a  wealthy  planter  of 
much  influence :  Taylor  was  a  physician  of  great  repute  in 
Granville. 

Some  non-graduates  of  this  class  were  Wm.  Barringer  of 
Cabarrus,  a  Methodist  minister,  accidentally  killed  while  super- 
intending the  building  of  the  Greensboro  Female  College ; 
Joseph  Branch,  Attorney- General  of  Florida :  Richard  S.  Sims, 
a  physician  in  Virginia.  Two  matriculates  were  killed  in 
battle.  General  Isom  Garrett  of  Alabama  and  Thomas  Ruffin, 
Colonel,  of  Goldsboro. 

On  the  19th  of  June  of  this  year  there  appeared  in  the  Ra- 
leigh Register,  a  bad-tempered  attack  on  the  University  under 
the  guise  of  a  reply  to  a  circular  of  the  Executive  Committee. 
It  was  asserted  that  the  Legislature  had  expended  on  the  insti- 
tution nearly  half  a  million  dollars :  that  it  was  cruel  to  dismiss 
a  student  for  contracting  a  debt :  that  the  terms  of  admission 
were  far  below  those  of  Columbia.  Yale,  Harvard  and  other 
institutions ;  that  no  certificate  of  character  was  required  for 
entrance :  that  the  situation  of  Chapel  Hill  was  bad.  except  for 
health :  that  visitors  had  extreme  difficulty  in  being  accommo- 
dated :  that  the  Faculty  are  under  a  moral  compulsion  to  throw 
open  their  doors  and  virtually  keep  houses  of  entertainment 
without  charge ;  that  clergymen  were  excluded  from  the  Board 
of  Trustees,  that  a  majority  of  the  Faculty  belonged  to  one 
denomination ;  that  religion  was  not  provided  for — the  South 
Carolina  College  in  a  measure  failed  because  its  head  was  an 
infidel ;  that  the  University  of  Virginia  had  Religion  engrafted 
into  it  by  its  friends ;  that  there  should  be  a  Christian  chair : 
that  lampooning  the  Faculty  at  Commencement  should  be 
stopped ;  that  merriment  should  not  be  excited  by  such  express- 
ions as  '"Old  Charley."  "Mike."  etc.,  designed  to  ridicule  some 
peculiarities  of  Professors;  that  ladies  were  the  subject  of 
vulgar  sarcasm ;  that  there  was  want  of  commanding:  elevation 


LIQUOR  ORDINANCE.  435 

of  character ;  that  good  schools  were  needed  in  different  parts 
of  the  State ;  that  the  Chair  of  Ancient  Languages  should  be 
divided ;  that  there  should  be  a  separate  chair  of  Civil  Engi- 
neering; that  there  were  five  institutions  under  control  of  only 
three  denominations ;  that  if  the  University  should  not  be  im- 
proved it  would  be  of  little  value;  that  there  were  only  101 
students  out  of  750,000  inhabitants,  and  only  66  were  citizens 
of  the  State,  whereas  Massachusetts  had  three  colleges  and  600 
students ;  that  of  500  or  600  preachers  in  the  State,  only  about 
20  had  collegiate  training. 

These  criticisms  are  either  petty  or  untrue.  President  Swain 
did  not  reply. 

In  1837  the  ordinance  in  regard  to  intoxicating  liquors  was 
strengthened  by  making  it  a  dismissable  offence  to  bring  them 
into  the  college  buildings.  The  same  penalty  on  one  publicly 
intoxicated  was  enacted.  A  committee  of  the  Trustees,  of 
which  Win.  Gaston  was  chairman,  reported  in  favor  of  making 
the  resolution  of  the  Faculty  on  this  subject  a  by-law  of  the 
institution.  Since  that  time  drunkenness,  private  as  well  as 
public,  and  indeed  drinking  spirituous  liquors  of  any  kind,  have 
been  made  grave  offences.  The  use  of  wine  was  not  prohibited 
under  this  resolution,  but  was  left  to  be  dealt  with  under  the 
general  laws  of  the  institution,  punishment  following  drinking 
to  excess. 

It  is  evidence  of  the  conscientious  regard  for  duty  to  the 
public  shown  by  the  Trustees  of  this  day,  that  in  the  petty 
matter  of  detail  of  covering  the  South  Building  with  tin,  it  did 
not  occur  to  them  to  charge  the  President  solely  with  its  execu- 
tion. One  of  the  Executive  Committee,  General  Samuel  F. 
Patterson,  was  associated  with  President  Swain  in  having  the 
work  done. 

A  resolution  was  passed  for  building  two  new  dormitories, 
but  the  project  was  abandoned.  The  Societies  pressed  this  or 
some  other  structure,  urging  the  necessity  for  greater  accom- 
modation for  their  libraries  and  debating  halls.  An  argument 
was  made  that  rooms  should  be  provided  for  "frank"  students, 
often  called  beneficiaries.  As  the  by-law  stood,  these  could 
not  live  in  the  college  buildings,  unless  there  were  vacant  rooms 
after  pay  students  were  accommodated. 


436  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

In  pursuit  of  the  ignis  fatuus  of  prohibiting  merchant's 
credit  to  students,  the  President  was  directed  to  prosecute 
offenders  and  to  dismiss  the  students  accepting  it.  The  law 
proved  a  dead  letter.  Merchants  continued  to  break  it  and 
parents  seldom  failed  to  redeem  the  pledges  of  their  sons.  No 
criminal  prosecution  was  ever  instituted. 

All  the  officials  of  the  University  retained  their  faith  in  by- 
laws, regulating  the  conduct  of  "the  establishment,"  to  use  a 
favorite  term  of  old  days.  All  of  them  from  the  beginning 
were  referred  to  President  Swain  and  Dr.  Mitchell,  who  were 
to  rewrite  them  and  submit  them  to  a  revising  committee,  Pro- 
fessor Phillips,  Green  and  Hooper.  They  had  little  influence 
for  good.  An  able  student  afterwards,  Colonel  David  M.  Car- 
ter, deliberately  attempted  by  experiment  to  ascertain  how 
nearly  he  could  come  to  breaking  the  law  without  crossing  the 
line.  When  summoned  before  the  Faculty,  he  appeared,  by- 
laws in  hand,  and  ingeniously  argued  that  he  had  not  trans- 
gressed them.  They  have  been  proved  to  be  useless  and  have 
not  been  reprinted  since  the  re-opening  in  1875.  So  important 
did  the  Faculty  regard  these  rules  that  Governor  Morehead 
and  Secretary  Manly  were  requested  to  explain  them  to  the 
students  in  the  Chapel,  which  request  was  probably  complied 
with. 

Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper. 

As  Prof.  William  Hooper  left  the  University  finally  in  1837, 
a  sketch  of  him  is  here  given.  He  was  born  in  Hillsboro,  Au- 
gust 31,  1792,  the  son  of  William  Hooper,  a  merchant,  whose 
father  of  the  same  name  was  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  His  mother  was  Helen,  daughter  of  James 
Hogg,  one  of  the  commissioners  who  selected  the  site  of  the 
University.  His  father  died  when  he  was  a  boy,  and  his 
mother,  as  has  been  said,  became  the  second  wife  of  President 
Caldwell.  He  entered  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  ob- 
tained his  degree  of  A.B.  in  1809  and  A.M.  in  1812;  was 
Tutor  in  the  University  1810-1817,  and  Professor  of  Ancient 
Languages  1817-22.  He  studied  at  Princeton  Theological  Sem- 
inary 1812-13.  His  mother  was  a  member  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  and  naturally  he  followed  her  footsteps  for 


DR.   WM.   HOOPER.  437 

a  time.  He  was  made  a  Deacon  in  1819,  and  ordained  Priest 
in  1822.  He  resigned  his  professorship  and  was  Rector  of 
St.  John's  Church,  Fayetteville,  1822-24.  In  1825  he  rejoined 
the  University,  as  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic,  1825-28, 
and  then  held  his  old  chair  of  Ancient  Languages  until  1837. 

In  1 83 1  he  became  dissatisfied  with  the  doctrines  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  on  the  subject  of  regeneration  and  infant 
baptism,  and  joined  the  Baptist  denomination.  In  1838-40  he 
was  Theological  Professor  in  Furman  Institute  in  South  Caro- 
lina ;  Professor  of  Roman  Literature  in  the  South  Carolina 
College,  1840-46,  and  Presi'dent  pro  tempore;  President  of 
Wake  Forest  College,  1846-49;  teacher  of  a  classical  school  for 
boys  near  Littleton,  1849-51 ;  Pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  at 
Newbern,  1852-54;  President  of  the  Chowan  Female  Collegiate 
Institute,  Murfreesboro,  1855-61  ;  teacher  in  the  Female  Semi- 
nary, Fayetteville,  1861-65,  and  associate  principal,  with  his 
son-in-law,  Professor  John  DeBerniere  Hooper,  of  Wilson 
Collegiate  Seminary  for  Young  Ladies,  1866-75,  when  he  re- 
moved with  his  son-in-law  to  Chapel  Hill.  .  He  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  (A.M.)  from  the  College 
of  New  Jersey,  now  Princeton  University,  in  1888;  that  of 
Doctor  of  Divinity  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina  in 
1857,  and  that  of  Doctor  of  Laws  (LL.D.)  elsewhere. 

Dr.  Hooper  married  in  December,  1814,  Fanny  P.,  daughter 
of  Colonel  Edward  Jones,  Solicitor-General  of  North  Carolina. 
They  had  seven  children ;  William,  a  physician ;  Edward,  also  a 
physician  ;  Mary,  who  married  Professor  J.  DeBerniere  Hooper, 
her  second  cousin ;  Joseph  Caldwell,  a  teacher ;  Elizabeth ; 
Thomas  Clark,  a  lawyer  and  teacher ;  and  Duponceau,  who  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Fredericksburg.  The  descendants  of  Dr. 
Hooper  are  the  only  descendants  of  Wm.  Hooper,  the  signer, 
his  other  children  having  left  no  issue. 

Dr.  Hooper  was  distinguished  for  accurate  and  varied  schol- 
arship and  literary  power.  He  wrote  no  book,  but  many  of 
his  sermons  and  addresses  were  printed  and  were  widely  appre- 
ciated for  the  soundness  of  their  teachings,  and  their  delight- 
fully interesting  style.  I  have  given  extracts  from  one — "Fifty 
Years  Since" — delivered  at  the  Commencement  of  1859.     His 


438  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

addresses  were  usually  of  a  religious  or  educational  character, 
but  occasionally  he  deviated  from  this  rule.  Once  he  made  a 
severe  attack  on  the  code  of  morals  of  the  legal  profession,  and 
was  answered  with  the  keenest  satire  by  Judge  Edwin  G.  Reade 
in  what  were  called  the  Pickle  Rod  Papers. 

Though  often  brimming  over  with  delightful  humor,  he 
was  sometimes  subject  to  melancholy.  Some  thought  that  his 
accidentally  killing  in  his  boyhood  a  young  girl  relative  left  a 
permanent  impression  on  his  mind.  It  is  more  likely  that  im- 
pairment of  his  health,  which  more  than  once  caused  him  to 
change  his  residence  and  his  pursuits,  was  the  cause  of  his 
occasional  gloominess  of  spirit.  This  did  not  prevent  his  be- 
ing a  genial  companion,  or  interfere  with  his  laborious  reading, 
enlightened  teaching,  or  heart-searching  sermons. 

On  July  4,  1876,  Dr.  Hooper,  by  invitation,  attended  the  cele- 
bration at  Philadelphia  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
He  died  on  the  19th  of  the  next  month  and,  at  his  request,  was 
buried  by  the  side  of  his  mother  at  the  base  of  the  Caldwell 
monument. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1838,  Charles  Manly  delivered  the 
address  before  the  Alumni ;  an  earnest  plea  for  pride  in  the 
University.  The  annual  address  was  by  Wm.  B.  Shepard, 
an  accomplished  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress,  who  ably 
proved  the  value  of  the  classics  as  a  liberal  education.  His 
accepting  this  trust  shows  that  he  had  forgiven  his  dismissal 
for  injecting  politics  into  his  Senior  speech  of  18 16. 

In  preparing  for  this  Commencement,  the  Faculty  disclaimed 
all  right  to  control  the  expression  in  the  speeches  of  political 
opinion,  not  in  violation  of  good  taste.  This  resolution  was, 
after  some  years,  repealed,  because  such  expressions  were 
offensive  to  part  of  the  audience. 

The  Freshmen  Declaimers  were  C.  C.  Graham,  V.  A.  McBee, 
Wm.  J.  Clarke,  F.  M.  Pearson,  J.  J.  Norcott,  A.  O.  Harrison, 
T.  H.  Scott,  and  Samuel  Hall. 

Those  from  the  Sophomore  class  were  J.  H.  Headen,  W.  H. 
McLeod,  W.  A.  Huske,  J.  A.  Islington,  F.  H.  Hawks,  A.  H. 
Caldwell,  Thomas  D.  Meares,  and  Wm.  Thompson.  All  of  the 
Declaimers  became  graduates  except  Norcott  and  Hall.     The 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1 838.  439 

latter  became  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia; 
and  Caldwell,  prominent  at  the  bar  and  of  weight  in  the  Legis- 
lature. Meares  a  very  forcible  speaker  in  the  Convention  of 
1861  and  in  the  Legislature. 

The  Society  representatives  were  Win,  Marcellus  McPhee- 
ters,  who  spoke  on  the  Disadvantage  of  Early  Entrance  into 
Political  Life. 

Isaac  N.  Tillett  on  the  Pernicious  Influence  of  Great  Talents 
without  Moral  Integrity. 

John  W.  Cameron,  on  Party  Spirit. 

Jarvis  Buxton,  on  National  Pride. 

John  N.  Barksdale  and  Dennis  D.  Ferebee  debated  the  great 
question  whether  there  should  be  Liberal  or  Strict  Construction 
of  the  Constitution. 

Barksdale,  Cameron  and  McPheeters  were  of  the  Dialectic 
Society,  the  others  of  the  Philanthropic. 

In  awarding  the  distinctions  in  the  Senior  class  of  19  mem- 
bers, Green  M.  Cuthbert  and  George  R.  Davis  were  pronounced 
first  and  equal.  The  second  rank  was  assigned  to  Joseph 
Washington  Evans,  James  Summerville,  Albert  Gallatin  Hub- 
bard, and  William  Richmond  Walker ;  the  third  to  Joseph  John 
Jackson. 

A  special  distinction  was  given  Benjamin  Mosely  Hobson 
for  proficiency  in  Composition.  On  drawing  lots,  Davis  drew 
what  was  recently  made  the  prize,  the  Valedictory,  leaving  the 
Latin  Salutatory  to  Cuthbert.  The  others  had  original  speeches 
in  English  on  various  subjects.  The  Commencement  was  pro- 
nounced to  be  brilliant.  The  addresses  were  said  to  show 
"manliness  of  thought,  a  propriety  of  diction  in  the  composi- 
tion, indicating  much  strength  of  mind  and  high  intellectual 
culture." 

We  have  the  rest  of  the  scheme  of  the  exercises.  After 
prayer  and  Cuthbert's  Latin  Salutatory,  J.  W.  Evans  spoke  on 
the  Importance  of  Exclusive  Application  to  Collegiate  Stud- 
ies ;  James  Summerville  on  the  Influence  of  Steam  Navigation 
on  our  Relations  with  Europe ;  W.  R.  Walker  on  the  Adap- 
tation of  the  United  States  to  the  Advancement  of  Literature; 
H.  W.  Burgwin,  on  the  Pernicious  Influence  of  Unprincipled 


440  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Politcians ;  N.  W.  Herring  on  the  causes  of  the  Present  Pros- 
perous Condition  of  our  Country ;  and  Colin  Shaw  and  Wilson 
W.  Whitaker  debated  whether  the  Oregon  Territory  should  be 
colonized  by  the  United  States. 

Then  was  the  adjournment  for  dinner.  On  reassembling, 
A.  G.  Hubbard  spoke  on  the  Causes  which  have  retarded  Amer- 
ican Literature ;  J.  J.  Jackson  on  the  Influence  of  the  American 
Congress  on  the  Eloquence  of  the  Country;  K.  H.  Lewis  on 
the  Nature  and  Tendency  of  Executive  Power ;  Wm.  J.  Long, 
on  the  Propriety  of  Educating  Soutjiern  Youth  at  Southern 
Institutions;  Benj.  M.  Hobson,  on  the  Mutual  Relations  and 
Interests  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina ;  Gaston  H.  Wilder 
on  the  Spirit  of  the  American  Government.  The  Valedictory 
by  George  Davis  followed,  then  the  Report  on  the  public  Ex- 
amination, then  the  Degrees  were  conferred,  and  lastly  the 
Benediction. 

Of  the  first-honor  men,  one  was  especially  distinguished  in 
after  life,  George  Davis.  The  middle  letter  of  his  name,  R., 
inserted  from  boyish  fancy,  was  dropped  after  he  left  the  Uni- 
versity, this  action  possibly  hastened  by  his  fellow-students 
insisting  that  it  stood  for  Rascal.  He  became  eminent  for 
eloquence,  legal  ability,  and  loftiness  of  character,  reaching  the 
dignity  of  Attorney-General  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  re- 
fusing a  seat  on  the  State  Supreme  Court  bench.  Cuthbert,  his 
rival,  was  a  lawyer  in  Newbern,  of  good  style  as  a  writer,  much 
sought  after  as  the  orator  on  anniversary  occasions,  of  fine 
promise  as  an  adviser  in  law,  but  cut  off  in  early  manhood  by 
pulmonary  consumption.  Many  of  his  kin  were  excited  by 
his  example  to  seek  higher  education  and  in  teaching  and  other 
vocations  exerted  broad  influences  for  good. 

Of  those  who  attained  second  and  third  honors,  Hubbird  (or 
Hubbard)  and  Jackson  were  prominent  lawyers  and  Repre- 
sentatives in  the  Legislature. 

Of  those  receiving  no  honors,  John  J.  Roberts  became  an 
Episcopal  minister,  Professor  of  French  in  this  University, 
after  qualifying  himself  in  France,  and  Principal  of  High 
Schools  for  Females  in  New  York  and  Massachusetts ;  McCau- 
ley,  a  grandson  of  one  of  the  donors  of  the  University  site,  was 


DR.   MITCHELL  S  REPORTS.  44 1 

a  Captain  in  the  Confederate  army  and  Senator  from  Union. 
Wilder  was  Senator  from  Wake  and  Receiver  of  confiscated 
property  under  the  Confederacy. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Joseph  B.  Cherry  was  a  member  of 
the  Legislature.  Four  matriculates,  Gen.  L.  O'B.  Branch, 
Sergeant  Thomas  H.  Lane,  Colonel  Gaston  Meares  and  Private 
George  M.  Ruffin,  were  killed  in  the  Civil  War. 

The  critical  correspondent  of  the  year  before,  "C,"  continued 
his  fault-finding,  though  in  a  lesser  degree.  There  were  in- 
stances of  lampooning  the  Faculty,  he  wrote,  and  of  lugging 
in  politics,  which  the  President  promised  to  correct.  Bad  taste 
was  shown  in  lauding  distinguished  men  in  their  presence — 
better  wait  until  they  are  dead.  The  Faculty  afterwards  pro- 
hibited political  speeches  and  all  allusions  to  any  officer  of  the 
institution. 

Dr.  Mitchell's  Reports. 

Professor  Mitchell,  who  had  been  appointed  Bursar  the  pre- 
ceding year,  made  semi-annual  reports  of  his  actings  as  Bursar. 
I  doubt  if  any  financial  officer  ever  mixed  as  much  humor  with 
his  dry  figures.  I  give  a  specimen.  On  November  29th,  writ- 
ing to  Secretary-Treasurer  Manly,  then  Clerk  of  the  Senate,  he 
says :  "I  do  suppose  the  business  connected  with  this  same 
Bursarship  is  of  as  complicated  and  vexatious  character  as  is 
done  in  North  Carolina.  There  have  been  paid  in  this  session 
•omething  more  than  1,200  dollars.  This  I  have  to  pay  out, 
md  not  a  little  of  it  in  tens,  fives,  fours,  and  thus  and  so  on 
down  to  a  few  cents,  and  to  keep  all  these  matters  regular  be- 
tween Trustees,  Faculty,  Parents,  Students,  Merchants,  Board- 
ing-house Keepers,  Washerwomen  and  niggers,  and  be  able  to 
prove  that  all  is  correct  at  any  time,  requires  that  a  man  be 
wide  awake.  A  student  changes  his  boarding-house  or  his 
washerwoman,  and  neither  party  dreams  that  it  can  be  of  any 
importance  to  note  the  time.  So  I  have  to  investigate  the 
whole  matter  and  make  all  straight  as  best  I  can.  I  should 
do  better  if  I  had  to  do  with  men — knowing  what  the  rules  and 
proprieties  of  business  are,  but  the  Petticoat  has  the  ascendancy 
at  the  Hill.     My  principal  customers  are  women,  some  15  in 


442  THE   UNIVERSITY   OP    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

number — married  women,  widow  and  maid — to  say  nothing  of 
those  that  are  neither — and  such  a  time  as  I  have ! 

"Hoping  that  you  may  get  plenty  of  wisdom  and  enlighten- 
ment or  of  folly  and  fun  during  your  attendance  on  the  Mag- 
nates of  the  Land  (General  Assembly),  I  remain, 

"Yours,  E.  Mitchell." 

Again,  he  describes  the  condition  of  his  dwelling.  "The 
fences  are  in  ruins,  the  piazza  in  front  could  hardly  be  sup- 
ported by  all  the  props  that  could  be  collected.  The  rain  pours 
through  the  roof.  We  are  obliged  to  exercise  no  little  skill  in 
the  sleeping  apartments  to  keep  dry.  The  repairs  were  com- 
menced in  1833,  and  have  been  going  on  slowly  ever  since." 
The  records  show  that  this  dismal  condition  was  at  once 
rectified. 

The  Doctor's  letters  and  accounts  are  in  an  excellent  legible 
hand,  with  almost  no  corrections.  They  show  that  he  charged 
himself  with  the  tuition  dues  of  every  student,  so  that  non- 
collections,  unless  excused  by  the  Faculty,  on  the  ground  of 
poverty,  were  deducted  from  his  commissions. 

I  give  another  specimen  of  the  Doctor's  humorous  reports. 
In  November,  1841,  he  states  that  he  journeyed  to  Hillsboro  to 
receive  the  funds  forwarded  for  the  payment  of  the  salaries 
of  the  Faculty,  and  "a  jolly  set  of  fellows  they  are.  They  have 
folded  up  their  lanthorn  jaws  and  look  sleek  and  greasy  like 
so  many  monks.  With  this  excellent  salve  applied  to  their 
feelings,  they  will  improve  wonderfully  and  give  the  boys  a 
mild  and  gentle  examination." 

He  had  sent  on  to  John  Randolph  Clay,  our  Charge  d'Af- 
faires  in  Vienna,  $1,200,  and  had  received  the  invoice  for  the 
cabinet  of  minerals  purchased  by  him  for  the  University  and 
had  effected  insurance  from  Trieste  to  Petersburg.  The  Cap- 
tain stopped  at  the  Ionian  Isles  for  a  load  of  currants,  which, 
he  interjects,  "are  not  currants  but  grapes,"  and  so  vitiated  the 
policy.  As  the  University  had  twice  lost  goods  and  their  price 
by  want  of  insurance,  he  had  ordered  a  new  insurance  or  ratifi- 
cation of  the  old.  He  goes  on  to  state  that  M.  Partosch,  the 
Curator  of  the  Emperor's  Cabinet,  certifies  that  the  collection  is 


BURSAR  S   REPORTS.  443 

worth  more  than  3,000  florins  (48  1-2  cents  each,  or  $1,455). 
"The  letter  of  Mr.  Clay  has  taken  a  load  of  at  least  a  ton  and 
a  half  from  my  mind." 

He  informs  Mr.  Manly,  who,  by  the  by,  was  not  averse  to  the 
pleasures  of  the  sideboard,  that  there  are  three  bottles  of  Tokay 
in  one  of  the  boxes,  so  when  he  comes  up  he  shall  be  permitted 
to  look  at  it  through  the  sides  of  the  bottle  and  smile  at  it 
through  the  cork — the  utmost  that  can  be  allowed  to  one  sup- 
posed to  share  in  the  late  Temperance  movements  in  Raleigh. 

In  thinking  of  this  famous  wine  he  was  reminded  of  the 
antiquated  maiden,  who,  rehearsing  the  attractions  of  her  youth, 
mentioned  the  lover  who 

Stole  her  slipper,  rilled  it  with  Tokay, 
And  drank  the  little  bumper  every  day. 

When  the  Doctor  could  not  recall  the  writer  of  these  lines, 
it  is  not  perhaps  remarkable  that  his  daughters  promptly  re- 
minded him. 

The  Doctor  then  shows  the  difficulties  he  has  in  regard  to 
collections  of  tuition  money.  Although  he  charged  himself 
with  every  student,  it  was  impossible  to  collect  from  all  at  once, 
as  they  must  wait  until  funds  are  sent  by  parents.  Why  not  let 
him  render  his  account  at  the  end  of  the  term  and  show  what 
he  has  collected  and  in  what  instance  failed.  Those  being  re- 
ported as  deficient  would  be  stirred  to  promptness.  Students 
would  doubtless  acquiesce.  The  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans 
when  they  captured  a  city  first  ravished  the  women  and  mar- 
ried them  afterwards.  This  acquiescence  was  doubtless  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  practice  was  well  understood  in  international 
law,  as  to  which  he  refers  to  Dr.  Swain,  in  charge  of  that  de- 
partment, who  discusses  the  matter  at  large  with  zeal,  interest 
and  feeling.  It  appears  that  the  Trustees  did  not  change  the 
mode  of  keeping  accounts,  but  after  his  death  allowances  were 
made  sufficient  to  cover  all  losses.  No  instance  is  known  of 
any  student  being  excluded  for  not  settling  his  bills. 

The  collection  of  minerals,  an  exceedingly  fine  one,  arrived 
in  due  time,  and  forms  what  is  known  as  the  Vienna  Cabinet 
of  Minerals. 


444  TIJE    UNIVERSITY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Besides  collecting'  and  paying  out  money,  Professor  Mitchell, 
whose  soul  thirsted  for  all  work,  as  well  as  all  knowledge,  had 
charge  of  the  grounds  and  repairs  of  the  buildings.  As  cattle 
were  allowed  to  run  at  large,  it  became  necessary  to  surround 
the  part  of  the  campus  on  which  are  the  buildings  with  a  per- 
manent fence.  The  Professor  introduced  from  his  native  State, 
Connecticut,  the  durable  walls  of  stone.  Beginning  in  the  year 
1838,  he  exploited  every  stony  hill  on  University  land  and 
hauled  their  granite  treasures  over  improvised  roads.  Traces 
of  these  roads  and  broken  rocks  prized  out  of  their  beds,  but 
found  too  heavy  for  the  wagons,  remain  to  this  day.  When- 
ever the  University  mules  became  jaded,  the  Professor  substi- 
tuted his  own,  and  when  the  great  task  was  finished  in  1844, 
the  Trustees  paid  him  liberally.  Part  of  the  campus,  reaching 
to  the  Raleigh  road,  was  designed  to  cover  fifty  acres,  but 
Professor  Charles  Phillips  some  years  afterwards  calculated 
the  area  to  fall  half  an  acre  short.  The  campus,  a  much  larger 
area,  included  land,  to  the  east  and  south  of  the  walls. 

The  system  of  rock  walls,  as  they  are  called,  was  extended 
to  most  of  the  Professors'  residences  and  was  adopted  by  many 
citizens  of  the  village. 

On  December  4th  of  the  same  year  President  Swain  reported 
disturbances  Saturday  and  Sunday  nights  and  that  two  or  three 
students  had  been  dismissed  in  consequence.  A  more  serious 
offense  was  the  burning  of  the  old,  unoccupied  Observatory 
building  heretofore  described.  The  pecuniary  loss  was  small. 
The  President  wrote :  "This  ill-starred  building  has  from  the 
period  of  its  creation  been  a  nuisance  rather  than  a  benefit  to 
the  institution.  The  instruments  were  removed  and  the  house 
abandoned  two  years  since  and  on  examination,  more  than  a 
year  ago,  the  walls  being  found  partly  dilapidated  and  the  wood 
work  wrotten  (rotten),  the  Faculty  advised  that  it  was  not  con- 
sidered worth  repairing." 

This  worthlessness,  however,  the  President  contended  furn- 
ished no  excuse  to  the  incendiaries  and  he  asked  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  Executive  Committee  as  to  whether  the  criminal 
law  of  the  State  should  be  resorted  to  in  order  to  discover  the 
offenders.     He  stated  that  the  laws  and  usages  of  the  Uni- 


COMMODORE  ELLIOTT  S  GIFTS.  445 

versity  afford  clear  evidence  that  the  institution  of  a  criminal 
prosecution  has  not  been  regarded  within  the  discretion  of  the 
Faculty.  It  is  remarkable  that  it  is  impossible  to  discover  from 
the  letter  whether  the  sagacious  President  advises  that  wit- 
nesses shall  go  before  the  Grand  Jury,  or  have  the  terrifying 
threat,  like  a  dark  and  lightning  laden  cloud,  to  deter  from 
similar  offences  in  the  future.  Such  displays  of  caution  are 
not  uncommon  in  the  President's  history.  They  are  in  truth 
part  of  his  policy.  He  could  be  abundantly  firm  when  occasion 
justified. 

There  is  on  record  the  following  letter  of  Captain  Jesse  D. 
Elliott,  of  the  U.  S.  Ship  Constitution,  a  native  of  Maryland, 
who  served  with  distinction  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  and  in 
other  engagements  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  succeeded  Com- 
modore Perry  in  command  of  the  Erie  fleet : 

U.  S.  S.  Constitution, 
Norfolk,  August  6th,  1838. 

To  the  President  and  Trustees  of  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina, Chapel  Hill: 

Gentlemen  : — During  my  different  excursions  in  a  recent 
and  long  cruise,  in  command  of  the  Mediterranean  Squadron, 
I  collected  numerous  valuable  fragments  of  ancient  marble,  and 
other  antiquities ;  among  them  the  accompanying  portion  of  one 
of  the  pillars  found  at  Marathon,  and  erected  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  memorable  defeat  of  the  Persians,  together  with 
the  top  of  a  Sarcophagus  taken  from  the  excavation  at  Mem- 
phis, which  I  request  may  be  presented  to  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill,  through  the  hands  of  Sailing 
Master  Wm.  P.  Muse,  who  accompanied  me  in  most  excur- 
sions.       Very  respy,  Yr.  obt.  Svt.,  J.  D.  Elliott. 

On  December  nth,  1838,  the  students  of  the  University, 
through  a  Committee  composed  of  Dennis  D.  Ferebee,  Tod  R. 
Caldwell,  and  Calvin  H.  Wiley,  petitioned  for  extension  of  the 
winter  vacation  from  four  to  six  weeks.    They  urged : 

1  st.  That  the  Colleges  of  the  United  States  generally  have 
twelve  weeks  in  the  year. 


446  THE   UNIVERSITY    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

2nd.  Students  who  reside  at  a  distance  must  remain  at 
Chapel  Hill  or  else  forego  "meeting  with  their  friends  under 
the  parental  roof  in  the  joyous  season  of  Christmas,  or  merely 
seeing  them  and  then  returning,  which  is  perhaps  equally  pain- 
ful." 

3rd.  The  wearied  would  have  time  to  become  rested  and  the 
debilitated  to  recruit  strength  sufficient  for  the  summer  cam- 
paign. 

4th.  The  Committee  believed  that  no  regulation,  which  may 
conduce  to  render  College  life  more  pleasant  and  useful,  will 
meet  with  the  disapprobation  of  the  Trustees. 

The  petition  was  granted  after  some  delay. 

The  Abortive  Delphian  Society. 

The  unsuccessful  attempt  to  establish  the  Delphian  Society 
deserves  special  notice. 

The  seceders  were  mainly  from  the  Dialectic,  only  one  mem- 
ber from  the  Philanthropic  Society  joining  them.  The  mem- 
orial address  by  them  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  asking  for 
recognition  and  the  counter  memorial  state  the  grounds  %of  the 
movement. 

The  Committee,  in  strong  language,  portrayed  the  bitter  sec- 
tional feeling  between  eastern  and  western  students.  The 
members  of  the  Dialectic  Society  are  mainly  from  the  West, 
those  of  the  other  from  the  East.  The  moment  a  new  student 
arrives  at  the  Hill  he  is  seized  by  the  members  of  one  of  the 
two,  receives  every  attention,  has  every  wish  gratified,  taken 
to  the  libraries,  introduced  to  other  members,  is  flattered  and 
cajoled.  If  this  isn't  sufficient  to  secure  him,  every  little  incon- 
sistency or  rash  act  of  the  other  society  is  pressed  upon  him. 
He  then,  during  his  University  course,  not  only  imbibes  feel- 
ings of  aversion  to  those  in  his  own  society  not  living  in  his 
section,  but  dislike  to  those  of  the  other  society,  which  are  not 
dissipated  because  from  the  arrangement  of  the  dormitories 
they  can  not  be  dissipated  or  softened  by  mutual  intercourse. 
These  positions  are  elaborated  at  length,  the  argument  being 
directed  against  compulsory  joining  either  society.  Protest  is 
especially  made  against  the  right  to  eject  the  Delphians  from 


THE  ATTEMPTED   DELPHIAN    SOCIETY.  447 

the  College  building  on  the  grounds  that  the  Trustees  have  as- 
signed the  rooms  to  the  members  of  the  old  societies.  The 
Committee  ask  a  fair  division  of  rooms,  it  being  gently  hinted 
that  otherwise  the  Delphians  will  not  be  present  at  the  next 
session  to  make  any  claims. 

The  ties  which  once  bound  the  Delphians  to  the  other  so- 
cieties, it  was  alleged,  are  dissolved  now  and  forever.  They 
have  formed  a  body  for  mutual  improvement  in  oratory  and 
science,  for  advantages  impossible  to  be  secured  in  bodies  con- 
taining as  many  members  as  the  Dialectic  and  Philanthropic 
Societies.  It  is  believed  that,  "the  Trustees  will  hardly  con- 
descend to  throw  aside  the  dignity  of  their  office  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  sides  in  puerile  associations  for  literary  improvement. 
There  are  but  few,  if  any,  of  the  members  of  the  old  socitfes, 
who  do  not  find,  the  duties  arduous  and  fatiguing.  From  the 
increase  of  numbers  these  duties  have  become  a  burden  rather 
than  a  pleasure.  For  advantageous  improvement  fifty  are  suffi- 
cient for  any  literary  body." 

The  Delphians  seek  recognition  by  the  Trustees.  They  be- 
lieve they  will  eventually  equal  in  usefulness  to  the  University 
the  other  two  societies.  The  ill-feeling  heretofore  existins?"  be- 
ing divided  among  three  bodies  will  be  less  harsh  and  per- 
manent. They  ask  for  one-third  of  the  rooms,  agreeing  to  have 
the  same  responsibility  for  damages  as  had  been  promised  by 
the  Dialectic  and  Philanthropic  Societies,  with  the  understand- 
ing that  rooms  not  occupied  by  Delphians  may  be  used  by  mem- 
bers of  the  other  societies,  they  becoming  responsible  for  dam- 
ages. 

The  memorial  is  dated  November  29th,  1838,  and  is  signed 
by  Thomas  D.  Meares  of  Wilmington,  a  fair  student ;  John  A. 
Maultsby  of  Columbus,  one  of  the  best  in  his  class ;  and  Wm. 
H.  Dudley  of  Wilmington,  not  fond  of  his  books,  a  son  of  Gov- 
ernor E.  B.  Dudley.    All  were  influential. 

A  committee  of  the  Dialectic  Society,  all  strong  men.  W.  H. 
Henderson  of  Kentucky,  Isham  W.  Garrott  of  Wake  County, 
and  John  Worthy  Cameron  of  Richmond  Count}',  wrote  to 
Secretary  Manly,  stating  that  "for  private  reasons  several  in- 
dividuals had  lately  withdrawn  and  wholly  separated  themselves 


448  THE  UNIVERSITY  "OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

from  the  body,  that  by  the  9th  chapter  of  the  last  revised  code 
of  laws  the  rooms  of  College  therein  appropriated  respectively 
to  the  two  Societies  belong  exclusively  to  themselves."  The 
Society  desires  to  know  whether  this  will  be  adhered  to,  and  if 
not,  whether  its  guaranty  against  dilapidation  does  not  cease. 

The  Society  acted  with  singular  moderation  and  good  tem- 
per. Reciting  in  a  preamble  that  false  reports  were  in  circula- 
tion that  unfairness  and  injustice  had  been  done  the  seceders, 
knowing  that  in  differences  of  this  nature  a  spirit  of  concilia- 
tion must  first  come  from  the  majority,  it  was  "Resolved,  that 
if  it  meets  with  the  wish  of  the  dissenters,  our  differences  be 
laid  before  a  committee  consisting  of  the  following  gentlemen : 
Governor  Dudley,  Governor  Swain,  Judge  Cameron,  Judge 
Ruffin,  Charles  Manly,  Esq.,  and  the  Rev.  Wm.  McPheeters, 
for  their  examination  and  adjustment,  and  we  agree  to  abide  by 
their  decision." 

A  committee,  namely  J.  N.  Barksdale,  J.  W.  Cameron  and  I. 
W.  Garrott,  notified  the  Executive  Committee  of  this  action. 
They  stated  "that  the  only  ostensible  reason  for  the  withdraw- 
ing is  the  existence  of  certain  laws,  which  have  been  adopted 
in  our  constitution  and  executed  for  many  years,  requiring  a 
regular  attendance  at  prayers  and  recitations,  and  others  regu- 
lating the  moral  deportment  of  our  members,  which  were  coeval 
with  the  very  foundation  of  the  Society.  If  any  other  causes 
exist  they  were  not  made  known  at  the  time  of  the  withdrawal." 
They  add  that  the  Society  authorize  them  to  promise  that  if 
any  one  wishes  to  return,  neither  his  withdrawal  nor  his  ob- 
stinacy in  rejecting  the  measures  of  reconciliation,  shall  be  an 
obstacle  to  his  readmission. 

It  appears  that  after  this  communication,  a  letter  was  received 
from  Secretary  Manly,  kind  in  tone,  but  suggesting  that  some 
of  the  laws  were  too  stringent,  if  not  tyrannical.  This  was  laid 
before  the  Society  and  an  answer  adopted,  which  was  reported 
by  a  new  committee,  Wm.  F.  Brown,  I.  W.  Garrott  and  W.  H. 
Henderson. 

It  is  asserted  that  the  laws  requiring  attention  to  University 
duties  and  regulating  morals  have  met,  so  far  as  was  known, 
with  the  approval  of  the  older  members,  and  especially  of  Sec- 


PROTEST   OF  DIALECTIC    SOCIETY.  449 

retary  Manly,  as  was  expressed  in  his  address  at  the  preceding 
Commencement.  Efforts  have  been  yearly  made  to  repeal  these 
laws  by  obtaining  the  votes  of  the  new  members,  but  in  vain. 

Some  of  the  present  Freshmen  who  voted  for  repeal  are  now 
advocates  of  the  laws.  "If  the  Society's  retaining  in  its  code 
laws,  which  tend  to  make  its  members  regular  in  their  attend- 
ance on  prayers  and  recitations,  and  to  suppress  drunkenness 
and  vice,  be  considered  tyrannical  and  oppressive,  then  the 
members  of  the  Dialectic  Society  confess  themselves  guilty  of 
this  charge,  but  that  the  majority  ever  exercised  any  tyranny 
or  oppression  over  the  minority,  the  committee  do  most  posi- 
tively deny."  Only  about  one-half  of  the  minority  seceded, 
the  others  are  staunch  members  of  the  Society.  Does  not  this 
show  that  the  charge  is  imaginary.  It  is  obvious  that  it  is  to 
the  interest  of  the  Society  that  the  seceders  should  return,  and 
the  committee  pledge  themselves  that  the  return  of  all,  or  any, 
"will  be  hailed  with  joy."  Efforts  have  already  been  made  to 
this  end.  The  proposition  of  the  Society  to  refer  all  the  ques- 
tions at  issue  to  arbitrators  was  returned  without  answer  by  the 
Delphians,  because  it  was  addressed  to  "The  Dissenters,"  in- 
stead of  the  Delphian  Society.  Another  objection  was  that  one 
member  had  seceded  from  the  Philanthropic  Society  and  could 
not  be  called  a  dissenter  from  the  Dialectic.  A  request  that 
the  ex-Dialectics  should  consider  the  proposal  separately  was 
refused. 

The  committee  profess  the  highest  regard  for  Secretary 
Manly  and  request  him  to  lay  their  letter  before  the  Trustees. 
"Let  the  whole  matter  be  probed  to  the  bottom,  and  the 
escutcheon  of  the  Dialectic  Society  will  be  found  as  bright  and 
untarnished  as  when  our  predecessors  had  it  in  their  keeping." 

In  December,  1838,  the  letters  from  the  Dialectic  Society  and 
"  a  committee  of  students  styling  themselves  the  Delphian  So- 
ciety," were  referred  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  to  a  committee 
consisting  of  Messrs.  Badger,  John  H.  Bryan,  and  Secretary 
Manly.  In  January,  1839,  the  committee,  through  Mr.  Bryan, 
reported  that  it  was  inexpedient  to  establish  a  third  literary 
society.     The  Board  concurred  in  the  report  and  referred  the 

29 


450  THE   UNIVERSITY  0E   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

matter  to  the  Executive  Committee.  ( )n  the  ioth  of  the  same 
month  these  met  and  were  so  much  impressed  with  the  gravity 
of  the  situation  that  they  requested  Governor  Dudley  and 
Messrs.  R.  M.  Saunders,  John  H.  Bryan,  and  Charles  Manly, 
a  quorum  of  the  committee,  to  hold  a  meeting  at  Chapel  Hill 
"to  consider,  hear  and  determine  these  disputes."  This  was 
done.  The  Delphians  were  reasonable,  and  after  an  eloquent 
appeal  by  Secretary  Manly,  the  society  was  dissolved. 

There  is  an  old  saying  in  substance  that  the  real  controlling 
motive  for  human  action  is  not  that  which  is  publicly  given. 
This  is  probably  true  as  to  the  reasons  given  for  the  attempted 
formation  of  the  Delphian  Society.  About  four  years  ago  an 
eminent  physician  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  Dr.  Wm.  Marcellus 
McPheeters,  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  McPheeters,  revisited  his 
alma  mater,  which  he  left  about  fifty  years  before.  On  his  au- 
thority, and  that  of  Hon.  S.  F.  Phillips,  I  give  the  chief  causes 
of  the  secession  movement.  Thomas  Davis  Meares  of  Wil- 
mington was  a  dominant  force  in  the  Dialectic  Society.  He  had 
a  ready,  forcible  and  often  eloquent  style  of  speaking.  He  was 
a  prime  favorite  of  his  set,  mostly  city-bred  and  leaders  in  balls 
and  social  entertainments.  While  he  was  of  an  open,  manly 
nature  and  manners,  and  personally  entirely  free  from  snob- 
bishness, many  of  the  members  thought  that  his  associates 
formed  themselves  into  a  species  of  caste,  claiming  social 
superiority.  McPheeters,  the  son  of  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
the  principal  of  a  school  for  boys  of  wide  reputation,  the 
Raleigh  Academy,  came  to  the  University  city-bred  and  well 
taught.  Owing  to  his  father's  scruples  about  dancing  and 
similar  amusements,  he  naturally  did  not  become  a  follower  of 
Meares  and  was  persuaded  to  be  his  competitor  for  the  office 
of  Representative  at  Commencement.  Much  to  his  surprise  he 
was  elected.  The  ardent  friends  of  his  opponent  attributed  the 
result  to  hostility  to  him  as  an  eastern  man,  the  sectional  feeling 
on  the  subject  of  inequality  of  Representation  in  the  General 
Assembly  not  having  died  out.  They  concluded  that  if  so 
popular  a  man  as  Meares  is  beaten  they  were  bound  to  be  in 
a  hopeless  minority. 


GREEK    AND    LATIN    CHAIRS.  45 1 

I  remember  being"  in  the  lobby  of  the  State  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives twenty  years  after  this  society  trouble  and  being 
struck  with  the  impassioned  earnestness  with  which  the  same 
Thomas  D.  Meares,  then  a  Representative  from  Brunswick, 
accused  other  sections  of  being  hostile  to  the  lower  Cape  Fear 
country  and  especially  Wilmington,  because  they  opposed  aid 
to  a  railroad  projected  for  its  benefit.  There  could  be  no  doubt 
of  the  sincerity  of  his  convictions.  He  felt  strongly  and  spoke 
strongly  and  the  aid  was  granted.  The  eastern  and  western 
feelings  which  culminated  in  the  Convention  of  1835  caused 
the  schism  in  the  Dialectic  Society  in  1838.  In  this,  as  at  other 
times,  the  University  was  a  little  world,  containing  in  miniature 
the  aspirations  and  passions  of  the  larger  community  of  which 
it  formed  a  part. 

Separate  Chairs  of  Greek  and  Latin. 

In  August,  1838,  the  Professorship  of  Ancient  Languages 
was  abolished  and  separate  chairs  of  Greek  and  Latin  were 
established.  The  professorship  of  Modern  Languages  was 
changed  into  the  more  modest  chair  of  the  French  Language. 
Manuel  Fetter  of  New  York  was  chosen  to  the  chair  of  Greek 
and  John  DeBerniere  Hooper  to  that  of  Latin.  Charles  Marey 
was  appointed  to  teach  the  French  Language,  to  hear  seven 
recitations  per  week,  in  addition  to  giving  instructions  in  Topo- 
graphical drawing.  His  salary  was  $750  per  annum.  At  the 
same  time  the  Faculty  were  required  to  introduce  Civil  Engi- 
neering, upon  such  plan  as  they  deemed  advisable  and  expedi- 
ent. This  was  not  carried  into  effect,  the  Executive  Committee 
reserving  the  right  to  abolish  the  foregoing  improvements  if  the 
receipts  from  tuition  money  should  fall  below  $7,000  per  annum. 

Manuel  Fetter  was  of  German  descent,  born  in  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1809.  Noticing  his  bright  parts  Rev.  Wm. 
Augustus  Muhlenberg,  the  eminent  divine  and  author,  took 
charge  of  his  education  and  trained  him  to  an  unusual  knowl- 
edge of  the  classics,  Hebrew,  French,  and  German.  It  was 
expected  that  he  would  enter  the  ministry,  but  after  attend- 
ing school  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  and  Andover,  he  em- 
braced the  profession  of  teaching.     The  testimonials  submitted 


452  THE    UNIVERSITY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

to  the  Board  of  Trustees  were  exceptionally  strong  and  he  was 
unanimously  elected.  He  brought  with  him  his  young  bride, 
a  lady  of  great  vivacity  and  kindness  of  heart  and  fitted  to 
adorn  the  social  life  of  Chapel  Hill. 

For  reasons  probably  personal  Professor  Marey,  who  was  a 
Frenchman  born,  was  accorded  only  the  rank  of  Instructor. 
He  was  a  man  of  good  accomplishments  and  handsome 
physique,  but  his  usefulness  was  ruined  by  his  fondness  for 
ardent  spirits.  After  serving  a  year  the  President  heard  an 
uproarious  row  going  on  in  his  recitation  room.  Hurrying 
thereto  he  found  the  Instructor  too  drunk  to  teach,  mercilessly 
guyed  by  his  class.  The  President  sternly  said,  "Mr.  Marey 
(pronounced  Mar-ee),  I  will  take  charge  of  this  class.  You  are 
relieved,  sir."  With  lofty  and  drunken  gravity,  Marey  replied, 
"If  you  give  this  order  as  President  of  the  University,  I  obey. 
P»ut  if  you  give  it  as  David  L.  Swain  I  demand  satisfaction  !"' 
On  being  assured  that  the  action  was  official,  he  vacated,  speed- 
ily left  the  Hill  and  soon  the  news  came  that  he  had  been  killed 
in  a  brawl  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

IRREGULARITIES  OE  CONDUCT. 

Owing  to  the  resignation  of  the  Clerk,  Prof.  J.  DeBerniere 
Hooper,  coupled  with  the  extreme  illness  of  President  Caldwell, 
and  the  interruptions  caused  thereby,  there  were  no  further  en- 
tries of  cases  of  discipline  decided  by  the  Faculty  until  January, 
1836.  After  this  there  was  for  awhile  a  marked  diminution  of 
disorder.  There  was  a  fight  in  which  a  dirk  was  drawn  and  an- 
other in  which  a  pistol  was  used  only  to  intimidate  the  victim 
from  resisting  a  beating  with  a  stick.  There  was  the  running  off 
to  Pittsboro  of  three  students  under  the  strong  suspicion  of  in- 
toxication. We  read  of  an  egg-nogg  frolic  in  a  room  in  col- 
lege, for  all  of  which  appropriate  punishments  were  meted  out, 
suspensions  and  pledges  for  the  drinkers,  while  the  man  with 
the  pistol  was  dismissed.  With  these  exceptions  all  was  very 
quiet  until  1838.  On  the  first  Saturday  night  of  the  session  of 
that  year  an  organization,  styling  itself  "The  Ugly  Club,"  with 
horns  and  tin  pans  and  lusty  lungs  and  whatever  ingenuity  can 
devise  to  make  a  noise,  including  of  course  the  College  bell, 


BREACH  OF  RULES.  453 

was  organized  to  banish  sleep  from  old  and  young.  Nineteen 
of  them  were  caught  and  made  to  sign  the  appropriate  pledge. 

To  illustrate  the  patience  of  the  Faculty  this  case  is  given. 
J.  B.  continued  to  talk  audibly  in  Professor  Hooper's  recitation 
room,  although  pointedly  admonished  to  refrain.  He  was  then 
requested  to  leave  the  room  which  he  refused  to  do.  The 
Faculty  gave  him  three  opportunities  to  admit  his  error,  kindly 
reasoning  with  him  on  the  subject  and  explaining  to  him  that 
obstinacy  would  certainly  incur  the  penalty  of  dismission.  As 
he  continued  obstinate  a  resolution  to  suspend  him  was  adopted. 
Here  Professor  Hooper  interceded  and  the  Faculty  rescinded 
the  resolution.  This  could  not  have  happened  in  the  days  of 
Caldwell. 

In  the  summer  of  1838  the  proceedings  of  The  Ugly  Club 
were  described  as  particularly  disreputable.  The  members  were 
disguised  with  lamp  black,  gave  gross  insults  to  sundry  citizens 
of  the  village,  threatened  violence  to  .members  of  the  Faculty 
and  "committed  trespasses  of  peculiarly  low  and  disgusting 
character  on  private  property." 

W.  G.  was  the  leader.  He  promised  amendment,  but  did 
not  keep  his  promise.  He  rode  a  horse  through  the  west  build- 
ing, was  repeatedly  reproved  for  disorders  in  the  recitation 
rooms  and  irreverence  at  prayers.  He  was  suspected  of  various 
other  disorders  of  an  aggravated  character  and  was  frequently 
absent  from  recitation.  He  was  dismissed,  but  on  the  usual 
pledge  and  at  the  request  of  his  class  he  was  retained.  In  a 
few  months,  however,  he  was  dismissed  again.  It  is  noticeable 
that  dismissed  students  were  now  readmitted  without  promis- 
ing to  obey  the  laws  in  the  future. 

A  novel  case  presented  itself  in  this  year.  At  the  Senior 
speaking  in  November  one  of  the  most  orderly  was  found  to  be 
intoxicated  on  the  stage.  His  excuse  was  that  he  drank  wine 
in  order  to  declaim  with  animation  and  that,  being  unac- 
customed to  stimulants,  he  took  too  much  by  mistake.  The 
recently  passed  law  about  drunkenness  compelled  the  Faculty 
to  suspend  him  for  two  months. 

At  a  later  date  a  Senior  who  had  nerved  himself  with  "Dutch 
courage,"  remarked  to  a  colleague  sitting  near  him,  in  a  serio- 


454  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

comical  whisper,  "if  my  time  doesn't  come  on  shortly,  I'm 
afraid  my  liquor  will  die  out." 

A  number  of  the  Seniors,  during-  the  Senior  vacation  were 
delinquent  in  attending  prayers.  They  were  called  up  and  in- 
formed that  further  unpunctuality  in  this  regard  would  forfeit 
their  diplomas. 

The  Ugly  Club  of  1840  seems  to  have  been  comparatively 
mild  mannered,  as  only  five  participants  were  haled  before  the 
Faculty  and  duly  lectured. 

The  behavior  in  the  Chapel,  during  divine  services,  was  such 
as  might  have  been  expected  from  compulsory  attendance,  es- 
pecially when  in  the  winter  there  was  no  fire.  We  find  constant 
complaints  of  disorderly  conduct.  The  three  clerical  members 
of  the  Faculty,  Mitchell,  Phillips  and  Green,  were  appointed 
a  special  committee  to  report  on  the  best  means  of  enforcing 
order  on  such  occasions.  Their  recommendations  are  not  on 
record,  except  that  two  .of  the  college  servants  were  ordered 
to  attend  during  divine  service.  Their  potent  aid  must  have 
been  needed  to  remove  the  obstacles  to  decent  worship  prepared 
by  busy  and  impious  hands  the  night  before.  These  obstruc- 
tions were  sometimes  piles  of  lumber,  sometimes  tar  on  the 
benches,  sometimes  a  patient  bull  yearling  fastened  in  the  nave, 
vulgarly  called  "bull-pen."  One  recommendation  of  the  com- 
mittee in  regard  to  order  in  the  Recitation  room  was  adopted, 
that  spitting  on  the  floor  should  be  a  misdemeanor.  The 
recommendation  that  the  students  should  sit  in  the  alphabetical 
order  of  their  names  was  laid  on  the  table,  but  afterwards 

adopted. 

Fruitless  Movement  for  a  Chaplain. 

In  1836  the  Societies  petitioned  the  Trustees  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  regular  Chaplain  according  to  the  plan  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia.  They  offered  to  contribute  $200  per  annum 
toward  the  salary,  provided  that  the  Faculty  and  students  would 
pay  $400.  The  Trustees  agreed  to  this,  promising  to  pay  the 
latter  sum  out  of  the  University  Treasury,  a  Methodist,  Episco- 
palian, Baptist  and  Presbyterian  to  be  employed  in  rotation. 
President  Swain  in  1837  applied  to  the  Methodist  Bishop.  Rt. 
Rev.  Dr.  Thos.  A.  Morris,  for  the  assignment  of  Rev.  E.  Wads- 


UNIVERSITY   CHAPLAIN.  455 

worth,  a  very  competent  man,  husband  of  a  sister  of  Mrs. 
Swain.  Bishop  Morris  gave  a  peremptory  refusal,  stating  as 
his  reason  that  Chapel  Hill  was  small  and,  apart  from  the  Uni- 
versity, presented  insufficient  prospect  of  successful  labor  to 
justify  making  it  a  regular  station  to  be  supplied  annually ;  and 
to  supply  it  for  the  sake  of  the  University,  once  in  four  years, 
would  not  probably  justify  the  deduction  of  time  and  labor  to 
be  made  from  the  regular  work  of  itinerant  ministers.  Besides, 
when  the  next  Methodist  year  comes  around  there  may  not  be 
at  command  such  a  man  as  the  University  would  chose  for  a 
preacher.  President  Swain  was  greatly  disappointed  at  the 
failure  of  a  scheme  which  he  thought  likely  to  relieve  the  Uni- 
versity from  the  accusation  of  being  under  the  influence  of 
two  denominations  only,  Presbyterians  and  Episcopalians,  with 
the  incidental  advantage  of  having  his  wife's  sister  a  resident  of 
Chapel  Hill.  It  was  conjectured  by  some  that  Bishop  Morris 
thought  that  all  the  energies  of  his  church  should  be  devoted 
to  the  upbuilding  of  Randolph-Macon  College. 

The  reply  of  Bishop  Morris  was  regarded  as  final  and  the 
President  recommended,  with  the  approval  of  the  Faculty,  the 
election  of  Rev.  Wm.  Mercer  Green,  as  Professor  of  Rhetoric 
and  Uogic,  with  four  recitations  a  week,  to  be  likewise  Chaplain. 
His  duties  as  Chaplain  were  to  preach  in  the  Chapel  once  a  week 
and  to  conduct  morning  prayers  throughout  the  year.  Profes- 
sor Mitchell  was  to  hold  evening  prayers  and  of  his  own  motion 
relieved  Mr.  Green  of  one-half  of  his  Sunday  morning  preach- 
ing. The  Faculty  offered  to  pay  $300  toward  the  new  profes- 
sor's salary  of  $1,000,  and  house  rent,  but  the  Trustees  refused 
to  accept  this  liberality.  In  consideration  of  being  relieved  of 
preaching  every  alternate  Sunday  Mr.  Green  took  additional 
teaching,  namely  a  class  in  elocution,  and  coaching  the  Seniors 
and  Commencement  Speakers,  besides  correcting  original 
speeches  and  theses. 

Rev.  Mr.  Green,  born  in  Wlmington,  was,  when  elected, 
Rector  of  St.  Matthew's  Episcopal  Church  in  Hillsboro.  He 
had  held  this  charge  since  1825.  He  graduated  with  high  honor 
in  18 1 8  in  the  class  of  which  President  James  K.  Polk  was  the 
leader.     He  was  particularly  distinguished  for  attention  to  the 


456  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

duties  of  the  Dialectic  Society.  He  was  ordered  Deacon  in 
1 82 1  and  the  next  year  was  ordained  Priest.  His  first  charge 
was  St.  John's  Church,  Williamsboro,  in  Granville  County. 
While  at  Hillsboro  he  was  Superintendent  of  a  Female  School 
of  high  standing.  He  was  a  man  of  great  industry,  the  kind- 
liest temper  and  manners,  of  fervent  piety  and  faithfulness  to 
every  duty.    He  entered  on  his  labors  in  1838. 

At  the  same  time  a  salary  of  $100  a  year  was  voted  the 
Librarian  of  the  University,  Tutor  Wm.  H.  Owen.  This  was 
done  as  it  was  in  contemplation  to  increase  the  Library,  but 
though  $3,000  was  placed'  at  the  disposal  of  the  President,  and 
subsequently  $1,000  per  annum,  the  appropriation  was  not  ex- 
pended. I  note,  however,  that  $22  was  paid  for  binding  eleven 
volumes  of  a  Greek  Lexicon. 

In  1839  it  was  determined  to  improve  the  Campus.  Three 
thousand  dollars  were  voted  for  the  purpose.  The  money, 
however,  could  not  have  been  spent,  as  no  material  changes 
were  made.  The  Societies,  by  petition,  pressed  for  new  halls, 
offering  to  pay  one-third  of  the  cost. 

The  Commencement  of  1839  was  on  June  27th  and  was 
distinguished  by  the  presence  of  all  the  ex-Governors  of  the 
State,  but  one.  Those  present  must  have  been  John  Branch, 
James  Iredell,  John  Owen,  David  L.  Swain  and  Richard  Dobbs 
Spaight,  Jr. ;  the  absent  being  Montfort  Stokes,  Indian  Agent 
in  Arkansas,  who  died  three  years  afterward. 

The  first  Chief  Marshal  was  appointed  by  the  Faculty  for 
this  Commencement,  Thomas  Davis  Meares  of  Wilmington,  a 
young  man  of  remarkably  fine  address  and  force  of  character. 
Doubtless  under  his  management  the  proceedings  moved  like 
clock-work.  Of  course  the  appointment  was.  intended  to  con- 
ciliate the  defeated  Delphian  party,  of  which  he  was  head. 

The  first  of  the  Baccalaureate  sermons  was  preached  by 
the  Rev.  Professor  Mitchell.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Faculty, 
but  afterward  the  choice  was  given  to  the  Senior  class.  The 
election  of  the  Marshal  likewise  was  soon  afterward  given  to 
the  Senior  class,  the  person  elected  to  be  a  regular  member  of 
the  Tunior  class. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1839.  457 

The  Orator  before  the  two  Societies  was  Bedford  Brown, 
then  Senator  of  the  United  States,  an  alumnus  of  181 3.  He 
was  elected  by  the  Dialectic  Society  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber. Without  strong  intellect  his  integrity  and  force  of  char- 
acter, together  with  devotion  to  Andrew  Jackson,  gave  him 
political  preferment. 

The  Alumni  Address  was  by  Hon.  Hugh  McQueen,  an  alum- 
nus of  1818,  a  leading  member  of  the  Legislature  from  Chat- 
ham, the  next  year  elected  Attorney  General,  an  orator  of  bril- 
liancy. On  account  of  the  recent  troubles  in  the  Dialectic  So- 
ciety he  urged  the  students  to  stand  by  the  two  Societies. 
''They,  through  every  period  in  the  history  of  the  institution 
have  nerved  the  arm  of  Collegiate  authority  by  a  nice  adaption 
of  their  respective  systems  of  government  to  the  preservation 
of  decorum,  regularity  and  order."  It  is  chronicled  that  the 
oration  was  received  with  "enthusiastic  plaudits." 

The  Declaimers  of  the  Freshman  class  were  Peter  J.  Holmes 
of  Virginia,  James  J.  Morisey,  Ashley  W.  Spaight,  Wm.  F. 
Martin,  John  B.  Smith. 

On  the  part  of  the  Sophomores  appeared  Wm.  J.  Clarke, 
Francis  M.  Pearson,  Robert  Strange,  Atlas  O.  Harrison, 
Joseph  J.  Norcott,  Wm.  F.  Dancy,  John  W.  Cameron. 

The  Declamations  were  varied  by  what  was  known  as  a 
"Funny."  This  was  by  special  order  devolved. on  John  W. 
Cameron,  who  delivered  an  original  speech  on  Summum 
Bonum.  The  reporter  stated  that  it  abounded  with  the  most 
delicate  touches  of  satire  and  humor,  which  kept  the  audience 
in  a  continual  roar.  During  all  his  subsequent  career  his  genial 
temper  and  wit  were  conspicuous.  The  Declaimers  of  both 
classes  remained  to  receive  their  diplomas  except  Norcott,  who 
was  a  planter. 

There  were  six  Representatives  chosen  by  the  Societies,  who 
delivered  original  speeches  on  Wednesday  night.  There  was 
much  excitement  in  the  election  of  these,  the  best  orators,  as  a 
rule,  being  put  forward.  On  this  occasion  Francis  H.  Hawks' 
subject  was  on  the  "Effect  of  Literature  on  the  Destiny  of 
Man,"  John  A.  Lillington  on  "Revolutions,"  David  A.  Barnes 
on  "Popular  Education,"  Calvin  H.  Wiley  on  the  "Durability 


458  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

of  Political  Institutions,"  William  H.  McLeod  on  "Slavery," 
Isham  Garrott  on  "Literature  of  the  United  States." 

The  Faculty  awarded  the  first  honor  to  Alpheus  Jones  and 
the  second  to  John  A.  Maultsby  and  Angus  C.  McNeill ;  the 
third  to  Jarvis  Buxton,  Richard  S.  Donnell  and  Dennis  D.  Fere- 
bee.  The  class  was  allowed  to  add  to  these  four  others,  so  as 
to  have  ten  speakers  in  all.  Maultsby  was  a  member  ot  the 
Philanthropic  Society  and  his  fellow  members  of  that  Society 
sent  to  the  President  an  unsigned  letter  demanding  that  he 
should  be  made  equal  to  Jones.  This  paper  was  returned  with 
the  statement  that  the  Faculty  refused  to  receive  an  annonymous 
communication,  whereupon  it  appeared  again  with  the  signa- 
tures of  Buxton,  Donnell  and  Ferebee.  These  were  summoned 
before  the  Faculty  and  were  addressed  firmly,  but  kindly,  urg- 
ing the  impossibility  of  the  surrender  to  the  class  of  the  pre- 
rogative of  the  Professors  to  pass  on  class-standings.  The 
Philanthropical  Society  then  intervened,  and.  after  expressing 
their  belief  that  Maultsby  had  not  received  his  dues,  and,  thank- 
ing their  fellow  members  of  the  Senior  class  for  their  action, 
requested  them  in  the  interests  of  peace,  harmony  and  good 
feeling,  to  recall  their  resolutions,  which  was  done.  A  second 
interview  was  had  with  the  committee,  and  the  incident  was 
closed,  the  President  stating  that  the  Faculty  were  not  amen- 
able to  the  Society,  nor  vice  versa,  and  that  the  students  must 
perform  their  duties  or  abide  the  consequences.  He  stated  his 
intention  to  lay  the  matter  before  the  Trustees.  Buxton  and 
Ferebee  wrote  special  letters  admitting  that  their  course  was 
wrong.  Maultsby  felt  so  aggrieved  that  he  refused  to  speak  or 
receive  a  diploma. 

The  speeches  by  the  Seniors,  who  were  allowed  that  privilege, 
were  as  follows:  Jarvis  Buxton,  on  the  "Interference  of  Gov- 
ernment;" Dennis  D.  Ferebee,  on  the  "Influence  of  Science  on 
Individual  Happiness ;"  Walte(r  A.  Huske,  on  "Liberty  and 
Law;"  John  N.  Barksdale,  on  the  "Tendency  of  Governments 
toward  Democracy;"  Thomas  D.  Meares,  on  "North  Carolina 
and  Jefferson  ;"  Isaac  N.  Tillett,  on  the  "Liberty  of  the  Press ;" 
Alpheus  Jones,  the  "Valedictory." 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 839.  459 

The  Annual  Address  was  by  Wm.  B.  Shepard,  of  the  Philan- 
thropic Society,  an  able  lawyer  and  congressman,  who  enter- 
tained no  malice  because  of  his  dismissal  from  the  institution 
in  1816,  as  heretofore  related,  for  the  delivery  of  a  fierce  party 
polemic  in  defiance  of  the  orders  of  the  President.  His  sub- 
ject was  "The  Value  of  the  Classics  in  Education,"  and  was 
eloquently  handled. 

The  two  Societies  agreed  to  elect  some  member  annually, 
and  alternately  from  each  body  to  deliver  an  address  before 
the  Alumni  and  Senior  class.  The  Dialectic  Society  had  the 
first  choice  and  chose  Charles  Manly,  Esq. 

Evidently  this  movement  was  designed  to  strengthen  the  So- 
cieties which  had  lost  the  hearty  allegiance  of  some  of  the  stu- 
dents on  account  of  the  temporary  Delphian  secession.  Mr. 
Manly  was  very  popular  and  had  acted  as  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee to  induce  the  Secessionists  to  return  to  their  allegiance. 
His  address  was  a  successful  effort  to  arouse  University  and 
Society  pride. 

On  reading  the  annual  report  President  Swain  accompanied 
it  with  a  speech  showing  in  detail  the  improved  condition  of  the 
institution. 

Of  the  honor  men,  Jones  was  very  promising,  but  died  early 
of  pulmonary  consumption ;  Maultsby,  an  influential  lawyer  of 
this  State  and  Missouri;  McNeill,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman 
of  high  standing;  Buxton,  an  able  Episcopal  minister,  ob- 
taining the  degree  of  D.D. ;  Donnell.  one  of  our  ablest  lawyers 
and  reaching  the  dignities  of  Representative  in  Congress  and 
Speaker  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives ;  Ferebee  was 
often  member  of  the  Legislature,  Delegate  to  the  Conventions 
of  1861  and  1865,  and  Colonel  of  Cavalry,  C.  S.  A. 

Of  the  rest  Clark  M.  Avery  was  a  Colonel,  C.  S.  A.,  killed 
in  the  Wilderness,  and  Meares  a  leader  in  the  General  Assembly. 

Of  the  non-graduates  Duncan  Kirkland  McRae  of  Fayette- 
ville,  was  an  eloquent  orator,  an  able  lawyer  and  journalist, 
Consul  at  Paris,  Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  and  Agent  of  North  Carolina 
in  England  during  part  of  the  Civil  War.  John  Chambers 
Rankin  of  Guilford  was  a  Doctor  of  Divinity,  a  Missionary  to 
China.  Lawrence  O'Brien  Branch,  an  Assemblyman  in  Florida, 
a  Representative  in  Congress  from  North  Carolina,  a  Brigadier 
General  C.  S.  A.,  killed  at  Sharpsburg  (Antietam). 


460  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  this  year,  Clement  G.  Wright, 
Lieutenant  Colonel,  lost  his  life  in  the  Confederate  cause. 

The  Faculty  stated  that  the  class  was  regarded  as  of  very 
high  promise.  Until  the  annunciation  of  the  Senior  Report  it 
was  composed  of  thirty-one  members.  One  of  them  is  omitted 
in  the  foregoing"  enumeration  and  is  not  included  in  the  recom- 
mendations for  a  degree,  for  causes  known  to  his  late  associates 
and  which  need  not  be  stated  here.  This  refers  to  Maultsby, 
who  had  been  a  first  honor  man  up  to  the  Senior  year. 

There  is  a  tradition  of  an  amusing  nature  that  Maultsby,  be- 
fore he  started  for  home,  determined  to  give  the  Professor  of 
Mathematics,  Dr.  James  Phillips,  whom  he  considered  to  be 
the  author  of  his  loss  of  the  highest  class  honor,  in  plain 
language,  his  opinion  of  the  injustice  and  iniquity  of  which  he 
was  the  victim.  Lying  in  wait  for  him  as  he  went  to  his  class, 
he  opened  the  vials  of  his  wrath.  The  Professor,  afraid  of 
nothing  under  the  sun,  taking  firmer  hold  of  his  knotted  cane, 
which  he  had  the  reputation  of  being  able  to  use  scientifically, 
started  upon  his  adversary  with  fire  in  his  eye.  Maultsby  had 
no  intention  to  strike  a  man  of  his  age  and  calling,  and,  being 
much  superior  in  agility,  ran  in  a  circle  around  his  pursuer, 
firing  at  him  uncomplimentary  epithets,  until  tired  nature  ended 
the  pursuit. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  on  Rev. 
George  W.  Freeman,  afterward  Bishop  of  Arkansas,  and  on 
Rev.  Alexander  Wilson,  head  of  an  excellent  classical  school. 
That  of  Master  of  Arts  on  Robert  Allison  Ezzell,  John  Hamp- 
ton and  Rev.  Drury  Lacy,  all  of  North  Carolina. 

REPORT  OE   GOVERNOR  DUDLEY. 

In  the  fall  of  1840  the  Governor,  Edward  B.  Dudley,  was  re- 
quested to  make  to  the  General  Assembly  a  minute  and  ex- 
haustive report  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  Uni- 
versity since  its  establishment.  The  answer  of  the  Governor 
was  prepared  by  President  Swain  and  Secretary  Manly.  It 
was  printed  on  December  16th  and  embodies  much  of  the  facts 
heretofore  given.  His  estimate  of  the  aggregate  receipts  from 
the  15th  of  November,  1790  to  the  20th  of  November,  1840,  is 
stated  as  follows : 


governor  Dudley's  report.  461 

From   sales  of   Tennessee   lands,    including   the    Smith   and 

Garrard  lands   $195,294.82 y2 

Sales  of  lots  in  Chapel  Hill  and  other  lands  in  X.  C 13,520.00 

Profits  on  two  lotteries 5,080.80 

Donation  from  the  State 10,000.00 

Individual  subscriptions  of  1796 7,684.40 

Dividends    on    bank    stock 33,028.50 

*Tuition   fees   since   July,    1804 111,581.91 

Individual    subscriptions    through    President     Caldwell     in 

1809  and    1810 10,535.00 

All  other  sources — escheats  in  North  Carolina,  unclaimed 
balances  in  hands  of  executors,  etc.,  arrearages,  interest, 
■confiscated    estates,    subscriptions,    etc 134,066.99 


$520,782.42% 
The  endowment  of  the  University  was  stated  to  be : 
About  900  acres  of  land,  being  its  site,  including  the  grounds 
on  which  the  buildings  are  situated. 

The  University  buildings,  five  in  number. 
The  Centre,  or  South  building,  is  117  by  50  feet,  exclusive 
of  the  projections,  three  stories  high.  The  East  and  West  build- 
ings, three  stories  high,  96  feet  6  inches  by  40  feet  one  and  one- 
half  inches.  These  contain  a  Library  room,  Laboratory,  Philo- 
sophical chamber,  halls  of  the  Dialectic  and  Philanthropic  So- 
cieties, and  three  recitation  rooms.  They  contain  in  addition 
sixty-five  dormitories  18  by  16  feet,  accommodating  130  stu- 
dents. 

Person  and  Gerrard  Halls  are  smaller  structures  devoted  to 
public  exercises  and  to  Divine  worship. 

The  Steward's  Hall  is  a  plain  frame  building,  as  are  the 
four  Professors'  houses. 

The  lands  and  edifices,  chemical  and  philosophical  apparatus, 
geological  and  mineralogical   cabinets   and  library  may  be 

estimated  as  worth  about $115,000.00 

1,000  shares  of  stock  in  the  Bank  of  the  State  of  X.  C 100,000.00 

Individual  bonds  supposed  to  be  secure 35,000.00 

$250,000.00 

The  Faculty  consists  of : 

1.  The  President,  who  was  Professor  of  Xational  and  Con- 
stitutional Law. 

2.  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Mineralogy  and  Geology. 

*The  tuition  receipts  prior  to  1804  were  paid  to  the  Faculty.     The 
record  of  them  is  lost. 


462  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

3.  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy. 

4.  Professor  of  Latin  Language  and  Literature. 

5.  Professor  of  Greek  Language  and  Literature. 

6.  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic. 

7.  Professor  of  French  Language  and  Literature. 

8.  Tutor  of  Ancient  Languages. 

9.  Tutor  of  Mathematics. 

The  Faculty  have  the  same  number  as  in  1827,  although  the 
number  of  students  has  doubled,  yet  it  was  thought  that,  owing 
to  their  efficiency,  there  was  greater  need  of  another  edifice 
and  increase  of  the  Library,  than  of  professors. 

The  number  of  beneficiaries  has  for  several  years  averaged 
ten.  A  much  greater  number  could  have  this  privilege  if  * 
dormitories  were  available.  Thirty  students  were  during  last 
year  forced  to  seek  accommodations  in  the  village. 

The  number  of  students  prior  to  the  Presidency  of  Caldwell 
in  1804  was  not  ascertained.  Beginning  with  that  year  the 
number  from  the  beginning  was  stated  at  631,  and  of  the 
matriculates,  not  graduates,  at  least  that  number. 

The  system  of  studies  pursued  at  the  University  may  be 
gathered  from  the  following  statement : 

The  Seniors,  being  excused  from  recitation  before  breakfast, 
had  eleven  hours  of  class  attendance.  One  of  these  was  in  the 
Bible  Sunday  afternoon,  President  Swain  being  the  teacher. 
Soon  afterward  Wayland's  Moral  Science  was  substituted. 

The  three  lower  classes  had  fifteen  hours  a  week,  including 
a  Bible  recitation  on  Sunday,  Dr.  Mitchell  having  the  Juniors, 
Professor  Hooper  the  Sophomores  and  Professor  Green  the 
Freshmen. 

The  President  was  required  to  hear  seven  recitations  a  week, 
or  perform  equivalent  scholastic  work,  "examining  or  correct- 
ing compositions  for  instance."  Ten  recitations  were  assigned 
to  Professor  Mitchell,  ten  each  to  the  Professors  of  Rhetoric 
(Green)  and  of  French  (Roberts)  ;  to  the  other  members  of 
the  Faculty  fifteen  each. 


*Beneficiaries,  or  "Frank  students,"  were  not  allowed  University  rooms 
if  needed  for  paying   students. 


NUMBER  OF  RECITATIONS.  463 

Text  books  were  used  in  every  department  and  instruction 
was  principally  by  them.  Lectures,  written  and  oral  were  oc- 
casionally delivered  in  all  the  departments  in  the  Junior  and 
Senior  years,  and  constituted  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
duties  performed  by  President  Swain,  Professor  Mitchell  and 
Professor  Phillips. 

The  hours  and  number  of  recitations  per  week  were  as  fol- 
lows : 

Algebra    5  hours  a  week  for  18  weeks. 

Geometry     5  hours  a  week  for  19  weeks. 

Logarithms   3  hours  a  week  for     1  week. 

Plane  Trigonometry 3  hours  a  week  for     9  weeks. 

Surveying,    Mensuration     and 

Navigation    6  hours  a  week  for  19  weeks. 

Conic  Sections 

Spherics     3  hours  a  week  for     5  weeks. 

Astronomy    2  hours  a  week  for  18  weeks. 

Analytical    Geometry 3  hours  a  week  for  23  weeks. 

Differential    Calculus 5  hours  a  week  for     8  weeks. 

Integral   Calculus 5  hours  a  week  for     7  weeks. 

Mechanics    3  hours  a  week  for  11  weeks. 

Application     of     Algebra     to 

Geometry    3  hours  a  week  for     3  weeks. 

Hydrostatics    5  hours  a  week  for     2  weeks. 

Pneumatics   and  Acoustics.. 5  hours  a  week  for     4  weeks. 

Optics     5  hours  a  week  for     2  weeks. 

Electricity     5  hours  a  week  for     3  weeks. 

Magnetism    5  hours  a  week  for     2  weeks. 

Chemistry    2  hours  a  week  for  34  weeks. 

Use  of  Globes 5  hours  a  week  for  1  1-5  weeks. 

Botany    ■ —  hours  a  week  for     2  weeks. 

Mineralogy    —  hours  a  week  for  14  weeks. 

Geology    1  houi     a  week  for     9  weeks. 

Natural    History 2  hours  a  week  for     2  weeks. 

Latin  in  Freshman 4  hours  a  week  for  37  weeks. 

Latin    in    Sophomore 4  hours  a  week  for  37  weeks. 

Latin   in   Junior 3  hours  a  week  for  18  weeks. 

Latin  in  Senior 2  hours  a  week  for  16  weeks. 

Greek   in   Freshman 5  hours  a  week  for  37  weeks. 

Greek    in   Sophomore 4  hours  a  week  for  37  weeks. 

Greek   in   Junior 3  hours  a  week  for  19  weeks. 

Greek   in   Senior 2  hours  a  week  for  18  weeks. 

French   in   Senior 1  hour     a  week  for  16  weeks. 

French   in  Junior 3  hours  a  week  for  19  weeks. 


464  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Rhetoric    y2  hour     a  week  for  37  weeks. 

Logic    1  ]Xj  hours  a  week  for  18  weeks. 

Mental  and  Moral  Philos- 
ophy   3  hours  a  week  for  14  weeks. 

International  and  Constitu- 
tional Law 3  hours  a  week  for  15  weeks. 

History   1  %  hours  a  week  for  18  weeks. 

Political   Economy 3  hours  a  week  for  1 1  weeks. 

The  explanation  was  given  that  in  Chemistry  there  was  a 
Lecture  at  9  a.  m.  succeeded  by  a  recitation  at  1 1  a.  m. 

Also  that  three  half  days  in  each  week  during  the  Senior 
year  were  allowed  to  the  Professor  of  Chemistry,  which  were 
occupied  with  that  science,  and  in  addition  Geology  and  Min- 
eralogy, Technology  and  the  simplest  elements  of  Botany  and 
Zoology,  a  lecture  and  a  recitation  on  the  same  half  day. 

There  was  exhibited  sometimes  dissatisfaction  at  such  ex- 
cess of  Classics  and  Mathematics.  One  Senior  class  petitioned 
for  substitution  of  Geography,  and  another  asked  for  Constitu- 
tional Law  in  place  of  Greek.  Both  met  with  refusal.  The 
correction  of  composition  was  sometimes  distributed  among  the 
Professors. 

Troubles  of  Discipline. 

In  the  fall  of  1840  the  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Phillips, 
laid  down  the  rule  that  text  books  should  not  be  carried  by 
students  into  the  recitation  rooms.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the 
class  thereafter  about  one-half  the  class  complied.  At  the  third 
all  obeyed  except  five.  At  the  next  eleven  appeared  with  their 
books.  A  meeting  of  the  Faculty  was  then  called  and  the 
President  requested  to  explain  the  reasonableness  of  this  rule 
and  the  determination  to  carry  it  into  effect.  At  the  next  mathe- 
matical recitation  twelve  broke  the  rule.  The  Faculty  were 
convened  and  the  delinquents  were  called  on  for  their .  final 
determination.  Nine  surrendered  and  promised  obedience,  but 
three,  Messrs.  Branch,  Buchanan  and  Covington  were  dis- 
missed. Branch  was  the  son  of  Governor  Branch,  who  ex- 
pressed dissatisfaction  with  the  action  of  the  faculty,  where- 
upon President  Swain  procured  from  Dr.  William  Hooper  a 
statement  of  an  appeal  made  by  him  on  this  subject  to  the 
Board  of  Trustees  and  of  their  ruling  that  each  Professor  had 


MISCHIEF   OF    STUDENTS.  465 

the  right  to  conduct  the  recitation  as  he  thought  best.  Branch 
endeavored  to  enter  Princeton  University,  and  pressed  upon  the 
Faculty  his  right  to  a  statement  that  he  left  not  under  censure. 
This  was  refused.  Whether  he  succeeded  eventually  in  his 
design  the  record  does  not  show.  Covington  soon  submitted 
and  became  a  graduate. 

Another  trouble  during  this  fall  arose  from  what  was  called 
the  Fresh  Treat.  Under  the  plea  that  it  was  an  established  in- 
stitution and  the  new  members  would  be  considered  niggardly 
if  they  refused  to  pay  the  two  dollars  demanded,  the  materials 
of  a  bountiful  feast,  principally  alcoholic  liquors,  were  pro- 
vided. The  result  was  riots  and  disorders,  during  which  the 
windows  of  the  Tutors  were  shattered,  stones  were  thrown  at 
members  of  the  Faculty,  the  University  bell  was  rung  violently 
and  long,  the  laboratory  and  recitation  rooms  were  broken  and 
nearly  destroyed,  the  stables  of  several  Professors  entered  and 
the  horses  ridden.  There  were  four  dismissals  of  upper  class- 
men, but  the  Freshmen  were  allowed  to  take  the  usual  pledge 
and  go  free. 

Shortly  afterward  there  was  an  assemblage  in  front  of  the 
South  building,  which  held  a  blasphemous  revival  of  religion, 
calling  up  mourners,  singing  ribald  songs,  ringing  the  bell, 
and  afterward  painting  the  horses  of  a  Professor,  cutting  off 
his  mane  and  tail  and  placing  him  in  Person  Hall.  Two  stu- 
dents were  caught  participating  in  these  misdemeanors  and  were 
dismissed.  They  were,  however,  re-admitted  on  taking  the 
pledge  of  penitence  and  reformation. 

About  a  fortnight  afterward  a  holocaust  was  made  of  all  the 
blackboards  in  the  institution.  There  were  three  dismissals  for 
this  offence  and  a  resolution  passed  that  in  case  of  any  serious 
outrage  on  the  property  of  the  University,  or  of  any  individual, 
criminal  proceedings  against  the  perpetrators  should  be  insti- 
tuted. This  was  reported  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  was 
approved  by  them. 

The  foregoing  statements  give  an  accurate  idea  of  the  spirit 
of  mischief  among  the  students  in  the  early  part  of  President 
Swain's  administration.     It  should  be  added  that  some  of  the 

30 


466  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

wild  set  afterward  became  valuable  members  of  society,  and 
warm  friends  of  the  University.  Some  became  members  of  the 
Legislature  and  Trustees  of  the  University.  Good  Dr.  Mitchell, 
who  was  kindly  disposed  towards  errant  boys,  would  often  say, 
"Let  him  go  !  Let  him  go  !  He  is  good  Legislature  and  Trustee 
material." 

We  have  a  letter  from  a  quite  bright,  but  not  very  orderly 
student,  one  of  the  best  speakers  in  the  institution,  written  Sep- 
tember 23rd,  1840,  which  paints  the  attitude  of  the  students  to 
the  Faculty  in  lurid  colors.  He  stated  that  College  was  in  a 
state  of  rebellion.  The  discipline  was  for  sometime  very  slack. 
The  result  of  the  lenient  system  has  been  that  "the  strictness 
of  morality  has  vanished,  while  at  the  same  time  College  is 
much  more  moral."  He  explains  this  statement  by  saying  that 
in  small  things,  such  as  talking  in  recitation,  drinking  occasion- 
ally, and  playing  cards  once  in  awhile,  the  students  were  more 
careless  of  detection,  but  in  addiction  to  riots,  habitual  intoxica- 
tion and  gambling,  they  were  completely  reformed.  The  Fac- 
ulty, however,  announced  that  the  cords  of  discipline  must  be 
tightened.  This  fired  the  tempers  of  the  students.  The  Ugly 
Club  was  at  once  organized.  When  the  Faculty  attempted  to 
suppress  it  they  were  pelted  with  rocks  and  compelled  to  retire. 
Thereupon  Professor  Mitchell  sallied  forth  with  a  sword  cane 
and  was  again  driven  back. 

Another  regulation  was  adopted,  wrote  Mr.  Mullins,  and  it 
was  threatened  to  apply  it  to  the  Sophomore  class.  He  does 
not  state  what  it  was,  but  from  other  sources  it  is  learned  that 
it  was  probably  the  prohibition  against  taking  text-books,  except 
the  classics,  into  the  recitation  rooms.  The  whole  class  signed  an 
agreement  not  to  submit  and  sent  it  to  the  Faculty.  They  were 
required  to  withdraw  it  but  refused,  although  "threats,"  per- 
suasions and  prayers  were  resorted  to."  After  three  confer- 
ences and  notifications  that  dismissal  would  follow  further  stub- 
bornness, the  Faculty  gave  way  and  the  class  triumphed.  Presi- 
dent Swain  then  requested  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  and  the 
writer  fears  that  this  will  cause  a  defeat  of  the  students. 

How  much  of  this  narrative  is  exaggerated  it  is  hard  to  say. 
The  writer  was  evidently  a  leader  in  the  disorders  and  his  ani- 
mus is  shown  by  his  harsh  epithets. 


SALARIES.  467 

The  records  of  the  Faculty  sustain  the  statements  in  regard 
to  the  misconduct  of  the  "Fresh  Treat,"  at  which  spirituous 
liquors  were  freely  used.  Nothing,  however,  was  said  of  Dr. 
Mitchell's  sword  cane,  which  was  probably  a  hickory  stick. 

Not  a  word  is  recorded  of  the  defeat  of  the  Faculty  by  the 
class.  An  anonymous  letter  of  that  period  shows  that  the 
Professor  of  Mathematics  (Phillips)  was  held  to  be  responsible 
for  the  new  regulation,  sundry  uncomplimentary  epithets  being 
hurled  at  him,  his  English  birth  being  alleged  as  a  cause  of  his 
severity  to  the  students. 

Salaries. 

The  scale  of  salaries  was  fixed  as  follows : 

The  President,  $2,000  per  annum,  with  seven  recitations  each 
week. 

The  Professor  of  Chemistry,  $1,250,  with  ten  recitations.' 

Whenever  the  aggregate  amount  of  tuition  per  annum  shall 
not  be  less  than  $4,000  the  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages 
shall  receive  $1,250  per  annum,  with  ten  recitations  per  week. 
The  Professor  of  Mathematics  $1,250,  with  ten  recitations;  the 
Professor  of  Modern  Languages  $1,000,  with  ten  recitations, 
and  each  Tutor  $600,  with  ten  recitations  each. 

Whenever  the  tuition  receipts  shall  be  less  than  $5,000  the 
Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  and  Mathematics  to  have 
$1,400  each,  the  Professor  of  Modern  Language  $1,150,  and 
the  Tutors  $700  each. 

When  the  tuition  receipts  shall  exceed  $6,000  the  salaries  of 
the  Professors  of  Ancient  Languages  and  Mathematics  shall 
be  $1,500  each,  and  the  Professor  of  Modern  Languages  $1,250. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  salaries  of  the  President  and  Profes- 
sor Mitchell  were  not  dependent  on  tuition  receipts.  The  latter, 
in  addition,  was  entitled  to  commissions  on  receipts,  as  Bursar. 
This  added  about  $600  to  his  salary  during  the  year,  and  much 
more  afterward. 

It  was  made  obligatory  on  the  Professor  of  Chemistry  to 
preach  in  the  Chapel  every  alternate  Sunday.  The  Caldwell 
residence  at  the  Southeast  corner  of  Raleigh  and  Franklin 
Street  was  set  apart  for  the  President  and  the  other  places  be- 
longing to  the  University  were  to  be  occupied  by  the  Professors 


468  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

oldest  in  office.  At  the  same  time  the  dates  of  Commencements 
were  to  be  the  first  Thursdays  in  June. 

As  throwing  light  on  academical  training  in  the  State  at  that 
period,  I  state  that  out  of  thirty-two  applicants  for  admission 
twenty-two,  two-thirds,  were  found  deficient  in  one  or  more 
studies,  principally  in  Algebra  and  the  Ancient  and  Modern 
Languages.  It  was  agreed  to  exclude  anyone  under  censure 
in  his  school. 

On  motion  of  Professor  DeBerniere  Hooper  the  Valedictory 
was  declared  to  be  the  highest  honor  in  the  future  and  the 
Latin  Salutatory  the  next.  As  a  rule,  however,  it  became  the 
practice  to  group  the  first,  second  and  third  honor  men  into 
classes,  in  which  case  those  in  the  first  class  decided  by  lot 
which  were  to  have  the  honorary  speeches.  Occasionally  one 
was  so  decidedly  superior  that  he  obtained  the  Valedictory  by 
assignment  of  the  Faculty. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  Dr.  Mitchell,  who  was  an  amateur 
Roadmaker  and  Civil  Engineer,  in  addition  to  his  other  accom- 
plishments, presented  a  plan  for  making  the  Raleigh  roads  enter 
the  campus  at  the  new  athletic  field  and  then  divide,  one  branch 
going  by  the  rear  of  the  South  building  to  Cameron  Avenue  at 
Commons  Hall ;  the  other,  passing  by  the  East  building  to 
Franklin  street  at  the  west  of  the  Chapel  Hill  Hotel.  The  re- 
commendation had  such  weight  with  the  Trustees  that  Gerrard 
Hall,  then  being  built,  was  made  to  front  to  the  South,  as  was 
evidenced  by  the  porch  on  that  side,  with  large  Doric  columns. 
Those  who  had  business  houses  on  Franklin  street,  as  well  as 
wagoners,  who  had  dealings  with  them,  made  a  silent,  but  effec- 
tive resistance  to  the  change,  so  the  scheme  was  dropped,  leav- 
ing the  porch  on  the  wrong  side  of  Gerrard  Hall,  an  unsolvable 
puzzle  to  future  visitors  and  students.  This  porch  was  recently 
torn  down,  with  a  floating  intent  to  rebuild  it  over  the  East  door. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1840  Daniel  Moreau  Barringer, 
of  the  Class  of  1826,  elected  to  Congress  three  years  afterward, 
was  the  Orator,  chosen  by  the  Dialectic  Society.  John  Y. 
Mason  of  Virginia  had  agreed  to  deliver  the  Address  before 
the  Alumni  Association,  but  was  unable  to  be  present.     Col. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   184O.  469 

John  D.  Long'  of  Halifax  supplied  his  place  by  an  extempore 
talk,  which  was  much  praised. 

The  Freshman  Declaimers  were  Walter  L.  Steele,  Leonidas 
C.  Edwards,  Wm.  Augustus  Blount,  Robin  Ap  C.  Jones,  Robert 
H.  Cowan,  John  Cowan.  On  the  next  night  the  Sophomores 
appeared — Richard  B.  Hill,  Joseph  M.  Bunch,  Richard  T. 
Jones,  Ashbel  G.  Brown,  Robert  P.  Dick,  John  L.  Meares.  All 
the  declaimers,  except  Bunch,  became  graduates. 

The  speeches  of  the  Society  Representatives  were  declared 
by  the  reporter  as  burdensome  from  their  length.  The  names 
and  subjects  were:  Wm.  S.  Mullins,  on  the  "Triumph  of  Free 
Principles  in  France;"  Rufus  Barringer,  on  the  "Extension  of 
the  British  Empire ;"  Joseph  C.  Huske,  on  "Influence  of 
Christianity  on  Society;"  Richard  Don  Wilson,  on  "Influence 
of  Woman;"  John  F.  Flack,  on  the  "Superiority  of  the  Present 
Over  the  Past  Ages ;"  James  W.  Campbell,  on  the  "Influence 
of  Science  on  Individual  Happiness."  The  close  of  the  speech 
of  Mullins  was  long  remembered.  Speaking  of  the  victory  of 
French  Democracy  he  predicted  that  the  energy  and  progressive 
spirit  of  the  new  France  will  fuse  with  the  conservatism  of  the 
old,  and  "the  Eagle  will  bear  up  the  Lily  in  its  onward  course 
to  Heaven." 

After  several  years'  experience  it  was  found  that  the  Society 
Representatives  claimed  too  wearisome  length  for  their  orations. 
The  Faculty  therefore  abolished  this  feature  of  the  exercises 
after  1840.  No  original  speeches  were  to  be  delivered  in  future 
except  by  the  Seniors.  Representatives  and  Competitors  selected 
by  the  Faculty  were  to  declaim  selections  approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent or  Professor  of  Rhetoric.  This  resolution  was  not  to  go 
into  effect  if  the  Representatives  would  agree  to  shorten  their 
speeches. 

The  Faculty  were  determined  not  to  be  accused  of  partiality 
as  they  had  been  by  the  friends  of  Maultsby  in  1839.  They 
grouped  the  honor  men  into  two  classes,  the  first  distinction 
being  assigned  to  William  H.  Henderson,  John  A.  Lillington, 
Albert  M.  Shipp,  William  M.  Shipp  and  Thomas  H.  Spruill. 
To  Henderson,  however,  was  given  the  first  honor  speech,  the 


470  THE  UNIVERSITY   (>F   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Valedictory,  because  he  had  been  among  the  highest  at  every 
examination  for  four  years. 

The  second  honor  came  to  Daniel  B.  Currie,  Tod  Robinson 
Caldwell,  John  Worthy  Cameron  and  Francis  H.  Hawks. 

The  third  honor  men,  if  there  were  such,  are  not  recorded. 

The  exercises  of  Commencement  Day  were  as  follows : 

Forenoon. 

Latin  Salutatory — Wm.  M.  Shipp,  Lincoln  County. 

Duty  of  Submission  to  Constitutional  Government — Thos.  H. 
Spruill,  Warren  County. 

Advancement  of  Literature  and  Science  in  North  Carolina — 
Albert  M.  Shipp,  Lincoln  County. 

Influence  of  Poetry  in  the  Formation  of  Character — John  A. 
Lillington,  Wilmington. 

The  Responsibility  of  American  Youth — Daniel  B.  Guthrie, 
Robeson  County. 

Defense  of  American  Character — Tod  R.  Caldwell,  Burke 
County. 

Duelling- — John  W.  Cameron,  Moore  County. 

Life  and  Character  of  Aaron  Burr — Francis  H.  Hawks, 
Beaufort  County. 

Valedictory — Wm.  H.  Henderson,  Tennessee. 

Of  the  best  scholars  William  M.  Shipp  became  a  popular 
member  of  the  General  Assembly  and  the  Convention  of  1861, 
Attorney-General  by  vote  of  the  people  in  1870  and  Judge  of 
the  Superor  Court ;  Spruill  was  a  promising  lawyer  cut  off  by 
pulmonary  consumption ;  A.  M.  Shipp,  cousin  of  William,  a 
Methodist  Doctor  of  Divinity,  Professor  of  History,  teaching 
at  different  times  also  French  and  English  literature  in  this 
University,  Professor  in  Furman  University  and  Dean  of  the 
Theological  Department  of  Vanderbilt  University;  Lillington 
was  an  able  lawyer  and  legislator,  dying  in  middle  age ;  William 
H.  Henderson  I  have  been  unable  to  trace. 

Of  the  second  honor  men,  Currie  was  a  Presbyterian  minis- 
ter ;  Caldwell  became  a  prominent  lawyer  and  member  of  the 
Assembly,  Lieutenant-Governor,  and  then  Governor  of  North 
Carolina ;  Cameron  a  lawver,  member  of  the  Legislature  and 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   184I.  47I 

editor,  keeping  up  a  reputation  for  humor  and  kindliness  to  his 
death.    Hawks  was  a  sound  lawyer. 

Of  those  not  gaining-  honors,  John  \Y.  Cunning-ham  was  long 
a  trustee  of  the  University,  an  able  State  Senator,  a  planter  and 
merchant  of  unbounded  influence  in  his  county;  David  A. 
Barnes,  a  wise  Legislator  and  Judge ;  William  Johnston.  Rail- 
road President,  Mayor  of  Charlotte.  Quarter  Mater  General  of 
North  Carolina ;  Calvin  H.  Wiley,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
author,  and  efficient  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

Barnes,  Wiley  and  Samuel  J.  Proctor  were  reported  as  es- 
pecially distinguished  "for  ability  and  punctuality  in  discharg- 
ing the  duty  of  composition."' 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  on  Rev. 
Nehemiah  H.  Harding,  a  Presbyterian  divine  of  this  State  and 
of  Batchelor  of  Arts  on  Walter  W.  Pharr.  of  Cabarrus. 

Of  the  matriculates  during  this  year,  1840,  Robin  Ap  Cald- 
Avallader  Jones.  Captain,  and  James  H.  McNeill,  Colonel,  were 
victims  of  the  Civil  War. 

The  Commencement  of  1841  was  held  on  June  3rd.  The 
reporter  praised  the  colored  walls  of  the  buildings.  There  was 
a  general  air  of  neatness,  marred,  however,  by  the  numerous 
cows  and  swine  frequenting  the  Campus,  an  evil  promised  to 
be  remedied  by  the  rock  walls  soon  to  be  finished.  The  grove 
had  been  grubbed  and  the  water-boughs  of  the  trees  removed. 
The  students  had  improved  greatly  in  behavior.  The  music  was 
excellent. 

The  address  before  the  two  Societies  was  delivered  by  Wm. 
Henry  Haywood,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  1819.  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  a  great  lawyer,  the  next  year  to  be 
Senator  of  the  United  States,  but  to  lose  his  seat  and  his 
popularity  because  he  differed  from  his  party  on  the  tariff 
question.  His  subject  was,  "Want  of  State  Pride,"  peculiarly 
appropriate  in  North  Carolina.  It  was  pronounced  to  be 
practical,  occasionally  lighted  up  by  true  eloquence. 

The  address  before  the  Alumni  Association  was  by  James 
Cole  Bruce,  of  the  class  of  1825,  a  man  of  talent  and  literary 
tastes,  but  hindered  from  high  public  career  by  the  possession 
of  thousands  of  acres  of  Dan  River  land  and  hundreds  of  slaves. 


472  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

He  spoke  of  the  causes  impeding  American  Literature.  The 
reporter  thought  that  if  the  orator  succeeded  in  convincing  us 
of  our  inferiority  to  our  mother  land  in  Literature  and  Arts, 
he  left  the  audience  in  doubt  whether  the  genuine  eloquence 
they  listened  to  could  be  surpassed  by  the  writers  of  that  or  any 
other  land.  His  manner  was  forcible  and  imposing  rather 
than  graceful.  The  address  has  recently  been  reprinted  by  his 
descendants. 

The  Freshmen  Declaimers  were  DeWitt  C.  Stone  of  Frank- 
lin, Eugene  J.  Hinton  of  Bertie,  Owen  D.  Holmes  of  Sampson, 
Jesse  P.  Smith  of  Cumberland,  James  J.  Herring  of  Lenoir, 
Waller  R.  Staples  of  Virginia.  On  the  part  of  the  Sophomores 
were  John  Cowan  and  Robt.  H.  Cowan  of  New  Hanover,  John 
Ballanfant  of  Tennessee,  Robert  T.  Fuller  of  Alabama,  Wil- 
liam Augustus  Blount  of  Beaufort  County,  Robert  Ap  C.  Jones 
of  Hillsboro.  Of  these  all  graduated  except  Staples,  who  ob- 
tained his  diploma  from  the  University  of  Virginia. 

There  were  no  Society  Representatives,  because  the  students 
refused  to  conform  to  the  new  regulation  as  to  length  of 
speeches.  As  a  consequence  of  this  clashing  the  honor  of 
delivering  original  speeches  was  confined  to  the  Seniors. 

The  Senior  class  was  highly  praised  for  punctuality  and  good 
behavior.  R.  R.  Bridgers,  W.  F.  Dancy,  A.  O.  Harrison,  A. 
R.  Kelly,  A.  F.  McCree,  H.  McAllister,  Charles  and  S.  F. 
Phillips  were  entirely  punctual,  and  of  these  Bridgers,  Dancy, 
Kelly,  McAlister,  and  Charles  and  S.  F.  Phillips  were  totally 
free  from  censure  during  their  University  career.  It  thus  ap- 
pears that  good  behavior,  good  scholarship  and  success  in  after 
life  went  together. 

The  first  distinction  was  awarded  to  Robert  R.  Bridgers,  Wm. 
F.  Dancy,  Charles  Phillips,  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  and  James  H. 
Viser ;  the  second  to  James  A.  Delk  and  John  Simianer  Erwin ; 
the  third  to  Benjamin  F.  Atkins,  Wm.  J.  Clarke,  Wm.  W. 
Green,  James  A.  Long,  Francis  M.  Pearson,  Jesse  G.  Shepard, 
James  F.  Taylor  and  Thomas  B.  Wetmore.  All  the  honor  men 
were  bound  to  speak  on  Commencement  Day  unless  excused. 
Mr.  Viser  was  so  excused. 


AFTER  CAREERS  OF  SENIORS  OF  1841.  473 

Wm.  F.  Dancy  spoke  the  "Latin  Salutatory;"  Samuel  F. 
Phillips,  on  ''National  Pride ;"  Robert  R.  Bridgers,  on  the 
"Science  of  Law;"  J.  Simianer  Erwin,  on  the  "Progress  of 
Constitutional  Liberty;''  Benjamin  F.  Watkins,  on  the  "In- 
fluence of  Circumstances  on  Character;"  Francis  W.  Pearson, 
on  the  "Heroes  of  the  Revolution ;"  James  A.  Delk,  a  French 
Oration,  "Discours  sur  la  Conquete  de  Grenade;"  Jesse  G. 
Shepherd,  on  the  "Character  of  Alexander  Hamilton;"  James 
A.  Long-,  on  the  "Moral  Grandeur  of  the  Bible ;"  Wm.  J. 
Clarke,  the  "Mecklenburg-  Declaration  ;"  Charles  Phillips,  the 
"Valedictory." 

All  the  first  honor  men  held  their  preeminence  in  after  life. 
Bridgers  was  a  strong  lawyer  and  politician,  member  of  the 
Congress  of  the  Confederate  States  and  then  a  masterful  Rail- 
road President. 

Charles  Phillips  was  an  able  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  a 
preacher  of  power.  Dancy  embraced  the  profession  of  law, 
served  two  terms  in  the  Legislature,  and  then  devoted  his  atten- 
tion to  his  planting  interests.  Samuel  F.  Phillips  was  one  of  the 
ablest  lawyers  in  North  Carolina,  became  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons  and  Solicitor-General  of  the  United  States ;  Viser 
was  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Alabama. 

Of  the  second  honor  men,  Delk  became  a  Doctor  of  Laws  of 
Rochester  University  in  New  York  and  of  Union  College.  He 
was  a  teacher  for  fifty  years,  especially  in  Colleges  for  Females ; 
Erwin,  a  physician  of  brilliancy,  but  cut  off  in  early  manhood. 

Of  those  of  the  third  rank  Atkins  was  a  lawyer  and  member 
of  the  Legislature.  During  a  heated  canvass  he  had  the  mis- 
fortune to  kill  his  opponent,  McDiarmid,  as  the  jury  said,  in 
self-defense.  He  then  removed  to  Texas  and  there  became 
prominent  as  a  lawyer  and  politician.  William  J.  Clarke  was 
wounded  in  the  Mexican  War,  serving  as  Captain.  He  was  a 
Colonel  in  the  Confederate  service,  and  after  the  war  a  Superior 
Court  Judge.  Shepard  was  a  leader  in  the  Democratic  party, 
and  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  John  S.  Dancy,  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  and  President  of  the  State  Agricultural  So- 
ciety. John  W.  Ellis  was  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  and 
Governor  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.     John  F.  Hoke  was 


4/4  TI|E  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

State  Senator  and  State  Adjutant- General ;  Montford  Mc- 
Gehee,  a  Commoner  and  Commissioner  of  Agriculture ;  Robert 
Strang-e,  a  Major  in  the  Mexican  and  Confederate  war,  State 
Solicitor  and  member  of  the  Convention  of  1861,  of  the  General 
Assembly  and  of  the  Convention  of  1865  ;  Samuel  H.  Walkup, 
State  Senator  and  Colonel,  C.  S.  A. ;  Thomas  Ruffin,  a  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress,  a  Confederate  Colonel,  killed  in  battle. 

Of  the  non-graduates.  John  H.  Dillard  reached  the  Supreme 
Court  as  Judge ;  Isham  W.  Garrott  was  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  Alabama,  Brigadier-General  C.  S.  A.,  and  killed  at  Yicks- 
burg ;  Samuel  Hall  was  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Georgia;  William  J.  Hawkins,  a  physician.  President  of  the 
Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad  Company,  and  of  the  Citizens  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Raleigh ;  William  Marcellus  McPheeters,  Pro- 
fessor of  Materia  Medica  in  a  medical  college  in  St.  Louis,  an 
eminent  physician. 

In  1839  there  belonged  to  this  class  a  bright,  well-mannered 
youth  of  popular  ways,  son  of  an  eminent  Democratic  editor, 
who  was  neglectful  of  his  studies  and  often  involved  in  the 
pranks  of  college  life.  His  next  visit  to  this  part  of  the  State 
was  as  Ljeutenant-General  in  Sherman's  Army.  Francis  Preston 
Blair,  afterward  State  Senator  and  Representative  from  Mis- 
souri and  candidate  for  the  Vice-Presidency  on  the  Democratic 
ticket  with  Seymour. 

Of  the  matriculates,  Josiah  E.  Bryan,  Private :  Tristram  L. 
Skinner,  Major,  and  Thomas  T.  Slade,  Captain,  were  killed 
in  the  Civil  War. 

As  has  been  stated  the  French  Language  ceased  to  be  taughl 
in  1 83 1  when  Mr.  Hentz  resigned.  The  course  was  resumed  in 
1836  under  the  instruction  of  J.  DeBerniere  Hooper.  Marey 
taught  a  few  months  and  then  Rev.  John  James  Roberts,  a 
graduate  of  1838,  who  had  studied  in  France  for  two  years,  took 
charge  as  Professor  in  1841.  He  resigned  the  next  year  and 
Professor  J.  DeBerniere  Hooper  resumed  his  care  of  the  in- 
struction, in  addition  to  his  Latin  department.  He  had  likewise 
been  the  locum  tenens  in  the  interval  between  the  going  of 
Marey  and  the  coming  of  Roberts.  A  Frenchman,  Thomas  S. 
Barshall,  was  Instructor  for  a  few  months  in  1842,  teaching 
nothing  but  French. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 842 — BIBEES.  475 

Dr.  Roberts  is  still  living-,  a  retired  Episcopal  minister.  He 
has  done  excellent  work  as  Principal  of  Female  Schools  in 
Massachusetts  and  New  York  City. 

As  heretofore  mentioned,  a  correspondence  with  John  Ran- 
dolph Clay,  our  Secretary  of  Legation  at  Vienna,  resulted  in 
the  purchase  of  an  excellent  cabinet  of  minerals  for  about 
$1,500.  These  specimens,  notwithstanding  some  pillaging  at 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  are  still  extremely  useful  in  illus- 
trating the  minerals  of  Europe.  The  Trustees,  as  a  token  of 
gratitude,  conferred  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  on  Mr.  Clay 
in  1845. 

First  Bibles  to  Graduates  of  1842. 

The  Commencement  of  1842  was  distinguished  by  being 
the  first  at  which  Bibles  were  presented  to  the  members  of  the 
graduating  class,  a  laudable  custom  kept  up  to  this  day.  On  a 
fly-leaf  is  the  autograph  of  the  President.  Not  a  word  of  op- 
position, so  far  as  is  known,  has  ever  been  uttered  by  educational 
or  religious  critics. 

The  Baccalaureate  sermon  to  the  Graduating  class  on  this 
occasion,  once  called  the  Valedictory  address,  was  delivered 
by  Rev.  Wm.  Mercer  Green,  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic. 
^'It  was  characterized  by  great  dignity,  pathos  and  unction." 
Judge  John  Y.  Mason  had  agreed  to  deliver  the  annual  oration 
before  the  two  Literary  Societies,  but  was  prevented  by  pres- 
sure of  business.  He  wrote  an  admirable  letter,  however,  which 
was  read  to  the  audience  by  President  Swain. 

In  consequence  of  not  having  the  Annual  Address,  a  novel 
feature,  interesting  to  us  on  account  of  scientific  achievements 
since,  was  introduced.  The  following  is  the  contemporary  ac- 
count :  "The  indefatigable  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Dr.  Mit- 
chell, made  various  very  successful  experiments  with  the  fine 
electro-magnetic  apparatus,  which  the  University  has  lately 
procured  from  Boston.  He  produced  powerful  and  most  rapid 
motion  by  magnetism  alone,  and  demonstrated  the  practicability 
of  its  application  to  useful  arts,  but  seemed  to  think  that  the 
cost  of  copper  and  zinc  ( materials  indispensable  to  the  excita- 
tion of  the  magnetic  influence  in  such  degree  as  to  be  useful), 
would  hinder  it  from  coming  into  competition  with  steam." 


476  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Two  years  afterwards  Morse's  electro-magnetic  telegraph 
between  Washington  and  Baltimore  was  successfully  tested, 
but  the  days  of  the  telephone,  phonograph,  electric-motors,  and 
other  inventions  had  not  come. 

A  sad  event  occurred  on  Monday  afternoon  of  Commence- 
ment week,  the  death  of  a  bright  and  attractive  girl,  16  years 
old,  Jane,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Alexander  Wilson,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Caldwell  Institute  at  Greensboro.  She  had  been 
attending  the  private  school  of  Mrs.  Dr.  James  Phillips.  Her 
burial  was  at  Chapel  Hill,  Tuesday  afternoon,  her  funeral  ser- 
mon being  preached  by  Dr.  Phillips. 

It  was  during  this  year  that  the  Executive  Committee  was 
authorized  to  establish  a  Professorship  of  Law  and  another  of 
Civil  Engineering,  but  the  Committee  deemed  it  premature. 

Secret  Fraternities  Forbidden. 

On  the  12th  of  December,  1842,  the  Board,  on  motion  of 
Charles  L.  Hinton,  enacted  what  was  styled  a  "regula  gener- 
alis"  on  the  subject  of  secret  societies  or  clubs.  They  were 
declared  to  be  "not  less  injurious  to  the  regularly  established 
Literary  Societies  in  the  University  than  to  the  cause  of  good 
morals  and  sound  learning."  The  Faculty  was  ordered  to 
suppress  them,  and  authorized  to  receive  no  student  unless  on 
pledge  of  not  joining  any  such  association.  This  action  was 
supplemented  by  the  two  societies,  who  entered  into  an  agree- 
ment to  fine  heavily  any  of  their  members  who  should  break 
this  by-law.  During  my  student  life,  1845-49,  I  never  heard 
of  such  a  society  in  the  institution. 

The  Trustees  seem  to  have  caught  glimpses  of  unseemly  con- 
ditions of  the  rooms  of  the  students.  The  extraordinary  resolu- 
tion was  passed  solemnly  requesting  the  Governor  of  the  State 
to  address  them  on  the  importance  of  neatness. 

The  Faculty  were  instructed  to  change  the  scheme  of  reci- 
tations so  that  each  student  should  have  sixteen  hours  per  week 
and  one  at  least  every  day.  This  included  the  Sunday  recita- 
tion, which  was  compulsory. 

It  seems  that  the  students  had  been  making  political  speeches. 
A  by-law  was  passed  prohibiting  speeches  by  them  except  in 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1842.  477 

the  Society  Halls  or  in  the  performance  of  some  literary  exer- 
cise tinder  the  sanction  of  the  President. 

The  two  Societies  petitioned  for  the  abolition  of  Saturday 
recitations.  The  Faculty  were  authorized  to  grant  the  request, 
which  was  done  on  the  agreement  of  the  Societies  to  have 
regular  exercises  of  their  own  on  Saturday  mornings.  The 
reading  of  compositions  and  declamations  was  required,  de- 
bates being  on  Friday  night. 

The  Trustees  had  an  exalted  opinion  of  the  persuasive  pow- 
ers of  Governor  Morehead.  By  resolution,  he  was  requested 
to  attend  at  the  opening  of  the  session  in  1843,  an<^  explain 
the  principles  of  the  administration  of  the  University  and  of 
its  punishments.     It  does  not  appear  that  he  heeded  the  request. 

The  first  honor  in  this  class  was  awarded  to  Wm.  Alexander 
Bell,  Francis  Theodore  Bryan,  Thomas  Junius  Morisey.  and 
Nathaniel  Hill  Quince;  the  second  to  Wm.  Hooper  Haigh.  Wm. 
Figures  Lewis,  Wm.  Francis  Martin,  Wm.  Sidney  Mullins, 
Ashley  Wood  Spaight,  and  Joseph  John  Summerell. 

Mr.  Quince  was.  at  his  request,  excused  from  speaking. 
Morisey  obtained  the  Valedictory  and  Bryan  the  Salutatory  by 
lot.  The  rest  delivered  original  speeches,  Rufus  Barringer 
being  chosen,  on  account  of  his  powers  of  oratory,  to  take  the 
place  of  Quince. 

The  speeches  on  Commencement  day  were  as  follows : 

Latin  Salutatory,  Francis  T.  Bryan,  of  Wake. 

"Principles  of  the  Old  Federal  Party,"  Rufus  Barringer. 

"Obligations  of  Educated  Men."  Joseph  J.  Summerell. 
Northampton. 

"Spirit  of  Reform,"  Wm.  H.  Haigh.  Fayetteville. 

"Reciprocal  Influence  of  Science  and  Religion,"  Wm.  F. 
Lewis,  Edgecombe. 

"Eloge  de  Louis  Philippe,"  Wm.  A.  Bell,  Alabama. 

"Reverence  for  the  Past,"  Wm.  F.  Mullins,  Fayetteville. 

"The  Middle  Ages,"  Wm.  F.  Martin,  Elizabeth  City. 

The  Valedictory,  Thomas  J.  Morisey,  Clinton. 

The  newspaper  of  the  day  says  that  the  orations  were  dis- 
tinguished by  manly  good  sense  and  graceful  elocution.  Com- 
plaint was  made  that  the  attendance  of  the  Trustees  was  mea- 


478  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

gre,  but  there  were  large  praises  for  the  refinement  of  the  visi- 
tors and  the  management  of  the  institution. 

The  Faculty  record  states  that  as  a  whole  the  class  main- 
tained an  extraordinary  reputation  for  punctuality,  "yet  there 
are  various  individuals  who  will  not  be  able  in  after  life  to 
recur  to  the  tables  of  absences  without  emotions  both  of  sur- 
prise and  regret."  An  inspection  of  the  tables  justified  this 
ominous  prediction,  though  it  is  hardly  possible  that  the  eyes 
of  the  offenders  ever  rested  on  the  doleful  record.  One  indi- 
vidual has  to  his  account  148  absences  from  Recitation,  90 
from  Prayers,  and  18  from  Church.  Another  183,  190,  and  19, 
another  132.  250,  and  33,  a  fourth  119,  24T,  and  23,  a  fifth  54, 
200,  and  26,  absences  from  those  functions  respectively.  Only 
one  Senior,  Wm.  W.  Green,  afterwards  physician  of  Granville 
County,  was  perfectly  punctual  for  four  years. 

Of  the  honor  men,  Bell  became  a  lawyer  in  Alabama,  volun- 
teered in  the  Mexican  War,  and  died  in  1850.  Bryan  entered 
at  West  Point,  was  No.  6  at  graduation,  was  First  Lieutenant 
for  gallant  conduct  at  Buena  Yista.  where  he  was  wounded. 
He  resigned  from  the  army  and  is  a  prominent  and  wealthy 
citizen  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  Morisey  was  a  leading  lawyer 
of  the  Cape  Fear  section  and  a  useful  member  of  the  General 
Assembly.     Quince  died  early. 

Of  the  second  rank,  Haigh  was  an  esteemed  lawyer,  Lewis 
an  influential  planter  and  among  the  most  useful  Justices  in 
his  county ;  Martin  was  one  of  the  best  lawyers  in  the  State,  a 
trusted  legislator,  a  Colonel  in  the  Confederate  Army ;  Mullins 
was  a  brilliant  speaker  at  the  bar  and  in  the  Legislature  of 
South  Carolina  and  president  of  a  railroad  company ;  Spaight 
was  a  lawyer  and  legislator  in  Texas,  Brigadier-General  in  the 
Confederate  service,  and  Secretary  of  State ;  Summerell  a  phy- 
sician of  eminence  in  Salisbury ;  Barringer  was  a  sound  lawyer, 
a  broad-minded  legislator,  and  an  intrepid  Brigadier-General 
in  Hampton's  Cavalry.  His  standing  as  a  student  was  only 
respectable,  his  attention  being  mainly  directed  to  composition 
and  debates  in  his  Society,  the  Dialectic.  He  has  delivered 
valuable  historic  addresses. 

Only  one  of  the  matriculates  was  a  victim  of  the  Confederate 
war,  William  L.  Tohnson. 


episcopal  church.  479 

The  Episcopal  Church 
was  organized  May  13,  1842,  under  the  name  of  the  Church  of 
the  Atonement,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C,  agreeing  to  be  governed  bv 
the  Constitution  and  Canons  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
in  the  United  States.  The  following  males  signed  the  agree- 
ment :  Archibald  M.  Hooper,  T.  Lloyd  Moore,  John  J.  Rob- 
erts, Manuel  Fetter,  John  DeB.  Hooper.  Stephen  S.  Green, 
John  M.  Craig.  Robert  T.  Hall,  Wm.  M.  Green,  Jr.,  George 
Moore,  Johnston  B.  Jones,  James  S.  Green,  and  the  following 
females,  Charlotte  Hooper,  Mary  F.  Waddell.  Anne  C.  Hall, 
Mary  E.  Hooper,  Matilda  A.  Williams,  Mary  W.  Green,  Mary 
W.  Hall.  Elizabeth  Craig,  Catharine  S.  Waddell,  Charlotte  S. 

Green,  and  Mrs. Jones.     Although  he  was  originator 

and  guide  of  the  movement,  and  although  the  names  of  four 
of  his  children  are  in  the  list.  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Green  did  not  sign 
the  paper.  It  is  probable  that  he  signed  another  as  Rector  de 
facto. 

Of  the  founders  of  the  church,  Archibald  M.  Hooper,  late 
of  Wilmington,  lived  with  his  son,  Prof.  J.  DeB.  Hooper,  and 
Charlotte  Hooper,  born  DeBerniere,  was  his  wife.  Mary  F. 
Waddell.  born  Fleming,  was  the  wife  of  Haynes  Waddell.  af- 
terwards of  Hillsboro.  Her  sister  Charlotte  was  the  wife  of 
Professor  Green.  Mary  E.  Hooper  was  wife  of  Professor 
Hooper,  being  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper.  Mrs. 
Anne  C.  Hall  was  widow  of  William,  son  of  Judge  John  Hall 
of  the  Supreme  Court.  Catharine  S.  Waddell  was  a  daughter 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Haynes  Waddell.  marrying  afterwards  Dr. 
James  S.  Green. 

The  Parish  retained  the  name  of  the  Church  of  the  Atone- 
ment until  its  consecration  by  Bishop  L.  S.  Ives  in  the  fall  of 
1848,  when  at  his  instance  the  name  adopted  was  "the  Parish 
of  the  Chapel  of  the  Cross."  While  the  church  was  being 
built,  the  congregation  worshipped  in  the  parlor  of  Professor 
Green  as  a  rule,  occasionally  in  that  of  Prof.  Hooper.  The 
building  was  carried  on  mainly  by  the  energy  of  Professor 
Green,  who,  besides  obtaining  funds,  contributed  most  gener- 
ously out  of  his  slender  means.  The  design  was  by  Upjohn 
of   New  York,  architect.     There  were   four  pinnacles  on   the 


480  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

tower,  but  when  one  was  blown  down  the  others  were  removed. 
The  building-  is  pronounced  by  experts  to  be  very  beautiful  in 
its  proportions. 

.  At  the  Commencement  of  1843  tne  Declaimers  selected  from 
the  Freshman  class  for  Tuesday  evening  were  Joseph  L.  Boz- 
man,  William  J.  Cannon,  Edward  H.  Hicks,  James  Holmes, 
David  T.  Tayloe  and  Owen  H.  Whitfield.  Those  from  the 
Sophomore  class  for  Wednesday  evening  were  Isaac  C.  Car- 
rington,  James  J.  Herring,  Eugene  J.  Hinton,  Virginius  H.  Ivy, 
Jesse  P.  Smith,  Owen  D.  Holmes.  All  of  the  Declaimers  re- 
mained to  receive  their  diplomas  except  Bozman,  Cannon,  James 
Holmes  and  Carrington. 

The  number  of  Trustees  was  greater  than  usual.  Dr.  John 
Hill  of  Wilmington,  A.B.  in  1814,  delivered  the  Annual  Ad- 
dress. The  contemporary  estimate  was  that  "it  displayed  re- 
fined humanity,  philosophical  enquiry,  manly  piety,  liberal  ac- 
complishment, the  proper  fruit  of  the  early  lessons  of  his  Alma 
Mater.  All  these  characterized  and  enriched  this  noble  pro- 
duction." 

There  were  no  Trustees  at  the  examinations  prior  to  Com- 
mencement week.  A  novel  feature  was  the  examination  of  all 
the  classes  on  the  Holy  Scriptures  by  the  Faculty  in  presence 
of  Governor  Morehead  on  Monday  of  that  week.  On  the  fore- 
noon of  Tuesday  by  President  Swain  in  presence  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, John  D.  Hawkins  and  Secretary  Charles  Manly,  all 
Trustees,  the  Senior  class  was  examined  on  Constitutional  and 
International  Law.  All  of  the  33  members  of  the  class  ob- 
tained their  diplomas,  although  six,  for  various  valid  reasons, 
were  not  present  at  the  final  examinations. 

The  first  distinction  was  conferred  on  Joseph  Caldwell 
Huske,  Walter  Waightstill  Lenoir  and  Samuel  Jones  Person. 
It  was  announced  that  John  Luther  Bridgers  would  have  been 
in  the  same  rank,  if  he  had  not  been  absent  on  account  of  sick- 
ness one-half  of  the  Senior  and  part  of  the  Junior  years.  Wal- 
ter W.  Lenoir  was  a  grandson  of  General  Wm.  Lenoir,  the 
first  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  in  1790. 

The  second  honor  was  assigned  to  Ashbel  Green  Brown, 
Robert   Paine   Dick,   Richard   Thomas   Jones,   James   Warren 


Judge  Dick's  Spring — Walled  up  by  Him,  1840. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1 843.  48 1 

Lancaster,  Joseph  McClees,  and  Willis  Henry  Sanders ;  the 
third  to  James  Augustus  Leak  and  John  London  Meares. 

The  graduating  speeches  were  as  follows  : 

Latin  Salutatory,  Joseph  C.  Huske. 

"Moral  Influence  in  Science,"  Joseph  McClees. 

"Rage  for  Novelty,"  Richard  T.  Jones. 

"Resources  of  North  Carolina,"  Robert  P.  Dick. 

"Gradual  Improvement  of  Man,"  James  W.  Lancaster. 

"Considerations  sur  lTnfluence  Intellectuelle  de  la  France," 
(in  French).  John  L.  Bridgers. 

"Virtue  and  Intelligence,  the  Safe-guards  of  Liberty,"  Willis 
H.  Sanders. 

"Decline  of  Morals  in  our  Country,"  Ashbel  G.  Brown. 

"Connection  between  Intellectual  and  Moral  Cultivation," 
Samuel  J.  Person. 

"Bonds  of  Society,"  with  the  Valedictory,  Walter  W.  Lenoir. 

As  usual,  the  Valedictory  and  Salutatory  were  assigned  by 
lot  among  the  first-honor  men. 

All  of  the  first-honor  men  attained  distinction  in  after  life. 
Huske,  an  Episcopal  minister  of  great  worth,  became  a  Doctor 
of  Divinity ;  Lenoir  was  an  esteemed  lawyer,  planter,  Captain 
in  the  Confederate  Army  and  wise  legislator ;  Person  was  a 
very  able  member  of  the  Legislature,  and  Judge  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court ;  Bridgers  was  a  sound  lawyer,  Commissioner  to  the 
Confederate  Government  at  Montgomery,  a  planter,  and  Colonel 
in  the  Confederate  Army.  Of  the  second  rank,  Brown  was 
an  efficient  Assistant  Professor  of  Latin  in  the  University ; 
Dick,  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Xorth  Carolina  and  of 
the  Federal  District  Court ;  Lancaster,  a  good  lawyer  and 
member  of  the  Legislature,  as  was  McClees;  Sanders  was  a 
member  of  the  General  Assembly  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  C.  S. 
A.  Of  the  third-honor  men,  Leak  was  president  of  a  bank,  a 
planter,  and  afterwards  Senator  from  his  county ;  and  Meares 
a  prominent  physician  in  San  Francisco. 

Of  those  who  received  no  honors,  Thomas  O.  D.  Walker  was 
a  lawyer  and  energetic  President  of  the  Wilmington.  Char- 
lotte and  Rutherford  Railroad  Company ;  Thomas  D.  S.  Mc- 
Dowell was  a  State  Senator  and  Representative,  in  the  Con- 
31 


482  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

vention  of  1861,  and  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress;  and 
John  Haywood  Manly,  Colonel  in  the  Confederate  Army  and 
Mayor  of  Galveston,  Texas. 

There  were  eight  victims  of  the  Civil  War  who  matricu- 
lated in  1843,  viz-:  John  A.  Benbury,  Captain;  Edwin  L. 
Dusenbury,  Private ;  Peter  G.  Evans,  Colonel ;  Elias  C.  Hines, 
Corporal;  J.  Johnston  Pettigrew,  Brigadier-General;  Thomas 
J.  Sharp,  Captain ;  John  H.  Stone,  Private ;  John  H.  Whitaker, 
Major. 

Organization  of  the  Aeumni  Association. 

The  Alumni  Association  of  the  University  was  organized  on 
the  31st  of  May,  1843.  The  following  were  present,  being  the 
iirst  members : 

John  D.  Hawkins,  Franklin,  Class  of   1801. 

John  Hill,  Wilmington,  Class  of   1814. 

Charles  Manly,  Raleigh,  Class  of  1814. 

Charles  Hinton,  Wake  County,  Class  of   1814. 

John  M.  Morehead,  Governor,  Greensboro,  Class  of  1817. 

William  M.  Green,  Chapel  Hill,  Class  of   1818. 

Hugh   Waddell,   Hillsboro,   Class  of    1818. 

William  H.  Battle,  Chapel  Hill,  Class  of  1820. 

William  A.   Graham,  Hillsboro,   Class  of   1824.     • 

John  W.  Norwood,  Hillsboro,  Class  of  1824. 

J.  DeBerniere  Hooper,   Chapel  Hill,  Class  of   1831. 

Cadwallader   Jones,   Jr.,   Hillsboro,    Class   of    1832. 

Win.  H.  Owen,  Chapel  Hill,  Class  of  1833. 

Harrison   Covington,  Richmond   County,   Class  of   1834. 

Wm,  W.  Hooper,  Chapel  Hill,  Class  of  183G. 

Benjamin   I.   Howze,   Haywood,   Class  of   1836. 

Ralph  H.  Graves,  Chapel  Hill,  Class  of   1836. 

Henry  K.  Nash,  Hillsboro,   Class  of   1836. 

Pride  Jones,  Hillsboro,  Class  of   1837. 

Alpheus  Jones,  Wake  County,  Class  of  1839. 

Thomas  D.  Meares,  Wilmington,  Class  of  1839. 

William  S.  Green,  Danville,  Va.,  Class  of  1840. 

Benjamin  F.  Atkins,  Cumberland  County,  Class  of  1841. 

Robert  R.  Bridgers,  Tarboro,  Class  of  1841. 

John  W.  Brodnax,  Rockingham  County,  Class  of  1841. 

Wm.  J.  Clarke,  Raleigh,  Class  of  1841. 

John  D.  Hawkins,  Jr.,  Mississippi,  Class  of  1841. 

Charles   Phillips,   Chapel   Hill,   Class   of    1841. 

Samuel  F.  Phillips,  Chapel  Hill,  Class  of  1841. 

Richard  J.  Ashe,  Hillsboro,  Class  of  1842. 

Stephen  S.  Green,  Chapel  Hill,   Class  of  1842. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1 844.  483 

Governor  Morehead  was  called  to  the  chair.  Messrs.  Wm. 
A.  Graham,  John  D.  Hawkins,  John  Hill,  Charles  Manly,  Wm. 
M.  Green  and  William  H.  Battle  were  appointed  a  committee 
to  report  a  constitution  to  the  meeting  in  1844  at  Commence- 
ment.    Thomas  D.  Meares  was  appointed  Secretary. 

Commencement  of  1844. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1844  the  Freshman  Declaimers 
were  Thomas  I.  Sharpe,  Lionel  L.  Levy,  Eli  W.  Hall,  William 
Henry  Manly,  John  A  Benbury,  John  Pool.  Those  from  the 
Sophomore  class  were  Richard  W.  Forbes,  Lucian  Holmes, 
John  Napoleon  Daniel,  Edward  Hubbell  Hicks,  Owen  W. 
Whitfield,  Richard  T.  Weaver.  The  speeches  were  mainly 
selections  from  Webster,  Clay,  Pinckney,  Sprague,  Ames,  and 
Shakespeare.  All  in  due  course  obtained  diplomas,  except 
Sharpe  and  Benbury.  Both  were  Captains  in  the  Confederate 
service  and  were  killed  in  battle,  the  former  in  the  Southwest, 
the  latter  at  Malvern  Hill.  Benbury  was  a  very  useful  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature. 

The  address  before  the  Historical  Society  was  eloquent  and 
instructive,  by  the  Right  Reverend  Levi  Silliman  Ives,  Bishop 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  His  theme  was  the  guid- 
ance of  the  Almighty  as  shown  in  history.  At  the  close  he 
ventured  an  explanation  of  the  generally  conceded  honesty  of 
our  State.  He  attributed  it  first  to  the  soundness  of  our  con- 
trolling minds,  second  to  the  poverty  of  our  soil,  "too  poor  to 
allow  in  anyone  idleness  or  prodigality.  Property  is  slowly 
acquired  and  slowly  diffused."  The  Bishop  grew  pessimistic, 
''There  are  some  sad  symptoms  of  a  turn  in  the  tide  of  our  hon- 
orable, although  humble,  advance.  We  have  manifestly  be- 
come infected  with  the  national  contagion,  the  money-getting 
mania,  now  the  blighting  curse  of  our  whole  country.  .  .  .  Oh  ! 
what  must  be  the  end  of  the  generation  now  living  in  our 
midst,  absorbed  as  it  seems  in  the  thoughts  and  acquisition  of 
earth  !  " 

The  orator  before  the  Societies  was  James  Biddle  Shepard 
of  the  Class  of  1834.  His  address  was  well  received,  well 
written,  often  eloquent,  and  well  delivered.     It  was  probably 


484  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

the  cause  of  his  nomination  two  years  afterwards  as  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  the  office  of  Governor  against  the  incum- 
bent, William  A.  Graham,  the  latter  being  elected.  It  was 
noticed  that  he  delivered  his  oration  with  his  hands  gloved  in 
kid,  with  a  ring  on  one  of  his  fingers,  a  style  quite  unusual. 

The  following  are  the  names  and  subjects  of  the  Senior 
speakers : 

Latin  Salutatory,  George  B.  Wetmore. 

"State  Sovereignty,"  James  S.  Johnston. 

"Genius — Fuller  and  Whitney,"  Wm.  F.  Barbee. 

"Columbus,"  John  H.  Bryan. 

"Influence  of  Literature  on  Science,"  Robert  H.  Cowan. 

"Our  Navy,"  Alfred  G.  Foster. 

"The  Deaf  and  Dumb,"  Pleasant  H.  Dalton. 

"Influence  of  Moral  Principles  on  the  Intellect,"  John  Bal- 
lanfant. 

"Le  Genie  de  Voltaire"  (French),  Edward  B.  Lewis. 

"Progress  of  Free  Principles,"  Wm.  S.  Battle. 

"Independence  of  the  Judiciary,"  James  H.  Horner. 

"Prison  Discipline,"  Exum  L.  Whitaker. 

"Parties  in  our  Country,"  Robert  T.  Fuller. 

"Right  of  Instruction,"  Walter  L.  Steele. 

"Mutual  Interests  of  Individuals  and  Society,"  with  the 
Valedictory,  Stephen  Addison  Stanfield. 

Robert  H.  Cowan,  James  Hunter  Horner,  James  Sterling 
Johnston,  Stephen  Addison  Stanfield  and  George  Badger  Wet- 
more  obtained  the  first  honor.  The  second  honor  men  were 
Wm.  Franklin  Barbee,  William  Smith  Battle,  Pleasant  Hunter 
Dalton,  Robert  Thomas  Fuller,  Edward  Bulkley  Lewis,  Walter 
Leak  Steele,  and  Exum  Lewis  Whitaker.  The  third  honor 
went  to  John  Ballanfant,  John  Herritage  Bryan  and  Alfred 
Gaither  Foster. 

Nearly  all  of  the  honor  men  had  successful  careers.  Cowan 
was  a  good  lawyer,  legislator  and  railroad  president,  as  well  as 
a  brave  and  resourceful  Colonel ;  Horner  was  founder  of  the 
celebrated  Horner  School  at  Oxford;  Johnston,  a  most  prom- 
ising lawyer,  with  the  elements  of  a  great  man,  died  early ; 
Stanfield   was    a    Presbyterian    minister   of   high   repute,   and 


GRADUATES   OE    1 844.  485 

Wetmore,  first  a  lawyer  and  then  an  active  and  useful  Episcopal 
minister.  Of  the  second  rank,  Battle  was  a  larg-e  planter  and 
cotton  manufacturer,  and  member  of  the  Convention  of  1861 ; 
Dalton  was  a  devoted  Presbyterian  minister ;  Fuller  a  Judge  in 
Arkansas ;  Lewis,  an  efficient  teacher,  dying  early ;  Steele  an 
active  politician,  serving  two  terms  in  Congress,  a  cotton  man- 
ufacturer, a  most  valuable  Trustees  of  the  University.  He 
was  Secretary  of  the  Convention  of  1861.  Whitaker  was  a 
Captain  in  the  Mexican  War,  lost  his  life  in  Mexico  from  dis- 
ease. Of  the  third  rank,  Ballanfant  was  a  leading  planter  and 
member  of  the  Tennessee  Legislature,  and  Foster  stood  high 
as  a  lawyer  and  legislator,  dying  in  middle  life. 

It  was  stated  by  President  Swain  that  one  of  the  first  honor 
men,  Johnston,  had  attended  every  duty.  Prayers,  Recitations, 
and  Church,  for  four  years,  nearly  5,000  in  number. 

Of  those  who  did  not  obtain  honors,  Leonidas  C.  Edwards 
is  a  leader  of  the  bar  and  was  prominent  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly, a  Colonel  in  the  Confederate  service.  William  H.  Hinton 
was  also  prominent  in  the  Legislature  and  much  sought  after 
as  a  political  speaker,  described  by  a  listener  as  "flying  a  mag- 
nificent spread-eagle."  Thomas  Ruffin  was  one  of  the  most 
adroit  verdict-winners  in  the  State,  a  Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  and 
Judge  of  a  Military  Court.  He  was  afterwards  a  Judge  both 
of  the  State  Superior  and  Supreme  Courts. 

Of  those  who  did  not  graduate.  Hill  Burgwin  attained  emi- 
nence as  a  lawyer  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  on  Rev. 
Albert  Baldwin  Dod,  of  New  Jersey,  Presbyterian  preacher, 
author,  and  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  Princeton  University, 
and  on  Rev.  Robert  Brent  Drane,  Episcopal  minister  in  Wil- 
mington, X.  C. 

Of  the  matriculates,  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  Civil  War, 
were  James  J.  Iredell,  Major;  Edward  M.  Scott,  Captain,  and 
Leonidas  C.  Ferrell,  Surgeon. 

The  Historical  Society. 
In  1833  an  Act  was  passed  to  incorporate  the  North  Carolina 
Historical  Society.    The  incorporators  were  James  Iredell,  Da- 
vid L.  Swain,  Alfred  Moore,  Joseph  S.  Jones  (Shocco),  Louis 


486  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

D.  Henry,  Isaac  T.  Avery,  Joseph  A.  Hill,  Wiliam  D.  Mosely 
and  Richmond  M.  Pearson.  Nothing  was  done  to  carry  this 
Act  into  effect. 

In  January,  1844,  President  Swain  and  his  Professors  and 
Tutors  published  some  facts  of  the  history  of  our  State,  especi- 
ally in  Colonial  times,  stating  that  a  Historical  Society  had 
been  formed,  President  Swain  being  President,  the  Professors 
being  Executive  Committee,  Tutor  Ralph  H.  Graves  being 
Treasurer  and  Librarian,  and  Tutor  A.  G.  Brown  Secretary. 
It  was  announced  that  the  first  meeting  would  be  on  June  5, 
1844,  and  that  the  Introductory  Address  would  be  delivered 
by  Bishop  Levi  Silliman  Ives. 

The  object  of  the  Society  was  quite  ambitious,  viz. :  1st,  to 
obtain  from  England  documents  throwing  light  on  the  Pro- 
prietary government ;  2d,  to  collect  and  preserve  every  book, 
pamphlet  and  newspaper  published  in  this  State  since  the  in- 
troduction of  the  Press  in  1749;  3d,  all  books  published  in  our 
own  and  foreign  countries  on  the  History  of  North  Carolina, 
and  especially  all  documents  relating  to  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. 

Notwithstanding  these  important  objects,  it  is  remarkable 
that  there  was  no  charter,  no  organization,  no  effort  to  obtain 
members,  other  than  the  Faculty.  In  a  short  while  the  co-op- 
eration even  of  the  Professors  and  Tutors  was  dispensed  with, 
except  those  President  Swain  called  on  specially.  Occasionally 
eminent  men,  by  invitation  of  the  Faculty,  delivered  addresses 
at  Commencements  before  this  mythical  Society  and  the  assem- 
bled company,  but  no  meeting  was  held. 

On  the  belief  that  the  Society  was  an  entity,  a  live  organiza- 
tion, valuable  books  and  documents  were  presented  to  it.  A 
list  of  part  of  these  I  give  in  my  narrative  of  1846.  The  Presi- 
dent was  active  and  successful  in  procuring  letters  of  men 
prominent  in  the  State.  When  he  could  not  obtain  gifts  of 
such  he  solicited  loans,  which  were  seldom  returned.  A  story 
is  told  of  a  Mr.  Webb  journeying  many  miles  in  order  to  re- 
cover the  family  papers — all  in  vain,  for  the  borrower  "talked 
him  out  of  them." 


HISTORICAL    SOCIETY — MAGAZINE.  487 

Among  the  documents,  books  and  papers  gathered  was  a 
valuable  collection  made  by  Judge  Murphey,  which,  after  his 
death  went  by  loan  into  the  possession  of  Jos.  Seawell  Jones., 
who  was  writing  his  Defence  of  North  Carolina.  When  he 
removed  to  [Mississippi  he  left  the  treasure  in  the  vault  of  the 
Branch  Bank  of  Cape  Fear  at  Raleigh.  President  Swain  ob- 
tained the  co-operation  of  Governor  Graham  and  induced  the 
Cashier  to  turn  it  over  to  him.  Among  other  things  the  box 
contained  the  Revolutionary  History  of  General  Joseph  Gra- 
ham, and  many  papers  relating  to  the  so-called  War  of  the 
Regulation.  It  was  from  the  latter  that  the  President  was 
enabled  to  prepare  for  the  University  Magazine  his  valuable 
contribution  to  the  history  of  that  movement. 

I  anticipate  my  history  by  mentioning  here  that  President 
Swain  did  not  name  in  his  will  this  collection.  His  executrix, 
Mrs.  Swain,  finding  the  Historical  Society  papers  and  books  on 
her  husband's  bookshelves,  claimed  them  as  her  own,  sold  many 
valuable  autographs,  but  ultimately  surrendered  to  the  Uni- 
versity a  considerable  portion.  This  transaction  will  be  narra- 
ted in  detail  in  my  second  volume. 

The  University  Magazine  oe  1844. 

In  1844  for  the  first  time  a  North  Carolina  University  [Maga- 
zine was  launched  on  the  literary  sea  and  had  an  honorable  ex- 
istence of  one  year.  It  was  fathered  by  the  Senior  class  and 
edited  by  a  committee,  namely,  Edmund  DeBerry  Covington, 
of  Richmond  County,  Robert  H.  Cowan,  of  Wilmington,  and 
Samuel  F.  Phillips,  of  Chapel  Hill,  of  the  Dialectic  Society, 
and  James  S.  Johnston,  of  Halifax,  Leonidas  C.  Edwards,  of 
Person  County,  and  a  third,  probably  George  B.  Wetmore,  of 
Fayetteville,  or  William  H.  Hinton,  of  Bertie.  This  uncer- 
taintv  shows  the  modestv  of  the  editors,  whose  names  are  not 
on  the  pages  of  the  issues.  All  were  Seniors  except  Mr. 
Phillips,  who  was  a  Post-graduate,  studying  for  the  legal  pro- 
fession. These  were  strong  men  and  appear  to  have  labored 
with  diligence.  They  certainly  produced  a  very  creditable 
journal.  Tradition  differs  as  to  the  leading  spirit,  some  giving 
the  honor  to  Covington,  others,  in  my  opinion  most  iustlv,  to 
Phillips. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  following-  list  of  a  portion  of  the  contents  will  give  some 
idea  of  this  first  literary  venture  by  the  students.  They  are 
preceded  by  an  "Address  to  Patrons."  The  magazine  is  com- 
mended "as  a  voluntary  offering,  as  a  token  of  devotion  to  Lit- 
erature. We  present  it  as  a  flower  in  the  bud.  It  is  for  you 
to  determine  whether  it  shall  wither  and  die  from  neglect,  or 
increase  in  beauty  and  fragrance,  and  expand  under  the  genial 
sunshine  of  public  favor." 

There  is  a  great  deal  of  value  in  the  twelve  numbers  of  this 
magazine.  The  criticisms  seem  just  and  well  written.  In 
history  I  instance  the  articles  on  Macaulay's  Miscellanies,  the 
eulogy  of  "Judge  Gaston"  by  Judge  Battle,  on  Prescott's  Con- 
quest of  Mexico,  on  the  Life  of  Lewis  Cass,  on  the  origin  of 
the  Ruined  Cities  of  America,  on  Western  Europe  and  Hindo- 
stan,  on  Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine.  There  were  pro- 
ceedings of  various  Revolutionary  Committees  of  Safety,  such 
as  Rowan  and  Wilmington,  History  of  the  University,  Life  of 
President  Caldwell,  the  so-called  Battle  of  Elizabethtown,  Life 
of  Col.  Wm.  McRae,  of  Alfred  Moore  by  Chief  Justice  Taylor, 
of  Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  Indexes  to  Colonial 
Documents,  and  formation  of  the  North  Carolina  Historical 
Society.  We  find  Questions  of  the  Constitution,  politics,  and 
economics  discussed,  for  example,  a  dissertation  on  Rural 
Economy,  the  Influence  of  the  University  on  the  State,  Our 
Federal  Judiciary,  the  Constitution  of  the  L  nited  States,  Com- 
mon schools  in  North  Carolina,  The  Legitimacy  of  Govern- 
ment, The  Spirit  of  Democracy,  Slave  Labor  in  the  Southern 
States.  Social  questions  are  also  intelligently  handled,  such 
as  Influence  of  Circumstances,  Wandering  Thoughts,  Shaking 
Quakers,  The  Lawyer,  Tea  Parties,  The  College  Loafer,  the 
Duty  of  Man,  The  Influence  of  Woman,  The  Medical  Profes- 
sion, Responsibility  of  Educated  Men.  Scientific  questions  are 
subordinate,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  University  curricu- 
lum of  that  day.  We  find,  however,  an  article  on  Phrenology, 
on  Immortality  of  Brutes,  the  Study  of  the  Natural  Sciences. 
Three  able  Commencement  addresses  add  to  the  value  of  the 
volume,  by  Bishop  Ives  on  the  Presence  of  God  in  History, 
and  by  James  B.  Shepard  and  William  Gaston  on  the  Duties  of 


UNIVERSITY  MAGAZINE.  489 

American  Citizens.  A  letter  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall  is 
printed,  strongly  praising-  Judge  Gaston's  address,  which  was 
a  reprint  of  that  delivered  in  1832,  and  timely  because  of  his 
recent  death. 

Romance  of  course  found  a  place  in  this  periodical.  We 
have  the  Legend  of  College  Point ;  An  Incident  at  Sea ;  Caro- 
line Lee — a  Revolutionary  Sketch  ;  Maiden  of  the  Old  Domin- 
ion ;  An  Allegory ;  The  Rose  Trees. 

Psychological  speculations  fared  meagrely  in  these  papers. 
Articles  on  Mythology,  on  Ambition,  Coleridge's  Confession 
of  an  Enquiring  Spirit,  showed  what  the  writers  could  have 
done  if  they  had  been  minded. 

The  magazine  would  not  have  been  complete  without  studies 
in  Poetry  and  occasional  flights  to  Parnassus.  We  find  an 
essay  on  American  Poetry,  Short  Poems  of  Governor  Alexan- 
der Martin  on  General  Nash  and  Governor  Caswell,  an  ode  in 
imitation  of  the  Scotch  on  the  "Auld  Poplar  Tree  in  the  Cam- 
pus," a  well-thought  criticism  on  Shelley  and  his  poetry ;  a 
melancholy  moan  entitled,  "No  More,  Xo  More,  Xo  Never 
More,"  a  stirring  story  of  the  "Smuggler's  Escape,"  a  hair- 
raising  "Dream" ;  which  is  relieved  by  cheerful  lines  on  a 
"Sycamore  Tree,"  an  appeal  to  "Miss  Anna,"  and  to  "The 
Ladies,"  while  we  are  gently  led  to  the  spring  of  life  by  "Young 
Heart's  Love."  Passing  by  those  shorter  pieces,  I  note  a 
poem  of  twenty-nine  verses  of  decided  merit  on  Thermopylae. 
It  was  by  a  young  law  student,  afterwards  Solicitor-General 
of  the  United  States.  It  shows  not  only  classical  learning,  but 
genuine  poetical  talent,  and  if  it  had  been  published  in  a  Har- 
vard or  Yale  Magazine  by  one  of  their  students,  would  have 
attracted  wide  praise.  The  author  was  one  of  the  editors,  Mr. 
Phillips,  as  tradition  avers.  The  names  of  the  writers  are  not 
printed. 

I  give  one  extract  from  the  Magazine,  a  poem  on  the  Old 
Poplar,  under  which,  tradition  says,  the  Commissioners  of 
Location  partook  of  their  lunch.  Although  the  poet  sang  its 
funeral  dirge,  it  is  hale  and  hearty  after  sixty-two  years,  hav- 
ing survived  a  fierce  stroke  of  lightning  and  the  rending  off 


490  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

by  a  storm  of  most  of  its  top  branches.     The  author  was  E.  B. 
Covington. 

Auld  Tree!  ye  baud  your  head  fu'  high, 
Your  spirlie  spauls1  athart  the  sky; 
Ye  gar2  all  ithers  stand  abeigh, 

Abune  them  aP : 
I  s rede  ye,  tho'  ye  4gech  sae  sskeigh, 

Ye  soon  may  fa'. 

Ye  ken  ye  stand  on  classic  grun', 
And  reek  na  win,  nor  rain,  nor  sun; 
For  weel  ye  trow  our  lo'e  you've  won, 

Auld  totterin  f  rien' ! 
But  now  I  grieve  your  course  is  run, 

Ower  late  to  men'. 

Ye  have  a  stock  of  antique  lair, 
Whilk  ye  ha'e  kept  with   etentie  care, 
For  ilka  ^birkie  who  may  sspier 

Wi'  studious  airs; 
For  weel  ye  ken  that  we  would  hear, 

Of  one  forbears. 

Ye  mind  ye  weel— in  bye-gone  days, 
How  Trustee  fathers — carls  o'  grace, 
When  toddlin  on  to  choose  a  place 

For  Learning's  seat, 
Unco  aforjesket — take  their  case 
E'en  at  your  feet. 

How  they  beguiled  the  loleedang  day, 
(An'  auld  Rip,  too,  I  weel  might  say) 
Wi  nclishmaclaver,  iscrouse  an  free 

In  isdruchen  gate, 
Ov  croonin'   o'er   some  antient  glee 

Till  gloamin'   late. 

But  time  has  passed — an  they  are  gane, 

An'  ye,  auld  frien,  are  left  alane 

To  speak  their  fauts — which  give  no  pain; 

For  know  the  trowth, 
That  14runkled  eild  may  have  its  fun, 
As  weel  as  youth. 


UNIVERSITY   MAGAZINE.  491 

A  i5douce  auld  Tree,  ye  lang  hae  stood; 
But  Time,  wha  recks  na  ill  nor  good, 
With  blastin  tooth  has  sapped  your  blude 

An*  left  his  mark. 
I'd  fain  uphaud  ye  an  I  could 

Auld  Patriarch. 


iC'limbing  limbs.  -Make.  3Fear.  -iSport.  sproud.  eCautious. 
'Lively  young  fellow.  sAsk.  9Jaded.  i(lLivedong.  nldle  talk.  i^Brisk. 
isDrunken.- — The  poet  here  does  injustice  to  the  University  Fathers. 
"Wrinkled  old  age.     isSedate. 

The  magazine  died  for  lack  of  support.  Xo  periodical,  other 
than  political  or  religious,  has  ever  in  our  State  brought  to  its 
projector  income  sufficient  to  pay  expenses.  At  that  time,  too, 
the  depressed  financial  condition  consequent  on  the  panic  of 
1837  had  not  passed  away.  After  a  few  months  we  hear  from 
the  editors  such  laments  as,  "What  reason  have  they  of  hope 
when  it  (the  magazine)  goes  forth  upon  the  tideless  sea  of 
literary  apathy  and  insensibility,  where  none  know  or  care  for 
its  incomings  or  its  outgoings,  and  its  merits,  if  any,  are 
doomed  to  perish  as  "the  flower  that's  born  to  blush  unseen"  ? 
At  the  request  of  the  printer,  Thomas  Loring,  the  Indexes  to 
Colonial  Documents  and  Proceedings  of  the  Safety  Commit- 
tees took  the  place  of  the  last  two  numbers,  and  the  editors 
bade  a  final  farewell  in  touching  words. 

Mr.  Loring  assumed  the  risk  of  publication,  promising  twelve 
numbers  of  forty-eight  pages  each,  the  price  being  three  dollars. 
He  was  accustomed,  if  matter  furnished  did  not  fill  out  the 
promised  space,  to  supply  the  deficiency  with  his  own  selec- 
tions. He  lost  money  by  the  venture,  but  it  is  said  that  Presi- 
dent Swain  reimbursed  him  to  some  extent  at  least.  If  so,  he 
probably  drew  on  the  fund  derived  from  payments  for  diplomas, 
which  were  under  his  disposal. 

The  Alumni  Association. 
The  second  meeting  of  the  Alumni  Association  was  on  the 
5th  of  June,  1844,  Governor  Morehead  presiding.  Charles 
Phillips  was  elected  Secretary.  There  were  twenty-four 
Alumni  present  and  27  new  were  added,  in  all  51.  On  motion 
of  Hugh  Waddell,  all  matriculates,  whether  graduates  or  not, 


492  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

might  be  admitted  on  vote,  as  honorary  members,  entitled  to 
all  the  privileges  of  graduates.  Eight  were  admitted  under 
this  resolution,  including  President  Swain. 

The  Committee  on  the  Constitution  made  their  report.  The 
name  was  The  Alumni  Association  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina.  Its  objects  were  to  renew  and  perpetuate  the  friend- 
ships formed  in  their  collegiate  course,  to  promote  the  interests 
of  their  Alma  Mater,  and  the  cause  of  education  generally. 
The  members  were  those  graduates  who  joined  the  Association 
in  1843,  and  others  admitted  by  a  unanimous  vote.  There  was 
to  be  an  annual  meeting  on  the  day  preceding  Commencement, 
at  which  the  President,  six  Vice-Presidents,  a  Secretary,  Treas- 
urer, and  Executive  Committee  were  to  be  chosen,  who  were 
to  hold  office  for  one  year  and  until  their  successors  should 
be  elected.     By-laws  could  be  adopted  by  a  majority  vote. 

The  first  officers  were  John  M.  Morehead,  President ;  Charles 
L.  Hinton,  W.  A.  Graham,  Hugh  Waddell,  John  D.  Hawkins, 
the  elder,  Lucius  Polk,  and  Wm.  H.  Haywood,  Jr.,  Vice- 
Presidents;  Rev.  W.  M.  Green,  W.  H.  Battle,  and  J.  DeB. 
Hooper,  Executive  Committee ;  Charles  Phillips,  Secretary, 
and  Ashbel  G.  Brown,  Treasurer.  The  Executive  Committee 
were  authorized  to  select  an  orator  for  the  next  Commence- 
ment. 

An  abortive  scheme  was  unanimously  adopted  by  the  Faculty 
on  the  27th  of  January,  1844,  when  they  passed  resolutions 
appropriate  to  the  memory  of  Judge  Wm.  Gaston,  lately  de- 
ceased, for  42  years  a  wise  and  useful  Trustee  of  the  Univer- 
sity. They  requested  that  the  Board  would  allow  them  to 
inaugurate  a  burial  ground  in  plain  view  of  the  buildings,  and 
they  asked  the  relatives  of  Judge  Gaston  to  allow  his  body, 
then  temporarily  resting  in  Raleigh,  to  be  interred  in  this  ceme- 
tery. It  was  promised  that  efforts  would  be  made  to  remove 
to  this  spot  the  remains  of  other  men  prominent  in  our  history, 
"with  the  high  and  noble  object  of  keeping  before  the  youth 
of  the  institution  such  ever  present  remembrances  of  the  great 
as  may  incite  them  to  a  vigorous  prosecution  of  their  studies 
and  assiduous  cultivation  of  their  hearts."  The  letter  to  the 
Trustees  was  eloquently  written  by  Professor  Deems  and 
signed  bv  him  and  Professor  Green.     The  graves,  then  almost 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1845.  493 

forgotten,  of  Governor  Caswell  and  General  Nash,  are  especi- 
ally mentioned.  The  Faculty  evidently  did  not  count  the  cost 
of  this  pious  enterprise,  but  the  Trustees,  more  practical,  gave  it 
a  respectful  quietus. 

Commencement  of  1845. 

The  chronicler  grew  enthusiastic  over  the  Commencement  of 
1845.  "A  more  imposing  and  brilliant  occasion  had  never  been 
witnessed  in  the  republic  of  letters  in  North  Carolina.''  The 
numbers  were  at  least  1,500.  The  ladies,  more  numerous  than 
ever,  "gave  beauty  and  cheerfulness."  The  Trustees  present 
were  Governor  Graham,  ex-Governor  Morehead,  President 
Swain,  James  Mebane,  Dr.  James  Webb,  John  D.  Hawkins, 
Judge  Battle,  Charles  Manly,  Hugh  Waddell,  Dr.  James  S. 
Smith,  John  H.  Bryan,  Louis  D.  Henry,  Charles  L.  Hinton, 
Robert  B.  Gilliam,  Nicholas  L.  Williams,  George  F.  Davidson, 
Weston  R.  Gales. 

The  first  exercise  in  order  was  the  Baccalaureate  sermon  by 
Rev.  Mr.  Gilchrist,  of  Fayetteville,  which  was  sound  and  in- 
spiring. 

The  Freshman  Declaimers  were  Henry  G.  Williams,  Thomas 
C.  Pinkard,  James  Gallier,  Thomas  H.  Holmes,  Thomas  E. 
Watson,  John  K.  Strange,  John  W.  Cameron. 

The  Sophomore  Competitors  on  the  next  evening  were  Lionel 
L.  Levy,  William  M.  Howerton,  Eli  W.  Hall,  Elias  C.  Hines, 
John  Pool,  Leonidas  C.  Ferrell,  Wm.  Henry  Manly. 

Six  of  the  two  classes  of  Declaimers  were  from  different 
States.  All  became  graduates  except  Williams,  Pinckard,  Gal- 
lier, and  Ferrell. 

The  Marshals,  Stephen  F.  Poole,  of  Alabama,  Chief,  and 
his  aids,  popularly  known  as  Subs,  Wm.  A.  Daniel  of  Halifax, 
Richard  N.  Forbes  of  Newbern,  Lucian  Holmes  of  Pittsboro, 
and  William  B.  Meares  of  Wilmington  were  particularly 
praised.  They  wore  gorgeous  regalia,  the  blue  predominating 
in  that  worn  by  the  Dis  and  white  in  that  worn  by  the  Phis. 

The  Orator  was  the  Rev.  Thomas  F.  Davis,  of  the  class  of 
1822,  afterward  Bishop  of  South  Carolina.  His  subject  was, 
"The  Capacious  Powers  of  the  Mind  and  Duty  of  Cultivating 
Them,"  and  was  ably  handled. 


494  TH]e  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  first  distinction  in  the  Senior  class  of  '39  was  assigned 
to  Joseph  Branch  Batchelor,  Thomas  Frederck  Davis,  Frederick 
Divoux  Lente,  Jesse  Potts  Smith,  and  George  Vaughan  Strong. 
The  second  rank  contained  Edward  Dromgoole,  Richard  Henry 
Mason,  and  Thomas  Jethro  Sumner.  In  the  third  rank  were 
Ralph  Potts  Buxton,  Peter  Garland  Burton,  James  Joshua  Her- 
ring, and  Reuben  Clarke  Shorter.  It  was  announced  that  Davis, 
Smith  and  Strong  had  been  first  at  every  examination  for  four 
years.  Batchelor  was  first  during  three  years,  but  was  absent 
from  sickness  during  the  Sophomore  year.  Thomas  Edward 
Whyte  would  have  been  second  if  he  had  not  been  absent  from 
sickness  at  the  close  of  the  Senior  session. 

Batchelor  obtaned  the  Valedictory  by  lot  and  Davis  the  Latin 
Salutatory.  The  programme  for  the  exercises  of  the  Senior 
Class  was  as  follows  : 

Latin  Salutatory,  Thomas  F.  Davis. 

"Public  Opinion  Enlightened,"  Thomas  J.  Sumner. 

"Greek  Tragedy,"  Edward  Dromgoole. 

"Pleasures  of  Literature,"  James  J.  Herring. 

"Tendencies  of  LHtraism,"  P.  Garland  Burton. 

"True  Theory  of  the  Constitution,"  Fred.  D.  Lente. 

"Periodical  Literature  of  North  Carolina,"  Ralph  P.  Buxton. 

"Influence  of  National  Insignia,"  Reuben  C.  Shorter. 

"All  is  Vanity,"  George  V.  Strong. 

"Incompetency  of  the  Reason  to  Control  the  Passions,"  Jesse 
P.  Smith. 

"Grandeur  of  the  Missionary  Character,"  Richard  H.  Mason. 

"Responsibilities  of  Talent,"  with  the  Valedictory,  Joseph  J. 
Batchelor. 

Gerrard  Hall  was  described  as  being  brilliant.  The  narrator 
dropped  into  poetry. 

"  Minerva's  Hall  well  shone  that  night 
With  beauty's  glowing  splendors. 
Bright  eyes  and  forms  both  shed  their  light, 
On   our   country's    true   defenders." 

The  President  reported  that  with  the  exception  of  the  ex- 
pulsion of  two  students  "whose  conduct  was  of  the  most  re- 
bellious and  violent  character,  the  action  of  the  University 
through  all  its  arteries  is  sound  and  healthv." 


zfez.v>4><^^zfc- 


ALUMNI  OF  1845.  495 

Following  the  honor  men  in  after  life  we  find  that  Batchelor 
became  Attorney  General  and  one  of  the  ablest  chamber  lawyers 
in  the  State.  Davis,  son  of  the  Bishop  of  South  Carolina,  a 
faithful  minister  in  the  Episcopal  Church,  dying  early ;  Lente, 
Professor  of  Gynecology  in  the  New  York  University,  Founder 
and  President  of  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine ;  Smith 
died  early;  Strong  was  an  excellent  lawyer  and  Judge,  also  a 
leader  in  the  Legislature,  distinguished  himself  in  procuring  the 
revival  of  the  University.  Soon  after  graduation  he  published 
a  booklet  of  poems,  which  he  endeavored  to  suppress,  as  incon- 
sistent with  the  standing  of  a  man  of  business. 

Of  the  second  honor  men  Mason  became  a  useful  and  learned, 
but  not  eloquent,  Episcopal  minister ;  Sumner  a  Civil  Engineer 
and  energetic  Superintendent  of  the  North  Carolina  Railroad 
during  the  Civil  War.  Of  the  third  rank  Buxton  became  a 
Judge,  Shorter  a  prominent  lawyer  in  Alabama,  Whyte  a  Sur- 
geon in  the  Confederate  Army  and  a  Physician  in  Mississippi. 
Herring  was  a  lawyer  and  planter. 

Of  the  non-graduates  of  the  class  James  Marshall  McCorckle 
was  a  very  strong  lawyer  and  leader  in  the  General  Assembly, 
a  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  Waller  R.  Staples  was  a 
Presidential  Elector,  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress, 
Commissioner  to  revise  the  laws  of  Virginia,  and  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  that  State ;  Henry  Y.  Webb,  President  of  the 
Board  of  Censors  and  Health  Officer  of  Alabama. 

The  Matriculates  of  this  year,  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  Civil 
War,  were  Edward  Mallett,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  George  T. 
Baskerville,  Captain. 

Law  Department. 

In  1845  tne  Professorship  of  Law  was  established  under  Wil- 
liam H.  Battle,  then  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  afterward 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  who  had  been  for  two  years  in 
charge  of  a  private  school.  The  full  course  was  that  prescribed 
by  the  Supreme  Court  as  necessary  for  license  to  practice  law. 
It  comprised  Blackstone's  and  Kent's  Commentaries,  Stephen 
and  Chitty  on  Pleading,  Greenleaf's  Evidence,  Cruise's  Digest 
of  Real  Property,  Williams  on  Executors,  together  with  lectures 


496  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

on  the  Municipal  Laws  of  the  State,  as  modified  by  Acts  of  the 
Legislature  and  decisions  of  the  Courts. 

There  were  two  classes.  The  Independent  had  no  connection 
with  the  College  classes ;  the  College  class  consisted  of  such 
undergraduates  as  the  Faculty  allowed  to  join  it.  The  normal 
time  required  of  the  Independents  was  two  years,  and  of  the 
College  class  two  and  a  half  years.  At  the  end  of  these  terms 
those  deemed  worthy  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law. 
The  Professor  of  Law  received  no  salary  from  the  University, 
but  was  entitled  to  charge  $100  per  annum  of  the  Independents 
and  $50  of  the  others.  He  was  assisted  by  Samuel  F.  Phillips, 
a  young  lawyer  of  great  promise. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  James  Knox 
Polk,  President ;  on  John  Young  Mason,  Attorney  General ; 
and  on  Willie  Person  Mangum,  Senator  of  the  United  States. 
The  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  conferred  on  John 
Randolph  Clay,  Secretary  of  Legation  at  Vienna,  and  Jeremiah 
Wm.  Murphy,  of  North  Carolina. 

The  Alumni  Association  met  in  the  Library  in  Smith  Hall 
on  June  4th,  President  J.  M.  Morehead  in  the  Chair.  There 
were  twenty-five  old  members  and  thirty-five  accessions,  making 
sixty  present.  The  officers  for  the  ensuing  year  were  ex-Gov- 
ernor Morehead,  President,  Governor  Graham,  C.  L.  Hinton, 
H.  Waddell,  J.  D.  Hawkins,  L.  Polk  and  W.  H.  Haywood,  Jr., 
Vice-Presidents;  Wm.  H.  Battle,  W.  M.  Green,  and  J.  DeB. 
Hooper,  Executive  Committee ;  C.  Phillips,  Secretary,  and  A. 
G.  Brown,  Treasurer. 

The  Association  then  adjourned  to  meet  in  Gerrard  Hall  at 
3  130  o'clock.  The  Executive  Committee  reported  their  inability 
to  procure  an  orator.  In  lieu  of  an  address  sketches  of  the  lives 
of  ten  of  the  Alumni,  who  had  died  during  the  year,  were 
read,  viz.  Of  James  Martin,  by  Charles  Manly;  Joel  Holle- 
man,  by  George  F.  Davidson ;  Wm.  S.  Mhoon,  by  Wm  H. 
Battle ;  Edward  D.  Sims,  by  Wm.  M.  Green ;  Robert  H.  Cowan, 
by  Thomas  F.  Davis  ;  Green  M.  Cuthbert,  by  Ralph  H.  Graves  ; 
John  N.  Barksdale,  by  Samuel  F.  Phillips ;  Thomas  H.  Spruill, 
by  Ashbel  G.  Brown;  James  W.  Campbell,  by  Wm.  J.  Clarke; 
Ruffin  W.  Tomlinson,  by  Wm.  S.  Mullins. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1 846.  497 

In  addition  to  these  ex-Governors  Swain  and  Graham  paid 
a  tribute  of  respect  to  the  worth  of  William  W.  Cherry,  an 
alumnus  who  did  not  graduate. 

The  Secretary  reported  that  it  had  been  generally  expected 
that  the  body  of  Dr.  Caldwell  would  at  this  time  be  removed 
to  the  monument  in  the  western  part  of  the  Campus,  but  Presi- 
dent Swain  stated  that  it  was  designed  to  change  the  situation 
of  the  college  graveyard  and  "establish,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Association,  a  cemetery  where  the  remains  of  eminent  citi- 
zens of  the  State  might  be  deposited."  For  this  reason  the  ex- 
pected ceremonies  were  deferred. 

During  this  year  there  was  considerable  stir  over  the  applica- 
tion for  employment  of  a  Major  Roberts  as  a  teacher  of  ath- 
letics, including  fencing  and  boxing.  He  procured  strong  letters 
of  recommendation  from  leading  trustees,  and  naturally  won  the 
favor  of  the  student.  It  was  shown,  however,  that  he  advertised 
himself  as  having  given  at  the  University  of  Virginia  instruc- 
tions, not  only  in  fencing  and  boxing,  but  in  the  use  of  the  bowie 
knife.  Moreover,  he  boasted  of  having  been  a  London  prize- 
fighter. The  faculty  refused  to  allow  him  to  form  a  class  and 
he  went  his  way. 

Commencement  of  1846. 

In  1846  the  Freshman  competitors  in  Declamation  were 
Bryan  Whitfield  of  Alabama,  Thomas  M.  Arrington  of  Nash, 
William  H.  Jones  of  Wake,  Martin  A.  Lyons  of  Alabama,  Wil- 
liam E.  Hill  of  Duplin,  Ridley  Browne  of  Warren,  and  Augus- 
tus S.  Graves  of  Georgia. 

On  the  next  night  the  Sophomore  Declaimers  spoke ;  Oliver 
P.  Meares  of  Wilmington,  John  K.  Strange  of  Cumberland, 
Thomas  E.  Watson  of  Chapel  Hill,  Seaton  Gales  of  Raleigh, 
George  Washington  of  Goldsboro,  William  A.  Jenkins  of  War- 
ren, and  Belfield  W.  Cave  of  Chapel  Hill.  Of  the  Freshmen 
Lyon,  Browne  and  Graves  did  not  remain  to  graduation.  Of 
the  Sophomores  all  received  their  degrees  in  1848,  except  Wat- 
son. 

The  Baccalaureate  sermon  was  preached  by  Rev.  Edward  Mc- 
Cartney Forbes,  an  alumnus  of  1828,  an  Episcopal  minister  of 
32 


498  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Eastern  North  Carolina.  Before  the  Historical  Society  at  a 
public  meeting  Rev.  Dr.  Fordyce  M.  Hubbard  read  a  valuable 
paper  on  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  The  annual  Orator  before  the 
two  Societies  was  Bartholomew  F.  Moore,  a  graduate  of  1820. 
His  theme  was  well  and  eloquently  handled,  "The  Claims  of  the 
University  on  Her  Sons  for  Cultivating  Truth  and  Universal 
Justice." 

In  our  day  we  look  on  1846  as  only  the  beginning  of  great 
scientific  discoveries  and  inventions,  yet  we  find  Mr.  Moore 
saying  in  his  oration,  "The  present  age  *  *  *  to  me  is  an 
age  of  Revolution.  *  *  *  While  here  and  there  Astronom- 
ers have  been  opening  the  secret  pages  of  celestial  nature, 
genius,  under  the  guidance  of  science  and  art,  with  a  thousand 
hands,  and  in  every  civilized  country  on  the  globe,  has  been 
handling  the  elements  of  the  earth,  and  moulding  them  in  every 
imaginable  form  for  practical  use  and  application.  *  *  *  * 
Water,  fire,  air,  steam  and  electricity,  are  all  yoked  in  the 
harness  of  art,  and  are  creating,  fetching,  carrying,  concentrat- 
ing and  distributing  as  taste  and  want  may  direct,  the  treasures 
of  mountain  and  plain,  of  rivers  and  seas,  of  the  poles  and  the 
equator.  *  *  *  Time  overcome,  and  leagues  shortened  to 
furlongs,  and  the  press  free  to  discuss  the  principles  of  science 
and  announce  every  discovery  and  invention,  the  knowledge  of 
all  men  becomes  the  knowledge  of  one.  *  *  *  The  number 
and  variety  of  inventions  and  discoveries,  the  rapidity  of  their 
succession,  and,  above  all,  their  successful  application  to  the 
pursuits  of  life,  at  first  staggering  mankind  with  fearful  ap- 
prehensions of  a  stupendous  change,  have  by  their  use  so  sus- 
pended the  occupations  of  men,  and  rooted  up  the  fixed  habits 
of  business,  within  my  own  time,  that  I  seem  not  only  to  have 
suffered  a  revolution,  but  to  be  in  the  midst  of  a  far  greater  one 
still. 

"As  sensible,  however,  as  I  am  made,  of  the  immeasurable 
benefits  which  have  accrued  and  are  still  accruing  to  us  from 
the  wonderful  energies  of  mind,  and  as  rapidly  as  I  am  whirled 
along  in  their  dazzling  march,  I  yet  see  much  that  obstructs  the 
moral  advancement  of  our  species,  and  administers  poison  to 
the  passions  of  the  heart." 


HONORS  OF  GRADUATES.  499 

This  language,  it  should  be  recollected,  was  used  before  the 
laying  of  the  first  transatlantic  cable,  before  the  completion  of 
a  transcontinental  railroad  and  the  great  ocean  liners  and  war 
ships,  before  the  invention  of  the  telephone,  phonograph,  wire- 
less telegraphy,  sewing  machine,  automobile,  before  the  marvel- 
ous improvements  in  printing  and  agricultural  and  manufactur- 
ing machinery. 

The  first  distinction  was  assigned  to  William  Shepard  Bryan, 
the  second  to  Richard  Nathan  Forbes,  David  Saunders  John- 
ston, Sion  Hart  Rogers,  Frederick  Augustus  Shepard,  and 
Owen  Holmes  Whitfield.  The  third  to  Turner  Westray  Battle, 
James  Riddle  Ward  and  Richard  Thomas  Weaver.  James 
Saunders  Amis  was  in  the  second  rank,  but  was  not  named  with 
the  others  because  he  was  not  on  regular  standing  at  the  Uni- 
versity at  the  beginning  of  the  Senior  year,  and  William  Ken- 
nedy Blake,  although  of  the  same  rank,  was  debarred  from  the 
examination  by  severe  sickness.  Both  were  allowed  honorary 
speeches  at  Commencement.  Alexander  Franklin  Brevard  and 
Robert  C.  T.  Sydenham  Hilliard  were  mentioned  as  next  to 
the  third  honor  men  in  scholarship. 

The  Seniors  spoke  as  follows : 

Latin  Salutatory,  Frederick  A.  Shepard. 

"Howard,  the  Philanthropist,"  Richard  T.  Weaver. 

"English  Tragedy,"  Daniel  S.  Johnston. 

"True  Glory,"  James  S.  Amis. 

"True  National  Greatness,"  Sion  H.  Rogers. 

"Shades  of  the  Past,"  Turner  W.  Battle. 

"Reformation,"  James  R.  Ward. 

"Influence  of  Fiction,"  Richard  N.  Forbes. 

"Influence  of  Literature  on  Free  Institutions,"  Owen  W. 
Whitfield. 

"Highland  Character,"  Wm.  K.  Blake. 
The  Valedictory,  Wm.  S.  Bryan. 

In  after  life  Bryan  became  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
of  Maryland;  Forbes  a  lawyer  of  great  promise,  but  died  early; 
Rogers,  Attorney-General  of  North  Carolina,  a  Representative 
in  Congress,  and  a  Colonel  in  the  Confederate  army ;  Shepard, 
a  merchant  and  banker  of  high  standing  in  Nashville,  Tennes- 
see ;  Battle,  a  planter  and  Captain  in  the  Confederate  army ; 


500  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Ward  and  Weaver,  trusted  physicians;  Blake,  a  Professor  in 
Female  Colleges  in  Greensboro,  Fayetteville  and  Spartanburg, 
South  Carolina,  a  lawyer,  druggist  and  member  of  the  South 
Carolina  Legislature,  a  polished  orator,  hindered  from  an  emi- 
nent career  by  ill-health ;  Amis,  an  able  lawyer  and  member  of 
the  Legislature. 

Of  the  matriculates,  not  graduating,  Thomas  Courtland  Man- 
ning, LL.D.,  was  a  Brigadier-General  C.  S.  A.,  Chief  Justice 
of  Louisiana  and  Minister  to  Mexico ;  Josiah  G.  Turner,  who 
dropped  the  G.  from  his  name,  lawyer,  State  Senator  and  Repre- 
sentative, Captain,  C.  S.  A.,  journalist,  elected  to  Congress  in 
1866,  but  not  allowed  to  be  seated;  Owen  Holmes  Whitfield, 
Chancellor  of  Mississippi. 

Joel  C.  Blake,  Captain,  and  James  Chalmers,  Private,  were 
the  only  matriculates  killed  in  the  Civil  War. 

The  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  conferred  on  John  Kim- 
berly,  a  Teacher  in  Hertford  County,  afterward  a  Professor 
in  the  University. 

Tutor  Charles  Phillips,  Secretary  of  the  Historical  Society, 
reported  the  following  as  in  the  archives  of  the  Society : 

Journals  of  the  Conventions  of  1788  and  1789. 

Newspapers  donated  by  Rev.  Simeon  Colton  :  Boston  Gazette  ; 
Connecticut  Journal ;  Supplement  to  the  Cape  Fear  Mercury, 
Nos.  48,  50,  51,  52.  Connecticut  Courant;  New  London 
Gazette ;  Connecticut  Gazette ;  Massachusetts  Spy ;  Continental 
Journal ;  Independent  Chronicle ;  American  Mercury ;  Colum- . 
bian  Centinel ;  Hampshire  Federalist ;  Weekly  Messenger 
(broken)  ;  North  Carolina  Chronicle;  North  Carolina  Mercury; 
Salisbury  Watchman,  Vol.  2,  1799.  From  Hon.  Archibald 
Henderson.  MS.  Order  Book  of  Colonel  Brown,  1771,  Against 
the  Regulators.  By  A.  A.  Brown.  Order  Book  kept  by  Eng- 
lish officers,  1 780- 1 78 1. 

By  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper — Sketch  of  General  John  Ashe,  by 
A.  M.  Hooper. 

By  G.  J.  McRee— Extracts  from  letter  book  of  W.  H.  Hill. 

By  F.  C.  Hill — MS.  about  services  of  Colonel  Murphey, 
father  of  Judge  A.  D.  Murphey. 


HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  AND  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION.  5OI 

By  Mrs.  Gatlin — MS.  of  Governor  Richard  Caswell,  letters 
and  papers  collected  by  James  Hogg,  preserved  by  his  daughter, 
Mrs.  Helen  Caldwell. 

By  Miss  Mary  L.  Burke — Letter  Book,  etc.,  of  Governor 
Thomas  Burke. 

From  his  relatives — Letters  of  Charles  W.  Harris,  First 
Professor  of  Mathematics  of  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Recognition  was  made  of  the  efforts  of  ex-Governor  More- 
head,  when  in  office,  to  secure  the  elucidation  of  our  State 
history. 

Of  the  Alumni  Association  there  were  thirty-six  members 
present  at  the  meeting  in  Gerrard  Hall  June  3,  1846.  On  motion 
of  ex-Governor  Graham,  all  Alumni  who  attended  the  meeting 
were  enrolled  as  members. 

As  a  rule  to  choose  the  orator  from  the  class  which  graduated 
thirty  years  prior  was  adhered  to,  the  Executive  Committee  had 
not  succeeded  in  procuring  one  for  this  occasion.  Tributes  to 
eight  Alumni,  who  had  died  during  the  last  year,  were  sub- 
mitted. Those  of  John  Phifer,  Rev.  John  Paisley,  Richard  H. 
Claiborne  and  Edmund  D.  Covington  were  read  by  the  Secre- 
tary ;  that  of  Hon.  John  Giles  by  Judge  Battle ;  that  of  Edward 
L.  Lewis  by  Rev.  Professor  Green,  and  that  of  Stephen  Sneed 
Green  by  Mr.  Samuel  F.  Phillips.  Mr.  John  P.  Sharpe  of 
Edgecombe  died  during  the  year,  but  his  memorial  did  not  ar- 
rive in  time  for  this  meeting. 

The  President  of  the  Association,  ex-Governor  John  Motly 
Morehead,  then  delivered  an  address,  a  fit  model  for  all  to  come 
afterward.  It  was  in  his  peculiarly  felicitous  style  and  aroused 
much  enthusiasm. 

To  the  surprise  of  the  Trustees  a  proposal  was  received  from 
Rev.  Dr.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  the  author  of  valuable  historical 
works,  Rector  of  Calvary  Church,  New  York,  and  eminent  as 
an  orator,  expressing  his  willingness  to  accept  the  Chair  of 
History  in  the  University.  He  was  a  native  of  this  State,  born 
in  Newbern,  a  graduate  of  this  University,  was  a  rising  member 
of  the  bar,  being  at  one  time  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court 
decisions.     Quitting  the  bar  he  became  an  Episcopal  minister, 


502  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

distinguished  as  a  preacher.  He  was  in  1846  engaged  on  his 
history  of  North  Carolina,  two  volumes  of  which,  coming  to 
1729,  were  published  in  1858.  The  Trustees  declined  to  estab- 
lish the  Chair,  as  suggested. 

There  was  some  correspondence  with  Mr.  S.  Charles  Ball  to 
procure  the  delivery  of  lectures  embracing  "the  geological  struc- 
ture of  the  earth,  the  origin  of  soils,  the  history  of  organic  life, 
animal  physiology,  etc.,  and  so  on  to  the  food  plants,  the  manu- 
facture and  application  of  manures  and  the  mechanical  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil."  It  does  not  appear  why  the  project  was  not 
carried  into  effect. 

Death  of  Mrs.  Caldwell. 

Dr.  Caldwell's  widow  died  October  30,  1846,  while  on  a  visit 
to  Professor  DeBerniere  Hooper  at  Chapel  Hill.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Helen  Hogg,  she  being  a  daughter  of  James  Hogg. 
I  repeat  some  facts  of  her  history.  Her  first  husband  was  Wm. 
Hooper,  son  of  "the  signer."  He  died  early,  leaving  two  sons, 
William  and  Thomas  Clark,  and  when  the  elder  was  prepared 
for  the  University  she  moved  to  Chapel  Hill  in  order  to  have 
them  with  her.  Dr.  Caldwell  had  married  Susan  Rowan, 
daughter  of  Robert  Rowan  of  Fayetteville  who,  with  her  infant 
daughter,  died  soon,  leaving  him  a  widower  and  childless.  Be- 
fore many  years  elapsed  the  fascinating  young  widow  Hooper 
became  the  President's  wife,  and  she  adorned  the  station  by 
the  graciousness  of  her  manners,  the  activity  of  her  benevolence 
and  leadership  in  good  works.  Her  elder  son,  Rev.  William 
Hooper,  D.D.,  became  eminent  as  is  told  elsewhere.  Thomas 
was  a  lawyer,  died  early.  After  the  President's  death  she  moved 
back  to  Hillsboro,  where  were  many  relatives. 

The  following  letter  from  the  accomplished  authoress,  Mrs. 
Caroline  Lee  Hentz,  well  expresses  the  impression  Mrs.  Cald- 
well made  on  all  who  knew  her : 

Locust  Dell,  Florence,  Ala.,  Dec.  6,  1840. 

I  always  recur  with  pleasure  to  our  residence  at  Chapel  Hill. 

There  was  so  much  kindness,  warm  feeling,  hospitality,  union, 

and  we  all  loved  Mrs.  Caldwell  so  much,  and  relied  so  entirely 

on  her  sincerity.     I  have  often  thought  sii:ce  I  have  been  here 


DEATH    OF   MRS.    CALDWELL.  503 

that  I  would  give  all  the  world  if  I  had  another  Mrs.  Cald- 
well living  just  as  near.  I  should  now  love  her  better  than 
ever,  for  my  own  beloved  mother,  for  whom  I  was  then  yearn- 
ing, is  now  dead,  and  there  is  no  one  like  her  left  behind. 

The  following  notice,  kindly  copied  for  me  by  Miss  Alice  C. 
Heartt  from  the  Hillsboro  Recorder,  of  which  her  father,  Mr. 
Dennis  Heartt,  was  for  many  years  editor  and  owner,  is  a  truth- 
ful estimate  of  Mrs.  Caldwell's  character. 

"Hillsboro  Recorder, 
Thursday,  November  5,  1846. 

Died  at  Chapel  Hill  on  Friday  morning,  the  30th  ultimo,  in  the  78th 
year  of  her  age,  Mrs.  Helen  Caldwell,  relict  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Cald- 
well, late  President  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  The  deceased 
was  a  woman  of  extraordinary  endowments,  blending  in  her  character 
the  highest  mental  culture  with  all  the  Christian  graces  in  their  live- 
liest exercise.  She  has  left  few  superiors;  and  those  who  enjoyed  her 
acquaintance  will  feel  that,  by  her  removal,  a  space  has  been  left  in 
society  which  will  not  soon  be  filled.  But  with  what  confidence  can 
her  friends  and  relatives  commit  her  to  the  tomb!  She  was  a  bright 
and  shining  light  in  the  church,  and  it  was  impossible  to  be  in  her  com- 
pany without  admiring  the  Christian  cheerfulness  which  she  at  all 
times  exhibited." 

"The  funeral  obsequies  were  performed  at  Chapel  Hill  on  Sunday 
last,  the  President  and  Faculty  of  the  University  acting  as  pall-bearers 
on  the  occasion.  The  sermon  was  delivered  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Mitchell 
from  Phil.  4:3.  'Endeavoring  to  keep  the  unity  of  the  spirit  in  the 
bond  of  peace,'  and  her  remains  were  deposited  with  those  of  her  late 
husband  at  the  base  of  the  monument  erected  to  his  memory  by  the 
Trustees  of  the  University." 

Her  son,  Dr.  William  Hooper,  on  his  death-bed  requested 
that  his  body  be  placed  by  that  of  his  mother,  which  was  done 
August  19,  1876.  In  July,  1894,  the  remains  of  the  three  were 
reverently  re-interred  by  the  east  side  of  the  Caldwell  monu- 
ment, the  wife  being  between  her  husband  and  her  son. 

It  was  at  this  Comr  'encement  that  a  dangerous  panic  oc- 
curred in  the  Chapel  which  created  much  fright,  but  no  damage 
to  anyone.  The  galleries  were  supported  by  very  slender  pillars, 
widely  separated.  While  the  exercises  were  in  progress,  every 
seat  taken  and  many  spectators  standing,  some  one,  alarmed 
perhaps  by  the  breaking  of  a  stick,  shouted  "The  gallery  is  fall- 
ing !"     There   was   a  general   rush   for  the   doors,   and   some 


504  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

young  men  had  the  pleasure  of  showing  their  gallantry  by 
catching  young  ladies  as  they  jumped  from  the  windows.  There 
was  real  danger  to  those  in  the  galleries  as  the  staircases  were 
narrow  and  winding.  Returning  sense  soon  discerned  the  fact 
that  the  danger  was  imaginary.  Some  attempted  to  jump  from 
the  upper  windows,  but  were  held  back. 

The  coolness  of  President  Swain,  Governor  Graham,  and 
other  Trustees,  contributed  to  pacifying  the  excited  crowd  and 
after  an  interval  the  exercises  were  resumed.  Before  the  next 
Commencement  additional  pillars  were  placed,  and  a  competent 
architect  pronounced  the  galleries  perfectly  safe. 

President  Polk's  Commencement. 

The  Commencement  of  1847  was  the  most  interesting  and 
conspicuous  in  our  history  up  to  that  time.  The  President  of 
the  United  States  accepted  the  urgent  invitation  of  President 
Swain  and  revisited  his  Alma  Mater  after  an  absence  of  twenty- 
nine  years.  He  was  accompanied  by  his  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
John  Young  Mason,  a  Senior,  when  his  chief  was  a  Sophomore. 
With  him,  too,  was  Lieutenant  Matthew  P.  Maury,  then  in  the 
beginning  of  his  great  career  in  the  study  of  the  air  and  ocean. 
His  classmate,  Thomas  J.  Green,  of  Virginia,  generally  re- 
garded at  the  University  as  the  greater  genius  by  nature,  also 
accompanied  him,  as  did  also  Branch,  once  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  and  Governor  of  this  State  and  of  Florida,  and  Wm.  A. 
Graham,  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  ex-Governor  Morehead, 
and  other  prominent  men.  A  classmate,  Professor  Green,  was 
on  hand  to  welcome  his  old  associate.  The  chronicler  averred 
that  no  other  institution  ever  had  a  President  and  member  of 
his  cabinet  and  Governor  of  a  distant  State  in  attendance  on  its 
exercises. 

The  occasion  was  likewise  memorable  because  the  Senior 
Class  contained  many  strong  men,  but  especally  two  uncom- 
monly conspicuous,  and  destined  to  eminent  careers.  These 
were  James  Johnston  Pettigrew,  whose  brilliancy  of  scholarship 
has  never  been  excelled,  if  equalled,  at  this  institution,  and  Matt 
Whitaker  Ransom,  a  close  second  to  Pettigrew  in  scholarship, 
and  superior  to  all  in  oratory. 


PRESIDENT    POLK  S   VISIT.  505 

Numerous  visitors  overflowed  the  little  village,  and  while  the 
hospitality  of  the  Professors  and  the  other  whole-souled  citi- 
zens was  stretched  to  the  utmost,  the  popular  hostess  of  the 
hotel,  Miss  Nancy  Hilliard,  erected  a  special  addition  to  her 
building'  for  the  accommodation  of  the  chief  officer  of  the 
Republic. 

The  President  and  his  suite  arrived  at  five  o'clock  on  Monday, 
in  carriages  from  Raleigh.  The  Faculty  and  students  in  double 
line  received  them  at  the  hotel.  After  allowing  a  short  while 
for  brushing  off  the  dust  of  the  journey,  the  visitors  were  con- 
ducted to  Gerrard  Hall,  where  they  were  received  with  en- 
thusiasm, such  as  students  know  how  to  accord.  The  speech 
of  President  Swain  was  "distinguished  by  eminent  courtesy  of 
sentiment  and  chasteness  of  diction."  The  answer  of  the  Presi- 
dent was  most  felicitous.  His  tribute  to  President  Caldwell  was 
extremely  touching.  Secretary  Mason  was  as  usual  most  happy 
in  his  answer  to  the  cordial  welcome  extended. 

On  Monday  night  there  was  the  Valedictory  sermon,  now 
called  the  Baccalaureate,  by  Bishop  Levi  Silliman  Ives,  then  in 
the  zenith  of  his  fame  as  a  pulpit  orator. 

Tuesday  was  occupied  by  the  examination  of  the  Seniors  in 
Constitutional  and  International  Law  in  presence  of  the  dis- 
tinguished visitors,  and  in  Astronomy  for  the  special  honor  of 
the  Superintendent  of  the  National  Observatory,  Captain,  (af- 
terward Commodore),  Maury.  He  was  so  struck  by  the  bril- 
liancy of  our  mathematical  champion,  Pettigrew,  that  he  offered 
him  a  situation  in  the  Observatory,  which  was  accepted. 

The  number  of  competitors  in  Declamation  was  reduced  to 
four  in  each  class  and  their  exercise  was  on  Tuesday  night. 
Those  from  the  Freshman  class  were  William  Henry  Johnston, 
Joel  C.  Blake,  Richard  Hines  and  Samuel  E.  Whitfield.  The 
Sophs  were  Charles  R.  Thomas,  William  H.  Jones,  Thomas  J. 
Robinson  and  Augustus  S.  Graves.  All  became  graduates  ex- 
cept the  last,  who  settled  as  a  farmer  in  Texas. 

The  Address  before  the  two  Societies  was  by  choice  of  the 
Dialectic  Society,  James  W.  Osborne  of  the  Class  of  1830.  He 
had  been  very  prominent  in  the  Legislature,  on  the  hustings  and 
at  the  bar  and  was  afterward  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court. 


506  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Expectation  ran  high,  somewhat  dampened,  however,  when  it 
was  learned  that  he  wrote  much  of  his  address  after  he  reached 
Chapel  Hill.  Being  so  fresh  from  his  manuscript  his  delivery 
was  tame.  His  subject  was,  "Causes  tending  to  retard  literary 
taste  and  excellence  in  the  United  States."  The  contemporary 
chronicler,  however,  pronounced  the  effort  "one  of  the  most 
chaste  and  eloquent  addresses  he  had  ever  listened  to.  Especi- 
ally great  was  his  tribute  to  Judge  Gaston,  who  died  three  years 
before."  "No  literary  flounces  decorated  the  skeleton  of 
thought,  but  there  was  throughout  the  rich  embroidery,  which 
can  be  found  only  in  the  storehouse  of  a  well  cultivated  mind." 

The  pupils  of  Dr.  Caldwell  beheld  with  sorrow  the  unseemly 
condition  of  the  old  sandstone  monument  which  was  the  only 
outward  evidence  of  the  reverence  felt  by  the  Alumni  to  his 
memory.  On  motion  of  John  Y.  Mason,  advocated  by  Presi- 
dent Polk,  it  was  resolved  that  the  Alumni,  by  small  contribu- 
tions of  three  dollars  each,  erect  a  marble  memorial  of  his 
virtues  in  a  central  part  of  the  Campus.  Two  hundred  and  ten 
dollars  was  raised  at  once,  showing  the  presence  of  seventy 
Alumni.    It  became  afterward  necessary  to  remove  the  limit. 

The  Alumni  Address  was  by  John  Y.  Mason,  of  the  class  of 
1816,  on  Wednesday  night.  He  was  accompanied  on  the  stage 
by  Hon.  John  H.  Bryan,  of  that  of  1815,  and  Professor  W.  M. 
Green,  of  1818.  The  address,  in  manner  and  matter,  was  un- 
commonly successful.  The  speaker  had  a  well-modulated 
silvery  voice.  The  chronicler  expressed  the  views  of  the  au- 
dience when  he  said  that  "trope  and  simile  flashed  in  quick 
succession,  electrifying  at  times  the  dullest  intellect.  The  sub- 
ject was,  "The  substantial  advances  and  glories  of  this  country 
— the  mysterious  links  by  which  a  general  education,  an  omni- 
potent free  Press,  a  common  object  and  a  Religion,  under  differ- 
ent manifestations,  one  and  the  same,  bound  together  the  des- 
tinies of  a  mighty  people,  the  benefactors  of  this  generation 
and  the  last  hope  of  the  world." 

The  deaths  of  five  Alumni,  William  F.  Brown,  William  H. 
Bell,  Lawrence  W.  Scott,  John  A.  Graves,  and  Dr.  John  Hill 
were  reported.  The  obituaries  of  Messrs.  Brown,  Bell  and 
Hill  were  prepared,  but  could  not  be  read  for  want  of  time. 


GRADUATES  OF    1 847.  507 

The  first  honor  in  the  class  of  36  members  was  awarded  to 
James  Johnston  Pettigrew  and  Matt  Whitaker  Ransom  "in  the 
order  of  their  names,"  the  former  allowed  the  Valedictory  be- 
cause of  being  a  shade  better  than  the  latter.  In  Mathematics, 
Pettigrew's  mark  was  "excellent,"  while  Ransom's  was  "very 
good."     In  other  respects  they  were  equal. 

The  second  distinction  went  to  Alfred  Alston,  Jr.,  John  C. 
Coleman,  Samuel  J.  Erwin,  Wm.  M.  Howerton,  John  Pool,  and 
Robert  H.  Winborne;  the  third  distinction  to  Joel  D.  Battle, 
John  A.  Guion,  Lionel  L.  Levy,  Wm.  Lucas,  W.  H.  Manly  and 
John  J.  Kindred. 

The  subsequent  careers  of  the  honor  men  were  mostly  con- 
tinuations on  a  grander  scale  of  their  University  successes. 
Pettigrew,  after  a  short  service  in  the  Nautical  Almanac  office, 
embraced  the  profession  of  the  law.  He  settled  in  Charleston 
and  during  a  term  in  the  South  Carolina  Legislature  distin- 
guished himself  by  a  very  able  minority  report  opposing  the 
revival  of  the  Slave  Trade.  Foreseeing  the  Civil  War  he 
studied  the  science  of  war  and  when  the  disastrous  struggle 
came  he  rose  rapidly  until,  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier  General, 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  Heth's  Division  and  led  it  in  the 
far-famed  assault  on  Cemetery  Hill  at  Gettysburg.  He  was 
killed  during  the  retreat  into  Virginia.  His  old  superior  officer, 
Commodore  Maury  was  so  impressed  by  his  genius  as  to  declare 
that  he  was  well  fitted  to  take  General  Lee's  place  if  it  should 
unfortunately  be  vacated.  Ransom's  long  term  in  the  LTnited 
States  Senate  after  being  Attorney  General,  and  high  reputa- 
tion as  Brigadier  General  in  the  Confederate  Army  are  well 
known,  as  is  his  fame  as  an  orator. 

Ransom  was  the  only  member  of  the  class  who  attended 
punctually  the  required  nearly  5,000  exercises,  Prayers,  Church 
and  Recitations.  Because  of  his  special  powers  of  oratory  a 
Salutatory  in  English  was  created  for  him  and  he  won  much 
distinction  by  his  effort.  The  Salutatory  in  Latin  came  next, 
by  Samuel  J.  Erwin.    Then  followed : 

"Quisque  Suae  Fortunae  Faber,"  by  Joel  D.  Battle. 

"Militarism,"  by  Eli  W.  Hall. 

"National  Insanity,"  by  Lionel  L.  Levy. 

"Revival  of  Literature."  by  John  C.  Coleman. 


508  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

"Public  Opinion,"  by  Charles  E.  Shober. 

"Political  Defamation,"  by  John  Pool. 

"Progress  of  Free  Principles,"  by  William  Lucas. 

"Law  and  Lawyers,"  by  Wm.  M.  Howerton. 

"Ireland,"  by  Alfred  Alston. 

"Dependence  of  Liberty  on  Law,"  by  John  J.  Kindred. 

"Wm.  Gaston,"  by  Wm.  Henry  Manly. 

"Progress  of  Mind,"  by  Robert  H.  Winborne. 

The  Valedictory,  by  J.  Johnston  Pettigrew. 

Not  obtaining  an  honor  was  Thomas  E.  Skinner,  a  Baptist 
preacher,  who  won  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Wake  Forest  College. 

Among  those  with  the  Class  not  graduating  was  Edmund 
Burke  Haywood,  LL.D.,  youngest  son  of  Treasurer  John  Hay- 
wood, Surgeon  C.  S.  A.,  President  of  the  State  Medical  Society, 
President  of  the  Raleigh  Academy  of  Medicine  and  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  State  Insane  Asylum,  Chairman  of 
the  State  Board  of  Public  Charities ;  also  Jonathan  Osborne,  a 
Judge  in  Louisiana,  a  native  of  Oxford. 

The  matriculates  during  the  year  1847,  wno  gave  their  lives 
for  the  Southern  cause  were:  George  B.  Anderson,  Brigadier 
General ;  Isaac  E.  Avery,  Colonel ;  John  A.  Avirett,  Captain ; 
James  Chalmers,  Private;  Benjamin  R.  Huske,  Major;  John  R. 
Waddill,  Lieutenant ;  Charles  E.  Bellamy,  Surgeon ;  Ethelred 
Ruffin,  Sergeant. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Benjamin 
Peirce,  of  Harvard  University,  and  of  Master  of  Arts  on 
Matthew  Fontaine  Maury,  of  the  National  Observatory. 

It  is  evidence  of  the  extreme  carefulness  with  which  was 
guarded  the  granting  of  degrees,  that  even  Maury,  of  world- 
wide fame,  for  his  work  on  Winds  and  Currents,  was  not 
deemed  worthy  of  the  Doctorate  of  Laws. 

The  procession  on  Thursday,  Commencement  Day,  was  the 
largest  ever  seen,  but  was  well  conducted  by  the  efficient  corps 
of  marshals,  Thomas  J.  Person,  Chief,  and  his  "Subs,"  John  B. 
Bynum,  John  W.  Cameron,  Lorenzo  D.  Pender  and  John  K. 
Strange.    Their  watchful  efficiency  met  with  universal  praise. 


THE   PRESIDENT  AND   SUITE.  509 

The  public  agreed  that  all  things  passed  off  well  and  the 
University  had  acquired  more  than  ever  a  National  standing. 
President  Polk  was  applauded  for  his  total  absence  of  ostenta- 
tion, his  sincere  and  unassuming  courtesy.  The  contrast  of 
the  thoughtful,  tranquil  expression  of  his  classmate,  Thomas  J. 
Green,  of  Virginia,  looking  twenty  years  younger,  with  the 
President's  anxious  countenance,  his  silvered  hair  and  care- 
worn features,  denoting  incessant  toil  and  perhaps  suffering, 
was  observed.  Green,  his  equal  in  talents,  had  chosen  a  private 
life.  Judge  Mason  was  considered  a  fair  example  of  a  Vir- 
ginian in  the  best  days  of  the  Old  Dominion,  of  frank,  generous 
temper,  always  willing  to  be  pleased.  Lieutenant  Maury,  high 
in  the  world  of  science,  able  and  studious,  won  all  hearts  by  his 
sunny  temper  and  genial  manners.  It  was  said  of  him  that  in 
the  seclusion  of  the  closet  he  had  not  lost  the  characteristics  of 
the  sailor.  The  President's  Lady,  as  his  wife  was  called,  was 
pronounced  by  all  classes  to  be  peculiarly  fascinating. 

The  President's  party  remained  until  the  conclusion  of  the 
exercises  on  Thursday  and,  greatly  to  the  regret  of  the  Ball 
managers,  journeyed  to  Moring's  eight  miles,  and  thence  next 
morning  took  the  train  to  Raleigh.  With  the  party  was  a  cor- 
respondent of  the  New  York  Herald,  the  first  reporter  of  our 
Commencements  to  a  Northern  newspaper.  He  was  fair  and, 
as  a  rule,  complimentary. 

The  chronic  grumbler  praised  the  music,  but  felt  outraged 
because  it  was  by  Signor  George's  band,  of  Richmond,  Va.,  in- 
stead of  one  vastly  inferior  from  our  own  State.  He  made  no 
converts  to  this  heresy. 

The  Ball  was  as  usual  brilliant  and  well  managed,  cotillons 
and  reels  being  more  prominent  than  the  waltz  and  polka.  The 
pleasure  was  marred  by  the  bad  floor,  low  ceiling  and  dingy 
walls  of  the  Hotel  dining  room,  the  only  available  room  in  the 
village,  and  the  dancers  complained  of  the  absence  of  violin 
strains  from  the  music. 

Commencement  oe  1848. 

The  Commencement  of  1848  showed  a  distinct  reaction  from 
the  greatness  of  that  of  the  preceding  year.  It  was  noted  with 
sharp    censure   that   there    were   only   six   or    seven    Trustees 


5IO  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

present.  On  Monday  there  was  an  examination  of  the  Senior 
Class  in  Chemistry  in  presence  of  Messrs.  Nicholas  L.  Williams 
and  Wm.  Eaton,  Jr. 

The  Freshman  Competitors  in  Declamation  were  John  McK. 
Henson,  Joseph  B.  Bryan,  Claudius  B.  Sanders,  Malcolm  J. 
McDuffie,  Charles  C.  Terry,  Rufus  L.  Patterson,  Samuel  B. 
Morisey,  Neill  McKay,  Jr.,  and  David  M.  Carter.  The  Sopho- 
mores were  Joel  C.  Blake,  Alexander  R.  Strange,  John  Man- 
ning-, Washington  C.  Kerr,  Richard  Hines,  Jr.,  Henry  Hardie, 
Samuel  E.  Whitfield  and  Benjamin  R.  Huske.  All  were 
graduated  except  Henson,  Morrisey  and   Strange. 

On  Wednesday  Hon.  William  Eaton,  Jr..  of  the  class  of  1829, 
then  in  the  height  of  his  reputation  on  account  of  the  publication 
of  his  excellent  book  of  Legal  Forms,  delivered  the  annual  Ad- 
dress. His  theme  was  the  "Future  Literary  Prospects  of 
America."  The  reporter  voiced  the  sentiments  of  the  audience 
in  saying  that  his  ability  as  a  writer  was  only  exceeded  by  his 
modesty  as  a  man. 

A  very  able  eulogy  on  John  Quincy  Adams,  who  died  on  the 
23rd  of  the  preceding  February,  was  then  pronounced  at  the 
request  of  the  Historical  Society  by  Hon.  Samuel  Field  Phillips 
of  the  Class  of  1841. 

At  night  the  sermon  before  the  Graduating  class  was  preached 
by  an  eminent  Presbyterian  divine  and  teacher.  Rev.  John  A. 
Gretter,  D.D.  It  was  full  of  wise  thought,  clothed  in  devout 
and  chaste  language  and  delivered  in  a  most  reverend  and 
earnest  style. 

The  Alumni  Association  held  their  business  meeting  in  the 
Library  on  May  31st,  1846,  Governor  Graham,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, in  the  Chair.  The  Committee  for  collecting  funds  for  a 
new  monument  to  Dr.  Caldwell  reported  progress  and  were  in- 
structed, in  conjunction  with  the  Executive  Committee,  to  de- 
cide on  a  suitable  plan  and  to  call  on  the  Alumni  for  the  neces- 
sary funds. 

In  order  to  provide  for  contingent  expenses  each  of  the 
Alumni  was  required  to  pay  one  dollar,  unless  he  had  already 
paid  the  same. 

At  the  public  meeting  in   Gerrard   Hall   obituaries   of  the 


NEW  SOCIETY"  HALLS.  5  I  I  . 

Alumni  who  had  died  during  the  past  year  were  read  as  fol- 
lows: 

That  of  Hinton  James,  the  first  student,  by  Governor  Gra- 
ham ;  Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  by  President  Swain ;  John  B. 
Brown,  by  Prof.  W.  M.  Green;  Wm.  P.  Ferrand,  by  Wm. 
Eaton,  Jr. ;  Dr.  James  B.  Slade,  by  Rufus  Barringer ;  Rev. 
Philip  W.  Alston,  by  Prof  W.  M.  Green;  Captain  Exum  L. 
Whitaker,  by  James  Johnston ;  Peter  G.  Burton,  by  Owen  H. 
Whitfield ;  Wm.  Henry  Manly,  by  Menalcas  Lankford. 

The  obituary  of  Dr.  John  Hill,  prepared  for  the  meeting  in 
1857,  was  read  by  the  Secretary,  Charles  Phillips.  President 
Swain  paid  a  feeling  tribute  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  James  A. 
Washington  and  promised  an  extended  notice  for  the  next 
meeting. 

New  Society  Halls. 

As  long  ago  as  1837  Gaston  H.  Wilder,  James  M.  Burke  and 
Dennis  D.  Ferebee  were  appointed  a  Committee  on  behalf  of 
the  Philanthropic  Society  to  petition  the  Trustees  for  a  new 
Hall.  This  was  followed  the  next  year  by  a  similar  petition  on 
behalf  of  the  Dialectic  Society.  A  new  building  was  estimated 
to  cost  $5,000.  The  Society  agreed  to  subscribe  liberally  and 
the  members  on  their  own  account  promised  subscriptions.  It 
was  urged  that  the  exercises  were  seriously  injured  by  the 
small  size  of  the  debating  halls  and  the  increase  of  the  library 
was  prevented  by  want  of  shelf  room.  The  Committee  of  the 
latter  body  were  Tod.  R.  Caldwell,  Isham  W.  Garrott  and  Wil- 
liam Johnston.  The  Trustees  referred  the  petition  to  Messrs. 
D.  L.  Swain,  Andrew  Joyner  and  W.  A.  Graham,  who  reported 
in  January,  1839,  that  the  societies  had  accumulated  libraries, 
aggregating  about  seven  thousand  volumes,  which  were  in  the 
shingle-covered  South  building,  having  in  the  winter  season 
over  twenty-five  fires  constantly  burning.  The  erection  of  one 
or  two  new  buildings  would  enable  the  Trustees  to  have  six 
dormitories,  out  of  the  vacated  halls,  and  at  least  four  more 
could  be  had  in  the  new  building.  The  present  dormitories 
accommodated  one  hundred  and  thirty  students,  whereas  there 
were  one  hundred  and  sixty-five,  one-fifth  of  whom  reside  in 
the  village.     Another  consideration  was  that  the  existing  Phil- 


512  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

anthropic  rooms  were  smaller  than  those  of  the  Dialectic, 
whereas  there  should  be  perfect  equality.  The  Special  Com- 
mittee therefore  recommended  that  the  Executive  Committee, 
after  the  payment  of  the  debt  to  the  Banks,  as  soon  as  the  State 
of  the  funds  would  admit,  join  the  Societies  in  the  erection  of 
two  fireproof  halls  of  the  same  dimensions  and  external  plan, 
or  one  building-  of  suitable  proportions,  the  University  to  pay 
at  least  two-thirds  of  the  cost.  The  Board  concurred  in  the 
report. 

Probably  because  of  suits  for  Tennessee  lands,  the  title  of 
which  the  University  had  warranted,  which  as  a  rule,  however, 
after  considerable  delay,  were  decided  in  its  favor,  nothing  was 
done  under  the  resolution  for  several  years.  In  1843  President 
Swain  was  instructed  to  correspond  with  Mr.  Robert  Donald- 
son, of  New  York,  "on  the  best  mode  of  procuring  plans  for 
the  Society  Halls,  and  of  obtaining  the  services  of  an  individual 
skilled  in  laying  out  pleasure  grounds,  landscape  gardening, 
etc."  Under  these  instructions  Mr.  A.  J.  Davis,  an  architect  of 
New  York,  was  employed. 

In  the  next  year  the  plans  and  specifications  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  East  and  West  buildings  for  the  accomodation  of 
the  two  Societies  with  Halls  and  Libraries  were  submitted  and 
approved.  The  Societies  asked  that  the  Trustees  should  credit 
their  one-third  subscription  with  fourteen  hundred  dollars  for 
each  society,  that  is,  allowing  one  hundred  dollars  for  every 
dormitory  room  added  by  the  improvement.  The  East  and 
West  buildings  were  to  be  extended  toward  the  North,  one- 
half  their  former  length,  the  halls  for  the  meetings  to  be  in  the 
second  story  of  the  extension  and  the  Libraries  divided  into 
alcoves  in  the  third.  The  charges  of  the  architect  seem  very 
moderate,  namely  one  hundred  dollars,  besides  expenses  of  his 
trip  to  and  from  New  York,  and  an  additional  hundred  on  com- 
pletion of  the  work.  The  improvements  were  finished  four 
years  later.  The  narrative  of  the  ceremonies  attending  the 
removal  of  the  Societies  into  the  new  quarters  will  be  hereafter 
given.  The  Societies  eventually  were  released  from  their 
promise  to  pay  one-third  of  the  cost. 


DIVISION   OE  ROOMS  BETWEEN   THE  SOCIETIES.  513 

In  1846  the  Trustees  concluded  to  grant  by  lot  the  East  build- 
ing and  the  Eastern  half  of  the  South  to  the  members  of  one 
Society,  and  the  West  building  and  the  Western  half  of  the 
South  to  those  of  the  other.  After  the  allotment  the  East  and 
West  buildings  were  to  have  the  names  of  the  Society  of  the 
occupants.  Wm.  M.  Howerton,  the  Dialectic  President,  and 
Matt.  W.  Ransom,  the  Philanthropic  President,  were  to  cast  the 
lots  in  behalf  of  their  respective  Societies  in  presence  of  Gov- 
ernor Graham,  President  Swain  and  Secretary  Manly.  The 
Philanthropic  Society  won  the  Eastern  division  and  of  course 
the  Dialectic  the  Western.  The  plan  was,  however,  so  modified 
by  agreement  in  regard  to  the  South  building,  that  all  the  rooms 
looking  North  were  given  to  the  Philanthropic  and  all  looking 
South  to  the  other.  The  arrangement  lasted  until  the  closing 
of  the  doors  in  1868,  and  was  acceptable,  because  it  was  con- 
sidered desirable  to  have  the  members  on  the  same  side  as  were 
their  Halls  and  Libraries.  The  rooms  to  the  North  have  the 
advantage  of  the  outlook  on  the  Campus ;  those  to  the  South 
are  much  cooler  in  the  summer,  a  matter  of  moment  when  the 
exercises  began  in  July. 

The  extensions  planned  by  Davis  of  the  Old  East  and  the 
Old  West  were  executed  under  the  supervision  of  President 
Swain  and  Judge  Battle,  by  Isaac  J.  Collier  and  Kendall  B. 
Waitt,  the  contract  price  being  $9,360,  and  were  finished  in 
1848.  Mr.  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  of  the  class  of  1841,  superin- 
tended the  removal  of  the  books  into  the  Dialectic  alcoves. 
He  adopted  the  plan  of  arranging  by  subjects.  The  books  of 
the  Philanthropic  Society  were  rearranged  by  Mr.  Joseph  F. 
Cannon,  a  law  student,  who  adopted  a  somewhat  similar  plan, 
deviating  from  it  where  economy  of  space  required. 

The  inauguration  of  the  Societies  into  their  new  debating 
halls  was  attended  with  interesting  proceedings.  In  the  Dia- 
lectic Hall  the  first  President  of  the  Society,  in  1795,  James 
Mebane,  was  present,  having  come  from  his  home  near  Milton. 
Rev.  Professor  William  M.  Green  offered  up  a  prayer.  Then 
Mr.  Mebane,  who  had  been  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons 
and  a  very  influential  citizen,  by  request  took  a  seat  by  the  side 

33 


514  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

of  the  President,  Kemp.  P.  Battle.  In  complying  he  delivered 
a  neat  and  appropriate  address,  giving  reminiscenses  of  the  past 
and  sound  advice  to  the  students.  He  was  followed  by  Mr. 
Samuel  Field  Phillips,  with  a  most  masterly  history  of  the 
Society,  which  has  unfortunately  been  lost.  The  Society  after- 
ward asked  the  privilege  of  having  painted,  by  Wm.  Garl 
Brown,  an  oil  painting  of  the  First  President.  It  is  a  perfect 
likeness  as  he  appeared,  when  causa  honoris  presiding,  fifty- 
three  years  after  he  was  the  first  executive  officer  of  the  So- 
ciety. 

The  orator  of  the  Philanthropic  Society  was  Tutor  Ashbel 
Green  Brown,  a  graduate  of  1843,  a  man  °f  ^ne  talents  and  at- 
tainments. The  Secretary  of  the  Society  informs  me  that  no 
additional  ceremonies  were  had. 

It  is  perhaps  needless  to  say  that  the  resolution  to  change  the 
names  of  the  Old  East  and  Old  West  buildings  to  the  Philan- 
thropic and  Dialectic  buildings  was  never  carried  into  effect. 
There  are  associations  connected  with  the  old  names  too  prec- 
ious to  be  lost. 

The  following  shows  the  names  and  subjects  of  the  Graduat- 
ing Class,  Wilson  drawing  the  Valedictory,  leaving  the  Latin 
to  Gales,  who  exchanged  with  Baskerville.  Barringer,  Gales 
and  Jenkins  won  most  plaudits : 

Salutatory  Oration  (in  Latin),  George  T.  Baskerville. 

"Inducements  to  Intellectual  Exertion  in  Our  Country," 
John  W.  Cameron. 

"International  Law,"  James  N.  Montgomery. 

"The  Glories  of  Our  Age,"  Thomas  H.  Holmes. 

'"The  Poetry  of  the  Bible,"  Victor  C.  Barringer. 

"Character  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,"  Willie  P.  Mangum,  Jr. 

"The  Fundamental  Constitutions  of  Carolina,"  John  B. 
Bynum. 

Decatur's  Sentiment:  "Our  Country,  May  She  Always  be 
Right ;  but  Right  or  Wrong,  Our  Country,"  Seaton  Gales. 

"Representative  Democracy,"  Thomas  J.  Person. 

"Character  of  Hugh  S.  Legare,"  Oliver  H.  Dockery. 

"Cedant  Arma  Togae,"  William  A.  Jenkins. 

The  Valedictory,  John  Wilson. 


GRADUATES   OF    1 848.  515 

The  first  distinction  was  awarded  to  Seaton  Gales  and  John 
Wilson. 

The  second  to  George  T.  Baskervllle,  John  W.  Cameron, 
Thomas  H.  Holmes,  William  A.  Jenkins,  Willie  P.  Mangum 
and  James  N.  Montgomery. 

The  third  to  Victor  C.  Barringer,  Oliver  H.  Dockery,  Peter 
H.  McEachin,  Thomas  J.  Person  and  Robert  W.  Wilson. 

Xo  member  of  the  class  was  entirely  punctual.  The  class, 
with  three  or  four  exceptions,  was  commended  for  punctuality, 
fidelity  and  courtesy  in  the  recitation  room,  but  a  similar  com- 
pliment could  not  be  recorded  for  punctuality  at  Prayers.  The 
worst  offender  had  370  absences,  the  next  339,  then  286  and 
2j6,  out  of  520  attendances  required  for  four  years. 

Following  the  honor  men  in  after  life  we  find  Gales  editor  of 
the  Raleigh  Register,  Adjutant  of  a  Brigade  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  celebrated  in  the  State  as  a  lecturer.  Wilson  was  a 
physician  of  repute. 

Of  the  rest,  Jenkins  was  a  very  able  Attorney  General  of  the 
State  and  a  Confederate  Lieutenant  Colonel ;  Mangum,  Consul 
and  Consul  General  for  China  and  Japan.*  Barringer  was  a 
Commissioner  to  revise  the  statutes  of  the  United  States  and 
Judge  of  the  International  Court  in  Egypt ;  Dockery,  a  member 
of  the  State  Legislature  and  of  Congress,  Lieutenant  Colonel 
of  the  Confederacy,  and  Consul  at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Grimes  rose 
to  be  a  Major  General  in  Lee's  army,  went  through  the  war 
without  a  wound  and  was  foully  assassinated  in  1880  by  bad 
men  whom  he  was  prosecuting  for  crime.  Meares  was  a  Con- 
federate Colonel  and  Judge  of  the  Criminal  Courts  of  Wilming- 
ton and  Charlotte. 

The  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  given  to  Michael  Tuomey, 
of  Alabama,  State  Geologist  and  Professor  of  Geology  in  the 
Alabama  Lmiversity. 

Of  the  matriculates  the  Confederate  dead  were  Hutchins  G. 
Burton,  Private ;  Thomas  M.  Garrett,  Colonel ;  John  H.  Mc- 
Dade,  Captain;  Lamon  Ruffin,  Private;  Milton  A.  Sullivan, 
Captain  ;  William  M.  Walker,  Captain. 


*  Mr.  Mangum's  widow  has  made,  to  the  University,  in  memory  of  her 
late  husband,  a  handsome  gift  of  Japanese  and  Chinese  porcelain  and 
other  objects  of  beauty  and  value. 


5l6  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

In  1848  Rev.  Charles  F.  Deems  resigned  the  Adjunct  Profes- 
sorship of  Rhetoric  and  Logic  and  the  Chair  was  not  filled. 
I  give  a  short  sketch  of  this  eminent  and  most  useful  divine. 

Charles  Force  Deems,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
December  4,  1820,  and  died  in  New  York,  November  18,  1893. 
He  was  trained  at  Dickinson  College  and,  before  he  was 
twenty-one,  began  preaching  at  Asbury,  N.  J.  In  1840  he  came 
to  North  Carolina  as  Agent  of  the  Bible  Society.  Two  years 
afterward  he  was  made  Adjunct  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and 
Logic  in  the  State  University,  an  office  created  especially  for 
him.  In  addition  to  the  work  of  this  Department  he  had  classes 
in  Latin  and  the  Bible.  After  leaving  the  University  in  1848  he 
was  for  a  year  Professor  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Randolph- 
Macon  College.  He  then  had  a  pastoral  charge  at  Newbern, 
and  was  elected  Delegate  to  the  General  Conference.  Then  he 
successively  had  pastoral  charges  and  was  Presiding  Elder  of 
the  Wilmington  and  Newbern  Districts.  After  a  tour  of 
Europe  and  the  Holy  Land  he  declined  the  Professorship  of 
History  in  our  University.  He  was  the  founder  of  a  school  of 
high  rank  in  Wilson  and  during  the  war  was  active  in  raising 
funds  for  an  orphanage  for  the  children  of  Confederate 
soldiers,  a  laudable  purpose  defeated  by  the  calamities  of  the 
war.  After  the  sun  of  the  Confederacy  went  down  he  projected 
a  newspaper,  the  Watchman,  designed  to  aid  in  bringing  the 
hearts  of  the  two  sections  together.  He  changed  his  residence 
to  New  York,  where  it  was  published,  but  was  obliged,  for 
want  of  support,  to  discontinue  it.  Nothing  daunted  he  began 
to  administer  to  the  religious  needs  of  the  numerous  strangers 
in  the  city,  and  such  was  his  enthusiasm  and  eloquence  that  he 
built  up  a  flourishing  Church,  which  he  appropriately  called  the 
Church  of  the  Strangers.  In  a  few  years  he  had  organized  the 
American  Institute  of  Christian  Philosophy,  and  was  editor  of 
its  magazine,  Christian  Thought. 

Besides  his  arduous  labors  as  a  preacher  Dr.  Deems  found 
time  for  much  literary  work.  For  five  years  he  was  editor  of 
the  Southern  Methodist  Episcopal  Pulpit;  for  ten  years  of  the 
Annals  of  Southern  Methodism;  for  some  years  of  Leslie's 
Sunday  Magazine,  and  of  Christian  Thought.  He  was  author 
of  the  following  books :  Triumph  of  Peace,  and  Other  Poems ; 


RESIGNATIONS  OF  DEEMS  AND  HOOPER.  517 

Life  of  Adam  Clarke ;  Devotional  Melodies ;  Twelve  College 
Sermons ;  Home  Altar ;  What  Now  ?  Forty  Sermons  in  the 
Church  of  the  Strangers;  Jesus  (or  Life  of  Christ)  ;  Light  of 
All  Xations ;  Weights  and  Wings;  Sermons,  1855;  A  Scotch 
Verdict  in  re  Evolution ;  Gospel  of  Common  Sense ;  Gospel  of 
Spiritual  Insight ;  Chips  and  Chunks ;  My  Septuagint. 

His  Doctorate  of  Divinity  was  conferred  by  Randolph-Ma- 
con College ;  that  of  Doctor  of  Laws  by  the  University  of  North 
Carolina. 

The  Deems  Fund,  to  be  loaned  on  security  to  needy  students, 
now  about  $20,000,  has  been  of  signal  benefit  to  worthy  and 
aspiring  young  men  being  trained  at  our  University.  It  was 
established  by  Dr.  Deems  in  memory  of  his  son  Theodore 
Disosway  Deems,  a  Confederate  Lieutenant,  who  was  killed  in 
the  famous  charge  at  Gettysburg.  His  friend,  William  H. 
Vanderbilt,  largely  added  to  it  for  his  sake. 

In  the  same  year  Professor  John  DeBerniere  Hooper  resigned 
his  Professorship  of  Latin.  It  was  understood  that  he  thought 
that  the  methods  of  discipline,  handed  down  from  Dr.  Cald- 
well's day,  caused  a  feeling  of  hostility  of  students  against  the 
Faculty  and  led  to  secret  mischief  and  immorality.  He  had  been 
one  of  the  most  faithful  and  able  teachers  and  the  loftiness  of 
his  character  was  conspicuous.  In  exchanging  a  congenial  posi- 
tion for  the  uncertain  and  unpleasant  task  of  managing  a  mis- 
cellaneous school,  while  he  had  a  wife  and  three  children  to 
support,  he  showed  the  spirit  of  a  martyr. 

Professor  Hooper,  after  leaving  the  University,  opened  a 
classical  academy  in  Warren  County,  near  Littleton.  He  was 
assisted  by  his  father-in-law,  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper.  Thence 
he  removed  to  Fayetteville  and  conducted  a  similar  school. 
Afterward  we  find  him  in  charge  of  a  flourishing  female  semin- 
ary in  Wilson,  from  which  he  was  elected  in  1875  to  be  again 
a  Professor  in  the  University.  He  died  at  Chapel  Hill,  January 
27,  1886. 

Those  nominated  for  Professor  Hooper's  chair  were  Ben- 
jamin Sumner,  of  the  class  of  1822,  who  had  been  a  member  of 
the  General  Assembly;  Rev.  Moses  A.  Curtis,  an  Episcopal 
ministerof  great  learning,  especially  in  Botany;  Jefferson  M. 


518  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Lovejoy,  a  native  of  Vermont,  Principal  of  the  Raleigh  Male 
Academy;  Rev.  Fordyce  M.  Hubbard,  a  gifted  classical  scholar. 
All  were,  or  had  been,  Principals  of  classical  schools. 

Rev.  Fordyce  M.  Hubbard  was  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  born 
in  Connecticut,  and  an  alumnus  of  Williams  College  in  Massa- 
chusetts. He  was  for  some  time  a  Rector  of  Christ  Church, 
Newbern,  and  then  became  Principal  of  Trinity  High  School  in 
Wake  County.  Thence  he  was  elected  to  the  Professorship  of 
Latin  in  the  University,  and  entered  on  his  duties  the  following 
year.  » 

He  had  a  well  deserved  reputation  for  extensive  acquaintance 
with  the  Classics  and  English  Literature.  He  had  a  keen  eye 
for  discerning  their  force  and  beauty.  He  published  no  book, 
but  his  fugitive  writings  on  biographical  and  other  subjects 
were  models  of  elegance  of  style  and  propriety  of  diction.  His 
teaching  was  quiet  and  scholarly.  If  a  pupil  showed  flippancy  or 
pertness  he  met  it  with  an  aptness  of  sarcasm,  which  crushed 
the  tendency,  but  left  no  sting.  He  was  made  Doctor  of  Divin- 
ity by  Williams  College. 

It  was  with  great  reluctance  that  the  Professors  and  Trustees 
of  the  old  school  gave  up  even  in  part  compulsory  worship  in 
the  Chapel  on  Sundays.  Professor  Green,  after  the  Episcopal 
Church  was  finished  in  1848,  moved  for  the  privilege  of  mem- 
bers of  that  denomination  to  attend  worship  in  their  Church. 
He  was  fought  vehemently  and  sometimes  with  scant  courtesy, 
but,  although  in  non-essentials  mild  in  manner,  in  matters  of 
conscience  he  was  firm  as  a  rock.  He  ultimately  triumphed,  but 
not  until  he  became  Bishop  of  Mississippi,  and  not  completely 
until  after  Presbyterian,  Baptist  and  Methodist  Church  edifices 
in  the  village  were  erected. 

The  Chapel  services  were  held  at  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, the  roll  being  called  after  the  second  bell.  Dr.  Mitchell  as 
a  rule  officiated  one  Sunday  and  Professor  Green  the  next. 
The  latter  omitted  the  Ante-Communion  service,  and  the  Litany. 
There  was  no  heating  of  the  Chapel  in  the  winter  and  in  cold 
weather  there  was  sad  shivering  in  overcoats  and  cloaks.  As 
a  rule  self-respect  caused  the  students  to  don  their  best  clothes, 
because  ladies  were  present,  and  did  not  appear  in  shirt  and 


CHAPEL  SERVICES.  519 

drawers,  covered  by  a  bed  quilt  as  was  often  the  case  at  Morn- 
ing Prayers.  The  service  lasted  about  one  hour  and  a  half. 
Although  Dr.  Mitchell  disapproved  of  forms,  his  long  prayer 
was  always  the  same.  We  all  knew  its  successive  stages  and 
could  accurately  estimate  how  many  minutes  there  were  to  the 
longed  for  end.  The  music  was  led  by  Tutor  Charles  Phillips, 
armed  with  tuning  fork,  but  few  of  the  students  could  be  in- 
duced to  join  him.  No  discouragements,  however,  could  daunt 
his  persevering  pluck.  Once  at  the  funeral  of  his  oldest  child 
Dr.  Mitchell  said,  "It  is  painful  for  me  to  call  on  a  parent  of 
the  deceased  to  raise  the  tune,  but  there  is  no  other  course  to 
pursue."  Right  manfully  did  Mr.  Phillips  respond,  by  painful 
effort  subordinating  private  grief  to  religious  duty.  The  sermons 
were  not  adapted  to  the  young,  orthodox  thoroughly,  but  solemn 
truisms,  not  animated  sufficiently  to  awaken  a  slumbering  youth 
or  keep  him  awake  after  attention  had  been  secured.  I  must 
not  be  understood  as  censuring  the  eminent  preachers.  Their 
style  was  the  fashion  of  the  age.  Young  Dr.  Deems,  who  ac- 
casionally  occupied  the  pulpit,  was  the  pioneer  of  discoursing 
on  live  subjects.  His  little  book,  Twelve  College  Sermons,  has 
brightness  as  well  as  truth. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  was  built  by  the  energy  particularly 
of  Tutor  Phillips,  who,  in  addition  to  the  large  subscriptions  of 
himself  and  his  father,  procured  aid  from  members  of  the 
denomination  all  over  the  State.  The  list  of  names  with 
amounts  paid  embraces  nearly  all  of  the  influential  Presbyterians 
of  North  Carolina  about  the  middle  of  the  century. 

Compulsory  Chapel  Worship. 

The  efforts  of  Professor  Green  to  procure  liberty  to  students 
to  worship  at  the  Church  of  their  choice  met,  for  some  years, 
with  little  success. 

There  was  excitement  on  the  subject  in  distant  quarters.  On 
December  11,  1849,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Trustees  it  is  recorded 
"that  sundry  petitions  from  different  parts  of  the  State  and 
different  Christian  denominations  on  the  subject  of  the  modifi- 
cation of  the  ordinance  relating  to  public  worship  in  the  Col- 
lege Chapel  on  the  Sabbath  was  laid  before  the  Board."     Ex- 


520  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Governor  James  Iredell  offered  an  ordinance  that  attendance  at 
some  Church  should  be  obligatory,  but  that  students  of  full  age 
might  choose  their  places  of  worship,  and  parents  and  guardians 
might  choose  for  their  sons  and  wards  under  age.  This  was 
referred  to  a  Committee,  viz :  Walter  F.  Leak,  B.  F.  Moore  and 
Calvin  Graves. 

Mr.  Leak,  for  the  Committee,  submitted  a  substitute,  embrac- 
ing the  Iredell  ordinance,  with  the  addition  that  the  places  of 
worship  should  be  selected  within  ten  days  after  the  admission 
of  the  student,  and  could  not  be  changed  during  the  session, 
except  to  the  Chapel  service. 

The  Board  adjourned  to  January  4,  1850,  when  the  Leak 
ordinance  was  voted  down.  There  was  so  much  feeling  that 
the  ayes  and  noes  were  called.  Wm.  B.  Shepard,  Wm.  H. 
Washington,  Wm.  Julius  Alexander,  Robert  B.  Gilliam,  James 
Iredell,  John  H.  Bryan,  are  recorded  in  the  affirmative,  and 
Charles  Manly,  Daniel  W.  Courts,  George  P.  Davidson,  James 
C.  Dobbin,  John  A.  Gilmer,  William  A.  Graham,  Charles  L. 
Hinton,  Giles  Mebane,  Frederick  Nash,  Samuel  F.  Patterson, 
David  L.  Swain,  Hugh  Waddell  and  Nicholas  L.  Williams  in 
the  negative.  General  Samuel  F.  Patterson  then  offered  a 
substitute,  which  was  unanimously  adopted,  that  communi- 
cants within  ten  days  after  entrance,  on  notifying  the  Faculty 
of  their  wishes,  could  attend  the  church  of  their  choice,  but 
could  not  change  during  the  session.  The  Faculty  should 
require  regular  attendance  by  all  somewhere  as  a  University 
duty.  Here  the  matter  rested  for  ten  years,  communicants 
only  being  excused  from  Chapel  worship.  There  are  some 
names  recorded  in  the  negative,  whose  sentiments  in  favor  of 
liberality  are  so  well  known  that  it  is  clear  their  votes  were 
given  in  deference  to  President  Swain.  His  vote  was,  it  is 
suspected,  determined  more  by  considerations  of  discipline  than 
of  religion. 

Commencement  of  1849. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1849  the  large  audience  was  ar- 
ranged, said  the  reporter,  to  produce  a  beautiful  and  artistic 
effect.  The  assemblage  of  ladies  was  especially  brilliant.  The 
explanation  of  this   improvement  is  that  the  ladies   were  all 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1849.  521 

seated  together,  experience  having  proved  that  the  sexes,  when 
within  talking-  distance,  will  effervesce  in  unseemlv  chatter. 
The  change  was  very  beneficial  to  order. 

The  Baccalaureate  sermon  was  preached  by  Rev.  Dr.  Charles 
Force  Deems,  and  fully  sustained  his  reputation  as  a  pulpit 
orator. 

The  Declaimers  from  the  Sophomore  class  were  Bartholo- 
mew Fuller,  [Malcolm  J.  McDuffie.  Xeill  [McKay.  Thomas  J. 
Xorcom.  Rufus  L.  Patterson.  James  A.  Patton.  Claudius  B. 
Sanders.  Francis  E.  Shober  and  Charles  C.  Terry.  For  the 
Freshman  class  were  Wm.  D.  Barnes.  Thomas  B.  Burton, 
Win.  M.  Carrigan.  Thomas  H.  Gilliam.  Benjamin  A.  Kittrell. 
Joseph  A.  [Manning,  Wm.  A.  [Moore.  James  J.  Slade.  Basil  M. 
Thompson,  and  Legh  R.  Waddell.  All  became  graduates  ex- 
cept Kittrell  and  [Moore.  Of  these,  Kittrell  was  a  lawyer  and 
politician  of  promise  but  died  early.  [Moore  became  a  Judge 
and  Speaker  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives.  He  had 
a  large  brain,  but  lacked  continuity  of  effort. 

On  Wednesday  morning  ex-Governor  William  A.  Graham, 
of  the  class  of  1824,  chosen  by  the  Dialectic  Society,  delivered 
the  Literary  Address.  It  was  read  from  manuscript,  and  there 
was  no  room  for  oratorv,  but  the  thoughtful  auditors  pro- 
nounced it  admirable.  The  subject  was  Popular  Education, 
and  his  thoughts  were  full  of  wisdom. 

After  this,  Dr.  Togno.  a  native  of  Corsica,  gave  an 

instructive  lecture  on  grasses,  demonstrating  their  value  as  a 
crop,  and  the  neglect  of  our  farmers  in  cultivating  them. 

At  twelve  o'clock  on  Wednesday  the  Alumni  Association 
had  their  meeting.  Plans  for  the  Caldwell  monument  were 
submitted.  Only  $600  had  been  raised,  and  it  was  estimated 
that  $1,000  would  be  needed.  The  Committee  were  instructed 
to  continue  their  efforts  to  secure  additional  funds,  and  the  $3 
limit  was  removed.  Obituaries  were  read  of  Wm.  Sneed 
(1799),  by  Prof.  W.  M.  Green;  Durant  Hatch  (1806).  by 
Charles  Phillips;  James  McClung  (1816).  by  Judge  Battle; 
H.  W.  Covington  (  1830).  by  S.  F.  Phillips;  James  S.  Johnston 
(1844),  by  J.  H.  Horner;  David  W.  Stone,  by  Dr.  Thomas  H. 
Wrieht. 


522  TPIE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Next  in  order  was  an  oration  by  Hon.  James  T.  Morehead, 
who  was  a  successful  lawyer  and  a  member  of  the  General 
Assembly  and  of  Congress.  It  was  said  to  exhibit  much  re- 
search of  a  practical  nature  and  allusions  to  great  minds.  He 
was  a  favorite  with  the  members  of  the  bar  in  his  circuit,  who 
affectionately  called  him  "Uncle  Jimmy."  He  was  naturally 
a  laudator  temporis  acti.  The  last  time  I  saw  him  he  was 
denouncing  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  then  recently  im- 
ported from  New  York,  and  declaring  that  he  would  spend 
the  rest  of  his  life  procuring  its  abolition  and  return  to  the 
good  old  practice.  The  Code  modified  outlived  him  and  has 
come  to  stay. 

Other  Alumni  had  died  during  the  year,  but  their  obituaries 
had  not  been  obtained,  viz.,  Francis  L.  Dancy  (1801),  Thomas 
J.  Lacey  (1821),  James  Saunders  (1830). 

The  first  distinction  was  awarded  to  Kemp  P.  Battle,  Peter 
M.  Hale  and  Thomas  Jefferson  Robinson ;  the  second  to 
Thomas  Devereux  Haigh,  James  M.  Johnson,  Charles  Eden 
Lowther,  John  A.  Whitfield.  The  third  to  Wm.  B.  Dortch, 
Peter  E.  Hines,  J.  Calvin  McNair,  Malcolm  McNair,  Wm.  G. 
Pool,  Charles  R.  Thomas,  and  Needham  B.  Whitfield. 

The  Senior  speakers  were  as  follows,  the  three  first-honor 
men  having  drawn  lots  as  usual  for  the  Latin  and  the  Valed'o- 
tory.  P.  E.  Hines,  James  M.  Johnson  and  M.  McNair  were 
excused  from  appearing  on  the  stage,  and  at  their  request  Thos. 
M.  Arrington,  James  P.  Scales  and  Fourney  George  were  sub- 
stituted. 

Salutatory  (in  Latin),  Peter  M.  Hale. 

"Palestine,"  Thomas  J.  Robinson. 

"The  Dependence  of  Liberty  on  Law,"  Wm.  B.  Dortch. 

"The  Bible  apart  from  its  Divine  Aspect,"  Wm.  G.  Pool. 

"Agriculture,"  Needham  B.  Whitfield. 

"The  Poetry  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  James  Pinckney  Scales. 

"Authors,"  Fourney  George. 

"Influence  of  Scotland  on  Liberty,"  John  Calvin  McNair. 

"Influence  of  America,"  Charles  E.  Lowther. 

"Association  of  the  True  Principles  of  Progress,"  Thomas 
M.  Arrinsrton. 


GRADUATES  OF   1 849.  523 

"Public  Opinion,"  John  A.  Whitfield. 

"Love  of  Country,"  Thomas  D.  Haigh. 

"Christianity  and  Civilization,"  Charles  R.  Thomas. 

The  Valedictory,  Kemp  P.  Battle. 

Of  the  honor  men  of  the  Class  of  1849,  Battle  was  Tutor  of 
Mathematics  for  four  years,  then  a  lawyer,  Member  cf  the 
Convention  of  1861,  State  Treasurer,  President  of  the  Univer- 
sity, and  now  Professor  of  History.  Hale  was  a  distinguished 
editor  of  the  Fayetteville  Observer  and  the  Raleigh  Observer. 
Robinson  was  a  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  United  States 
Naval  Academy,  a  teacher  in  North  Carolina,  and  Secretary  of 
the  State  Agricultural  Department.  Haigh  was  President  of 
the  North  Carolina  Medical  Association  and  a  very  prominent 
physician  of  Fayetteville;  James  M.  Johnson  had  uncommon 
natural  talent,  singular  aptitude  for  scientific  research,  but 
lacked  ambition ;  J.  Whitfield  was  a  lawyer  of  fine  promise, 
reached  the  rank  of  Colonel  as  a  dashing  soldier,  and  was  killed 
in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness.  Hines,  Director-General  of 
North  Carolina  Hospitals,  a  Brigade  Surgeon,  C.  S.  A.,  and 
President  of  the  North  Carolina  Medical  Society ;  John  Calvin 
McNair  was  a  Presbyterian  minister,  entered  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  and  died  while  a  student.  He  left  by  will,  after  the 
death  of  his  mother,  a  valuable  property  in  land,  slaves  and 
securities  to  the  University  of  North  Carolina  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  course  of  lectures  by  eminent  divines  on  the 
Harmony  between  Science  and  Religion.  Owing  to  the  losses 
of  the  war  nothing  was  left  but  land,  which  has  recently  been 
sold  for  $14,500.  Thomas  had  uncommon  gifts  as  an  orator, 
was  Judge  and  Representative  in  Congress,  member  of  the 
Convention  of  1861,  and  Secretary  of  State.  His  son  of  the 
same  name  in  Congress  inherits  his  gifts. 

Of  those  matriculating  with  the  class  but  not  graduating, 
Almand  A.  McCoy  was  a  State  Senator,  member  of  the  Con- 
vention of  1865,  and  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court :  William 
H.  Moore,  a  physician  and  Superintendent  of  the  Colored  In- 
sane Asylum  at  Goldsboro ;  Alfred  Moore  Scales,  IX  D.,  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature,  a  Brigadier-General,  C.  S.  A.,  a 
Representative  in  Congress,  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  and 
President  of  a  bank. 


524  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  ex -Gov- 
ernor William  Alexander  Graham. 

The  matriculates  of  the  year  lost  of  their  number  in  the 
Civil  War  James  F.  Bell,  Color  Sergeant ;  William  M.  Carri- 
gan,  Lieutenant ;  Gavin  H.  Lindsay,  Lieutenant ;  James  T.  Mc- 
Clennahan,  Sergeant ;  John  Henry  Morehead,  Colonel ;  John 
T.  Taylor,  Captain. 

Dr.  Shipp. 

Rev.  Albert  Micajah  Shipp  was  elected  Professor  of  English 
Literature  and  History.  In  185 1  French  was  stubstituted  for 
English  Literature,  and  in  1854,  the  French  being  transferred 
to  M.  Herrisse,  he  had  charge  of  History  only  and  so  continued 
until  i860. 

Dr.  Shipp  was  born  in  Stokes  County,  North  Carolina,  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1819.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  in  1840,  one  of  the  first  honor  men.  He  was  a 
Methodist  preacher  of  uncommon  power.  He  was  not  perhaps 
a  specialist  in  the  studies  of  his  department,  but  had  general 
cultivation  and  talents  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  qualify  him- 
self. His  teaching  lacked  animation,  though  in  the  pulpit  his 
manner  was  vigorous  and  exceedingly  impressive. 

In  the  fall  of  this  year  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Green  left  the  Univer- 
sity to  become  Bishop  of  Mississippi,  and  in  1850  Rev.  John 
Thomas  Wheat,  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  took  his  place.  Bishop 
Green  continued  in  his  high  office  until  his  death  in  1887. 
After  the  Civil  War  he  was  made  Chancellor  of  the  University 
of  the  South  and  often  resided  at  Sewanee.  Shortly  before 
his  death  he  revisited  his  Alma  Mater,  and  the  inscription  on 
his  tablet  in  Memorial  Hall  was  penned  by  himself.  He  was 
a  saintly  man. 

It  was  determined  to  enter  in  earnest  on  the  improvement  of 
the  Campus,  then  still  in  its  primeval  state.  One  thousand 
dollars  yearly  for  several  years  were  spent  under  the  supervis- 
ion and  personal  labor  of  gardeners  trained  in  England,  first 
one  Loader  and  soon  afterwards  Paxton,  with  colored  laborers 
to  assist  them.  They  dug  up  many  useless  trees,  macadamized 
a  large  part  of  Cameron  Avenue  and  the  three  larger  walks 
leading  to  the  village,  bordered  two  of  the  latter  with  beautiful 


CAMPUS  IMPROVED.  525 

flowers,  especially  roses,  and  hid  the  hotel  back-yard  and  stables 
with  osage  oranges,  hollies  and  shrubs.  After  the  University 
lost  its  endowment  the  flowers  were  gradually  destroyed  by 
fire  or  neglect,  but  the  other  work  is  of  value  to  this  day.  It 
is  possible  that  the  plan  of  A.  J.  Davis,  architect,  of  New  York, 
made  some  years  before,  may  have  been  followed,  but  the 
gardeners  understood  their  business. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Recollections  of  U.  N.  C.  in  the  40's. 

After  he  was  made  a  Judge,  an  office  during  good  behaviour, 
that  is,  practically  for  life,  my  father  removed  his  home  to 
Chapel  Hill  in  order  to  educate  his  five  boys.  This  was  in 
June,  1843.  I  was  prepared  for  the  University  by  recent 
graduates — A.  G.  Brown  and  R.  Don  Wilson —  and  entered 
Freshman  in  1845.  After  graduating  I  was  an  instructor  for 
one  year  and  Tutor  1850- 1854,  sleeping  in  the  old  East  Build- 
ing. I  have  therefore  vivid  recollections  of  the  Faculty  and 
villagers,  students  and  employees,  the  teaching  and  curriculum, 
manners  and  customs  of  this  period.  I  propose  to  introduce 
them  to  the  reader.  The  description  will  show  what  the  Uni- 
versity was  under  President  Swain  before  it  reached  its  greatest 
numbers. 

1.  Taking  1844  as  a  typical  year.  There  were  64  Trustees 
They  were  then  chosen  by  the  General  Assembly  for  life.  It 
was  considered  to  be  a  great  honor  to  be  a  member.  The 
Board  was  truly  a  noble  body.  At  the  head  was  Judge  Henry 
Potter  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  elected  in  the  year 
in  which  Washington  died.  Next  to  him  was  Judge  Gaston 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  elected  in  1803,  and  then  came  John  D. 
Hawkins  and  Judge  Frederick  Nash,  both  chosen  in  1807.  And 
then  came  a  line  of  men  prominent  in  our  State. 

The  Trustees  in  attendance  on  the  Commencement  of  1843 
were  the  following:  John  M.  Morehead,  Governor  and  ex 
officio  President  of  the  Board;  George  E.  Badger,  Simmons 
J.  Baker,  Win.  H.  Battle,  John  H.  Bryan",  Weston  R.  Gales, 
Wm.  A.  Graham,  James  Iredell,  Andrew  Joyner,  Charles 
Manly,  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  University,  Samuel  F. 
Patterson,  Thomas  Ruffin,  James  Webb  and  Jonathan  Worth. 
It  would  hardly  be  possible  to  get  together  an  abler  or  more 
worthy  body  of  men.  As  a  rule,  the)''  were  of  imposing  phy- 
sique. Nearly  all  had  attained  or  were  destined  to  attain  high 
office.     Morehead,   Graham,  Iredell,   Manly  and  Worth  occu- 


DEATH   OF  GASTON.  527 

pied  the  Governor's  chair ;  Badger  and  Graham  were  Secre- 
taries of  the  Navy  and  Senators  of  the  United  States,  Iredell 
likewise  a  United  States  Senator,  Ruffin  was  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  and  Battle  Judge  of  the  Superior  and  then 
of  the  Supreme  Court ;  Bryan  had  been  a  member  of  Congress ; 
Hinton,  Patterson  and  Worth,  State  Treasurers,  and  Baker  a 
State  legislator,  and  he  and  Webb  very  prominent  physicians ; 
Joyner  Speaker  of  the  Senate;  Gales  editor  of  the  leading 
newspaper  and  Mayor  of  Raleigh.  "Old  Dr.  Baker,"  as  he 
was  then  called,  wore  an  old-fashioned  cue,  and  had  the  courtly 
manners  of  the  old  school.  The  Trustees  sat  on  the  rostrum 
with  President  Swain,  and  each  student  felt  that,  whenever  in 
coming  years  he  could  be  elevated  to  similar  honors,  his  noblest 
ambition  would  be  realized. 

Judge  Wm.  Gaston,  one  of  the  greatest  "all-round"'  men  this 
State  ever  had,  was  absent  from  the  Commencement  of  1844. 
He  died  suddenly  on  January  23d  previously.  A  Faculty 
Committee,  Judge  Battle  being  chairman,  reported  resolutions 
on  the  subject.  They  declare  that  his  death  was  "a  great  loss 
to  the  Union,  to  the  State,  and  to  this  University,"  that  "as 
members  of  an  institution  of  which  he  was  more  than  forty 
years  a  guardian  and  benefactor,  we  feel  ourselves  called  upon 
in  an  especial  manner  to  honor  his  memory,  and  to  propose  to 
the  youth  committed  to  our  trust  his  life  and  character  as  a 
noble  example  of  the  legitimate  results  of  a  pure,  well-regu- 
lated and  virtuous  ambition."  This  is  high  praise  and  is  well 
deserved.  It  was  on  his  motion,  as  has  been  told,  seconded 
by  another  active  and  sagacious  Trustee,  Judge  Duncan  Came- 
ron, that  the  Board  in  1804  resolved  to  have  a  President  of  the 
University,  instead  of  a  "Presiding  Professor,"  and  unani- 
mously elected  the  first  President,  Rev.  Joseph  Caldwell,  twelve 
years  afterward  honored  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

The  Faculty. 

In  addition  to  President  Swain  and  Professor  Mitchell,  Phil- 
lips and  Tutor  Owen  heretofore  mentioned,  the  heads  of  the 
departments  were  John  DeBerniere  Hooper,  A.M.,  of  the  Latin 
and  French  Languages ;  Manuel  Fetter,  A.M.,  of  the  Greek 


528  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Language  and  Literature;  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Green,  A.M.,  of 
Rhetoric  and  Logic;  Rev.  Charles  M.  F.  Deems,  A.M.,  Ad- 
jutant Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic ;  Ralph  Henry  Graves, 
the  elder,  Tutor  of  Mathematics. 

In  1844  there  were  two  changes  in  the  Faculty.  In  January, 
Ashbel  G.  Brown,  graduate  of  1843,  to°k  the  place  Owen  re- 
signed, and  Charles  Phillips,  of  1841,  succeeded  Graves,  re- 
signed. 

President  Swain — never  so  called,  but  always  Governor 
Swain — was  at  the  height  of  his  powers,  mental  and  physical. 
He  was  bright  in  conversation,  fond  of  punning,  had  a  power- 
ful memory  stored  with  genealogies  of  North  Carolina  families, 
and  anecdotes  of  public  men.  He  had  a  kind  heart  and  genial 
manners.  He  was  not  an  extensive  reader.  His  range  of 
learning  was  not  wide,  but  accurate  as  far  as  it  went.  Having 
lived  through  important  parts  of  our  history,  he  had  absorbed 
much.  When  sent  by  Governor  Vance  to  meet  General  Sher- 
man, and  introduced  to  one  of  his  aides,  Colonel  Hitchcock,  he 
surprised  the  party  by  saying  to  the  Colonel :  "Your  mother 
was  a .  She  married  your  father  at ."  Sim- 
ilarly, students  found  that  he  could  give  them  lessons  about 
their  ancestors,  concerning  whom,  paternal  and  maternal,  he 
diligently  enquired.  He  was  accustomed  to  talk  familiarly 
with  the  students,  especially  the  Seniors.  He  often  visited 
them  at  their  rooms  in  the  daytime.  He  seldom  went  out  at 
night  on  account  of  consumptive  tendency.  In  wet  weather 
he  would  walk  to  his  lecture  room,  Indian  moccasins  in  one 
hand  and  rubber  shoes  on  his  feet.  His  habit  was  to  knock  at 
the  doors  of  students,  and,  being  somewhat  deaf,  an  infirmity 
which  increased  as  he  grew  old,  to  walk  in  without  waiting  for 
a  bidding.  He  thus  occasionally  found  a  party  seated  around 
a  table  enjoying  a  game  of  cards,  then  against  the  laws  whether 
for  stakes  or  for  fun.  He  would  confiscate  the  pack.  It  was 
said  that  he  had  a  bushel  basket  full  at  home.  He  never  re- 
ported the  offenders,  except  in  one  case  when  the  playing  was 
on  Sunday,  and  then  the  perpetrators  were  suspended.  He  was 
too  nervous,  but  after  a  few  pleasant  words,  would  take  his 
leave,  making  a  pun  or  other  humorous  remark  as  a  parting 
gift.     His  puns  were  sometimes  atrociously  bad.  I  have  known 


PRESIDENT  SWAIN.  529 

him  to  be  called  back  by  his  visitee  with  the  words,  ''Come  back, 
Governor;  that  is  not  good  enough  to  leave  on."  He  was  al- 
ways welcomed  except  when  there  was  a  game  of  cards  or 
other  breach  of  the  regulations  going  on.  There  was  only  one 
instance  of  disrespect,  and  that  was  at  a  later  day,  and  intended 
as  a  practical  joke.  A  student  kept  excellent  shaving  appa- 
ratus with  razor  especially  sharp.  The  President  often  asked 
the  privilege  of  using  it.  One  morning  the  owner  of  the  razor 
substituted  a  very  dull  instrument.  After  making  one  stroke 
the  President  silently  washed  off  his  face  and  left  the  room 
never  to  return,  to  the  penitent  grief  of  the  joker.  As  a  rule, 
however,  he  took  good  naturedly  impudent  fun  though  aimed 
at  himself. 

He  was  extremely  restive  under  adverse  criticism,  and  in  his 
precautions  to  avoid  censure  was  sometimes  thought  by  some 
not  to  be  ready  to  sustain  in  public  items  of  reports  of  a  harsh 
nature  which  he  approved  in  committee.  The  late  Colonel 
W.  L.  Steele,  a  Trustee,  regular  in  attendance  at  Commence- 
ments, and  on  the  preliminary  examinations,  when  it  was  his 
duty  as  committeeman,  made  this  charge  against  the  President. 
The  explanation  probably  was  that  while  he  agreed  to  the 
truthfulness  of  the  report,  he  considered  it  bad  policy  to  com- 
municate names  of  delinquents  to  the  public.  A  Mr.  Land,  of 
Louisiana,  conceiving  that  his  son,  who  was  expelled  from  the 
institution,  and  forced  to  pay  money  for  damages  to  University 
property,  had  been  badly  treated,  sent  a  challenge  to  the  Presi- 
dent to  mortal  combat.  Prof.  Kimberly,  with  mock  gravity, 
moved  that,  inasmuch  as  the  age  and  station  of  the  Presi- 
dent prevented  acceptance  of  the  challenge,  Prof.  Fetter  should 
be  requested  to  take  his  place.  Mr.  Fetter,  although  fond  of 
jokes  on  others,  was  sensitive  at  their  being  perpetrated  on 
himself,  repelled  the  motion  with  ludicrous  heat.  "I  will  not 
fight !  I  don't  believe  in  duels."  Young  Land  was  a  good 
soldier,  howbeit  an  unruly  student,  was  killed  in  the  early  part 
of  the  war. 

One  impudent  fellow  had  the  presumption  to  call  attention 
to  the  President's  extraordinary  knock-kneed  conformation,  by 

34 


530  THIS  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

questioning  his  ability  when  a  youth  to  successfully  drive  a  pig, 
explaining  that  the  animal  must  have  escaped  by  running  be- 
tween his  feet.  The  silence  with  which  he  received  this  at- 
tempted wit  was  a  caustic  rebuke.  Good  mimics,  John  H. 
Manly,  for  example,  afterwards  Colonel  of  a  regiment  and 
Mayor  of  Galveston,  often  imitated  his  peculiar  voice,  but 
never  knowingly  in  his  presence.  At  the  sale  of  the  old  furni- 
ture of  the  Dialectic  Society,  the  amateur  auctioneer,  the  late 
Major  R.  S.  Tucker,  offered  a  pair  of  plated  silver  candlesticks. 
"Here,  gentlemen,  is  a  combination  candlestick  and  mirror. 
They  have  the  peculiar  power  of  making  an  ugly  man  look 
handsome.  Governor  !  they  are  the  very  thing  for  you  !"  The 
victim  laughed  as  much  as  the  crowd.  Tucker  was  one  of  his 
favorites. 

Later  on  the  Governor  made  a  bid  on  some  article.  Tucker 
rattled   on,    "Don't   you    hear,    gentlemen  ?     Governor    Swain 

bids  $ .     Don't  you  know  he  never  pays  more  than  half 

price  for  anything?"  He  took  the  hit  in  good  part.  It  was 
founded  on  fact,  as  he  was  a  careful  economist.  He  laughed 
and  said,  "That  is  true — at  auctions." 

Nor  was  he  offended  at  ridicule  of  his  bad  puns,  of  which  he 
made  many.  Professor  Fetter's  name  was  an  obvious  target, 
and  the  Professor's  invariable  retort  was,  "That  will  do  for  a 
beardless  Swain."  The  Governor's  face  was  nearly  free  from 
capillary  adornment.  He  was  much  pleased  at  compliments 
to  those  puns  which  were  worthy  of  applause.  The  following 
is  one  of  his  best.  Robert  H.  Tate,  in  his  Senior  speech,  spoke 
of  the  many  uses  of  the  Longleaf  Pine,  and  bemoaned  the 
recent  losses  to  the  State  from  the  destruction  of  extensive 
forests  of  that  valuable  tree  by  myriads  of  pestilential  insects. 
"What  ?",  he  asked,  "will  become  of  our  good  old  State,  if  this 
devastation  of  our  pines  goes  on?"  The  answer  of  the  Presi- 
dent was,  "Re-pine,  of  course !" 

The  following  shows  in  a  piquant  way  the  friendly  relations 
between  the  President  and  the  students.  After  the  marble 
shaft  was  erected  to  the  memory  of  Presdent  Caldwell,  leaving 
the  dilapidated  sandstone  monument  first  erected,  gaunt  and 
hideous,  several  young  fellows  waited  on  President  Swain  in 


PRESIDENT   SWAIN.  531 

mock  gravity,  saying,  "Governor !  we  boys  have  had  a  meeting 
and  resolved  to  keep  the  old  monument  for  you."  For  once 
he  did  not  take  the  joke  with  his  accustomed  hilarity. 

His  curiosity  for  the  news  was  insatiable.  Every  person 
arriving  on  "the  Hill"  was  called  on  at  once  by  the  President 
and  catechized  as  to  what  had  happened  of  interest  or  import- 
ance within  his  knowledge.  He  kept  up,  even  after  postage 
fell  to  five  cents  for  any  distance,  the  old  custom  of  sending 
letters  by  the  hand  of  travellers,  who  often  had  to  pay  more 
than  the  postage  to  a  specially  employed  delivery  messenger. 
He  retained  always  the  practice  of  economy,  which  he  learned 
in  his  straitened  youth. 

Although  extremely  knock-kneed  and  round-shouldered,  and 
with  homely  features,  his  face  illumined  by  a  kind  heart  and 
by  a  strong  mind,  and  his  tall  figure  gave  him  a  commanding 
appearance.  On  account  of  his  intellectual  power,  the  great 
offices  he  had  held,  his  influence  over  Faculty  and  Trustees, 
together  with  courtesy  to  old  and  young  and  his  inclination  to 
merciful  dealing  with  offenders,  "Old  Bunk,"  as  he  was  called 
behind  his  back,  was  almost  universally  popular  with  the  stu- 
dents. I  think  he  was  intentionally  insulted  only  once  during 
his  incumbency.  That  was  when  a  Mississippi  student,  really 
crazy  from  whiskey,  threw  a  chair  in  his  direction,  but  did  not 
touch  him.  The  offender  was  dismissed,  then  expelled  for 
refusing  to  leave  Chapel  Hill  as  the  law  required.  He  re- 
deemed his  wildness  by  becoming  a  good  citizen  and  an  officer 
in  the  church,  and  was  killed  in  the  Civil  War,  having  reached 
the  rank  of  Captain. 

The  President's  deafness,  which  sorely  affected  him  in  his 
latter  years,  was  of  no  great  inconvenience  at  this  period  of  his 
life. 

For  the  most  of  the  period  the  President  taught  the  Seniors 
Constitutional  and  International,  or  as  he  published  it,  Na- 
tional Law,  Intellectual  Philosophy  and  Moral  Science.  The 
mode  of  recitation  was  almost  altogether  by  questions  and  an- 
swers, the  President  adhering  closely  to  the  text.  He  required 
the  table  of  contents  or  marginal  topics  to  be  memorized  in 
order,  an  exaction  considered  bv  the  class  as  burdensome.     Oc- 


532  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

casionally  he  lectured  most  interestingly  on  such  subjects  as 
Magna  Carta,  the  Petition  and  Bill  of  Rights,  the  character 
of  the  great  men  of  North  Carolina  and  the  United  States. 

He  introduced  greater  system  in  keeping  the  records  of  the 
students  for  scholarship  and  punctuality.  Tables  exist  show- 
ing in  his  handwriting  the  standing  of  each  after  every  exami- 
nation, and  the  absences  from  Prayers,  from  Recitations,  and 
from  religious  services  in  the  Chapel. 

Circular  letters  were  sent  to  each  parent  or  guardian,  show- 
ing the  standing  of  the  student,  and  earnestly  advising  that 
they  should  not  be  allowed  to  buy  anything  on  credit.  At  the 
end  of  the  terms,  then  called  sessions,  the  grades  were  reported. 
The  President  filled  these  out  with  his  own  hand,  which  was 
often  tremulous.  One  parent  told  him  that  after  careful  study 
he  had  been  unable  to  ascertain  whether  his  son's  standing  was 
g-o-o-d  or  b-a-d. 

President  Swain  was  strict  in  requiring  formal  Faculty 
meetings  once  a  week,  usually  on  Friday  night.  At  first  these 
were  held  at  the  dwellings  of  the  Faculty  alternately,  but 
afterwards  at  the  President's.  Tutors  were  considered  regular 
members,  entitled  to  vote.  Informal  meetings  were  held  in  the 
afternoons  after  Prayers,  a  majority  of  the  Faculty  usually 
being  present.  He  introduced  the  practice  of  having  the  regu- 
lar meetings  opened  with  prayer  by  one  of  the  clergy  present. 
Then  the  roll  of  the  students  was  called  over  twice,  absences 
recorded,  and  all  instances  of  misbehaviour  discussed.  The 
following  partial  list  shows  the  character  of  the  offences  ap- 
pearing on  the  Conduct  Book:  "Talking  or  laughing  at  reci- 
tations or  Prayers";  "Spitting  on  the  floor";  "Blowing  a 
trumpet  in  study  hours" ;  "Being  out  of  one's  room  in  study 
hours" ;  "Bringing  book  into  recitation  room" ;  "Throwing  a 
bucket  of  water  on  a  student";  "Shouting  too  loud  when 
drenched"  ;  "Loud  shouting" ;  "Riding  horseback  in  Campus" ; 
"Shooting  pistols";  "Exploding  gunpowder";  "Hoisting  pigs 
with  ropes  as  they  fed  under  the  windows,"  and  so  on. 

The  next  business  in  order  was  the  trial  of  those  who  were 
cited  to  appear  to  answer  serious  charges.  The  Professor  mak- 
ing the  charge  was  first  heard,  and  then  the  accused  answered. 


FACULTY    MEETINGS.  533 

As  a  rule  his  statement  was  accepted.  The  members  of  the 
Faculty  were  then  invited  one  by  one,  beginning  with  the 
youngest,  to  ask  questions  or  make  comments,  which  were 
sometimes  caustic,  sometimes  kindly.  Some  made  it  a  rule  to 
keep  silence.  After  this  ordeal  the  offender  retired  and  the 
vote  was  taken  on  the  case,  beginning  with  the  Tutors,  accord- 
ing to  the  court-martial  rule,  adopted  to  prevent  junior  officers 
being  overawed  by  their  superiors.  The  theory  was  that  the 
majority  ruled,  but  in  practice,  if  the  President  thought  best 
not  to  punish,  he  was  sure  to  carry  his  point.  Sometimes  his 
leniency  did  not  escape  criticism  on  the  part  of  his  colleagues, 
and  on  one  occasion  a  committee  of  the  Trustees  instructed 
their  chairman,  ex-Governor  Iredell,  to  announce  publicly  from 
the  rostrum  at  Commencement  their  opinion  that  it  was  in- 
juring the  institution.  The  President  answered  the  charge 
with  spirit,  even  with  heat,  we  must  presume  satisfactorily,  as 
the  subject  was  not  mentioned  again. 

The  cases  of  discipline  being  disposed  of,  opportunity  was 
given  for  a  general  discussion  of  the  condition  of  the  institution. 
No  rules  of  order  were  deemed  necessary,  nor  were  lacking 
agreeable  pleasantries  and  instructive  comments  on  the  affairs 
of  the  State  and  General  Government.  Sometimes,  but  not 
often,  there  would  be  heated  differences  of  opinion. 

Whether  it  arose  from  the  President's  politic  carefulness  or 
his  nervousness,  his  usual  rule  was  to  appoint  professors  to 
write  to  parents  about  the  delinquencies  of  their  sons.  Profes- 
sors were  also  entrusted  with  the  duty  of  admonishing  those 
who  needed  to  be  rebuked  or  stirred  up.  In  choosing  the  men- 
tors, regard  was  had  to  considerations  of  their  likelihood  of 
being  able  to  exert  special  influence  from  acquaintance  with 
parents,  church  affiliations  and  the  like. 

As  a  rule  he  consulted  the  Faculty  about  other  matters  before 
acting,  but  was  annoyed  when  they  differed  from  him.  By 
adroit  management  he  generally  carried  his  point,  without  caus- 
ing dissatisfaction.  He  had  decided  ideas  in  regard  to  his 
prerogative.  He  often  quoted  the  words  of  ex-Judge  Duncan 
Cameron  that  the  Captain  of  the  University  should  have  powers 
similar  to  those  of  a  captain  of  a  ship.     When  Professor  De- 


534  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Berniere  Hooper  wished  for  leave  of  absence  at  the  close  of  the 
academic  year,  i836-'7,  the  year  be  it  noted  of  his  marriage, 
the  President,  who  believed  that  Commencement  should  be 
made  as  imposing  as  possible,  declined  permission,  whereupon 
Professor  Hooper  appealed  to  the  Faculty  with  success.  Noth- 
ing daunted,  the  President  carried  the  question  before  the  Trus- 
tees and  triumphed.  He  was  a  Trustee  for  life  before  he  be- 
came President,  and  attended  the  meetings  of  the  Board  by 
right  and  not  by  courtesy.  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the 
Trustees  carried  into  effect  his  recommendations,  but  it  should 
be  observed  that  he  was  a  cautious  man  and  was  careful  to 
recommend  nothing  which  would  probably  be  disapproved.  He 
prided  himself  on  being  independent  of  the  Trustees,  and  often 
stated  that  for  this  reason  he  made  it  a  rule  never  to  invest  a 
dollar  in  Chapel  Hill  property.  He  was  prudent  in  money  mat- 
ters, as  was  his  wife,  and  at  death  was  worth  at  least  $60,000, 
notwithstanding  the  losses  of  the  war.  It  was  an  instance  of 
his  prudence  that  about  1862  he  sold  $10,000  stock  in  the  Bank 
of  North  Carolina  and  invested  the  proceeds  in  a  plantation  in 
Pitt  County. 

Mrs.  Swain,  a  granddaughter  of  Governor  Caswell,  a  woman 
of  fine  intellect  but  retiring  disposition,  cared  nothing  for  So- 
ciety, and  therefore  the  President  did  not  dispense  a  large  hos- 
pitality. As  he  did  not  for  reasons  of  health  often  attend 
entertainments  at  night,  there  were  not  many  at  his  home. 
Occasionally,  however,  he  was  the  host  of  distinguished  visitors, 
such  as  President  Buchanan  and  Secretary  Thompson,  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  Secretary  Seward,  Postmaster-General  Randall, 
and  Governor  Graham.  And  rarely  he  gave  a  banquet  to  the 
Trustees,  Seniors  and  others. 

In  his  domestic  government  he  was  conspicuously  lenient. 
The  neighbors  thought  that  he  "spoilt,"  to  use  a  common  term, 
his  children  and  his  slaves.  A  story  was  told  with  much  glee, 
how,  when  irritated  beyond  measure  by  his  washerwoman,  he 
seized  a  switch  to  punish  her,  she  said  with  satirical  emphasis, 
"Whip  away !  I  can  supply  back  as  long  as  you  can  supply 
whip !"  His  female  slaves  multiplied  rapidly,  although  they 
did  not  enter  into  the  matrimonial  engagements  usual  among 


PRESIDENT  SWAIN — AND   THE  RAILROAD.  535 

slaves,  which  though  not  binding  in  law,  were  as  much  re- 
spected in  fact  as  are  now  legal  marriages  in  some  of  our  States. 
One  of  his  women  was  a  grandmother  at  twenty-seven  years 
of  age.  Some  of  them  became  conspicuous  for  fidelity  and 
efficiency  in  after  life.  One,  Wilson  Swain  Caldwell,  for  in- 
stance, was  for  many  years  one  of  the  most  trusted  and  effi- 
cient University  servants,  with  the  unbounded  respect  of  Fac- 
ulty and  students.  He  held  the  office,  though  not  with  the 
name,  of  Janitor. 

President  Swain  occasionally  gave  public  lectures  to  the  Uni- 
versity officers  and  students,  the  villagers  being  also  invited.  I 
can  recall  one  on  the  early  history  of  the  University,  one  on  the 
comparative  rank  of  North  Carolina  in  geographical  position, 
wealth,  and  population ;  another  on  the  Importance  of  Agricul- 
ture ;  a  fourth,  which  was  published,  on  Military  Operations 
in  North  Carolina  in  1776.  He  had  a  floating  intention  to  visit 
England  in  search  for  papers  relating  to  our  history,  but  the 
General  Assembly,  while  appointing  him  agent  for  this  purpose, 
made  no  appropriation  for  expenses.  He  wrote  in  an  uncom- 
monly good  style  some  historical  papers  for  the  University 
Magazine  on  the  War  of  the  Regulation,  and  edited  publica- 
tions of  papers  of  Governor  Burke,  Whitmill  Hill,  Cornelius 
Harnett,  and  others,  mostly  obtained  from  the  collection  of 
Judge  Murphey.  The  history  of  this  collection  will  be  found  in 
the  second  volume. 

The  President  was  a  Presbyterian,  an  Elder  in  the  Church, 
but  I  never  heard  of  his  praying  or  discoursing  in  public. 
There  is  a  tablet  to  his  memory  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
Chapel  Hill.  Mrs.  Swain  was  a  Methodist,  but  an  infrequent 
attendant  at  church. 

The  President  is  commonly  censured  for  using  his  influence 
to  keep  the  North  Carolina  Railroad  from  coming  to  Chapel 
Hill,  alleging  that  it  would  facilitate  the  running  off  of  students 
during  term  time.  It  certainly  was  his  policy,  as  was  the  policy 
of  his  predecessors,  to  keep  the  University  dormitories  isolated. 
No  road  was  allowed  through  the  Campus.  A  rail  fence,  along 
which  a  hedgerow  grew  up,  separated  the  tree-covered  part  of 
it  from  the  open  field  on  the  eastern  side,  and  there  was  no 


536  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

access  to  the  Raleigh  road.  Carriages  could  only  reach  the 
buildings  by  the  west.  Dr.  Mitchell,  as  had  been  said,  endeav- 
ored to  have  two  public  roads,  one  in  the  rear  of  the  South 
Building  and  the  other  along  the  Old  East,  but  the  project 
failed.  Still,  I  think  that  Governor  Swain  should  not  be  held 
responsible  for  the  railroad  going  by  Hillsboro.  In  the  first 
place  its  most  powerful  promotors,  ex-Governor  Morehead, 
ex-Governor  Graham,  John  W.  Norwood,  Giles  Mebane,  Cad- 
wallader  Jones,  the  elder,  John  A.  Gilmer,  Ralph  P.  Gorrell, 
Paul  C.  Cameron,  Calvin  Graves,  and  other  men,  influential 
not  only  as  stockholders  to  a  large  amount  but  as  public  leaders, 
without  whose  active  labors  the  State  appropriation  could  not 
have  been  procured,  lived  along  the  Hillsboro  route.  In  the 
second  place,  the  Chief  Engineer,  Col.  Walter  Gwynne,  re- 
ported against  the  route  by  Chapel  Hill.  In  his  report  of  1851 
he  says,  "The  result  by  any  combination  that  could  be  made 
would  be  in  favor  of  the  route  by  Hillsboro  in  all  the  essentials 
of  grades,  cost,  curvature  and  distance."  Again,  "Owing  to 
the  frequent  deflections  this,  (the  Chapel  Hill)  route,  although 
called  the  direct  route,  would  be  about  two  miles  longer  than 
the  line  by  Hillsboro,  and  a  comparison  of  the  grades,  curvature 
and  cost  would  also  be  against  it." 

Against  the  opposition  of  the  most  powerful  stockholders 
and  the  adverse  report  of  the  Chief  Engineer,  of  course  Presi- 
dent Swain  could  do  nothing.  It  was  wise  in  him  to  yield 
gracefully  and  to  get  what  comfort  he  could  from  the  inevitable. 

As  sustaining  my  charitable  view,  I  add  on  the  testimony  of 
Air.  Paul  C.  Cameron  that  President  Swain  certainly  advocated 
the  Chapel  Hill  route  before  a  meeting  of  the  stockholders, 
while  he  himself  urged  that  the  road  should  go  by  his  Farin- 
tosh  and  Flat  River  plantations,  east  of  the  adopted  line.  On 
the  whole,  I  conclude  that  the  President  would  not  have  op- 
posed its  location  near  the  University  if  it  could  possibly  have 
been  procured,  and  that  he  persuaded  himself  that  its  loss  was 
best  for  University  discipline. 

The  Faculty  of  President  Swain's  early  incumbency  was 
very  little  changed  for  many  years.  When  changes  occurred 
by  death  or  resignation,  the  new  professors  did  not  sensibly 


DR.    MITCHELL.  537 

modify  the  accustomed  order.  The  fashion  of  discipline  and 
instruction  set  by  Dr.  Caldwell  and  his  coadjutors,  less  sternly 
administered,  however,  was  continued. 

The  Senior  Professor,  Dr.  Elisha  Mitchell,  nicknamed  "Old 
Mike"  by  the  students,  had  a  big  frame  and  a  big  brain.  While 
his  body  was  formed  for  strength  and  not  for  grace,  his  face 
was  handsome  and  intellectual.  He  might  have  been  among 
the  great  specialists  of  this  country,  if  he  had  not  aspired  to  be 
universally  learned.  To  his  students  he  appeared  to  know 
everything  in  literature  and  science.  He  seemed  familiar  not 
only  with  flowers  and  rocks,  minerals  and  ores,  and  the  secrets 
of  chemistry  and  physics,  but  with  questions  of  fiction  and 
poetry,  theology  and  law,  history  and  art.  He  was  a  strong 
mathematician,  indeed,  as  has  been  shown,  was  professor  in 
that  department  for  several  years.  He  once  taught  rhetoric 
and  logic.  He  read  Blackstone  for  recreation.  He  was  well 
versed  in  the  classics  and  was  a  good  theologian.  When  a 
Junior  he  said  to  me,  ''Do  you  believe  that  Solomon  had  seven 
hundred  wives  and  three  hundred  concubines  ?"  I  replied  that 
I  thought  I  was  bound  to  believe  it.  He  said,  "Well !  I  do  not. 
The  Bible  comes  to  us  after  numerous  transcriptions.  A  slight 
mark  in  Hebrew  will  make  hundreds  or  thousands  more  or  less. 
Perhaps  some  transcriber,  Jewish  of  course,  accidentally,  or  on 
purpose  to  increase  the  glory  of  Solomon,  altered  the  figures." 
This  was  my  first  experience  of  the  Higher  Criticism.  His 
sermons  were  good,  but  were  delivered  in  such  a  tame  manner, 
without  gesture  and  without  raising  his  eyes  from  the  manu- 
script, that  they  left  no  lasting  impression  as  a  whole.  Particu- 
lar expressions  were  remembered  from  their  quaintness.  For 
example,  he  began  a  sermon  on  Moral  Courage  thus:  "If  a 
man  walking  on  the  street  sees  a  mad  bull  charging  on  him  with 
lowered  horns,  and  hastens  to  leap  the  fence  to  escape,  he  is 
not  a  coward.  If  he  does  not,  he  is  a  fool."  His  prayers  ap- 
peared to  the  youthful  mind  of  undue  length.  They  were  al- 
ways the  same,  and  when  he  came  to  "line  upon  line,  precept 
upon  precept,  here  a  little  and  there  a  little,"  we  knew  that  he 
was  half  through  and  a  thrill  of  gladness  entered  our  souls. 

While  Dr.  Mitchell  was  curious  to  know  everything,  he  was 


53§  TH^  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

also  ready  for  active  work  wherever  called  for.  It  was  said 
that  a  year's  term  of  Chairman  of  the  Faculty  after  Caldwell's 
death  left  him  willing-  to  undertake  the  Presidency.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  diligent  in  enforcing  discipline,  and  as  he  had 
a  bed  in  his  private  room  in  the  South  Building,  in  which 
he  frequently  spent  his  nights,  was  commonly  on  hand  to  lend 
his  aid  in  preventing  or  suppressing  riotous  conduct.  Once 
while  Faison  was  running  from  hot  pursuit  of  a  Tutor,  he 
leaped  out  of  a  door  of  the  South  Building  right  into  Dr. 
Mitchell's  arms,  and  was  held  in  his  embrace.  The  fun  of  the 
thing  moved  F.'s  risibles  and  he  burst  into  a  jovial  laugh. 
While  often  detecting  offenders,  the  good  Professor  was  very 
merciful  in  punishment. 

He  was,  as  has  been  told,  the  Bursar,  and  kept  the  accounts 
of  the  students.  This  involved  much  labor  both  of  collecting 
and  paying  out  money  for  tuition,  room  rent,  servant  hire, 
board,  washing,  and  other  expenses.  The  law  required  all 
funds  of  students,  even  pocket-money,  to  be  deposited  with  him, 
a  law  smacking  of  espionage,  and  not  obeyed  except  as  to  what 
was  needed  for  expenses  of  board,  books,  and  the  like.  No  one 
ever  saw  his  books,  and  it  was  a  common  belief  that  he  carried 
all  their  accounts  in  his  head,  but  this  could  not  have  been  true. 
The  only  concrete  criticism  by  the  students  was  as  to  the  deposit 
money.  Each  was  required  to  pay  $4  per  annum  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  damages  to  University  property  not  traceable  to 
any  perpetrator.  At  the  end  of  the  session  the  unused  residue 
was  returned.  As  the  students  knew  nothing  of  the  aggregate 
damages,  there  was  ample  room  for  disappointment,  and  so 
they  jocularly  called  the  Bursar's  old  gray  horse  "Old  De- 
posits," as  having  been  paid  for  out  of  the  fund.  Often  in 
emergencies  he  employed  his  own  property,  slaves  or  horses 
and  wagons,  in  aid  of  the  University,  and  repaid  himself  in  a 
rough  way  in  kind. 

As  Bursar  he  took  charge  of  all  needed  ordinary  work  and 
repairs,  building  stone  walls  and  the  like.  As  Town  Com- 
missioner, he  improved  our  streets  by  supporting  walls  and 
culverts,  and  as  Justice  of  the  Peace  he  was  always  ready  fo 
try  the  petty  cases  of  a  sparse  neighborhood.     Occasionally  in 


DR.   MITCHELL  AS  A  CITIZEN.  539 

affrays  among  students,  where  serious  trouble  was  threatened, 
he  forced  the  fighters  to  give  security  to  keep  the  peace. 

As  a  teacher  he  was  very  interesting,  often  illustrating  the 
subject  by  facts  of  history  and  even  amusing  anecdotes,  at 
which  he  laughed  as  heartily  as  the  students.  I  remember  that 
ohe  of  my  classmates  had  the  habit  of  giving  a  convulsive 
snort,  instead  of  genuine  laughter.  Once  this  was  not  uttered 
until  the  rest  of  us  subsided  into  quiet,  so  that  it  sounded  like 
ridicule.  The  Professor  angrily  said,  "Is  that  man  a  fool  that 
he  cannot  appreciate  a  joke?"  At  one  period  he  read  written 
lectures  of  his  own  on  Chemistry,  Geology  and  Mineralogy. 
The  notes  of  these  were  handed  on  from  class  to  class,  and  on 
the  margin  were  the  entries,  "Here  comes  in  the  joke  about 
A.  B.,"  "Here  comes  in  the  joke  about  C.  D.,"  and  so  on.  He 
did  not  often  make  a  slip.  I  remember  one.  He  taught  the 
Junior  class  Sunday  afternoons  in  the  Books  of  Kings.  Dur- 
ing the  first  term  he  finished  the  first  book.  The  next  term 
we  were  dreading  the  complicated  reigns  of  the  kings  of  Judah 
and  Israel,  when  to  our  delight  he  began  the  first  book  again 
and  never  discovered  the  reiteration.  We  did  not  undeceive 
him. 

In  the  laboratory  he  performed  experiments  well.  The  trans- 
formations he  predicted  all  came  according  to  the  prophecy. 
But  he  did  not  require  the  students  to  work  with  their  own 
hands.  Indeed,  there  was  not  room  for  it  in  the  combined 
lecture-hall  and  laboratory,  which  was  on  the  first  floor  of  the 
South  Building,  south  side. 

As  a  citizen,  Dr.  Mitchell  was  kind-hearted  and  public-spirit- 
ed, ready  to  give  counsel  or  material  aid  to  all  who  asked  for  it, 
fond  of  humor,  as  well  as  grave  conversation.  He  enjoyed  a 
joke  on  himself  if  there  was  no  malice.  To  a  retort  of  a  mem- 
ber of  my  class  he  laughed  and  said,  "Well,  Mr.  Dusenbury ! 
I  forgive  the  impudence  of  that  for  the  wit  of  it."  On  a  geo- 
logical excursion  with  his  class,  when  Vance  invited  him  to  go 
out  of  his  way  to  inspect  a  newly  found  red  stratum,  and  he 
found  a  divided  watermelon,  he  said,  "That  Vance  is  a  funny 
fellow,"  but  he  declined  to  partake  of  the  fruit  because  he 
doubted  Vance's  title  and  would  not  be  sruiltv  of  concealing 


540  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

stolen  goods  in  his  capacious  stomach.  Passing  an  old  mill- 
house  near  an  empty  pond  he  was  much  amuused  at  Vance's 
pretended  grave  inquiry,  "Doctor,  do  you  think  that  mill  is 
worth  a  dam?"  Once  when  I  showed  displeasure  at  a  coarse 
joke  by  a  Professor  in  which  the  name  of  a  refined  young  lady, 
then  a  guest  at  my  father's,  was  mentioned,  he  paid  me  a 
special  visit  to  endeavor  to  persuade  me  that  I  was  wrong. 
"People  are  becoming  too  squeamish,"  he  said ;  "when  my  wife 
was  a  girl  she  and  her  friends  used  to  play  dolls  with  human 
bones,  which  her  father,  Dr.  North,  had  in  his  garret.  The 
relations  between  the  sexes  were  established  by  God,  and  there 
is  no  harm  in  talking  about  having  children."  I  was  not  con- 
vinced, although  I  appreciated  his  kindness. 

The  Doctor  was  one  day  explaining  the  transmission  of 
qualities  of  mind  and  body  by  heredity.  "Yes,  gentlemen, 
often  if  you  know  the  father  and  mother  of  a  student  and  their 
idiosyncracies,  you  can  form  a  fair  estimate  of  his  character." 
Then  turning  to  a  tall,  dignified  member  of  the  class,  whose 
father  he  well  knew,  he  said,  "Mr.  Alexander !  what  is  your 
mother's  name  ?"  "Vi'let,  sir  !"  was  the  answer.  The  Doctor 
laughed  with  the  class  and  said,  "well,  I  admit  that  I  can  not 
estimate  your  character  from  that  name.  I  enquired  after  her 
family  name." 

He  explored  thoroughly  the  woods  and  fields  around  Chapel 
Hill,  showing  the  love  for  solitary  journeyings  which  led  him 
to  make  excursions  over  our  mountains  and  other  parts  of  the 
State,  evincing  the  same  self-reliance  which  led  him  to  his 
death  on  Mt.  Mitchell.  The  University  has  his  manuscript 
book  of  notes.     It  has  a  dedication  "To  Myself.'' 

He  was  charitable  to  the  extent  of  his  ability.  My  observa- 
tion was  that  he  and  others  of  like  heart  in  Chapel  Hill  were 
greatly  imposed  upon  by  a  few  who  were,  not  too  proud,  but 
too  lazy  to  dig,  and  not  ashamed  to  beg.  One  of  his  benefactions 
was  a  standing  source  of  merriment  to  the  villagers.  He  lent 
money  to  a  neighbor  on  mortgage  of  his  home.  He  was  com 
pelled  to  foreclose  and  buy  the  property  to  save  his  debt.  The 
wife  of  the  debtor,  Mrs.  Snipes,  declared  that  she  would  not 
vacate  her  dwelling.     Her  husband  died,  and  still  she  stood 


DR.   MITCHELL  AND  CONTROVERSIES.  54I 

firm.  "The  good  Doctor  was  too  kindhearted  to  eject  her  by 
legal  process,  and  so  she  continued  for  years,  paying  neither 
interest  nor  rent.  The  Doctor  was  reading  in  the  Bible  one 
Sunday,  "Beware  of  Scribes  .  .  .  which  devour  widows' 
houses  and  for  a  pretense  make  long  prayers."  My  next  neigh- 
bor, his  son-in-law,  Ashe,  whispered  to  me,  "the  widow  Snipes  !" 
The  remark  exactly  fitted  the  controversy  of  Mitchell  z:s.  Snipes, 
coupled  with  the  Doctor's  longitudinous  petitions,  and  was 
acutely  ludicrous. 

One  weakness  the  Doctor  had — impatience  of  criticism  or 
contradiction.  I  will  give  an  instance.  When  the  old  road, 
ascending  the  Piney  Prospect  hill  on  the  north,  became,  about 
1840,  almost  impassible,  it  was  resolved  to  make  a  new  road  on 
the  south  side,  beginning  about  two  miles  from  the  village.  He 
was  selected  as  the  engineer,  and  laid  out  a  fairly  good  highway, 
but  ascending  the  hill  by  quite  a  steep  grade.  Afterwards 
Professor  Green  was  made  road-overseer,  and  he  deemed  it  his 
duty,  although  at  considerable  expense  to  himself,  to  adopt  a 
much  more  gentle  grade,  using  his  own  negroes  in  aid  of  the 
county  "hands."  Dr.  Mitchell  was  so  incensed  at  this  implied 
reflection  on  his  skill  that  he  called  Professor  Green  "no  gen- 
tleman" and  declined  to  speak  to  him  afterwards. 

He  also  showed  much  intolerance  against  allowing  any  stu- 
dents to  attend  church  services  on  Sunday  morning  elsewhere 
than  in  the  University  Chapel,  as  proposed  by  Prof.  Green,  and 
he.  as  well  as  other  members  of  the  Faculty,  always  became 
heated  in  discussing  the  subject.  He  was  engaged  occasiona- 
ally  in  newspaper  controversies,  notably  with  the  State  Geolo- 
gist, Dr.  Emmons.  The  dispute  was  whether  the  Deep  River 
coal  deposit  is  a  veritable  coal  bed  or  only  a  vein.  Although 
denounced  and  ridiculed  by  speculators  who  wished  that  Em- 
mons was  right,  the  developments  since,  it  is  said,  show  that 
the  dip  of  the  stratum  of  coal  is  holding  the  same  angle  as  was 
then  known  and  that  Mitchell  possessed  the  superior  sagacitv. 
In  his  controversy  with  General  Clingman  on  the  subject  of 
Mount  Mitchell,  conducted  in  excellent  temper  on  both  sides, 
he  carried  his  point.  After  his  death  the  General  magnani- 
mously yielded. 


542  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Rev.  James  Phillips,  to  whom 
this  University  gave  the  degree  of  D.D.  when  he  was  absent 
as  a  Visitor  to  West  Point  in  1851,  was  a  very  strong  character. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  singularly  gifted  in  the  ability  by  words, 
tone  and  sincerity  of  manner  to  touch  the  heart.  His  prayers 
were  with  the  earnestness  and  pathos  of  one  standing  in  the 
presence  of  God.  His  heart  was  large  and  kindly.  He  was 
as  firm  as  adamant  in  his  opinions.  He  was  a  most  accurate 
scholar,  especially  in  Theology  and  Mathematics,  Natural  and 
Applied.  His  lectures  on  Physics  are  written  elegantly  and 
clearly,  without  interlineation,  and  embracing  the  latest  re- 
searches of  his  time.  When  the  teaching  force  was  enlarged, 
his  work  was  confined  mainly  to  Pure  Mathematics.  His 
teaching  was  somewhat  mechanical,  taking  the  propositions 
in  regular  order  and,  as  a  rule,  calling  up  the  students  alpha- 
betically. The  idlers  took  advantage  of  this  and  calculated 
not  only  the  day  when  their  turn  came,  but  often  the  problems 
which  would  fall  to  their  lot.  Like  many  teachers  he  had  cer- 
tain phrases,  which  he  was  fond  of  using.  He  would  say,  "Mr. 
B.,  I  don't  see  dat,"  "Mr.  A.,  that  oversteps  the  modesty  of 
nature !" 

In  my  day  he  kept  excellent  order  in  his  classes.  Besides 
his  natural  dignity,  the  boys  were  impressed  by  the  fact  that  his 
youth  had  been  spent  in  Old  England,  his  native  land,  and  he 
had  gazed  on  the  great  Napoleon  as  he  paced  the  deck  of  the 
Better  ophon. 

It  was  believed,  too,  that  he  was  an  expert  in  fencing  and 
the  use  of  the  single  stick,  and  the  knotted  cane  with  which  he 
walked  was  looked  on  with  awe.  Freshmen  were  stuffed  with 
the  absurd  story  that  he  was  a  reformed  pirate,  but  the  truth 
was  that  he  had  been  a  church  member  from  boyhood,  first  of 
the  Church  of  England  before  reaching  maturity,  and  then  a 
devout  Presbyterian. 

The  following  rhymes  by  James  D.  Lynch,  of  Virginia,  after- 
wards of  Mississippi,  author  of  a  Centennial  Ode  of  merit,  who 
was  a  student  in  i855-'58,  well  expresses  the  fate  of  an  igno- 
rant student: 


MANUEL   FETTER. 


W.    M.    GREEN. 


J.   DE  BERNIERE   HOOPER. 


CHAS.    FORCE    DEEMS. 


FORDYCE   M.   HUBBARD. 


DR.   PHILLIPS  AND  PROF.   FETTER.  543 

Taken  up,  questioned  and    "rushed, 
Laughed  at,  seated  and  hushed; 
Of  this  a  fellow  gets  full, 
Whenever  he  recites  to  Old  Bull. 

Owing  to  his  English  birth,  his  college  name  was  Old  Bull, 
or  Old  Johnny. 

Dr.  Phillips  occasionally  preached  at  night  in  the  village 
chapel.  His  regular  charge  was  New  Hope  Church,  about 
six  miles  north  of  the  village. 

He  was  a  hard  student.  The  light  from  his  little  window 
upstairs  over  the  parlor  of  the  dwelling,  where  resides  Presi- 
dent Venable,  was  one  of  the  latest  in  the  village.  He  had  a 
good  library,  mainly  theological,  which,  after  his  death,  was 
given  by  his  daughter  to  the  University. 

Professor  Manuel  Fetter,  although  his  students  teased  him 
in  his  recitation  room,  had  a  warm  place  in  their  hearts.  He 
was  well  versed  in  the  reading  and  parsing  of  Greek,  but  had 
the  defect  of  most  classical  teachers  of  his  day,  that  of  not  call- 
ing attention  to  the  literary  excellence  of  the  books  he  taught. 
He  was  minutely  strict  in  carrying  out  the  rules,  and  was  very 
sensitive  to  ridicule.  Sometimes  students  intentionally  com- 
mitted breaches  of  the  regulations  or  of  etiquette,  in  order  to 
laugh  at  his  evidences  of  annoyance.  But  even  these,  and  cer- 
tainly all  the  well-behaved,  carried  to  their  homes  respect  and 
affection  for  "Old  Fet." 

In  teaching  he  placed  great  stress  on  the  "Dictionary  mean- 
ing," Liddell  and  Scott  being  his  sine  qua  non.  No  alternative 
reading  was  favored,  so  that  those  who  wished  good  marks 
were  driven  to  much  turning  of  leaves.  Those  who  studied 
Greek  for  the  grandeur  of  thought  and  beauty  of  imagery  were 
not  pleased,  but  those  who  wished  familiarity  with  the  gram- 
matical structure  of  the  language,  the  declensions  and  tenses, 
dialects  and  derivations  of  words,  obtained  as  much  as  they 
could  carry  off. 

It  is  said  that  when  he  first  came  from  the  North  he  knew 
nothing  of  gardening.  After  he  planted  his  "sweet  potato"' 
slips,  he  was  shocked  to  find  that  the  growing  of  the  tubers  had 


'Rushed  meant  a  failure,  in  whole  or  in  part. 


544  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

caused  little  fissures  in  the  earth  of  the  hills.  He  consulted 
his  neighbor,  Mr.  Snipes,  about  the  difficulty.  "The  remedy  is 
easy,"  said  Snipes,  "take  some  lime  mortar  and  plaster  up  the 
cracks."  And  so  indeed  he  did.  He  afterwards  became  a 
most  skillful  gardener. 

He  was  perhaps  too  strict  in  reporting  indecorums  for  the 
demerit  roll,  and  calling  larger  offenders  before  the  Faculty. 
Once  he  brought  on  himself  some  ridicule.  He  asked  a  student, 
James  W.  Wilson,  who  afterward  became  an  eminent  Civil 
Engineer,  the  name  of  an  ancient  river,  Oenoe,  or  Enoe,  pro- 
nounced En-o-e.  Wilson,  who  had  often  fished  in  the  stream 
running  through  Orange  County,  confidently  replied,  "E-no, 
Sir !"  There  was  a  general  laugh  and  he  was  ordered  before 
the  Faculty  for  disturbing  the  recitation.  In  reply  to  the  charge 
he  said,  "Governor!  how  do  you  pronounce  E-n-o-e?"  "E-no, 
Sir !"  was  the  reply.  "Well,  Sir !  Mr.  Fetter  summoned  me 
for  pronouncing  the  word  just  as  you  do."  Of  course  he  was 
acquitted  and  the  Faculty  thought  the  joke  was  against  the 
Professor. 

Sometimes  a  student  would  hold  his  text-book  under  his 
cloak  and  gaze  intently  at  it  as  if  he  were  reading  a  novel.  The 
Professor  would  administer  a  rebuke  for  violating  the  law, 
when  the  cloak  would  be  thrown  open  and,  with  an  injured 
tone,  the  question  would  be  asked,  "What,  Mr.  Fetter !  is  it 
against  the  law  to  read  my  text-book?"  Sometimes  his  feet, 
uncommonly  large,  would  be  gazed  at  with  faces  expressing 
wonder.  As  his  chair  was  on  a  platform  elevated  two  feet 
above  the  floor,  there  was  no  way  of  avoiding  the  inspection, 
and  his  annoyance  was  plainly  visible. 

Occasionally  several  students  would  groan  without  opening 
their  lips,  so  that  it  was  impossible  to  discern  which  of  the 
innocent-looking  youths  were  guilty.  Occasionally  nearly  all 
the  class  would  march  behind  the  Professor,  as  he  repaired 
to  the  Chapel  for  Evening  Prayer.  Those  in  front  were 
usually  summoned  before  the  Faculty  for  a  reprimand.  Of 
course  ridiculous  questions  were  sometimes  asked  as  gravely  as 
if  the  speakers  actually  sought  knowledge.  The  old  torment 
of  cat  calls  was  not  wanting  and  in  acorn  and  chinquepin  sea- 
sons these  nuts  would  be  rattled  across  the  room. 


TEASING   A    PROFESSOR.  545 

Another  mode  of  teasing  Mr.  Fetter  was  to  induce  a  large 
number  of  the  class  (there  were  always  about  a  half  a  dozen 
who  would  not  join  them)  to  "snap,"  that  is,  to  absent  them- 
selves from  the  recitation  room,  or  to  "fess,"  that  is,  to  decline 
answering  questions.  They  invariably  were  discomfited  in 
the  end,  the  Faculty  requiring  them  to  recite  the  lesson,  with 
the  alternative  of  being  dismissed.  Twenty-five  members  of  a 
Freshman  Bible  class,  however,  submitted  to  this  penalty,  be- 
cause when  their  regular  teacher  was  absent,  they  claimed 
that  they  were  not  bound  to  recite  to  another.  Of  course  there 
was  the  usual  submission  and  restoration. 

Similar  to  this  was  the  fate  of  a  class  locked  out  of  their 
room  by  some  sly  youth  pouring  shot  into  the  capacious  key 
holes,  into  which  fitted  brass  keys  nearly  or  quite  a  foot  long. 
The  locked  out  Professor  would  direct  the  class  to  follow  him 
to  the  Chapel  or  to  other  vacant  rooms,  but  was  generally  dis- 
obeyed, except  by  a  faithful  few.  Other  instructors  anticipated 
the  ringing  of  the  bell  by  five  minutes  so  that,  if  the  lock  had 
been  tampered  with,  a  servant  with  an  axe  could  break  into  the 
room  and  the  damage  charged  to  "Deposites." 

In  1844  Professor  Fetter,  as  the  phrase  of  the  day  had  it, 
"disapproved,"  or  "glistered,"  all  the  Junior  class,  except  three, 
on  the  Medea  of  Euripides.  The  unfortunates  dressed  the  book 
in  black  crape,  marched  by  the  Professor's  home  in  solemn 
procession,  and  then  back  to  the  Davie  Poplar  and  buried  it 
with  funeral  honors.  Over  it  was  a  slab  of  sandstone  on  which 
was  inscribed  Hie  Jacet  Medea.  On  the  corner,  in  small  letters, 
was  "E.  Hinton,  sculpsit."  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  it  was  not 
allowed  to  remain  in  honor  of  the  graduating  class  of  1845. 

These  instances  suffice  to  show  the  nature  of  the  teasing 
to  which  the  Professor  was  occasionally  subjected. 

Professor  John  DeBerniere  Hooper,  descended  from  a 
brother  of  the  Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
on  his  mother's  side  from  a  noble  French  Huguenot  family, 
was  Professor  of  Latin  and  French  until  1848.  He  had  a 
strict  sense  of  duty.  In  enforcing  the  old-fashioned  rules  of 
discipline  he  concluded  that  they  caused  evasions  and  deceits 


546  THE  UNIVERSITY  C)l;   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

among  the  students  and  hostility  toward  the  Faculty.  So  he 
afterwards  resigned  his  Professorship  and  undertook  the  work 
of  school  teaching.  He  was  a  man  of  peculiarly  gentle  manners, 
but  he  gave  the  impression  of  possessing  great  reserve  power. 
The  noisiest  students  were  quiet  in  his  presence.  He  was  re- 
garded as  a  broad  and  accurate  scholar.  He  was  such  an  excel- 
lent writer  that  he  was  more  than  once  selected  to  deliver  Com- 
mencement addresses,  but  his  modesty  forced  him  to  decline. 
No  student  ever  dared  to  treat  him  with  ridicule.  His  manner 
was  gentlemanly,  and  so  decided  and  firm,  and  his  rebukes 
so  just,  that  offenders  could  not  answer  him  with  rudeness. 
He  had  no  other  nick-name  than  the  abbreviation  Hoop,  or  Old 
Hoop. 

As  a  teacher  of  Latin,  while  exacting  in  parsing  and  con- 
structions, he  took  pains  to  point  out  the  excellencies  of  style 
and  thought,  but  neither  he,  nor  the  Professor  of  Greek,  re- 
quired the  translation  of  English  into  Latin  or  Greek.  In 
teaching  French  he  was  successful  in  regard  to  reading  and 
construction,  but  his  pronunciation  was  said  by  experts  to 
have  been  formed  from  the  teaching  of  books.  There  was  no 
attempt  to  train  the  students  in  conversation  in  that  language. 

Professor  Hooper  was  brother  of  Johnston  Hooper,  the 
Alabama  lawyer,  who  wrote  Simon  Suggs  and  other  humorous 
stories,  once  very  popular. 

Professor  William  Mercer  Green,  afterward  Bishop  of  Mis- 
sissippi, Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Logic,  also  Chaplain  of  the 
University,  combined  in  a  great  degree  suavity  of  manners  with 
strength  of  character.  He  was  a  good  teacher,  as  far  as  he 
went,  but  his  heart  seemed  to  be  in  his  clerical  duties  more  than 
in  his  department.  In  his  Chapel  preaching  he  carefully  re- 
frained from  inculcating  doctrines  peculiar  to  his  denomina- 
tion. His  sermons  were  always  sensible  and  interesting,  but 
he  could  not  be  called  eloquent.  His  delivery  was  smooth  and 
graceful,  but  not  energetic. 

In  1844  he  inaugurated  two  enterprises  which  he  prosecuted 
with  great  energy,  which  will  be  more  fully  described.  The 
first  was  the  building  of  the  first  church  in  the  village,  the 
Episcopal,  which  he  succeeded  in  finishing  largely  of  his  own 


PROFESSOR   GREEN.  547 

means.  The  second  was  allowing  the  students  the  option  of 
attending  divine  service  in  the  village  instead  of  in  the  Uni- 
versity Chapel  (Gerrard  Hall).  A  full  account  of  this  con- 
troversy is  given  elsewhere.  The  whole  system  of  compulsory 
attendance  may  sound  well,  but  in  practice  it  did  not  conduce 
to  edifying.  There  are  very  many  more  active  religious  men 
under  the  voluntary  plan. 

His  instruction  in  Blair's  Rhetoric  was  satisfactory,  but  in 
Logic  it  was  deficient,  merely  requiring  the  careful  study  of 
Hedge's  treatise,  a  diminutive  book.  Besides  these  he  had  a 
class  in  Vandenhoff's  Elocution.  We  thought  the  gesticulation 
and  intonation  too  mechanical,  indeed  unnatural.  There  was  a 
similar  defect  in  his  preaching.  The  language  and  style  were 
good,  the  thoughts  excellent,  of  the  most  approved  orthodoxy, 
but  there  was  lacking  fire,  enthusiasm. 

He  was  of  boundless  kind-heartedness  and  benevolence.  I 
heard  him  say  that  when  a  boy  he  shot  a  woodpecker  and 
grieved  over  it  with  occasional  tears  for  a  whole  day.  He 
allowed  his  slaves  to  impose  on  his  easy  temper  to  the  indigna- 
tion of  his  neighbors.  Particularly  one  Sam,  by  deception  as 
to  his  sore  hand,  escaped  all  work.  My  classmate,  Young,  one 
of  the  best  men  in  the  world,  who  had  a  room  on  the  Profes- 
sor's lot,  was  so  delighted  at  seeing  him,  irritated  beyond  en- 
durance, take  up  a  switch  to  punish  Sam,  that  he  forgot  him- 
self, threw  up  his  window  and  shouted,  "Give  him  h — 1 !" 

Once,  when  there  was  a  scare  about  the  insurrection  of  the 
negroes,  for  which  there  was  not  the  slightest  foundation,  Sain 
loudly  asserted  his  innocence;  "When  I  rises  I  rises  to  do  my 
master's  work !"  The  ludicrousness  of  this  declaration  from 
one  who  avoided  all  work  tended  to  allay  the  panic.  The 
Bishop's  conscientiousness  is  evident  by  the  fact  that  he  lost 
most  of  a  brick  kiln,  worth  $250,  by  having  the  fires  extin- 
guished on  Saturday  night,  so  as  to  relieve  the  loborers  from 
work  on  Sunday,  a  strange  construction  of  Christ's  words 
about  the  ox  or  ass  falling  into  a  pit.  He  carried  on  a  small 
farm,  now  called  Tenny's  plantation.  I  have  known  of  his 
lending  a  driver  and  a  pair  of  mules  for  several  days  to  a 
neighbor  for  a  trip  to  Raleigh,  when  they  were  needed  on  the 
farm. 


548  The;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

Besides  conducting  prayers  every  morning  and  preaching 
every  alternate  Sunday  in  Gerrard  Hall,  Professor  Green  of- 
ficiated once  a  month  in  a  Chapel  erected  by  Judge  Duncan 
Cameron  on  his  Farintosh  plantation.  He  also  occasionally 
conducted  the  services  of  his  church  in  his  parlor  and  in  the 
Episcopal  Church,  when  finished.  He,  however,  declined  being 
Rector  of  the  Parish. 

His  manners  under  all  circumstances  were  those  of  a  polished 
gentleman ;  his  conduct  regulated  by  a  Christian's  sense  of 
duty. 

Professor  Charles  Force  Deems,  in  addition  to  his  work 
in  his  own  department,  had  a  class  in  Horace  and  the  Bible. 
He  did  not  care  for  the  niceties  of  parsing  and  grammar,  but 
brought  out  the  literary  power  of  the  work  studied  remarkably 
well.  He  was  not  much  over  twenty-one  years  old,  was  ad- 
mired as  a  preacher  of  clearness,  force  and  eloquence.  He 
seldom  officiated  before  the  students,  but  often  preached  at 
Orange  Church  in  the  country,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Methodist 
congregation  of  the  village,  whose  church,  named  Bethesda, 
was  a  plain  room  above  a  store,  with  only  backless  benches 
for  seats.  Of  all  the  teachers  of  Latin  I  have  known  he  was 
the  most  happy  in  showing  the  force  and  beauty  of  the  poetry 
of  Horace.  He  treated  everyone  with  the  utmost  politeness 
and  kindness,  and  was  not  watchful  in  preventing  fraud.  It 
was  not  uncommon  for  students  to  recite  to  him  out  of  Smart's 
Horace,  which  had  interlinear  translations.  At  one  time  by  a 
strange  misunderstanding  he  was  exceedingly  unpopular.  He 
was  involved  in  a  controversy  with  the  father  of  two  students 
and  the  strong  feeling  engendered  was  of  course  shared  by  the 
sons.  It  led  to  throwing  stones  into  a  room  which  he  visited 
in  pursuance  of  his  duty.  It  is  evidence  of  his  freedom  from 
resentment  that  he  always  retained  love  for  the  University  and 
showed  it  practically  years  afterward  by  a  beneficient  donation 
of  money  to  be  loaned  to  needy  students,  called  the  Theodore 
Deems  Fund.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  his  oldest  son,  who 
was  born  at  Chapel  Hill  and,  becoming  a  Confederate  soldier, 
was  killed  in  service.  Except  with  the  students  mentioned  and 
their  immediate  friends  he  was  very  popular. 


PROFESSOR  DEEMS — DEPARTMENT  OF  LAW.  549 

As  a  preacher  his  sermons  were  distinguished  by  clearness 
and  practical  bearing  on  the  duties  of  life.  His  manner  was 
simple  and  unaffected,  and  his  discourses  so  impressive  as  not 
easily  to  be  forgotten.  I  remember  much  of  one  of  his  sermons, 
the  subject  being  "Truth,"  after  the  lapse  of  sixty  years.  He 
left  the  University  in  1848.  Nominally  he  was  Adjunct  Profes- 
sor of  Rhetoric  and  Logic.  His  work  in  the  department  was 
chiefly  the  correction  of  compositions  and  original  speeches. 
He  published  a  volume  of  discourses  preached  at  Chapel  Hill, 
entitled  "Twelve  College  Sermons."  After  he  became  a  dis- 
tinguished preacher  in  New  York  he  gave,  in  one  of  his  books, 
a  list  of  those  who  most  influenced  his  life.  Among  them  were 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  Faculty,  David  L.  Swain', 
Elisha  Mitchell,  James  Phillips  and  William  H.  Battle. 

On  October  3,  1845,  the  Department  of  Law  was  established 
with  William  Horn  Battle  as  Professor,  but  without  any 
responsibility  for  the  discipline  of  students.  Indeed,  for  several 
years  the  names  of  his  students  were  not  published  in  the 
catalogues.  A  native  of  Edgecombe,  he  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity in  1820  among  the  highest  in  his  class.  Studying  law 
at  the  school  of  Chief  Justice  Henderson  in  Williamsboro, 
Granville  County,  he  settled  in  Louisburg.  In  addition  to  his 
practice  at  the  bar  he  republished  Haywood's  reports  with  an- 
notations, was  one  of  the  Revisers  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of 
1835,  and  for  several  years  joint  Reporter  of  the  Decisions  of 
the  Supreme  Court  with  Thomas  P.  Devereux.  On  the  resig- 
nation of  Mr.  Devereux  in  1839  ne  became  sole  Reporter  and 
removed  his  residence  to  Raleigh.  In  1840  he  was  elected 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  and  soon  afterward  made  his 
home  in  Chapel  Hill  for  the  purpose  of  educating  his  sons.  He 
was  an  ardent  lover  of  his  profession  and  engaged  in  politics 
only  a  short  while,  serving  in  the  General  Assembly  as  a  Whig 
from  a  Democratic  County  in  1833-35.  He  was  one  of  the  few 
members  from  his  part  of  the  State  who  voted  for  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1835  as  an  act  °f  justice  to  the  Western 
Counties,  which  they  always  remembered  with  gratitude.  In 
1848  and  from  1852  to  1868  he  was  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 


550  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

While  at  his  Court  Judge  Battle  had  as  his  assistant  in  the 
Law  School  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  who  after  a  distinguished 
career  as  a  lawyer,  member  of  the  House  of  Commons,  Com- 
missioner of  Claims  against  the  State,  and  Auditor,  held  during 
die  administration  of  Grant,  Hayes,  Garfield  and  Arthur,  the 
high  office  of  Solicitor  General  of  the  United  States. 

The  Tutors  were  Ralph  Henry  Graves,  father  of  the  Profes- 
sor R.  H.  Graves  of  a  later  date,  in  charge  of  Mathematics  and 
Wm.  H.  Owen  of  Languages.  Graves  filled  his  chair  ably  and, 
when  he  went  off  to  take  charge  of  classical  schools,  at  first 
alone,  afterward  in  conjunction  with  James  H.  Horner,  much 
regret  prevailed  among  Faculty  and  students.  Owen  was  of 
lighter  calibre,  but  equal  to  his  duties.  He  had  a  habit  of 
using  great  words,  which  gave  much  amusement.  Here  is  a 
specimen  of  one  of  his  reports,  if  we  may  credit  the  students. 
"I  was  aroused  from  my  slumber  by  the  untimely  ringing  of 
the  bell  and  forthwith  vigorously  pursued  the  perpetrator  in 
cloudy  and  moonless  darkness.  Suddenly  with  painful  violence 
I  struck  my  pedal  extremity  on  an  excressence  of  a  gigantic 
oak  and  fell  supine  on  my  mother  earth."  He  was  a  good  man, 
however,  and  fully  deserved  his  elevation  to  a  Professorship 
in  Wake  Forest  College.  It  was  his  uncommon  dignity  of 
manner  which  gave  him  the  College  name  of  "Judge"  Owen. 

Tutor  Graves  was  succeeded  by  a  man  whose  brain  well  cor- 
responded to  his  huge  frame  of  230  pounds,  Charles  Phillips, 
son  of  Professor  James  Phillips,  a  first  honor  graduate  of 
1841.  After  spending  some  time  in  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary  he  became  Tutor  of  Mathematics  in  our  University 
in  1844.  He  loved  hard  work  and  soon  acquired  the  reputation 
of  being  the  first  of  the  young  mathematicians  of  the  South. 
He  published  a  text-book  on  Trigonometry,  which  showed 
a  firm  grasp  of  the  subject,  and  was  highly  regarded  by 
scholars.  The  eminent  preacher  and  College  President,  Rev. 
Dr.  J.  H.  Thornwell  said  of  him,  "where  have  you  been  hiding 
this  man  Phillips?  Why,  sir,  he  has  a  brain  as  big  as  his 
abdomen !"  He,  however,  declined  being  a  specialist,  and  de- 
voted much  time  to  preaching  and  the  study  of  theology, 
and  after  some  years  to  Political  Economy.     He  was  very  active 


CHARLES   PHILLIPS. 


RALPH    H.   GRAVES,   SR. 


JOHN    KIMBERLY. 


TUTOR  CHARLES   PHILLIPS.  551 

in  enforcing  discipline  of  the  institution,  and  sometimes  tem- 
porarily lost  popularity  by  his  zeal.  But  his  untiring  unselfish- 
ness in  helping  those  who  asked  his  aid,  spending  hours  often 
in  explaining  difficult  questions  out  of  recitation  hours,  his 
open-handed  charity,  his  skill  as  a  teacher  and  his  deserved 
reputation  for  intellectual  ability,  always  won  the  respect  of 
all,  and  the  affection  of  most  of  the  students.  His  college 
name  was  "Fatty,"  which  he  accepted  with  good  humor.  A 
French  merchant  in  Fayetteville,  seeing  him  panting  after  a  hot 
walk,  earnestly  inquired,  "Fat  is  de  mattaire?"  "That  is  it," 
said  Tutor  Phillips,  "you  have  it  exactly.  Fat  is  the  matter." 
It  was  one  of  his  characteristics  that  he  scorned  to  take  care 
of  his  bodily  health.  He  would  rise  from  a  hasty  dinner  and 
at  once  lead  an  engineering  class  in  practical  exercise  in  the 
field  in  the  hottest  weather,  on  one  occasion  eleven  miles  to 
University  Station  and  back  in  one  afternoon.  He  has  been 
known  to  spend  the  whole  of  the  last  night  of  Commence- 
ment, after  attending  all  the  exercises  and  all  the  duties  of 
hospitality,  in  preparing  for  the  press  the  story  of  the  happen- 
ings of  the  week.  Once,  after  burying  a  member  of  his  church, 
he  became  drenched  with  a  wintry  rain  on  his  return  and  con- 
ducted a  recitation  for  an  hour  without  changing  his  clothes. 
The  result  of  this  indiscretion  was  that  he  lingered  for  days 
between  life  and  death. 

In  consequence  of  this  neglect  of  the  laws  of  health  he  was 
soon  grievously  afflicted  with  gout,  which  pursued  him  from 
time  to  time  to  the  end  of  his  days.  He  was  thoroughly  un- 
selfish and  desirous  of  doing  his  duty,  and  much  more.  In  the 
class  room  he  was  a  luminous  teacher.  His  aim  was  to  in- 
spire the  desire  of  learning  more  than  the  lesson  assigned. 
His  instruction  was  of  chief  advantage  to  the  best  scholars. 
At  this  period  he  was  admittedly  one  of  the  ablest  teachers  in 
the  University.  In  after  life  he  often  shot  above  the  heads 
of  his  pupils  and  the  best  students  complained  of  being  made 
to  appear  as  if  they  were  ignorant,  while  the  less  diligent  were 
hopelessly  lost.  He  contended  that  by  this  method  the  pupils 
were  aroused  to  aspire  to  higher  things. 

The  mathematical  text-books  used  at  this  period  were  those 
of    Professor    Benjamin    Peirce,    which    the    average    student 


552  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

thought  to  be  "hard"  and  uninteresting.  After  awhile  it  was 
ascertained  that  the  edition  of  Calculus  was  exhausted.  So  a 
secret  committee  of  students  raided  every  room  in  the  Uni- 
versity, and  collected  all  the  obnoxious  volumes.  A  fire  was 
kindled  and  soon  the  dark  places  of  those  books  became  light. 
Church  and  Loomis  superseded  Peirce  on  Calculus  and  Ana- 
lytical Geometry  and  proved  to  be  more  easily  understood. 
Trigonometry,  by  Professor  Charles  Phillips,  was  also  used 
and  highly  steemed. 

Mr.  Phillips  was  Secretary  of  the  Faculty  and  had  charge 
of  the  preparation  of  schedules  and  other  University  papers. 
Indeed,  he  was  so  fond  of  work  that  he  induced  his  father 
to  turn  over  to  him  the  lectures  and  Experiments  in  Natural 
Philosophy.  He  repaired  and  polished  up  the  dust-covered 
instruments  bought  by  Dr.  Caldwell  in  1824,  and  proved  to  be 
a  brilliant  experimenter.  Many  regretted  that  he  did  not  re- 
frain from  journeys  into  other  fields  and  gain  for  the  Uni- 
versity the  honor  of  having  among  its  Alumni  a  man  acknowl- 
edged to  be  one  of  the  greatest  mathematicians  of  America. 

The  Tutor  of  Ancient  Languages,  Ashbel  Green  Brown, 
elected  in  1844,  a  graduate  with  second  honor  in  the  class 
of  1843,  was  an  excellent  teacher  of  the  construction  of  sen- 
tences, the  tenses  and  conjugations  and  declinations  of  words, 
but  like  Professor  Fetter,  gave  little  idea  of  the  beauty  of 
classical  literature.  He  was  a  serious  man,  devoid  of  humor, 
a  good  disciplinarian.  He  was  of  abnormal  nervous  sensitive- 
ness, which  grew  on  him  as  time  wore  on  and  became  so 
severe  that  after  a  few  years  he  was  given  a  vacation  for  a 
year,  and  as  he  did  not  recover,  he  thought  best  to  resign  in 

i855- 

The  Curriculum  Exercises 

were  chiefly  Latin,  Greek  and  Mathematics.  Chemistry,  Geo- 
logy, Mineralogy,  Botany,  Zoology,  occupied  only  three  hours 
a  week  for  nine  months;  Methaphysics,  Political  Economy, 
Constitutional  and  International  Law  occupied  the  same  time. 
Even  after  the  inauguration  of  the  School  of  Engineering  and 
Agricultural  Chemistry  more  than  one-third  of  the  student's 
time  was  spent  in  the  Dead  Languages;  one-half  in  the 
Languages,  Ancient  and  Modern ;  three-fifths  in  Languages 


THE   CURRICULUM.  553 

and  Pure  Mathematics ;  only  one-fifth  in  Physics ;  in  Men- 
tal Philosophy,  Logic  and  Rhetoric  only  one-twentieth ;  and 
in  Political  Science,  Law,  Psychology  and  Rhetoric,  all  com- 
bined, only  one-eighth  of  the  time  of  four  years.  The  Eng- 
lish studies  were  assigned  to  the  department  of  Metaphysics 
and  allowed  three  hours  a  week  for  one  year.  In  that  time 
were  attempted  to  be  taught  Logic,  Psychology,  Rhetoric, 
and  the  English  Language  and  Literature.  This  is  a  brief 
statement  of  the  curriculum  for  the  twelve  years  of  the  period 
beginning  with  June,  1856.  Prior  to  1856  the  proportion  of 
Latin,  Greek  and  Pure  Mathematics  was  much  greater. 

No  laboratory  work  was  required  before  1854,  but  the 
Professors  of  Chemistry  and  Natural  Philosophy  (Physics'* 
performed  experiments  in  presence  of  the  classes.  The  Geology 
and  Surveying  students  were  once  or  twice  a  year  taken  out 
on  excursions  into  the  field  to  receive  practical  instruction.  The 
teaching  was  generally  quite  thorough,  but  theoretical  in  its 
character.  Much  attention  was  paid  to  pure  Mathematics,  less 
to  its  application.  In  the  classics  there  was  no  instruction  in 
Latin  and  Greek  composition,  but  there  was"  required  a  minute 
acquaintance  with  the  grammar  and  dictionary.  The  effect 
was  to  make  these  languages  disagreeable  to  the  average 
student.  Recitations  were  exceedingly  tedious  and  consequently 
disorder  was  common  in  more  than  one  of  the  rooms. 

The  impression  on  the  mind  of  the  student  was  that  the  chief 
object  of  the  Professors  was  to  ascertain  whether  they  had 
learned  the  lessons  assigned.  The  rule  was  to  mark  the  value 
of  the  answers  as  soon  as  the  catechising  ceased  and  the  aver- 
age of  these  showed  the  standing.  There  were  seven  grades, 
"very  good,"  "good,"  "very  respectable,"  "respectable,"  "toler- 
able," "bad"  and  "very  bad."  Those  who  obtained  "very 
good"  in  all,  or  nearly  all,  their  studies,  had  the  first  dis- 
tinction. Those  who  averaged  "good"  obtained  the  second 
distinction.  The  "very  respectable"  had  the  third  distinction. 
The  students,  however,  classed  these  as  1st,  2nd  and  3rd 
"might"  men.  I  have  been  unable  to  discover  any  institution 
where  the  word  "might"  was  used  in  the  sense  prevalent  at 
Chapel  Hill.  It  was  usually  spelt  mite,  but  I  think  that  the 
other  is  probably  correct. 


554  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

The  examinations  counted  hardly  more  than  single  recita- 
tions. Sometimes  they  were  oral,  sometimes  in  writing-,  last- 
ing one  hour  or  an  hour  and  a  half.  Occasionally  some  were 
held  on  Tuesday  of  Commencement  week,  in  presence  of 
Trustees,  an  ordeal  quite  formidable. 

Diplomas  were  easily  gained.  They  were,  in  fact,  nothing 
else  than  certificates  of  behaviour  and  attendance  on  the  Uni- 
versity exercises.  The  distinctions  showed  the  proficiency  ob- 
tained in  the  year's  work.  In  the  class  of  1844  one  student 
obtained  his  degree  of  A.  B.  whose  grades  in  the  Senior  year 
were  "very  bad"  in  Latin,  "tolerable"  in  Chemistry  and  in  Con- 
stitutional Law.  Another  equally  fortunate  was  "bad"  in  one 
study,  "tolerable"  in  two,  and  "respectable"  in  the  fourth. 
Nor  was  the  man  "very  bad"  in  Latin  passed  through  because 
of  his  orderly  behavior.  It  is  recorded  that  during  his  Senior 
year  he  was  absent  from  prayers  227  times,  from  recitation  137, 
and  from  church  19  times,  while  there  were  charged  against 
him  44  demerits.  The  Faculty  Journal  shows  that  a  special 
committee  of  two  Professors  were  requested  to  call  on  him, 
about  three  months  before  graduating  day,  and  warn  him  that 
his  absences  from  duty  were  jeopardizing  his  chances  of  ob- 
taining a  diploma.  It  seems  not  to  have  been  necessary  to 
hint  to  him  that  the  "very  bad"  standing  in  Latin  should  be 
improved. 

The  distinctions  awarded  were  read  out  publicly  and  pub- 
lished in  the  newspapers.  Those  who  obtained  them  did 
faithful  work.  While  the  minimum  standard  of  scholarship 
needed  for  obtaining  a  diploma  was  lower  than  at  present,  the 
honor  men  studied  as  hard  and  as  successfully  as  those  in 
similar  ranks  today. 

The  chambers  in  which  instruction  was  given  were  called 
Recitation  Rooms.  Person  Hall,  or  the  Old  Chapel,  was  in 
1842  divided  by  thick  walls  and  large  chimneys,  so  as  to  make 
four  of  these,  one  to  the  Latin,  one  to  the  Greek,  one  to  the 
Rhetoric  Professor,  and  one  to  the  Tutor  of  Ancient 
Languages.  The  Tutor  of  Mathematics  had  two  rooms  with 
partitions  removed  on  the  second  floor  of  the  Old  East,  North 
end,  possessing  a  tragic  reminiscence  from  the  futile  efforts  of 


THE   SENIORS.  555 

an  insane  student  to  hang  himself  therein.  The  other  recita- 
tion rooms  were  in  the  South  building.  That  used  by  Gov- 
ernor Swain  and  that  by  Dr.  Phillips,  both  on  the  second  floor, 
had  the  ambitious  names  of  the  University  Library  and  the 
Philosophical  Chamber,  respectively,  while  that  by  Dr.  Mitchell 
on  the  first  floor,  originally  designed  for  a  Chapel,  was  called 
"the  Laboratory.-"  When  the  Dialectic  and  Philanthropic  halls 
on  the  third  floor  were  vacated  in  1848  they  were  used  for 
class  purposes.  When  the  members  increased  so  greatly  after- 
ward other  apartments  were  brought  into  use. 

The  Seniors  of  those  days  were  specially  privileged  and  as  a 
consequence  were  expected  to  show  superior  dignity  and  manli- 
ness of  conduct.  They  were  exempt  from  attending  the  most 
odious  recitation,  that  before  breakfast,  so  that  they  had  one- 
third  less  attendance  on  lectures  than  the  others.  This  was  in 
accordance  with  President  Swain's  policy  of  dignifying  this 
class.  His  maxim  was  "as  is  the  Senior  class  so  is  the  Uni- 
versity." They  were  presumed  to  be  improving  their  minds 
by  reading  and  writing.  To  them  was  given  a  month's  holida}' 
anterior  to  Commencement.  This  was  preceded  by  "Senior 
Speaking,"  original  orations  being  delivered  in  the  "New 
Chapel,"  i.  e.,  Gerrard  Hall,  before  the  public.  A  student 
band,  generally  two  violins  and  a  flute  or  two,  furnished  the 
music,  which  was  uncommonly  sweet  and  enlivening.  Richard, 
or  "Dick,"  Weaver  was  a  noted  flute  player.  The  orations  were 
of  the  usual  dignity  and  solemnity,  but  there  was  always  what 
was  called  a  "Funny."  In  1844  Long  was  the  comical  man.  I 
recall  only  one  passage.    He  began, 

"You'd  scarce  expect  one  of  my  size 
Before  the  public  gaze  to  rise! 
And  if  I  shall  chance  to  fall  below, 
Horner  high  and  Duncan  low, 
Don't  view  me  with  a  critic's  eye 
But   pass   my   imperfections   by." 

As  Horner  (James  H.)  was  about  six  and  a  half  feet  in 
height,  and  "Duncan,"  i.  e.,  Alexander  Duncan  Moore,  though 
very  active  and  strong  for  his  inches,  was  only  about  five  feet 
two,  the  students  rewarded  the  hit  by  kicking  the  uncarpeted 


556  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

floor  with  resounding  heels,  making  a  noise  which  echoed  from 
McCauley's  Mill  to  Piney  Prospect.  They  were  allowed  to 
use  their  heels  ad  libitum,  but  not  to  applaud  with  canes. 

The  speeches  were  submitted  to  the  censorship  of  the  Profes- 
sor of  Rhetoric.  How  the  following  gorgeous  metaphor  escaped 
the  knife  of  Dr.  Wheat  in  185 1  is  certainly  strange.  A  Senior 
wound  up  a  glowing  description  of  the  future"  greatness  of  the 
United  States  with  this  prediction,  "And  the  Angel  of  Liberty 
will  plant  one  foot  on  the  Alleghanies  and  the  other  upon  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  spread  her  white  skirt  over  all  this  broad 
land !"  This  was  paralleled  by  a  Missionary,  who  visited  Chapel 
Hill  in  the  interest  of  his  mission  and  was  invited  to  preach 
in  Gerrard  Hall.  He  was  portraying  the  sublimity  and  terror 
of  the  Last  Day  of  Judgment.  His  closing  was,  "And  the 
avenging  Angel  will  plant  one  foot  on  the  Ganges" — Dr.  Mit- 
chell said  that  he  expected,  of  course,  that  the  other  foot  would 
be  on  the  Mississippi  or  the  Amazon— but  no,  "one  foot  on  the 
Ganges  and  the  other  on  the  Georgium  Sidus  !"  The  Georgium 
Sidus  or  Uranus  was  then  thought  to  be  the  outermost  planet. 

These  exercises  were  attended  by  the  ladies  and  gentlemen 
of  the  village.  Perfect  decorum  was  observed.  The  speakers 
wore  black  silk  gowns,  belonging  to  the  two  Societies.  No 
manuscripts  nor  prompting  were  allowed.  If  memory  failed 
the  unfortunate  Senior  took  his  seat  and  his  eloquence  was 
lost  to  the  world,  a  tragic  ending  as  painful  to  the  sympathetic 
audience  as  to  the  victim.  To  avoid  this  peril  the  halls  and 
forests  around  for  weeks  previously  resounded  with  oratory. 

Long  speeches  were  taboed,  eight  minutes  being  the  limit. 
Allusions  to  politics,  to  differences  between  religious  denomina- 
tions, all  advocacy  of  the  Higher  Criticism  of  the  Bible,  and 
any  doctrines  offensive  to  average  orthodoxy,  especially  all 
ridicule  or  censure  of  the  Faculty,  were  rigorously  excluded. 
Notwithstanding  this  handicapping  there  were  many  speeches 
of  marked  excellence.  I  recall  particularly  those  of  Wm.  K. 
Blake,  M.  W.  Ransom,  Victor  C.  Barringer,  W.  A.  Jenkins, 
and  Seaton  Gales.  Some  were  allowed  to  be  repeated  at  Com- 
mencement, but  generally  new  orations  were  prepared. 


THE  PRIZE  ORATIONS.  557 

At  Commencement  the  prize  oration,  the  Valedictory,  was 
sometimes  a  short  address  at  the  end  of  an  oration  on  another 
subject.  Usually,  however,  it  was  a  genuine  farewell  to 
Faculty,  students  and  classmates,  and  sometimes  Trustees,  full 
of  tender  reminiscences,  or  regret  of  separation,  of  educational 
advantages  realized,  of  wise  counsel  for  the  future.  Accord- 
ing to  the  temperament  of  the  speaker,  some  of  these  orations 
were  very  touching  and  were  listened  to  with  more  interest 
than  all  the  others.  The  Faculties  of  the  present  day  think 
that  such  speeches  are  beneath  the  dignity  of  Universities,  but 
the  old-time  Faculties  saw  no  triviality  in  a  student,  at  the  close 
of  his  labors,  and  entering  on  manhood's  work,  speaking  to 
his  fellows  words  of  affection,  of  gratitude,  of  warning,  of 
encouragement,  of  hope  and  lofty  purpose. 

The  Latin  Salutatory  was  regarded  as  the  second  prize.  It 
was  listened  to  with  interest,  although  understood  by  few. 
There  were  certain  catch  phrases  always  recognized  and 
vehemently  applauded.  The  most  common  was  formosissimae 
puellae  Septentrionalis  Carolinae.  The  other  speeches  were  by 
the  honor  men — each  being  required  as  a  rule  to  perform  his 
duty.  Occasionally  a  non-honor  man  of  superior  repute  as  an 
orator  was  allowed  by  consent  to  take  the  place  of  a  kindly 
friend  willing  to  avoid  the  trouble  and  forego  the  glory  of  ap- 
pearing on  the  stage.  When  the  number  of  students  largely 
increased  only  the  first  and  second  distinction  men  were 
awarded  speeches.  Occasionally,  not  often,  a  Salutatory  in 
English  was  given  to  one  possessed  of  extraordinary  powers 
as  a  speaker,  as  in  the  case  of  Matt  W.  Ransom. 

There  was  much  interest  in  the  Freshman  Declamation  on 
Monday  night  of  Commencement  week,  and  those  of  the 
Sophomores  on  Tuesday  night.  The  speakers  wore  black 
gowns,  the  property  of  the  two  Societies,  which  disappeared 
at  the  time  of  the  occupancy  of  the  Federal  soldiers.  Pinned 
on  the  lapels  of  the  gowns  were  blue  and  white  ribbons,  the 
society  colors.  While  there  was  much  commonplace  in  the 
speeches  there  was  much  of  great  excellence.  I  recall  par- 
ticularly those  of  Wm.  Henry  Manly  and  Alonzo  T.  Manning 
as  meeting  universal   commendation.     The   importance   given 


55^  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

the  declamation,  although  considered  by  some  as  below  Uni- 
versity dignity,  certainly  was  a  valuable  aid  to  the  polishing 
of  orators. 

After  the  Sophomore  declamations  the  Societies  held  secret 
meetings,  during  which  honorary  members  were  admitted. 
Questions  were  discussed  by  four  Juniors  elected  by  the  So- 
cieties, who  were  called  "Debaters."  These  studied  the  ques- 
tions with  great  care  and  many  of  them  delivered  speeches  of 
conspicuous  merit.  The  election  was  considered  as  an  honor 
much  to  be  desired.  They  had  the  peculiar  privilege  of  free 
access  to  the  Society  libraries  at  all  hours,  and  their  orations 
were  filed  in  the  Archives. 

Declamations  were  required  of  all  students,  except  Seniors, 
in  the  Chapel  after  evening  prayers,  formerly  before  Faculty 
and  students ;  at  this  time  only  before  the  Faculty.  Webster's 
peroration  in  his  reply  to  Hayne,  Emmett's  defence  on  trial 
for  treason,  and  Charles  Phillips'  turgid  eulogium  of  Napolean, 
beginning  "Grand,  gloomy  and  peculiar  he  sat  on  the  throne, 
wrapped  in  the  solitude  of  his  own  originality,"  were  looked 
on  as  the  perfection  of  oratory.  Poetry  was  seldom  chosen. 
Occasionally,  however,  one  of  dramatic  instincts  and  manner 
would  attempt  an  extract  from  a  great  tragedy  and  procure 
boundless  applause.  I  think  John  T.  Taylor,  of  Oxford,  ex- 
celled in  this  line.  Theophilus  Terry,  of  Texas,  produced  a 
thrilling  effect  without  a  gesture,  solely  by  the  appropriate  in- 
tonations of  his  voice. 

"Deviling"  certain  Professors,  whose  defective  powers  of 
command  made  them  targets  for  such  treatment  was,  as  I 
have  explained,  because  of  the  school  boy  mode  of  discipline, 
led  to  resentments  toward  the  Faculty.  AmOng  other  arbitrary 
rules  the  members  of  the  class  were  required  to  sit  in  alpha- 
betical order,  to  sit  upright  on  benches,  whose  backs  were  of 
rigid  perpendicularity,  to  stand  in  most  departments  in  front 
of  the  Professors  while  reciting.  All  books,  except  classical 
books,  were  forbidden  to  be  taken  into  the  recitation  rooms. 
All  students  were  compelled  to  attend  prayers  every  day  long 
before  sunrise  in  winter,  and  near  sunrise  at  other  seasons,  and 
each  afternoon,  except  Saturdays.  Compulsory  attendance  on 
divine  worship  in  the  Chapel  on  Sundays  at  n  o'clock  a.  m., 


ATTENDING   PRAYERS.  559 

was  insisted  on,  even  in  bitter  cold  weather  without  fires.  The 
classes  must  all  sit  together,  and  the  roll  was  called  by  a  Tutor 
beginning  with  the  Seniors  in  alphabetical  order,  then  with  the 
Juniors,  and  so  on.  The  President  sat  on  the  rostrum  with 
the  officiating  minister  at  evening  prayers,  the  other  members 
of  the  Faculty  being  located  so  as  to  enclose  the  "student  body" 
with  a  cordon  of  detectives.  Absences  were  carefully  noted  and 
delinquents  often  offending  were  called  up  for  reprimands  and 
even  subjected  to  deprivation  of  diplomas.  Napoleon  Daniel, 
A.B.,  1846,  was  notified  that  his  cup  of  grace  was  run  over. 
He  determined  to  be  on  hand.  He  carried  into  the  Chapel  at 
bed  time  a  blanket  and  spread  himself  for  sleep  on  a  rear  bench. 
The  backs  of  the  benches  were  high  and  he  was  unobserved. 
When  he  awoke  the  sun  was  high  in  the  heavens  and  the 
worshippers  had  dispersed. 

In  the  afternoons  of  Sundays  there  was  compulsory  Bible 
class,  excepting  that  the  Seniors  exchanged  the  Bible  for  Way- 
land's  Moral  Science.  As  answers  were  required  to  be  sub- 
stantially in  the  words  and  order  of  the  book,  this  last  was  a 
difficult  study. 

There  were  no  recitations  before  breakfast  on  Saturdays 
and  Sundays,  and  consequently  students  could,  after  attend- 
ing prayers,  sleep  until  breakfast  hour.  On  those  mornings 
particularly  the  spectacle  was  by  no  means  edifying.  Numbers 
would  rush  into  the  Chapel,  with  faces  unwashed  and  hair  un- 
combed, clad  only  in  chamber  wrappers,  great  coats,  or  counter- 
panes, and  as  soon  as  the  longed  for  Amen  was  pronounced, 
hurry  back  to  bed. 

The  following  doggerel,  slightly  altered,  written  concern- 
ing the  morning  exercises  at  Harvard,  is  an  exact  description 
of  the  similar  experiences  at  Chapel  Hill. 

ANTE-SUNRISE   PRAYERS. 

Hark  the  morning  bell  is  peeling, 

Faintly  on  the  drowsy  ear, 
Far  abroad  the  tidings  dealing, 

Now  the  hour  of  prayer  is  near. 
See  the   pious  yawning   students, 

Starting  from  the  land  of  Nod, 
Loudly  give  the  rousing  summons, 

Let  us  run  and  worship  God. 


560  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

"lis  the  hour  for  deep  contrition; 

"lis  the  hour  for  peaceful  thought; 
"lis  the  hour  to  win  the  blessing, 

In  the  early  stillness  sought. 
Kneeling  in  the  quiet  chamber, 

On  the  deck  or  on  the  sod, 
In  the  still  and  early  morning, 

'Tis  the  hour  to  worship  God. 

But  don't  you  stop  to  pray  in  secret; 

No  time  for  you  to  worship  there; 
The  hour   approaches — tempus  fugit, 

Tear  your  shirt  or  miss  a  prayer, 
Don't  stop  to  wash!  don't  stop  to  button! 

Go  the  way  your  fathers  trod! 
"Go  it!"  "Leg  it!"  "Put  it!"  "Streak  it!" 

Run  and  worship  God! 

On  the  stair-case,  tramping,  stamping, 

Bounding,    sounding,   down   you  go. 
Bumping,   thumping,   smashing,    crashing, 

Jumping,  bruising  heel  and  toe. 
See  your  comrades  far  before  you, 

Thro'   the  open  doorway  jam; 
Bless  my  soul!   the  bell  is  stopping! 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x- 

(The  last  line  is  at  the  taste  of  the  reader,  but  will  rhyme 
with  jam.) 

The  Discipline. 

Even  as  late  as  this  period  the  discipline  was  so  harsh  as 
to  lead  to  hostile  feelings  and  to  greater  disorder  than  it  pre- 
vented. The  crashing  of  stones  through  a  Tutor's  window 
was  not  then  fashionable.  But  knowing  that  some  of  the 
Faculty  would  leave  their  warm  beds  and  engage  in  a  race 
after  the  offenders  it  was  piquant  fun  to  ring  the  bell,  which 
was  in  a  belfry  near  the  well,  shout,  fire  pistols  and  make  other 
like  noises.  If  caught  the  offenders  were  probably  suspended, 
or  in  their  own  language  "rusticated"  for  two  or  three  weeks. 
Sometimes,  I  grieve  to  say,  there  would  be  bad  corn  whiskey 
which  would  incite  to  worse  actions.  The  superior  temperance 
of  the  students  of  today  is  a  source  of  pride  and  joy  to  all 
who  love  the  University  and  feel  a  kindly  interest  in  young 
men. 


DISCIPLINE.  561 

The  feeling  of  irritation  on  the  part  of  students  was  not 
universal. 

Most  of  them  obeyed  the  laws  with  true  Anglo-Norman 
loyalty.  Warm  feeling  of  friendship  sprang  up  between  them 
and  their  able  and  kindly  instructors.  The  Faculty  were  hardly 
responsible  for  the  rules.  These  were  probably  similar  to  the 
rules  in  all  other  institutions.  They  were  the  fashion  of  the 
age.  They  descended  from  old  times.  But  they  were  pro- 
ductive of  serious  evils,  and  when  the  University  was  revived 
in  1875,  they  were  allowed  to  lie  dormant  forever.  The  stu- 
dents have  responded  nobly  to  the  change  of  policy  to  the 
"great  and  endless  comfort"  of  all  the  members  of  the  Uni- 
versity. 

Demerit  marks  were  imposed  for  many  minor  breaches  of 
the  regulations.  If  the  Professor  or  Tutor  thought  an  offense 
too  great  to  be  punished  by  a  demerit  mark,  the  sinner  was 
ordered  to  appear  before  the  Faculty.  I  give  the  number  of 
delinquencies  for  which  offenders  were  summoned  in  1850-51, 
before  the  Faculty  for  punishment,  reprimand,  notification  to 
parents,  suspension  or  dismissal  during  one  year.  For  talking 
and  other  misbehavior  at  Prayers  there  were  68;  for  mis- 
behavior at  recitation  rooms  there  were  114,  of  which  67  were 
to  annoy  Professor  Fetter  and  18  to  annoy  Tutor  Brown.  For 
tardiness  at  recitations  there  were  26;  not  making  up  omitted 
recitations  7;  10  were  up  for  riotous  conduct  at  night;  14  for 
being  out  of  their  rooms  while  the  riots  were  in  progress,  and 
3  for  riding  horses  in  the  Campus,  one  of  whom  shocked  the 
Faculty  by  forcing  his  steed  through  the  West  building;  3 
were  up  for  shooting  a  pistol  in  the  woods  South  of  the  Cam- 
pus, and  1  for  not  sending  away  his  dog;  4  were  called  before 
the  Faculty  for  fighting,  of  whom  one  frankly  confessed  that 
he  was  in  the  wrong  and  apologized,  and  another  was  forced 
by  the  Faculty  to  do  likewise ;  7  were  up  for  general  im- 
propriety of  conduct,  and  8  for  drunkenness.  All  of  the  last 
were  suspended  or  dismissed. 

The  prohibition  against  having  dogs  and  guns  was  gradually 
relaxed  on  condition  that  the  dogs  should  not  be  kept  near  the 

36 


562  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

University  buildings.  Only  one  student  brought  a  horse  or 
horses  for  personal  use.  Colonel  W.  H.  S.  Burgwyn  had  a  pair, 
which  he  used  for  visiting  relatives  in  Hillsboro.  President 
Swain  suggested  to  him  that  his  example  might  encourage 
similar  expense  by  those  unable  to  afford  it.  He  readily  sent 
them  home. 

When  the  punishment  of  suspension  was  inflicted  the  offender 
usually  spent  his  period  of  "rustication'"  at  the  home  of  a 
substantial  citizen,  father  of  our  present  Bursar,  on  New  Hope 
Creek.  The  penalty  of  passing  on  the  studies  pursued  by  his 
class  during  his  absence  was  more  or  less  strictly  enforced. 

One  Tutor  was  required  to  reside  in  the  East,  the  other  in 
the  West  building,  in  the  second  stories,  both  looking  toward 
the  well  in  the  quadrangle.  All  classes  recited  at  the  same 
hours,  the  first  before  breakfast,  the  second  at  eleven  o'clock 
a.  m.,  the  third  at  four  o'clock  in  winter  and  five  in  summer. 
From  the  afternoon  recitations  all  proceeded  to  the  Chapel  for 
Prayers.  "Study  hours"  were  from  nine  to  twelve,  and  two 
to  five  in  the  afternoon  in  one  term,  and  from  eight  to  twelve, 
and  three  to  six  in  the  other.  Then  in  one  term  at  eight 
o'clock  at  night,  in  the  other  at  nine  o'clock,  the  notice  bell  was 
rung  and  the  students  were  supposed  to  be  in  their  rooms 
engaged  in  study  or  sleep.  It  was  a  breach  of  the  rules,  for 
which  they  were  liable  to  be  called  to  account,  to  visit  the  vil- 
lage, engage  in  any  game,  or  sit  on  the  steps  during  study 
hours,  or  sleep  hours.  A  standing  joke  was,  when  the  Fresh- 
men were  green  and  tender,  for  an  idle  upper  class  man,  usually 
a  Soph,  to  watch  for  the  appearance  of  one  in  the  area  between 
the  buildings,  East,  South  and  West,  and  shout  "Fresh  in  the 
Campus,"  whereupon  almost  every  window  facing  this  area 
would  be  thrown  up,  and  numerous  yelling  throats  would  take 
up  the  chorus.  It  was  trying  to  the  nerves,  as  I  well  recollect. 
After  the  Fresh  joke  became  stale,  any  unusual  appearance, 
except  ladies,  who  were  gazed  on  in  courteous  silence,  was 
greeted  by  similar  shouts. 

President  Swain  once  became  so  annoyed  at  the  shouting 
from  doors  and  windows  that  he  announced  from  the  rostrum 
that  the  next  offender  would  be  dismissed.  Coming  down 
stairs  from  his  room  in  the  East  building  a  Tutor  came  upon 


EXAMINATIONS.  563 

a  knot  of  students  sitting  on  the  steps,  one  of  whom,  a  large 
raw-boned  Scotch  Highlander  from  the  Cape  Fear  country,  was 
bawling  Fresh !  Fresh !  at  the  top  of  his  voice.  The  Tutor 
tapped  him  on  the  shoulder,  saying,  "Don't  bawl  so  loudly!  I 
might  hear  you  and  have  you  sent  off."  There  was  a  mercilejs 
laugh  by  the  other  students  at  his  discomfiture.  The  case  was 
not  reported  as  the  officer  knew  that  the  President's  threat  was 
in  terrorem  only. 

Cheating  on  examination  when  the  object  was  only  to  pass 
and  not  to  get  an  honor  was  not  considered  dishonorable.  It 
was  a  trial  of  wit  between  the  class  and  the  Professor,  and  it 
was  considered  good  fun  to  win.  One  of  the  most  ingenious 
plans  was  to  cut  a  hole  in  the  floor  of  the  recitation  room  in  an 
upper  story  under  the  benches,  then  to  lower  the  questions 
by  a  string,  and  haul  up  the  answers  worked  out  by  a  number 
of  good  scholars  underneath.  These  were  then  distributed. 
This  was  called  "working  the  telegraph."  A  Tutor  of  Mathe- 
matics exhorted  the  boys  to  study,  telling  them  that  he  knew 
all  about  their  telegraph.  Great  was  his  chagrin  to  discover 
afterward  by  accident  that  they  had  already  prepared  to  play 
a  similar  trick  on  him  through  a  wood  closet  in  rear  of  the 
benches  underneath  a  similar  closet  on  the  floor  above,  the 
answers  being  lowered  to  the  eager  hand.  Another  plan  was 
to  obtain  a  copy  of  the  printed  questions  in  advance  from  the 
printing  office  in  Raleigh.  Sometimes  a  rapid  worker,  aft^r 
finishing  his  task  would  ask  for  a  plug  of  tobacco  and  the 
lender,  when  it  was  returned,  would  find  answers  hid  in  its 
recesses.  Sometimes  a  paper  containing  questions  would  be 
thrown  from  a  window  and  the  solution  wrapped  around  a 
pebble  would  be  returned  through  the  same  opening.     Once 

a    selfish   boy,    J ,    well    up    in   his    studies,   was    working 

away  on  his  solutions,  the  first  two  or  three  of  which  were 

easy.      His  neighbor,   C ,   in  trepidation   begged   earnestly 

for  one.     "Don't  bother  me,"  said  J ,  "I  want  to  do  them 

all."  He  soon,  however,  "struck  a  snag,"  and  became  demoral- 
ized. In  the  meantime  C — —  had  shot  the  questions  out  of 
the   window   and   received   several   solutions   from   a  watchful 

upper  classman.     "C ,"  said  J ,  in  terror,  "let  me  have 

one  of  your  solutions."     "Don't  bother  me,"  said  C ,  copy- 


564  the;  university  op  north  Carolina. 

ing  industriously,  "I  want  to  do  them  all."  He  took  care,  how- 
ever, to  solve  only  as  many  as  his  class  standing  made  reason- 
able.    It  was  as  dangerous  to  do  too  much  as  too  little. 

The  heated  excitement  of  the  Log-cabin  and  Hard-cider 
campaign  of  1840  reached  the  secluded  groves  of  Chapel  Hill. 
I  find  that  the  Faculty,  fearing  trouble,  made  a  formal  request 
of  the  county  candidates  not  to  speak  at  Chapel  Hill,  a  request 
probably  not  granted.  And  when  three  of  the  students  were 
chosen  to  be  managers  of  a  Whig  dinner,  which  was  to  be 
given  in  the  village,  they  were  peremptorily  forbidden  to  ac- 
cept the  honor.  Nearly  all  of  the  Faculty  were  Whigs,  but 
it  was  the  settled  policy  of  President  Swain  to  keep  the  Uni- 
versity out  of  politics.  The  deviation  in  this  policy  in  the  first 
years  after  the  war  by  some  of  the  Professors  led  to  disaster 
in  1868  as  we  shall  see. 

It  was  impossible,  however,  to  keep  down  party  enthusiasm 
among  the  students.  There  was  considerable  electioneering 
by  them,  and  the  Democrats  were  greatly  elated  when  the 
Whigs  clubbed  together  to  buy  fifty  acres  for  "old  blind  Pen- 
dergrass,"  to  enable  him  to  vote  for  their  candidate  for  the 
Senate,  and  he  traitorously  put  in  his  ballot  for  the  Democrat. 

The  anxiety  of  the  Faculty  about  these  gatherings  was  not 
alone  that  the  University  might  get  the  hostility  of  one  of  the 
parties.  Corn  whiskey  was  abundant  in  almost  every  covered 
wagon ;  the  bullies  of  the  county  early  in  the  day  were  loaded 
with  this  maddening  stuff  and  there  was  considerable  danger 
of  collision.  The  Faculty  and  cooler  portions  of  the  students 
managed  to  keep  the  peace.  There  was  pointed  out  to  me  a 
giant  of  a  man,  said  to  have  been  regularly  hired  to  protect 
the  college  boys  from  hostile  engagements.  Though  there  were 
occasional  angry  words,  there  were  no  blows.  Those  fond  <~.f 
gladitorial  contests  were  content  to  witness  the  fights  between 
the  country  people.  Of  these  there  were  seldom  less  than 
four  or  five.  I  recall  a  fisticuff  between  a  town  and  country 
boy,  about  fifteen  years  old  each.  The  former  was  clearly  in 
the  wrong,  yet  all  boys  in  Chapel  Hill  ranged  themselves  on 
the  side  of  the  wrongdoer  and  proclaimed  their  thirst  for  the 
gore  of  his  adversary  and  every  rustic  siding  with  him.  Jt 
was  analogous  to  the  old  Oxford  "Town  and  Gown"  rivalry 


POLITICS — THE  TWO  SOCIETIES.  565 

on  a  small  scale,  but  peace  prevailed.  The  elders  interfered. 
I  saw  the  leader  of  the  town  belligerants,  ignominiously 
spanked  by  his  elder  brother.  Enthusiasm  could  not  be  sus- 
tained for  a  spanked  hero.  The  country  boys  did  not  accept 
the  gage  of  battle.  The  town  boys  threw  their  clubs  into 
ditches. 

The  abstention  from  political  discussion  was,  however,  not 
so  rigorous  as  to  prevent  the  Faculty  giving  a  half  holiday  in 
order  that  the  students  might  hear  the  speeches  of  Romulus 
M.  Saunders  and  Henry  W.  Miller,  candidates  for  Congress. 
This  was  probably  for  their  improvement  in  oratory.  Saund- 
ers, although  a  ruthless  murderer  of  "the  King's  English," 
was  a  strong  stump  speaker,  and  the  Whig,  Miller,  who 
answered  him,  was  famous  as  an  orator.  As  an  example  of 
the  pronunciation  prevalent  near  the  Virginia  line  I  give  a 
colloquy  between  Saunders  and  Morehead,  when  candidates 
for  the  Governorship,  "Whar?"  said  Saunders,  "did  the  gentle- 
man get  his  authority  for  that  thar  assertion?  I  ask  him 
whar?"  "Thar!"  said  Morehead,  "thar,  sir!  in  them  thar  docky- 
ments !''  Both  knew  better,  but  thought  it  politic  to  imitate  the 
idiom  of  their  hearers.     Miller  always  used  polished  language. 

The  Two  Societies. 

Until  1848  the  two  Societies  held  their  meetings  in  their 
library  rooms,  which  were  in  the  third  story  of  the  South 
building,  the  Dialectic  occupying  the  central  hall  on  the  South, 
the  Philanthropic  being  opposite.  These  halls  were  considered 
attractive.  The  students  were  proud  to  show  them.  The  books, 
the  portraits  of  eminent  members,  and  the  chairs  for  the  mem- 
bers in  session  were  all  in  the  same  room.  Conversations  with 
ladies,  after  introductions,  were  not  on  the  hackneyed  theme 
of  the  past  or  prospective  state  of  the  weather. 

The  first  question  was,  "Is  this  your  first  visit  to  the  Hill?" 
The  second  was,  "Have  you  visited  the  Halls?"  The  third. 
"Are  you  a  Di  or  a  Phi  ?"  It  was  then  fair  sailing.  If  the 
lady  claimed  to  be  of  a  different  society  from  the  questioner, 
a  mock  quarrel  followed ;  if  of  the  same  a  sweet  bond  of 
sympathy  was  established.  From  these  beginnings  there  ensued 
hundreds  of  pleasant   acquaintances   and  many   ardent  loves. 


566  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Commencements  were  famous  for  making  matches.  This  was 
aided  by  the  non-accessibility  of  Chapel  Hill  by  railroad  or 
water.  Scores  of  gentlemen  and  ladies  came  in  carriages  and 
buggies  drawn  by  noble  trotters.  These  were  extensively  used 
in  the  intervals  of  the  exercises  for  flirtation  purposes.  They 
led  often  to  life-long  unions. 

The  order  and  decorum  of  the  meetings  of  the  two  Societies 
were  worthy  of  all  praise.  Not  only  was  parliamentary  law 
learned,  but  the  power  of  extempore  speaking  and  writing 
compositions,  as  well  as  gracefulness  in  delivery  were  ac- 
quired. The  members  were  proud  of  their  society  and  afraid 
of  its  censure.  The  habit  of  self-government,  of  using  their 
own  liberty  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  liberties  of  others, 
was  inculcated.  Many  young  men  who  neglected  text-books 
obtained  here  a  valuable  education,  while  those  who  were 
candidates  for  offices  learned  here  what  they  could  not  learn 
in  the  class  room- — how  to  manage  men.  Indeed,  men  who  at- 
tained distinction  in  after  life  as  Senators,  Governors,  Judges, 
and  the  like,  have  been  known  to  date  their  beginning  of  suc- 
cess from  their  forensic  exercises  in  the  Society  Halls.  The 
chief  debaters  studied  their  subjects  well  and  argued  them 
with  intelligent  zeal  and  often  eloquence.  Of  course  these 
questions  were  generally  those  discussed  in  Congress,  in  the 
journals,  and  on  the  hustings,  but  sometimes  the  time-honored 
historical  disputes  about -the  execution  of  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots ;  whether  the  career  of  Cromwell  was  beneficial  to  Eng- 
land, whether  the  civilization  of  Greece  or  Rome  was  most 
beneficial  to  the  world,  whether  the  United  States  was  bound 
by  treaty  to  aid  France  in  her  Revolutionary  wars,  and  the 
like,  were  fought  over  again. 

Of  course,  among  a  number  of  members  of  verdant  hue,' 
there  were  ludicrous  sayings.  For  example,  a  Freshman,  who 
had  undoubted  talent,  though  untrained,  denounced  the  argu- 
ment of  his  opponent  as  a  "tissue  of  unintel-ligible  jar-goon." 
When  he  saw  that  he  had  caused  merriment,  he  explained,  "I 
know  there  is  some  tautology  in  the  expression,  but  it  is  true." 
He  rose  to  be  a  very  successful  jury  lawyer.  Another,  now  a 
most  reputable  physician,  whose  duty  it  was  to  prosecute  War- 
ren Hastings  for  his  conduct  in  India,  contended  that  it  was 


THE   TWO   SOCIETIES.  567 

"atrocious  robbery  in  him  to  despoil  the  Princesses  of  Oude  of 
their  bee-hives  (Begums).     But  such  mistakes  were  rare. 

It  was  praiseworthy  that  the  President  and  other  officers 
were  voted  for,  not  on  account  of  personal  popularity,  but  for 
the  substantial  reason  of  attention  to  Society  duties  and  at- 
taining high  marks  in  the  class  room.  The  members,  too, 
listened  with  interest  to  the  written  theses,  or  compositions 
which  were  read  on  each  alternate  Saturday,  and  one  deemed 
of  sufficient  excellence  was  on  motion,  by  a  vote  of  the  members', 
filed  in  the  archives.  I  recall  that  those  of  Dr.  Theodore 
Kingsbury  were  repeatedly  so  honored.  The  Presidents  were 
required  to  deliver  inaugural  addresses,  which  were  bound  in 
books  and  preserved  in  the  archives,  as  a  matter  of  course. 

The  relations  between  the  Societies  were,  as  a  rule,  harmoni- 
ous. Once  there  was  danger  when  two  leaders  had  a  fight  in 
front  of  the  Chapel  and  the  "Dis"  supposed  that  two  or  three 
"Phis"  were  helping  their  member.  It  was  soon  found  that 
they  were  parting  the  combatants  and  hostile  feelings  vanished. 
Once  when  the  sarcoptes  scabei  had  affected  certain  individuals 
of  both  societies,  so  that  the  authorities  quarantined  them  at 
Craig's,  a  farm  house  a  mile  from  the  town,  in  sulphurous 
loneliness,  the  other  students  were  merry  over  the  incident. 
"Phis"  posted  handbills  warning  all  to  avoid  the  dormitories 
inhabited  by  "Dis."  I  heard  an  eloquent  speech  from  a  "Di" 
on  the  enormity  of  thus  displaying  "black-guards,"  as  he  called 
placards.  The  "Dis"  retaliated  by  inventing  a  story  that  the 
"Phis"  had  a  scratching  post  in  their  Society  Hall;  that  a  mem- 
ber was  overheard  to  say,  "Mr.  President!  may  I  scratch?" 
"No,  sir!"  was  the  reply,  "not  at  present,  Mr.  Koontz  has  the 
post." 

There  was  much  emulation  at  Commencement.  The  "Di" 
color,  blue,  was  worn  by  the  Marshals,  Ball  Managers  and 
Speakers  of  that  Society,  while  the  Representatives  of  the 
other  Society  wore  white.  Emulation  was  shown  in  inducing 
distinguished  visitors  to  become  honorary  members.  Com- 
mittees were  appointed  to  wait  on  them.  The  Eastern  and 
Western  dividing  line  was  not  recognized  until  after  about 
1850,  so  that  there  was  great  zeal,  sometimes  leading  to  bad 
feelings,  in  procuring  recruits  from  the  new  members.     Old 


568  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

students  sometimes  rode  miles  into  the  country  to  meet  the  in- 
coming Freshmen.  This  electioneering,  although  bad,  was  not 
an  unmixed  evil.     It  often  led  to  protection  from  hazing. 

As  such  books  as  they  desired  were  not  purchased  for  the 
University  Library,  the  two  Societies  levied  a  tax  for  supplying 
their  own  needs.  Dr.  William  Hooper,  in  his  "Fifty  Years 
Since,"  states,  of  course  with  some  exaggeration,  that  in  his 
day,  whenever  one  Society  bought  a  new  book,  the  other  dupli- 
cated it.  This  was  by  no  means  the  case  in  "the  forties,"  but 
there  was  duplication  of  most  reference  books.  The  two  libra- 
ries together  had  probably  the  best  collection  in  the  State.  They 
were  not  accessible  to  the  public,  except  for  a  few  hours  per 
week,  so  that  continuous  research  was  impossible.  Certain 
costly  works  were  marked  "prohibited,"  especially  those  with 
engravings  placed  on  tables  for  the  inspection  of  all  comers.  All 
the  others  could  be  borrowed  for  two  weeks.  Covers  of  cloth 
of  various  sizes  were  provided,  to  be  fitted  on  by  the  borrower, 
but  eventually  the  practice  was  discontinued  because  of  injury 
to  the  backs  of  volumes.  Fielding,  Scott,  James,  Bulwer, 
Cooper,  Irving  and  Dickens  were  the  favorite  authors.  Shake- 
speare was  much  read.  The  "Dis"  had  quite  a  collection  of 
antiques  and  curios,  the  larger  part  given  by  Lieutenant  Boudi- 
not,  of  the  Navy,  retired,  but  it  has  come  to  nothing. 

If  the  law  against  Fraternities  was  violated,  the  secret  was 
well  kept.  Occasionally  a  few  students  would  associate  to- 
gether in  such  manner  as  to  incur  suspicion. 

Sometimes  the  Society  seemed  to  have  more  power  than  the 
Faculty.  A  youth  of  well-known  and  honorable  family  stole 
ten  dollars  from  his  room  mate,  a  poor  boy — all  he  had.  He 
was  not  prosecuted  in  the  Courts,  but  of  course  was  dismissed 
from  the  University.  He  met  this  with  brazen  effrontery,  but 
when  his  Literary  Society,  after  a  fair  trial,  convicted  and  ex- 
pelled him,  his  spirit  was  broken.  The  piteous  appeal  of  his 
mother,  his  only  parent,  for  his  restoration,  moved  every  heart, 
but  it  was  impossible  to  grant  it. 

I  witnessed  prior  to  1849  a  trial  on  impeachment  for  slander 
in  one  of  the  Societies.  The  proceedings  were  as  orderly,  and 
as  carefully  secured  to  the  accused  the  provisions  guaranteed 
by  our  Declaration  of  Rights  for  a  fair  trial,  as  may  be  seen 


COMMENCEMENTS.  569 

in  our  Superior  Courts.  The  members  of  the  Society  voted 
viva  voce  and  there  was  a  large  majority  for  acquittal.  Very 
rarely  a  course  analagous  to  Lynch  law  was  adopted  outside  the 
Societies.  When  a  student  perpetrated  an  act  that  made  him 
unworthy  to  associate  longer  with  gentlemen,  a  number  of 
his  fellows  would  give  him  notice  to  leave  the  institution  at 

once,    which    order    was    obeyed.      For    example    one   

slandered  a  virtuous  young  lady  and  was  glad  to  be  allowed 
to  depart  by  the  next  train.  This  was  deemed  better  than  a 
formal  trial.  If  he  had  denied  his  guilt  a  trial  in  his  Societv 
would  have  been  promptly  held. 

Commencements. 

As  the  Chief  Marshal  was  elected  out  of  the  Junior  class 
by  all  the  students  there  was  generally  active  electioneering, 
sometimes  lasting  for  two  years  or  more.  One  of  the  most 
heated  contests  was  between  Thomas  J.  Person  of  Northhamp- 
ton, afterward  a  Militia  General  of  North  Carolina,  and  Bryan 
Grimes  of  Pitt,  afterward  a  Major  General  of  the  Confederacy. 
Grimes'  chances  were  ruined  by  the  charge  that  he  was  the 
candidate  of  the  aristocracy,  while  Person  courted  the  dem- 
ocracy. Occasionally,  however,  as  in  the  case  of  William  M. 
Howerton  of  Virginia,  in  1846,  and  William  H.  Hall  of  Wil- 
mington, in  1854,  the  popularity  of  the  candidate  ensured  no 
opposition.  As  treating  to  ardent  spirits  was  fashionable  every- 
where in  the  country,  there  was  no  lack  of  it  here.  It  was  a 
serious  evil.  Libations  were  offered  to  secure  victory  and  then 
to  celebrate  it.  Sometimes  the  quantity  furnished  was  the  cause 
of  a  general  spree.  One  Marshal,  on  account  of  his  wealth, 
natural  generosity  and  determination  to  win,  left  the  University 
two  thousand  dollars  in  debt.  Such  results  of  universal  suf- 
frage led  to  the  election  of  a  Junior  by  the  Senior  class  by  order 
of  the  Trustees. 

The  greatest  man  at  Commencement,  except  the  Governor  of 
the  State,  the  President  of  the  University  and  the  Orator  be- 
fore the  two  Societies  was  the  Marshal.  The  selections  were, 
as  a  rule,  excellent.  The  Marshal  was  conspicuous  for  good 
manners,  a  handsome  person  and  savoir  faire.  He  selected  six 
assistants,  called  "Subs,"  three  from  each  Society,  and  took 


57°  THK  university  of  north  Carolina. 

pains  to  make  his  term  successful  by  having  them  possessed  of 
qualities  similar  to  his  own. 

Part  of  their  duties  was  to  ride  out  on  the  Raleigh  road  to 
meet  and  escort  the  band  into  the  village.  Truly  it  was  a  gal- 
lant sight.  All  the  students  and  Faculty,  and  all  the  village 
turned  out  to  listen  to  the  music,  and  to  witness  one  of  the 
■noblest  spectacles  in  all  the  world,  graceful  young  men,  skill- 
fully managing  spirited  horses. 

Another  duty  of  the  Marshals,  now  partially  discontinued, 
from  which  they  probably  got  their  names,  was  forming  and 
preceding  a  procession  of  the  men  at  Commencement  to  the 
Chapel.  Standing  on  the  steps  of  the  South  building  the  Chief 
called  out  sixteen  classes,  beginning  with  the  Orators  of  the 
Day,  then  the  Governor  and  President  of  the  University,  then 
the  Trustees,  Faculty  and  students  of  the  University  and  so  on, 
ending  with  the  citizens  and  strangers  generally. 

As  these  were  called  they  were  arranged  two  and  two  by  the 
"Subs,"  along  what  was  then  a  mere  road,  now  Cameron  Ave- 
nue, with  the  head  of  the  column,  including  high  officials,  dis- 
tinguished visitors,  and  the  speakers  of  the  day,  toward  the 
West.  The  Marshal  placed  the  band  at  the  east  end,  conducted 
the  column  in  reverse  order  by  the  most  convenient-  route 
around  the  old  Caldwell  monument,  then  a  conspicuous  object. 
As  the  monument  was  passed,  all  raised  their  hats.  Arriving  at 
Gerrard  Hall  a  halt  was  called  and  the  Marshal,  leaving  the 
band  to  play  near  the  door,  marched  through  the  column 
dividing  the  men  right  and  left,  with  his  gold-headed  cane. 
Through  the  lane  of  students  and  undistinguished  visitors  he 
conducted  the  officials  and  speakers  into  the  Hall,  the  rest  of 
the  procession  falling  in  behind  them,  according  to  the  rule  of 
precedence.  This  imitation  of  martial  pomp  was  kept  up  suc- 
cessfully until  our  people  became  sickened  by  the  results  of  the 
great  Civil  War.  A  revival  of  the  procession  was  attempted 
in  recent  years,  but  after  two  or  three  failures  they  were  dis- 
continued. Our  people  were  sick  of  war  and  all  imitation  of 
war. 

The  Chief  Ball  Manager  was  likewise  elected  by  all  the 
students  and  appointed  three  assistants  from  each  Society. 
Although  they  had  for  dancing  only  the  large  dining  room  of 


CLOSING  BALL.  57 1 

the  Hotel,  and  the  ball  was  closed  long  before  daylight,  and. 
notwithstanding  cotillons  and  waltzes  and  occasional  reels  were 
in  place  of  Germans  and  Lancers,  there  was  as  much  enjoy- 
ment as  now,  if  not  more.  Pre-engagements  for  sets,  long 
in  advance,  were  not  common.  Such  a  thing  as  a  young  lady 
willing  to  dance  not  having  an  opportunity  was  never  heard 
of.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  managers  to  supply  beauless  ladies 
with  partners.  Then,  as  now,  however,  there  was  panicky 
terror  at  the  prospect  of  being  chained  to  a  "wall-flower." 

The  Band  was  composed  of  colored  men — very  much  colored 
— mostly  black.  The  leader  was  famous,  Frank  Johnston. 
They  did  not  play  as  artistically  as  the  Richmond  Band  of 
our  day,  but  they  were  more  enduring  and  accommodating. 
Frank's  orders  to  the  dancers,  "Promenade  all."  "Chassez." 
"Dos-a-dos."  "Ladies  to  the  Center."  "Turn  Corners."  etc., 
floated  into  the  air  a  mile  from  the  Ball  room. 

An  elaborate  supper  was  always  provided,  usually  by  the  skill 
of  Miss  Nancy  Hilliard.  It  was  the  rule  that  gentlemen  could 
not  go  to  the  "first  table,"  unless  accompanied  by  a  lady.  It 
was  not  a  violation  of  etiquette,  when  a  Freshman,  fourteen 
years  of  age,  and  not  tall  for  his  age,  walked  up  to  a  stout  old 
maid,  weighing  over  two  hundred  pounds,  and  obtained  her 
hand  to  be  escorted  to  the  feast.  It  was  certainly  a  proof  of 
his  resourcefulness  and  pluck,  which  has  led  him  to  the  presi- 
dency of  a  great  and  progressive  State  institution  of  learning. 

The  Managers,  as  well  as  the  Marshals,  wore  very  elaborate 
regalia,  usually  a  broad  band  of  silk  ribbon  diagonally  from 
shoulder  to  waist,  the  "Dis"  having  blue  upon  white  and  the 
"Phis"  the  reverse.  Sometimes  the  regalias  were  streamers 
of  broad  ribbon,  worn  on  the  left  arm.  It  was  the  custom  then, 
as  now.  to  donate  the  regalias  to  chosen  ladies  at  the  close  of 
the  Ball,  and  very  proud  were  the  recipients. 

"Commencement  Day"  being  on  Thursday,  the  ball  was  given 
that  evening.  It  did  not  continue  all  night  as  now,  but  only  to 
about  three  o'clock.  There  were  short  dances  likewise  Tuesday 
and  Wednesday  nights  after  the  exercises  in  the  Chapel.  The 
Chapel  exercises  were  usually  attended  by  the  dancing  ladies. 
There  were  no  Fraternity  or  other  banquets,  so  that  the  Ball 
began   about  9  o'clock.     There  was   no  expressed  opposition 


572  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

to  it  among  the  people  of  the  State,  doubtless  because  it  came 
down  from  the  beginning  of  the  University.  Tradition  is  that 
in  old  times  President  Caldwell,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  often 
attended  them,  and  a  still  more  daring  tradition  asserts  that, 
arrayed  in  shorts,  silk  stockings  and  pumps,  he  actually  danced. 
I  am  unable  to  verify  this  startling  statement  and  do  not 
credit  it.  I  add  that  no  ladies  ever  came  to  Chapel  Hill  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  dancing,  but  all  made  it  their  duty  and 
pleasure  to  be  present  at  the  exercises  and  cheer  the  speakers. 
Always  the  behaviour  was  good,  the  obedience  to  the  Marshals 
and  Managers  being  without  question. 

There  were,  of  course,  notable  triumphs  among  the  votaries 
of  Terpsichore.  I  recall  one.  Ladies  wore  low-quarter  and 
heelless  slippers.  A  very  vivacious  and  handsome  girl  from 
Warrenton,  while  waltzing,  had  one  of  her  slippers  to  come  off. 
Without  stopping  she  adroitly,  on  the  next  round,  inserted  her 
stockined  foot  into  the  vacant  slipper  without  losing  time  in 
the  waltz.  The  gracefulness  with  which  this  feat  was  ac- 
complished was  much  admired. 

It  would  be  an  endless  task  to  mention  all  the  ladies  at  our 
Commencements  distinguished  for  beauty,  grace  or  vivacity. 
According  to  my  memory  Miss  Sallie  R.  Jones,  of  Hillsboro, 
was  conspicuous  for  splendid  beauty  and  queenly  bearing.  We 
had  a  German  artist,  named  Weigandt,  under  the  patronage 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Wheat,  who  worshipped  her  at  a  distance  with 
the  devotion  shown  by  Petrarch  to  Laura.  He  wrote  a  poem 
addressed  to  "Lady  Sallie  R.  Jones,"  whether  above  mediocrity 
or  not,  I  have  forgotten. 

A  student  who  was  leaving  the  Lmiversity  "under  the 
weather"  because  he  would  not  attend  to  his  duties,  suddenly 
attained  fame  by  daring  conduct  which  averted  almost  certain 
disaster  to  many.  He  had  taken  passage  in  one  of  the  large 
four-horse  stages.  There  were  nine  passengers  inside  and  a 
number  outside  going  home  from  Commencement.  One  of 
the  horses  fell,  pulling  to  the  ground  the  driver,  who  carried 
the  reins  with  him.  The  spirited  horses  made  a  wild  dash 
down  a  rocky  hill.  Our  student  crept  out  on  the  tongue, 
gathered  up  the  reins  and  stopped  the  horses.  His  praise  was 
in  every  mouth.     His  shortcomings  in  the  matters  of  differ- 


ESPRIT  DE  CORPS.  573 

ential  co-efficients  and  Ionic  dialects  and  Juvenal's  satires 
were  forgotten.     He  became  a  hero. 

The  disposition  of  the  students  to  stand  by  one  another, 
whether  right  or  wrong,  came  near  leading  to  a  serious  affray. 
The  boys  were  coming  up  from  the  direction  of  Raleigh  at 
the  end  of  a  vacation.  The  popular  dinner-house,  Moring's 
(often  called  Moreen's),  was  eight  miles  from  Chapel  Hill. 
A  Raleigh  student  inclined  to  be  wild  became  engaged  in  an 
altercation  with  a  passenger  on  the  stage,  named  Carson. 
Feeling  aggrieved  by  the  result  of  the  quarrel,  the  student  and 
his  friends  hurried  to  their  destination  and  roused  up  their 
fellows  to  meet  the  stage  and  punish  the  adversary.  Carson 
had  true  pluck.  With  a  pistol  in  each  hand  he  marched  through 
the  angry  crowd  calmly  to  his  supper.  By  this  time  President 
Swain  appeared  on  the  scene  and  induced  the  students  to  re- 
tire to  their  rooms. 

Another  incident  illustrates  this  thick  and  thin  comrade- 
ship. The  University  gardener,  a  powerful  Englishman,  be- 
came angry  with  a  student  and  struck  him.  He  said  that  he 
expected  a  ring  would  be  formed  and  they  would  fight  out 
the  dispute  according  to  the  rules  of  the  ring.  He  was  sur- 
prised, however,  to  find  a  number  of  athletic  youths  rushing 
all  at  once  with  fire  in  their  eyes  to  avenge  their  fellow.  Like 
Hector  from  Achilles  he  fled  from  the  danger,  the  pursuing 
company  increasing  in  size  at  every  leap.  Fortunately  Presi- 
dent Swain  was  near  enough  to  quiet  the  trouble,  the  gardener 
tendering  an  apology  which  was  amicably  accepted. 

Facetiae. 

I  give  some  incidents  and  sayings,  which  were  the  cause  of 
interest  or  merriment  in  the  past,   now   become   "old  times." 

A  practical  joke  which  gave  much  amusement  to  bystanders 
was  for  an  upper  classman  who  combined  humor  and  gravity 
to  be  introduced  as  a  member  of  the  Faculty  to  an  applicant 
for  admission  into'  the  University  who  wished  to  stand  an 
entrance  examination.  The  mystification  was  sometimes  con- 
siderably prolonged,  until  the  overawed  mind  of  the  green- 
horn was  brought  to  realize  the  truth  by  the  absurdity  of  the 
questions. 


574  TRE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

All  collections  of  young  men,  and  possibly  girls,  have  their 
simpletons  of  whom  absurd  stories  are  told.  I  give  specimens, 
in  some  degree  true,  of  the  tales  told  of  one  in  the  forties  and 
another  of  the  same  name  in  the  fifties.  I  can  not  distinguish 
between  the  two.  He  took  some  friends  to  a  restaurant  for  a 
treat.  "Burnett!  Give  me  a  sixpence  worth  of  vari-egated 
candy.  Dog  the  expense !"  He  enquired  of  a  Senior  whether 
"Robespierre  was  any  kin  to  Shake — ."  Showing  a  lady  into 
a  library  in  which  were  alcoves,  the  books  being  arranged  by 
subjects,  he  said,  "Now,  Miss  Alary,  I  will  show  you  the  con- 
cave of  fictionary  novels."'  In  a  dry  goods  store  he  asked  the 
price  of  a  cake  of  soap.  "Fifteen  cents,"  said  the  clerk.  "Oh ! 
that  is  too  dear!"  "I  will  sell  you  two  for  thirty  cents."  "I 
will  take  a  couple  then."  Once  in  the  Library  he  was  sur- 
rounded by  several  large  volumes.  To  a  friend  he  said,  "You 
see  I'm  literature  as  the  Dickens." 

There  was  current  the  story  that  one  of  his  letters  to  his 
father  was  found  on  the  campus  open,  and  it  ran  thus,  "Dear 
Father !  Please  send  me  some  money.  Peas  is  good  but  they 
is  'spensive."     He  meant  groundpeas,  of  course. 

A  student  going  into  the  room  of  another  of  the  verdant  men 
found  his  watch  on  the  table.  He  inserted  a  tack  into  the  wall 
next  the  ceiling  and  hung  the  watch  thereon,  writing  under- 
neath Tempus  fugit.  The  owner,  named  Tyler,  coming  in, 
after  considerable  search,  espied  his  property  and  read  the 
legend.  "I  know  what  that  is :  Tempus  fugit  means  Tyler's 
watch." 

The  Tutor  of  Mathematics  once  ordered  a  student  of  Geom- 
etry, "from  a  point  without  a  line  to  drop  a  perpendicular  on 
the  line."  The  student  with  his  chalk  carefully  made  a  mark- 
on  the  vacant  blackboard,  and  said  "Take  a  dot,"  and  could  go 
no  further.  "Well,  sir,  said  the  teacher,  "where  is  your  line?" 
The  reply  was,  "You  said  from  a  point  without  a  line." 

The  Tutor  gave  a  problem  to  Engelhard,  a  very  good  mathe- 
matician, in  which  the  number  of  cards  in  a  pack  was  one  of  the 
data.  He  pretended  to  be  disturbed.  Surprised  at  this,  the 
teacher  said,  "What  is  the  matter,  Mr.  Engelhard?"  "You 
have  not  given  me  the  number  of  cards.  I  lack  one  of  the 
data."     The  Tutor  said,  "Oh!  I  thought  every  student  in  col- 


facetiae;.  575 

lege  knows  there  are  fifty-two."  The  problem  was  solved,  and 
he  afterwards  ascertained  that  the  wily  Freshman  had  played 
a  joke  on  him — that  he  was  considered  the  best  whist  player 
in  the  University. 

The  Tutor  called  up  P.  G.  and  began  to  give  him  a  problem 
in  Navigation.  "Mr.  G.,  a  ship  sails  from  Charleston,  S.  C." 
He  broke  in  despairingly,  "Mr.  B.,  you  might  as  well  stop.  I 
never  could  do  one  of  them  ship  sailing  sums  in  my  life !" 

A  big-mouth  Sophomore  once  caught  a  Tartar.  A  shabbily 
dressed,  slouchy  country  boy  was  passing  near  the  well.  The 
smart  student  shouted  from  his  window,  ba-a-a !  The  country 
boy  drawled  out,  "Yer  looks  more  like  a  sheep  than  yer  bleats 
like  one !"  The  discomfiture  of  his  assailant  was  intensified 
by  the  jerring  laughter  of  four  score  college  mates.  They  are 
merciless  always  to  the  under  dog  in  such  a  fight.  This  story 
is  authentic.  The  late  Dr.  Richard  B.  Haywood,  of  Raleigh, 
told  me  that  he  witnessed  the  scene. 

The  young  son  of  the  President,  Richard,  known  as  "Little 
Bunk,"  made  a  reply  to  a  student  which  was  quoted  often 
afterwards.  He  spoke  one  day  of  what  "Thad"  had  done, 
meaning  his  cousin,  Thaddeus  Siler.  The  student  said,  "What 
Thad  ?  Who  is  Thad  ?"  With  great  indignation  little  BunK 
burst  out,  "Don't  you  know  Thad?  Everybody  knows  Thad? 
Anybody  is  a  fool  who  don't  know  Thad!" 

Of  course  there  were  occurrences  of  an  amusing  nature  con- 
nected with  spirituous  and  vinous  liquors,  malt  liquors  not  hav- 
ing then  flowed  into  this  inland  region.  Many  stratagems 
were  resorted  to  in  order  to  secure  the  coveted  stimulant  with- 
out being  detected.  A  favorite  scheme  was  to  hide  bottles  in 
boots  returned  from  the  shoemakers.  It  is  said  that  Governor 
Swain  brought  from  Durham  what  he  thought  was  a  can  of 
kerosene  oil,  but  instead  of  oil  was  corn  whiskey.  Tutor  Brown 
once  at  night  caught  a  negro  with  a  jug  of  spirits  in  the  Cam- 
pus. He  promptly  arrested  him,  and  haled  him  to  the  gate  of 
President  Swain.  'Now,  sir!  stay  here  until  I  turn  you  over 
to  the  President."  Leaving  the  darkey  at  the  gate,  he  walked  up 
the  avenue  and  summoned  his  chief.  Great  was  their  disgust, 
when  the  twain  returned,  to  find  that  the  liquor  man  had  gone 
with  his  liquor,  his  identity  enveloped  in  the  darkness.     There 


576  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

was  great  merriment  in  the  University  circles,  but  not  in  Mr. 
Brown's  presence,  for  he  was  a  fierce  man  and  could  not  with 
impunity  be  laughed  at.  He  once  struck  a  Professor  in  re- 
taliation for  a  sarcasm. 

One  afternoon  a  wagon  loaded  with  peach  brandy  passed 
through  the  village  and  its  owner  encamped  outside  the  prohi- 
bition zone,  then  two  miles,  now  four,  from  the  town.  A 
company  of  students  got  together  and,  pooling  their  fund.-, 
called  for  and  obtained  two  volunteers  to  purchase  and  bring 
in  a  jugful,  while  the  rest  waited  impatiently  for  the  coming 
treat.  The  volunteers,  one  afterwards  a  Governor,  trudging 
over  a  road  deep  in  wintry  mire,  with  half  frozen  toes,  brought 
in  the  prize.  Bursting  into  the  room  with  a  triumphant  shout, 
"Boys !  we've  got  it,"  the  future  Chief  Executive  struck  the 
jug  on  the  floor  with  miscalculating  violence.  The  treacherous 
earthenware  was  shattered  and  the  red  brandy  sought  the  cracks 
of  the  floor. 

It  was  on  this  same  floor  that  Professor  Fetter  found  a  tall 
Sophomore  of  Scotch  Highland  lineage  seated  helpless  by  the 
side  of  a  jug  emptied  of  everything  except  the  odor  of  its 
recent  occupant.     With  a  charming  naivete  he  queried,  "Air. 

,    haven't   you   been   drinking?"     The   reply   was   with 

thick-tongued  gravity,   "Yes,   sir,  a  little."     How  much,   Air. 

■ ?"     "About  a  gallon,  I  reckon."     He  was  allowed  to 

return,  graduated  and  became  eminent  in  his  profession.  It 
was  a  saying  among  the  students  that,  when  a  "Alac"  drank 
whiskey  at  all,  he  was  "capacissimus  vini,"  as  Tacitus  described 
the  Germans. 

Hazing  was  infrequent  and  quite  mild.  "Newies,"  who  were 
not  Freshmen,  were  never  molested.  Sophs  would  not  allow 
hazing  of  a  member  of  their  class,  on  the  principle  that  "dog 
does  not  eat  dog,  nor  pup  eat  pups,"  and  Juniors  and  Seniors 
felt  it  a  point  of  honor  to  preserve  their  class-mates  from  all  in- 
dignities. The  hazing  of  Fresh  was  merely  "blacking"  their 
faces  one  time,  after  which  they  were  considered  acclimated. 
Usually  there  was  no  resistance,  the  victim  submitting  almost 
willingly  as  to  a  practical  joke.  A  brother  of  General  Evans,  of 
South  Carolina,  of  Leesburg  fame,  however,  prepared  in  1853 


HAZING  AND  FUN.  577 

to  resist  even  unto  death.  With  cocked  pistol  he  awaited  the 
assault,  led  by  one  McRae,  who  had  all  the  uncalculating  dar- 
ing of  his  Highland  ancestors.  A  student  knocked  up  Evans' 
hand  as  he  pulled  the  trigger  and  the  ball  penetrated  the  fleshy 
part  of  McRae's  arm.  This  led  to  the  discovery  of  the  hazing 
party.  The  two  Societies  offered  to  stop  the  practice  if  the 
Faculty  would  not  dismiss  the  offenders.  The  bargain  was 
made  and  was  very  effectual  for  years.  McRae  encountered 
a  truer  bullet  in  the  great  Civil  War. 

An  amusing  exercise  of  the  art  of  teasing  took  its  place.  A 
number  of  students  would  call  on  a  Freshman,  dropping  in 
casually  as  if  without  concert.  Then  one  would  tell  an  anec- 
dote, followed  by  others.  Finally  the  Freshman  would  be 
beguiled  into  perpetrating  a  joke.  Instead  of  laughing,  each 
visitor  gazed  solemnly  and  mournfully  at  the  joker,  with 
mouths  wide  open,  loudly  ejaculating,  HA!  The  discomfiture 
of  the  victim  was  painfully  ludicrous. 

The  initiation  into  the  mysteries  of  the  Empire  of  the  Grand 
Mogul  could  not  be  called  hazing,  as  admission  was  entirely 
voluntary.  The  ceremony  was  in  the  attic  of  the  South  Build- 
ing, on  the  stair-case  of  which  was  written  Sic  itur  ad  astra. 
T.  J.  Robinson,  one  of  the  best  students  and  most  courteous 
gentlemen,  was  Grand  Mogul  when  his  class  was  Junior,  and  the 
office  was  usually  held  by  good  men.  There  was  much  fun 
and  frivolity,  but  no  indignity  nor  cruelty.  The  self-possession 
and  mother-wit  of  the  novitiate  were  tested  by  the  questions 
of  the  Grand  Mogul  and  his  officers.  It  was  admitted  that  the 
late  Senator  Vance,  when  he  joined,  discomfitted  the  question- 
ers by  his  apt  retorts.  And  no  impression  was  made  on  the 
imperturbable  coolness  and  pluck  of  Senator  John  Pool,  al- 
though he  was  sentenced  to  be  thrown  from  a  window  and  was 
suspended  over  the  abyss  by  sinewy  arms. 

A  trick  played  on  a  Professor  at  a  later  date  was  very  dan- 
gerous, although  intended  only  for  amusement.  The  Profes- 
sor's chair  was  on  a  hollow  box  in  front  of,  and  fastened  to, 
which  was  a  desk,  all  rudely  made  of  pine.  Shortly  before 
the  recitation  opened,  two  youths  placed  under  the  box  a  ball 

37 


578  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

of  gunpowder  to  which  was  attached  a  time-fuse  lighted.  When 
all  were  assembled  the  explosion  came  with  unexpected  vio- 
lence. Although  the  Professor  was  projected  into  the  middle 
of  the  room,  no  one  was  injured.  W.  H.  S.  Burgwyn,  a  model 
student,  who  had  "smelt  gunpowder"  in  actual  battle,  was  earn- 
estly attentive  to  his  French  lesson,  then  being  recited.  The 
sudden  noise  and  smoke  transported  him  to  a  field  of  battle 
in  Virginia.  He  leaped  to  his  feet  and  gave  the  appropriate 
order,  "Steady,  boys!     Steady!" 

The  guilty  youths  were  so  alarmed  that  they  consulted  coun- 
sel, but  their  names  were  never  known  until  they  became  staid 
Senators  and  Trustees  of  the  University. 

A  youth  from  a  distant  State  who  lacked  neither  intellect 
nor  pluck,  but  was  abundantly  endowed  with  greenness,  was 
often  made  a  butt  for  practical  jokes.  A  mock  quarrel  was 
fastened  on  him.  He  was  challenged  to  mortal  combat  at 
Piney  Prospect  with  pistols.  He  promptly  accepted.  A  liquid 
of  a  red  color  was  provided,  and  when  the  innocent  weapons 
were  exploded  at  the  word  Fire !,  his  adversary  fell.  Appa- 
rently his  shirt  front  was  bathed  in  blood.  The  green  man 
showed  no  agitation  but,  calmly  remarking,  "he  brought  it  on 
himself,"  walked  back  to  his  room  and  began  to  study  his  les- 
sons. He  was  teased  no  more.  Respect  for  his  nerve  coun- 
teracted the  disposition  to  ridicule  his  verdancy. 

The  late  genial  Francis  E.  Shober,  a  popular  member  of 
Congress,  related  with  inimitable  mimicry  his  adventure,  when 
during  a  dark  night  some  of  his  friends  were  "out  on  a  lark" 
and  he  was  trying  to  protect  them  from  discovery.  There 
was  then  a  five-foot  high  terrace  around  the  East  Building. 
As  he  emerged  from  one  of  the  entrances,  he  was  seized  by 
Tutor  Charles  Phillips,  who  was  of  heavy  weight  and  of  pon- 
derous strength.  Being  strong  himself  he  resisted,  and  in  the 
struggle  they  rolled  down  the  terrace.  When  they  reached 
level  ground  Shober  was  at  the  bottom,  Phillips  mashing  the 
breath  out  of  him  and  panting,  "Who  are  you  ?  Who  are  you  ?" 
To  avoid  suffocation  he  gasped  out,  "Francis  E.  Shober,  con- 
found your  soul !"  Not  one  of  his  h  iends  rushed  to  his  rescue, 
which  in  the  darkness  could  easily  have  been  effected,  but  one 


PRACTICAL    JOKES.  5/9 

more  sympathetic  a  few   score  yards  oft  shouted,  "Give  him 

!"    On  his  trial  Shober  was  saved  by  the  President  from 

dismissal  because  he  had  not  been  drinking,  was  out  of  his  room 
from  motives  of  friendship,  was  not  engaged  in  the  disturbance, 
and  had  a  good  character  for  orderly  behaviour.  His  swearing 
at  the  Tutor  was  excused  because  the  words  were  forced  from 
him  by  heavy  pressure.  Some  of  the  Faculty,  however,  were 
displeased  at  the  lenity.  Shober  to  his  dying  day  thought  his 
sympathetic  friend  was  either  selfish  or  showed  the  white 
feather.  He  notwithstanding  attained  very  high  position  after- 
wards  and  often  showed  conspicuous  courage. 

Good  humored  tricks  which  boys  play  on  one  another  often 
have  an  educating  effect.  For  example,  a  green  Freshman 
would  be  induced  to  take  a  sip  of  wine  or  other  spirits.  In  a 
few  minutes  comments  would  be  made  on  his  appearance.  He 
would  be  assured  that  he  was  tipsy  and  warned  to  avoid  the 
Faculty.  He  would  deny  the  allegation,  and,  as  the  politician 
said,  "defy  the  allegator."  In  the  midst  of  the  dispute  a  pro- 
posal would  be  made  to  leave  the  question  to  an  umpire.  The 
umpire  would  avow  his  inability  to  decide  without  the  walking- 
a-crack  test.  The  accused  would  begin  to  walk  a  crack  in  the 
floor  with  confidence,  when  the  umpire  would  decide  against 
him  on  the  ground  that  no  sober  man  would  ever  undertake 
to  do  so  simple  a  feat.  A  boy  thus  caught  would  be  wary  there- 
after. I  saw  General  Matt.  W.  Ransom  once  act  as  bogus 
umpire. 

A  favorite  joke  on  the  trusting  Freshman  was  snipe-hunting. 
His  imagination  was  stirred  by  stories  of  great  catches  at 
night  of  this  excellent  food-bird.  The  woods  were  said  to  be 
full  of  them.  One  hunter  must  hold  the  bag  while  three  or  four 
others  should  drive  them  into  it.  The  Freshman  was  of  course 
the  bag-holder,  while  the  others  making  a  circuit  hastened  to 
their  rooms  and  hilariously  waited  for  their  victim,  who,  alone 
in  the  forest,  longingly  watched  for  the  luscious  snipes  that 
never  came.  Such  tricks  probably  saved  him  in  later  life  from 
the  wiles  of  "confidence  men"  and  gold-brick  dealers,  or  even 
from-  a  corner  lot  in  a  "boom  town,"  but  it  was  often  a  cruel 
lesson. 


580  THE  UNIVERSITY  OE  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

It  was  considered  a  good  joke  to  notify  in  a  mysterious 
manner  some  soft-hearted  Professor  or  Minister  of  the  Gospel, 
or  a  physician,  that  a  duel  to  the  death  was  contemplated 
at  a  certain  spot  in  the  forest  or  field.  Occasionally  a  fruitless 
walk  in  the  dark  was  the  consequence.  Once  the  sham  duel 
took  place  when  the  peace-maker  was  hundreds  of  yards  off, 
and  at  the  explosion  of  the  powder  load  he  hurried  home  in 
terror.  Dr.  W.  P.  Mallett,  who  knew  not  fear,  turned  the 
joke  on  the  student,  who  called  for  him,  by  charging  him  $2 
as  for  a  professional  visit,  and  making  him  pay  for  it.  At 
another  such  trick  a  member  of  the  Faculty  rushed  in,  caught 
the  dead  man  much  to  his  horror,  but  did  not  report  him. 

The  genial  and  witty  Z.  B.  Vance,  as  soon  as  he  stepped  out 
of  the  stage  after  the  long  ride  from  Asheville  at  four  miles  an 
hour,  showed  his  humor  and  intuitive  perception  of  what 
would  give  pleasure  to  his  comrades.  His  fellow  travelers 
were  old  students  and  were  cordially  shaking  hands  with  those 
who  came  to  meet  the  arrivals.  Vance  had  not  an  acquaint- 
ance, but  instead  of  moping  on  account  of  his  lonesomeness,  he 
ran  up  to  an  old  negro  standing  by,  whom  he  had  never  seen 
before,  Ben  Booth  by  name,  and  shook  his  hand  with  effusive 
cordiality — declared  that  he  had  been  seeking  him  for  years. 
It  made  Vance  a  favorite  at  once.  Handshakings  rained  on 
him. 

Students  of  law,  reading  without  a  teacher  to  test  their  ac- 
quisitions, are  at  a  great  disadvantage  as  compared  with  those 
regularly  catechised  by  competent  instructors.  A  young  man, 
a  cousin  of  Vance's,  of  decided  talent,  Augustus  S.  Merrimon, 
came  down  from  Asheville  on  his  way  to  the  Supreme  Court 
to  be  examined  for  his  license.  He  stopped  for  a  day  in 
Chapel  Hill  and  was  invited  to  go  before  the  Professor  with 
the  class.  He  found  that  although  he  had  a  general  knowledge 
of  the  subject,  he  was  unable  readily  to  answer  pointed  ques- 
tions. In  truth,  his  failures  to  answer  were  lamentable.  As 
he  came  out  of  the  room,  Vance  remarked,  "He  went  in  a 
Merri-man,  he  came  out  a  sorry  man."  He  secured  his  license, 
however,  and  became  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 


HUMOROUS    INCIDENTS.  581 

Of  course  the  Temperance  Lecturer  came  to  Chapel  Hill. 
Philip  S.  White,  a  reformed  drunkard,  delighted  old  and  young 
with  his  oratory,  and  induced  many  to  join  his  Society.  While 
the  lecture  was  progressing,  some  waggish  students  collected 
all  the  bottles  that  could  be  found  and  breaking  them  made  a 
pyramid  of  the  fragments  in  the  chief  walk  leading  to  the  vil- 
lage. This  novel  mode  of  signifying  the  success  of  the  move- 
ment was  greatly  enjoyed. 

Another  lecturer  met  a  very  painful  rebuff,  a  militia  Colonel 
of  Georgia,  named  Dawson.  David  M.  Carter,  a  man  of  genius 
and  oratorical  ability,  very  striking  in  looks,  with  large  rosy 
face  and  flaming  red  hair,  a  leader  in  the  Philanthropic  So- 
ciety, introduced  him  to  the  audience.  It  was  soon  after  Web- 
ster delivered  his  great  speech  in  favor  of  the  Compromise  of 
1850.  The  Colonel  illustrated  his  address  by  the  evil  ex- 
amples of  great  men,  among  others  Webster,  who,  he  said, 
often  drank  to  excess,  whereupon  Carter,  who  adored  Webster, 
stalked  down'  from  the  rostrum  and  out  of  the  hall  with  an 
indescribable  expression  of  disgust.  Professor  Wheat  arose 
and  stated  that  doubtless  the  speaker  would  be  glad  to  learn 
that  the  distinguished  Defender  of  the  Constitution  had  given 
up  the  habit  of  drinking  alcoholic  stimulants,  but  the  Colonel 
declared  that  he  had  seen  to  the  contrary  at  Webster's  own 
sideboard  within  two  or  three  weeks.  Notwithstanding  his 
pluckiness,  he  was  visibly  chagrined — his  speech  was  a  failure. 

Vance  aforesaid  of  course  directed  his  wit  at  the  Temperance 
Societies,  though  he  was  by  no  means  a  drinker  to  excess. 
One  morning  a  knot  of  students  were  gathered  about  the  well. 
"Vance,"  said  Lewis,  "what  are  those  boys  doing?"  His  an- 
swer was,  "Governor  Swain  was  in  hot  pursuit  of  Doug.  B. 
Afraid  of  being  caught  with  whiskey  on  him,  Doug,  threw  his 
half-emptied  tickler  into  the  well.  The  temperance  boys  have 
been  drinking  the  water  ever  since,  hoping  to  get  a  taste  of  the 
spirits." 

A  prank  for  which  the  perpetrator  was  sentenced  to  rustica- 
tion for  a  fortnight  was  by  a  Raleigh  student,  generally  orderly 
but  of  a  most  humorous  turn.  There  was  an  immense  hat, 
about  a  yard  high,  used  as  a  sign  over  a  sidewalk  in  Raleigh, 


582  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

in  front  of  the  dry-goods  store  of  Win.  Peck.  The  student 
bought  this  magnitudinous  and  altitudinous  tile  and  by  tying 
tape  across  it  managed  to  balance  it  on  his  head.  He  then 
stuck  a  red  wafer  in  the  centre  of  a  pair  of  large  green  goggles, 
and  with  these  on  his  nose  and  the  mountainous  hat  on  his 
head,  marched  into  the  Chapel  one  afternoon  while  the  roll  was 
being  called  for  Prayers.  There  was  an  uproar  which  for 
many  minutes  could  not  be  silenced. 

Another  impious  prank,  which  tradition  vouches  for,  was 
that  shortly  before  the  40's,  a  youth  who  had  an  undue  share 
of  deviltry,  a  few  minutes  before  Chapel  service  on  a  summer 
Sunday  morning,  dragged  a  fox  skin  by  devious  ways  into  the 
Chapel  and  through  the  aisles.  After  the  preacher  began  he 
turned  aloose  a  pack  of  hounds  on  the  track,  who  soon  made 
the  building  resound  with  their  eager  yelps.  The  records  have 
no  allusion  to  this,  from  which  it  may  be  inferred  either  that 
it  did  not  happen,  or  that  the  perpetrator  was  not  detected. 
The  preacher  could  have  preached  appropriately  from  the  text, 
"Beware  of  Dogs." 

When  the  boys  went  off  by  night  to  Hillsboro,  Pittsboro, 
or  Raleigh,  (Durham  did  not  then  exist),  there  was  occa- 
sionally dissipation  and  sometimes  danger.  The  University 
came  near  losing  a  handsome  legacy  on  this  account.  There 
was  an  implied  agreement  that  some  should  remain  so  cool  as 
to  take  care  of  the  others.  Once  Treadwell,  of  Mississippi,  was 
talking  in  too  loud  a  tone  on  the  sidewalk  in  Hillsboro,  when 
his  Mentor  gave  him  a  caution.  "Never  mind  !"  said  he,  "I  do 
not  expect  to  marry  in  this  burg."  This  became  a  proverb  in 
Chapel  Hill  circles,  as  did  another  expression  of  his.  He  was 
telling  of  a  certain  student  having  been  on  a  "bus."  "I 
thought,"  said  the  lady,  "that  he  was  too  stingy."  "Oh !  it 
was  only  a  cheap  bus."  Some  of  these  nocturnal  journeys  to 
neighboring  towns  were  at  a  marvellous  speed.  There  was  a 
gray  horse  named  Toodlem,  who  would  cover  uninjured  the 
twenty-eight  miles  to  Raleigh  in  three  hours.  He  was  such  a 
favorite  that  his  owners,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mason,  were  called 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Toodlem,  and  their  handsome  daughter  Miss 
Toodlem. 


HUMOROUS.  583 

A  circus  was  once  held  at  what  was  called  Pinhook,  now 
West  Durham.  Quite  a  company  ran  off  to  witness  it.  Some 
came  very  near  a  fight  with  the  circus  men,  which  would  have 
been  a  serious  matter,  as  there  were  practically  no  police 
officers  to  interfere.  The  conflict  was  averted  by  Thomas  E. 
Skinner,  late  a  Reverend  Doctor,  who  in  those  days  was  not 
averse  to  breaking  University  law  for  such  transcendent  bliss 
as  was  found  under  the  canvass,  but  who  abstained  from  strong" 
drink  and  kept  his  head.  He  induced  the  manager  to  start 
suddenly  such  an  exhibition  of  acrobatic  agility  and  such  a 
blaze  of  brilliant  scenery,  as  to  surprise  his  friends  into  for- 
getfulness  of  their  wrath. 

Vance  distinguished  himself  at  a  moot-court  in  defense  of 
the  "College  Bore,"  indicted  as  a  nuisance.  Bernard  Gretter,  a 
man  of  great  natural  ability  was  prosecutor.  Vance's  defense 
was  analogous  to  the  famous  defense  of  the  bed-bug  by  S.  S. 
Prentiss — that  the  Bore  was  walking  in  the  way  the  Creator 
marked  out  for  him — that  he  taught  his  suffering  fellow  crea- 
tures patience  and  resignation.  Christian  virtues,  and  so  should 
be  numbered  with  the  missionaries ;  that  his  conduct  showed 
such  lack  of  brain,  as  to  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  he  was  not 
criminally  responsible  for  his  acts.  This  resume  gives  no  Mea 
of  the  wit  and  eloquence  of  his  argument. 

There  was  a  fine  in  Vance's  Society,  the  Dialectic,  for  aud- 
ible laughing.  One  night,  of  malice  aforethought  and  without 
violating  parliamentary  law,  he  made  a  speech  so  excruciatingly 
funny  that  the  listeners  were  forced  to  break  the  anticachinna- 
tion  rule  and  the  treasury  was  largely  replenished. 

A  parody  on  the  opening  verses  of  Byron's  Bride  of  Abydos, 
written  by  the  late  Solicitor  General  S.  F.  Phillips,  in  1853. 
contains  many  local  allusions  and  is  on  the  whole  founded  on 
fact. 

Know  ye  the  land  where  the  black-board  and  Homer 
Are   direst  of  curses  to   Sophs   and  to  Fresh? 
Where  the  fear  of  dismissal,  the  hope     of  diploma, 
Never  chequer  the  dreams  of  an  idle  malish? 
Know  ye  of  rock  walls  and  ditches  the  land, 
Where  the  granite  is  brickwork,  the  terraces   sand? 
Where  the  speeches  of  Seniors,  quotation  oppressed, 


584  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Th  the  opinion  of  Subs  will  rank  with  the  best? 
Where  demand  and  supply,  your  all  conquering  law 
Robs  barrels  and  hen-roosts  from  Pinhook  to  Haw? 
Where  the  'possums  and  'simmons  are  fairest  of  fruit, 
And  the  lunatic   serenade  never   is  mute? 
Where  groves  are  as  green  as  the  students  they  shade, 
And  naught  can  be  worse  than  the  warm  lemonade? 
Tis  the  land  where  the  Juniors,  sworn  foeman  to  books, 
Beats  College  all  hollow  in  playing  for  knucks, 
From  supper  till  sundown  still  kneels  at  his  taw, 
Where  students  and  shaving  are  "done"  by  Dave  Moore? 
'Tis  the  site  of  the  Chapel,  the  slope  of  the  Hill, 
Can  it  smile  on  such  potions  as  students  will  swill? 
Oh!    passing  the  absurda  of  blackboard  and  chalk, 
Are  the  liquors  they  drink  and  the  nonsense  they  talk ! 

Some  explanation  of  the  poem  may  be  useful.  The  optional 
student,  or  malish  (militia),  usually  resided  in  the  village  and 
escaped  strict  surveillance.  He  could  obtain  no  diploma  or 
certificate  of  any  kind.  The  buildings  were  colored  and  one, 
Smith  Hall,  was  stuccoed  to  resemble  granite.  There  were 
terraces  around  the  Old  East  and  Old  West  buildings,  on  which 
the  grass  was  not  then  growing.  At  the  spring  Senior  Speak- 
ing the  Marshal  and  his  "Subs"  kept  order.  They  sat  con- 
spicuously in  front  of  the  speakers  and  seemed  to,  as  a  part  of 
their  office,  admire  their  utterances.  Pinhook  was  a  cross- 
roads about  twelve  miles  east  of  Chapel  Hill  and  Haw  River 
is  about  the  same  distance  to  the  west.  In  older  days  when 
boarding  "at  Commons"  was  compulsory,  the  Steward  being 
the  lowest  bidder,  there  was  a  practice  among  some  of  supple- 
menting the  meagreness  of  the  table  by  purloining  "hen  prod- 
ucts," but  the  crime  had  become  rare.  The  only  nocturnal  raids 
were  for  fruit,  especially  scuppernong  grapes.  It  is  a  source  of 
sincere  regret  that  the  opossum  is  fast  becoming  extinct  in  our 
woods.  Hunting  them  at  night  was  once  a  pleasant  and  profit- 
able pastime.  Athletics  had  very  little  share  in  the  interest  of 
the  students,  hence  they  paid  more  attention  to  music  and  to 
serenading  the  ladies,  who  ofen  rewarded  their  compliment  by 
showers  of  rose  buds.  In  the  spring  time  there  were  groups 
of  marble  players.  The  champion  at  this  date  was  a  Junior, 
Ben   Guion,   but  his   aversion   to  books   was  not  particularly 


AMUSEMENTS.  585 

obvious,  the  pleasantry  aimed  at  him  notwithstanding.  The 
satire  on  Dave  Moore  was  not  in  earnest.  His  character  was 
high.  The  liquor  bought  by  students,  generally  through  the 
agency  of  negroes,  was  atrociously  bad,  some  of  it  colored,  it 
is  said,  by  tobacco.  One  of  its  names  was  "forty  yards" 
whisky,  implying  that  it  would  kill  as  far  as  a  rifle  ball.  An- 
other name  embalms  the  theory  in  terse  Saxon  that  the  liquor 
is  a  poison,  to  the  inner  man.  The  increased  sobriety  in  our 
days  is  highly  gratifying. 

There  was  no  dancing  at  social  gatherings  except  at  Com- 
mencements, nor  were  card  parties  allowed.  "Conversation 
parties"  were  common  and  the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  talk  was 
oceanic.  Of  course  much  of  it  was  lacking  in  sense,  and  so  in- 
tended. We  had  a  club  in  which  prizes  were  offered  for  the 
worse  pun.  The  competition  was  had  on  the  anniversary  of 
the  genesis  of  a  pun  so  extravagantly  lacking  in  wit  as  to  be 
productive  of  fun.  The  prize  winner  was  crowned  with  a 
wreath  of  roses  and  was  King  of  Bad  Puns  for  the  next  year. 
He  was  seated  on  an  elevated  throne,  and  presided  over  the 
competition  at  the  next  anniversary. 

At  another  time  bathos,  the  fall  from  the  sublime  to  the 
ridiculous,  was  fashionable.    The  following  is  a  good  example : 

She  never  smiles!     No  happy  thought 

Lights  up  her  pensive  eye. 
The  merry  laugh  from  lip  to  lip, 

Passes  unheeded  by. 
Frozen  forever  in  her  heart 

The  sparkling  fount  of  gladness, 
And  o'er  it  pours  in  rapid  flood, 

The  ebon  wave  of  sadness. 

She  never  smiles !     Has  frowning  grief 

With  its  stern  magic  bound  her? 
Has  care  her  long,  lean  finger  raised 

To  cast  her  fetters  round  her? 
Has  one  so  young  the  lesson  learned 

That  love  is  oft  betrayed? 
.Mi   no!    she  never   smiles  because 

Her  front  teeth  are  decayed. 


586  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

The  boys  at  one  time  had  an  amusing  way  of  latinizing 
proper  names.  Caldwell  was  Vocatusbene.  Anderson  (And- 
her-son)  was  Bt  ejus  filius.  Henderson  ( Hen-her-son )  was 
Gallina-ejus-Hlius.  Miss  Nancy  Hilliard  was  Miss  Nancy 
Tumulus-tres-pedes.  Governor  Swain  was  Gubemator  Piter, 
Judge  Battle  was  Judex  Prelium,  and  so  on. 

At  another  season  it  was  the  fashion  to  use  only  the  first 
letter  of  words.  For  example,  French  brandy  was  F.  brandy; 
Daniel  Webster  was  D.  Webster;  Governor  Swain  was  G. 
Swain ;  Parson  Green  was  P.  Green ;  Fried  Chicken  was  F. 
chicken.  Profanity  was  sometimes  softened,  for  example, 
D.  Fool,  or  D.  .S.  (damnatus  stultus),  and  so  on. 

The  disinclination  to  call  a  fellow  student  by  his  real  name 
resulted  often  in  giving  the  younger  brother  the  appellation  of 
the  older.  For  example  John  H.  Bryan  (1844),  because  of 
his  devotion  to  a  great  English  poet,  was  called  Keats  Bryan. 
His  brother,  William,  late  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Maryland,  was  dubbed  "Young  Keats."  Peter  Brown  Ruffin 
(1838-39)  had  a  favorite  anecdote  in  which  the  upsetting  of  a 
stage  was  the  chief  incident.  So  he  was  universally  known  as 
Stage  Ruffin.  When  his  brother,  Thomas  (1844),  late  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  matriculated,  he  became  Hack  Ruffin, 
a  hack  being  of  inferior  dignity  to  a  stage.  Even  when  he 
attained  his  highest  eminence  at  the  bar  an  old  student  would 
give  him  this  ridiculous  nickname.  Alfred  Alston  (1846)  was 
always  Nick  Alston,  his  brother  Nicholas  having  preceded  him 
by  a  year  or  two,  and  so  on. 

The  Literary  Trumpet  was  a  pen  and  ink  paper  issued  in 
1846,  for  private  distribution  only,  by  Wm.  Matthew  Hower- 
ton,  chief  editor,  and  a  lady,  who  was  only  a  nominal  editor.  As 
it  was  the  first  of  the  Fliegende  Blatters  of  the  University,  I 
give  an  extract  from  it,  premising  that  Howerton  was  a  second 
honor  man,  Marshal  in  1846,  and  very  popular. 

''Early  Reminiscences  of  Chapel  Hill." 
"On  a  late  occasion  the  fingers  of  jollity  tickled  us  so  un- 
mercifully that  we  swooned  away  into  a  state  of  ha-ha-ha-ity. 
We  were  hearing  how  sumptuously  our  early  students  fared. 
After  the  organization  of  the  institution,  the  first  care  of  the 


THE  LITERARY  TRUMPET.  587 

trustees  was  to  procure  a  proper  victualler  for  the  boys,  and 
the  secondary  care  was,  as  a  matter  of  course,  an  appropriate 
Faculty.  Looking  around  on  the  men  of  talent  and  distin- 
guished ability  in  the  State,  the  Trustees  were  wonderfully  be- 
taken with  the  idea  of  securing  an  indefatigable  Mr.  Taylor  as 
the  best  hotelster  to  superintend  the  literary  stable  of  the  Hill 
of  Science,  who,  though  he  could  not  furnish  the  young  gents 
with  the  fodder  and  corn  of  classic  lore,  was  thoroughly  con- 
versant in  the  science  of  ash-cake  and  buttermilk. 

"But  without  attempting  a  eulogium  upon  this  great  Prince 
of  the  kitchen  we  will  simply  (as  is  our  subject)  apprise  our 
readers  of  the  contract  agreed  on  between  Mr.  Taylor  and  the 
Trustees. 

"Mr.  Taylor  bound  himself  to  perform  the  following  duties : 

"To  have  meals  thrice  a  day  and  six  times  in  two  days. 

"To  bestow  a  biscuit  on  each  *prep.  at  play  time ;  to  provide 
such  a  number  of  knives  and  forks  that  every  two  students 
should  have  the  use  of  one  pair,  one  soup  tray  and  spoon  for 
every  three,  a  bib  for  each  Fresh,  to  suppress  every  symptom 
of  snatching  and  grabbing,  to  enforce  mastication  and  the  use 
of  forks  instead  of  fingers,  to  allow  no  one  to  swallow  with- 
out first  exerting  the  teeth  a  minute  on  each  mouthful,  to 
decorate  the  dinner  table  with  the  splendors  of  corned  beef  and 
corn  bread,  to  enrich  their  breakfasts  and  suppers  with  ample 
troughs  of  buttermilk,  exaggerated  into  enthusiastic  festivity  by 
the  incomparable  lustre  and  magnificence  of  wheat  biscuit,  ten 
inches  in  circumference,  three  feet  in  diameter,  and  (to  ac- 
commodate the  mouths  of  gentility)  three  feet  in  depth. 

"Here  we  lost  all  connection  in  the  account  of  the  venerable 
Steward's  duties,  so  much  were  we  delighted  with  the  idea  of 
this  stupendous  biscuit.  And  then  again  when  we  thought  of 
three  Fresh  dipping  theHr  bills  into  one  soup  dish,  the  wheel- 
barrow of  our  gravity  was  completely  upset,  leaving  us  flound- 
ering in  the  mudhole  of  convulsive  giggling.  When  we  rise 
from  the  prostration,  and  again  mount  our  wheelbarrow  upon 
the  cushion  of  our  dignity  we  will  expatiate  at  length  on  the 
Biography  of  our  College." 

*  In  the  Preparatory  or  Grammar  School. 


588  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

I  give  this  extract  merely  to  show  a  style  of  writing,  which 
was  considered  in  that  day  to  be  amusing. 

Amusements. 
At  Commencements,  as  I  have  said,  our  streets  and  roads 
into  the  country  were  gay  with  handsome  equipages.  Those 
who  have  tried  it  say  that  there  is  no.  better  courting  time  and 
place  than  in  a  light  buggy  drawn  by  a  spirited  team.  But  let 
the  amatory  youth  take  warning  frorrj  the  mishap  of  a  friend 
of  mine.  He  borrowed  of  his  grandfather  a  barouche  and  pair 
and  took  his  lady-love  on  a  four  fnile  ride,  determined  to 
bring  love  matters  to  a  focus.  After  skirmishing  around  with 
preliminary  sweet  speeches,  he  turned  his  head  to  gaze  into  her 
face  while  he  asked  her  to  share  his  life.  As  he  did  so  he 
discovered  that  the  colored  boy,  whom  he  had  employed  to 
hold  his  horses  at  the  house  of  his  girl,  had  jumped  up  behind 
and  was  listening  with  grinning  delight  to  all  tender  words. 
The  shock  was  so  great  that  the  opportunity  was  lost — and  as 
matters  turned  out,  lost  forever.  My  readers  need  not  weep 
over  this  story.  "Airs.  Grundy"  said  that  the  young  lady  would 
have  refused  him.  Another  "smart"  young  man  driving  over 
Franklin  street  saw  a  cow  lying  contentedly  in  the  way.  He 
thought  he  wTould  show  his  skillfulness  as  a  driver  by  running 
one  wheel  over  her  side.  Much  to  his  grief  the  animal  sud- 
denly rose,  upset  the  vehicle,  and  turned  him  and  his  lady-love 
sprawling  into  the  sand.  Unfailingly  courteous,  too,  were  the 
beaux  of  fifty  years  ago.  I  give  one  specimen  of  this :  A 
lady  friend  of  mine  was  taking  a  ridd  with  a  student  of  the 
forties.  The  buggy  wheel  ran  into  a  deep  rut  on  his  side  of 
the  road  and  threw  the  lady  with  some  violence  on  him.  She 
said.  "I  beg  your  pardon,  sir!"  He  replied  with  evident  sin- 
cerity, "Not  at  all  disagreeable,  madajn !" 

Athletics. 
There  was  no  gymnasium.  As  mentioned  heretofore,  long 
walks  and  buggy  rides  were  the  fashion.  There  was  seldom 
a  fair  evening  which  did  not  witness  divers  couples  of  ladies 
and  gentlemen  wending  their  way  to  a  forest  path.  The 
favorite  routes  were  to  Piney  Prospect  and  through  the  grove 
near  Professor  Williams'  residence  to  Tenny's,  then  Professor 


AMUSEMENTS.  589 

Green's,  plantation.  The  plantation  house,  once  the  residence 
of  Benjamin  Yeargin,  was  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill  near  the 
creek,  so  there  was  no  unpleasant  farm  yard  litter  on  the  way. 
It  was  a  beautiful  walk  with  lovely  prospects.  A  side  path 
led  to  Lone  Pine  Spring.  A  shorter,  but  more  romantic  walk, 
was  to  roaring  Fountain,  the  water  trickling  beautifully  from  a 
mossy  bank  into  a  limpid  spring.  The  fountain  is  still  lovely, 
but  the  music  of  falling  drops  which  gave  the  name  is  gone. 
Some  ventured  as  far  as  Glenburnie,  Otey's  Retreat  and  Laurel 
Hill.  Battle  Park  was  then  a  pathless  wilderness.  During 
warm  weather  the  walking  was  confined  to  well-traveled  roads. 
Cows  roamed  at  large  and  in  consequence  swarms  of  seed  ticks 
were  perched  on  blades  of  grass  or  sprigs  of  weeds  ready  to 
seize  the  dresses  of  passers  by.  Whenever,  in  pursuit  of  flow- 
ers, chinquepins  or  blackberries,  the  girls  and  boys  daringly 
braved  these  enemies  of  peace  and  comfort,  they  carried  in 
their  hands  bunches  of  pennyroyal,  with  which  to  thrash  off 
the  successive  swarms.  Even  then  some  of  the  blood-thirsty 
wretches  eluded  all  precautions  and  unerringly  found  their 
way  to  their  coveted  feeding  ground. 

Athletics  was  not  under  University  supervision  in  any  de- 
gree. The  games  were,  in  summer,  marbles,  in  cooler  weather, 
bandy,  often  called  shinny.  The  latter  was  peculiarly  exciting. 
It  was  played  at  one  time  on  the  old,  on  another  on  the  present 
Athletic  field.  Nearly  all  of  the  students  were  engaged.  The 
ball  was  of  hard  wood,  turned  round,  and  when  struck  by 
curved  sticks  wielded  by  powerful  arms,  spun  through  the  air 
with  fearful  velocity.  In  the  excitement  the  sticks  were  often 
brandished  in  disregard  of  the  proximity  of  the  noses  and 
bodies  of  other  players.  On  the  whole  it  was  quite  as  danger- 
ous as  football.  There  were  no  deaths,  but  many  severe  acci- 
dents. The  ball  once  struck  a  student  on  one  cheek  bone  and 
broke  the  bone  on  the  other  side.  For  many  days  he  was 
forced  to  subsist  on  huge  bowls  full  of  soup.  His  mother 
said,  "You  ought  to  thank  your  stars  that  the  ball  did  not 
strike  you  on  the  temple.  You  would  have  been  killed.''  The 
pain  did  not  allow  him  a  thankful  heart.  His  peevish  reply 
was,  "I  think  I  ought  to  curse  my  stars  for  its  hitting  me  at 
all."     It  seems  to  me  that  with  the  proper  regulations  to  en- 


59°  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

sure  safety  this  is  one  of  the  best  college  games.  Everybody 
can  play  and  can  play  much  or  little  at  pleasure.  It  exercises 
the  legs,  arms  and,  in  fact,  all  the  body.  It  requires  strength 
and  agility.  It  cultivates  dexterity  and  quickness  of  thought, 
hardihood  and  pluck,  self-possession  and  readiness  of  wit.  In 
one  form  or  another  it  has  been  in  use  probably  in  all  nations. 
We  played  it  as  it  was  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

I  add  that  intercollegiate  games  and  debates  were  not  known. 
They,  of  necessity,  awaited  the  introduction  of  railroads.  I  do 
not  recall  that  there  were  any  match  games  between  the 
classes.  The  champions  chose  their  assistants  alternately,  the 
privilege  of  naming  first  being  settled  by  a  rough  kind  of 
lottery.  One  tossed  to  the  other  a  bandy  stick.  After  being 
caught  each  lay  hold  of  it  alternately,  the  hand  of  one  touching 
that  of  the  other,  until  the  end  was  reached.  The  champion 
who  held  by  the  extreme  end,  if  his  hold  was  strong  enough 
to  enable  him  to  throw  the  stick  over  his  head,  had  first  choice 
of  players  on  the  ground.  The  other  had  second,  and  so  al- 
ternately until  all  willing  to  play  were  in  the  game. 

The  Faculty  made  no  objection  to  the  teaching  of  the  arts 
of  dancing,  boxing,  fencing,  single  stick  and  the  like  by  ex- 
perts in  those  accomplishments.  There  was,  however,  no 
regular  instructor  in  dancing  until  about  1850,  when  a  Air. 
Frensley  made  annual  visits  to  the  Hill.  The  students,  before 
his  arrival,  practiced  hilarious  stag-dances  in  the  halls  (or 
passages)  of  the  South  building.  About  the  beginning  of  the 
Mexican  War  a  Captain,  O.  A.  Buck,  a  tall,  powerful,  grace- 
ful man,  had  large  classes  in  fencing,  boxing  and  single  stick. 
I  recall  that  General  J.  J.  Pettigrew,  of  the  Gettysburg  charge, 
was  among  the  most  skillful,  if  not  the  best.  Captain  Buck 
joined  the  army  in  Mexico,  and  died  of  pulmonary  consump- 
tion, much  regretted  by  his  pupils  and  others  who  knew  him. 

Hunting  partridges,  or  quail,  was  more  pleasant  and  profit- 
able than  now.  Only  one  plantation,  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
from  town,  was  "posted,"  i.  e.,  prohibiting  hunting.  As  no 
cotton,  but  only  grain,  was  raised,  the  birds  were  more  abund- 
ant. Two  good  huntsmen  starting  about  sunrise,  just  after 
Morning  Prayers,  seldom  brought  in  less  than  forty  or  fifty. 


HUNTING  PARTRIDGES  AND  OPOSSUMS.  59I 

A  glorious  supper  followed,  or  they  were  given  to  the  landlady 
for  the  next  morning's  breakfast.  A  silent,  serious  looking 
student,  named  Lawrence  Smith,  was  fond  of  hunting  alone. 
One  day  he  found  himself  two  miles  from  home,  the  dog  point- 
ing a  covey  in  a  broom-straw  field.  To  his  horror  he  had  left 
his  percussion  caps  on  his  chamber  table.  An  oath  rose  to 
his  lips,  but  he  was  a  faithful  member  of  the  church  and  he 
suppressed  it.  Dropping  his  gun  he  shouted  the  despairing 
cry,  "I've  a  good  mind  to  cuss  !" 

The  fishing  was  very  inferior.  Probably  the  lands  through 
which  the  creeks  run  are  too  poor  to  supply  food. 

Opossum  hunting  was.  in  those  days,  a  sport  of  entrancing 
interest.  The  picturesque  appearance  of  trees,  and  rocks, 
ravines  and  streams  in  the  Hashing  torch-light,  the  musical 
bark  of  the  dogs  eager  on  the  trail,  their  frantic  leaps  toward 
the  limbs,  after  the  quarry  sought  refuge  in  a  tree ;  the  rapid 
flying  of  chips  as  the  huntsman  wielded  his  axe ;  the  tottering 
of  the  tree,  and  the  excited  croy  of  "Look  out !,"  then  the  crash 
and  triumphant  capture  of  the  animal  with  the  fat  of  a  thousand 
persimmons  over  his  ribs.  More  prosaic,  but  still  interesting, 
was  the  supper  on  the  next  night,  the  hot  grease  exuding  from 
the  crisp  skin  and  covering  the  plump  roasted  potatoes  and 
well-baked  hoe  cake. 

The  hunting  of  raccoons  was  still  more  exciting,  but  re- 
quired a  journey  of  many  miles,  with  doubtful  chance  of  suc- 
cess.    The  "coons"  had  mostly  migrated  to  the  rivers. 

Of  what  was  called  "modern  conveniences"  there  were  none. 
There  were  practically  no  bath-rooms  and  no  baths,  except  at 
two  places  half  a  mile  off,  where  the  waters  of  springs  were 
conducted  through  gutters  and  fell  sub  divo  in  a  delicious 
stream.  Most  of  the  students  used  bath  tubs  in  their  rooms. 
When  the  weather  was  warm  a  few  resorted  for  swimming 
to  Kings,  afterwards  Valley  Pond,  to  Merritt's  afterwards 
Purefoy's,  to  "Scott's  Hole,"  so  called  from  a  man  drowned  in 
it,  to  Barbee's  afterwards  Cave's,  or  to  Suter's  Pond.  These, 
except  the  last,  still  exist,  though,  probably  owing  to  the  clear- 
ing of  the  land  above  them,  they  are  more  shallow  and  muddy. 
They  range  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  miles  from 
the  dormitories. 


592  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

At  night  studying  was  done  by  the  light  of  adamantine 
candles,  one  being  usually  sufficient  for  two  persons,  sitting  by 
the  table  on  which  it  was  placed.  Lamps  came  in  after  the 
middle  of  the  century.  Camphene,  made  of  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine, was  used  at  first,  but  found  to  be  too  explosive  and 
dangerous.  One  student  was  severely  burned  and  several  had 
narrow  escapes  from  this  cause.  Notwithstanding  the  inferior 
lights  there  were  probably  not  so  many  complaints  of  defec- 
tive eyes  as  in  recent  years.  Before  the  invention  of  plaited 
wicks  there  were  much  time  and  patience  consumed  in  re- 
moving the  accumulated  snuff  by  instruments  called  snuffers. 

There  was  no  sewerage  system,  and,  until  shortly  after  1850, 
slops  were  thrown  from  the  windows  freely.  Yet  the  students 
were  strikingly  healthy.  Very  seldom  was  one  sick  unless  he 
brought  the  disease  with  him.  There  was  no  infirmary  until 
"the  Retreat"  was  built,  as  hereafter  mentioned.  Prior  to  that 
time  the  patient,  by  preference,  remained  in  his  own  room  and 
was  usually  nursed  with  assiduous,  though  sometimes  not  skill- 
ful, care  by  his  fellow  students.  Seldom  was  one  willing  to  be 
removed  to  the  Retreat,  because  that  would  partially  separate 
him  from  his  friends.  Occasionally  a  very  sick  man  was 
carried  to  the  hotel  for  the  convenience  of  his  mother  or  other 
relatives  who  came  to  nurse  him.  Occasionally,  too,  a  mother 
or  lady  nurse  would  be  given  a  room  in  the  dormitory  adjoin- 
ing that  of  her  charge,  if  he  was  dangerously  sick.  At  such 
times  the  general  behaviour  was  as  quiet  as  in  any  well-man- 
aged hospital.  Deaths  among  the  students  were  infrequent. 
Prior  to  the  finishing  of  the  railroad  to  Durham  the  bodies  were, 
as  a  rule,  buried  at  Chapel  Hill  at  the  expense  of  the  Society  to 
which  they  respectively  belonged,  which  also  erected  a  monu- 
ment to  their  memories.  The  funerals  were  very  touching ;  all 
the  Faculty  and  students  marching  behind  the  hearse  to  the  cem- 
etery. As  a  rule  the  deaths  were  painless,  the  dying  persons 
apparently  unconscious  of  the  awful  change,  but  Dr.  Hooper 
told  of  a  young  man,  who,  when  informed  that  he  had  not  long 
to  live,  frantically  declared  that  he  would  not  die  ;  that  he  was 
too  young  to  die !  Then  leaping  to  the  floor  with  a  convulsive 
effort,  swore  he  would  not  die,  and  fell  back  on  his  bed  to  rise 
no  more. 


DORMITORIES — SOCIAL.  593 

4 

The  usual  resolution  that  crape  should  be  worn  on  the  arm 
for  thirty  days  was  no  idle  formula.  It  was  strictly  observed 
by  the  members  of  the  Society  to  which  the  deceased  be- 
longed. 

When  the  numbers  increased  so  rapidly  after  1853,  in  order 
to  supply  the  demand  for  dormitories,  citizens  of  the  village 
either  rented  to  students  part  of  their  dwellings  or  built  isolated 
houses  for  their  accommodation.  Of  course  the  students  racked 
their  brains  to  give  quaint  names  to  these  habitations.  Some 
of  the  Alumni  will  recognize  Bat  Hall,  Pandemonium,  The 
Poor-House,  Possum  Quarter,  Craigsville,  Pickard's  (not  the 
Pickard  of  this  day),  the  Retreat,  the  Sniddow's  (changed 
from  Widow  Snipes),  the  Crystal  Palace.  After  the  war  some 
of  them  were  allowed  to  go  to  decay,  others  were  sold  for  negro 
houses  and  moved  to  new  sites  in  the  village  or  in  the  country. 

Vacations. — Social  Amusements. 

The  vacations  were  six  weeks  in  summer,  from  the  first 
Thursday  in  June,  and  the  same  period  in  winter,  beginning 
about  the  first  of  December.  There  was  no  "University  Day." 
The  only  certain  holidays  was  the  22nd  of  February,  and  also  a 
"skating  holiday"  if  there  happened  to  be  a  sufficiently  cold 
spell.  There  was  a  good  pond  in  front  of  Professor  Williams' 
residence,  often  covered  with  skaters,  some  "cutting  didos,"  as 
fancy  skating  was  called,  others  racing,  others  pulling  chairs 
and  sleds  on  which  were  seated  ladies,  all  the  prettier  because 
the  cool  morning  air  brought  roses  to  their  cheeks.  I  recall  no 
female  skaters  of  that  day.  The  Valley  Mill  pond,  then  called 
King's,  and  Suter's,  on  the  same  creek  higher  up,  were  also 
used. 

Many  students  remained  at  Chapel  Hill  during  the  winter 
vacations,  fewer  in  the  summer.  Those  who  went  home  in  the 
winter  had  dreary  times  getting  back  over,  and  under,  the 
miry  roads.  Eastern  students  came  through  Raleigh  and  Ox- 
ford, Westerners  through  Hillsboro,  those  from  the  Southwest 
by  Fayetteville.  The  mail  was  carried  in  huge  conveyances, 
called  stages,  drawn  by  four  horses,  and  reached  Chapel  Hill 
three  times  a  week  from  the  East,  about  nine  o'clock  at  night; 
38 


594  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

three  times  from  the  West,  about  midday.  The  drivers  were 
superior  men  and  very  popular.  When  a  mile  or  two  from 
the  Post  Office  they  were  accustomed  to  blow  long  tin  trum- 
pets, usually  called  horns.  It  is  impossible  at  this  day  to 
realize  how  exquisitely  beautiful  this  music  was  in  a  clear  cold 
night,  the  rattling  of  wheels  over  the  stones  being  a  fit  ac- 
companiment. Nor  can  those  who  are  accustomed  to  daily 
mails  imagine  the  thrilling  excitement  which  stirred  the  breasts 
of  their  grandfathers  at  the  opening  of  the  tri-weekly  mails 
from  the  East.  The  students  and  most  of  the  male  villagers 
collected  at  the  Post  Office  and  great  was  the  crowding  and  the 
struggling  when  the  one-eyed  postmaster,  Esquire  McDade, 
after  long  delay,  opened  the  door.  A  single  letter  or  news- 
paper was  a  prize.  The  majority  received  nothing.  If  the 
letter  contained  money  the  owner  hurried  off  with  his  intimate 
friends  to  a  treat.  I  remember  well  Boggan  Myers  coming  out 
on  the  top  steps,  waiving  a  thick  letter  and  shouting,  "Come 
on,  boys.     Bowels,  boys  !  bowels  !    My  treat !  my  treat !" 

Most  of  the  travel  and  trade  of  this  section  went  to  Raleigh 
and  during  the  winter  the  roads,  cut  up  by  the  heavily  loaded 
four-horse  stages  and  wagons,  became  almost  impassable.  The 
notice  posted  at  a  Virginia  cross-road  was  not  a  great  exag- 
geration, if  applied  as  well  to  some  of  the  pipe-clay  stretches 
between  Chapel  Hill  and  Raleigh. 

f  The  road  is  not  passable, 

Not  even  crossable. 
Who   wants  to  travel, 
Must  bring  his  own  gravel. 

When  the  maximum  softness  and  stickiness  was  reached,  in 
order  to  get  the  mail  through,  the  stage  would  be  taken 
apart,  a  light  box  fastened  on  the  front  wheels,  two  seats  in 
front,  one  for  the  driver  and  the  other  for  a  passenger.  Four 
strong  horses  were  attached.  These  would  pull  through  at 
the  rate  of  two  and  a  half  or  three  miles  an  hour.  I  have 
seen  Governor  Morehead  coming  from  Greensboro  by  the 
side  of  the  driver  in  such  weather.  A  hack  driver,  bringing 
fotfr  passengers  from  Raleigh,  charged  six  dollars  each,  and 
probably  lost  money  at  that.    A  student  told  with  Munchausen 


CONVERSATION  PARTIES.  595 

gravity  that  in  the  widow  Atkins'  lane,  about  seven  miles  from 
Chapel  Hill,  the  mud  was  so  soft  that  a  blanket  spread  on  it 
sunk  at  once  out  of  sight,  and  so  tenacious  that  a  knitting 
needle  could  not  be  pulled  out  except  by  an  ox  team.  Seven 
vehicles  are  said  to  have  been  stuck  in  that  lane  at  the  same 
time.  The  difficulty  of  travel  very  seriously  interfered  with 
the  opening  of  the  winter  term.  As  similarly  it  prevented  the 
students  from  visiting  other  places,  it  made  Chapel  Hill  all 
the  more  a  microcosm. 

I  met  a  German  pedestrian,  who  had  walked  in  from  the 
West  and  was  splashed  with  mud,  on  his  way  to  Raleigh.  T 
said,  ''You  find  the  roads  muddy."  "Ya,"  said  he,  "foots  is 
more  petter  as  a  poggy  on  this  road,"  i.  e.,  "feet  are  better  than 
a  buggy." 

As  there  was  no  dancing  at  Chapel  Hill,  except  at  Com- 
mencement, the  social  meetings,  then  called  "parties,"  or  more 
elaborately  "conversation  parties,"  now  known  as  "receptions." 
were  frequent.  It  seemed  that  all  the  guests  felt  bound  to 
keep  up  an  unceasing  flow  of  talk  and  laughter,  and  the  clatter 
was  such  that,  while  the  talking  was  always  at  flood-tide,  the 
listening  was  at  an  ebb.  In  truth  it  required  a  practiced  ear 
to  distinguish  the  sounds  at  all.  When  a  gentleman  blew  on 
the  flute  or  sawed  on  the  violin,  or  a  lady,  by  pressing  invita- 
tion, coyly  or  dashingly  played  on  the  piano,  only  those  who 
made  the  request  felt  bound  to  be  silent.  The  rest  of  the  com- 
pany rattled  on  with  the  cruel  heedlessness  of  an  alarm  clock. 
But  when  the  performer  finished  he  or  she  was  complimented 
profusely.  Etiquette,  however,  required  that  when  a  male  or 
female  singer  began  all  gave  attention. 

If  a  gentleman  called  on  a  lady  who  had  a  guitar  or  piano 
in  sight,  it  was  incumbent  on  him  to  ask  for  music,  whether 
he  liked  it  or  not.  It  was  keen  enjoyment  to  his  companions 
to  watch  a  fellow  visitor,  who  could  not  distinguish  one  note 
from  another,  standing  by  a  piano,  turning  over  leaves  of  the 
music  book  and  pretending  painfully  to  listen  to  a  ballad  of 
eight  verses,  eight  lines  to  a  verse,  or  to  a  "march"  in  which 
the  imitations  of  rolling  drums  and  ear-piercing  fifes,  and  the 
tramp  of  armies  in  motion  were  prolonged  to  distressing 
weariness. 


596  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  usual  musical  instruments,  besides  pianos,  were  flutes, 
violins  and  guitars.     At  the  parties  the   favorite  music  was 
singing.     The  best  male  singer  was  James  Gallier  of   New 
Orleans.    His  "Fine  Old  English  Gentleman"  and  "Cork  Leg" 
are  sweet  memories  to  this  day.     The  most  delightful  female 
singer  was  a  daughter  of  Professor  Green,  Miss  Mary  W., 
who  died  soon  after  removing  to  Mississippi.    In  the  parlor,  on 
the  steps,  in  the  grove,  at  picnics,  her  sweet  voice  was  equally 
attractive,  in  pathos  and  in  humor.     She  would  most  grace- 
fully give  us  Scotch  ballads  and  other  melodies,  sad  and  comic, 
in  a  manner  I  have  never  seen  surpassed  by  the  best  amateurs. 
It  was  she  who  organized  and  trained,  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain, 
the  first  church  choir  in  Chapel  Hill,  in  which  students  were 
the  larger  element,  the  tunes  theretofore  having  been  raised  by 
some  one  in  the  congregation.     This  duty  for  years  fell  on 
Tutor   Charles  Phillips,  who  studied  music  as  a  part  of  his 
Natural  Philosophy.    Miss  Green's  choir  was  for  the  Episcopal 
church   and   received  commendation   from  all  listeners.     The 
leader  was  Richard  H.  Whitfield,  now  a  druggist  in  Missis- 
sippi.    The  only  instrument  was  a  tuning  fork  which  he  used 
with   accuracy.     The   bass  voice  of  John   Manning  was   ex- 
ceptionally fine.     I  doubt  if  the  Grand  Te  Deum  has  ever  been 
more  sublimely  rendered  in  North  Carolina  than  by  this  choir. 
I   remember  that   Bishop   Ives,  who,   notwithstanding  his   ec- 
clesiastical vagaries,  was  an  able  and  accomplished  man,  was 
fervid  in  his  praises. 

Perhaps  the  rising  generation  would  like  to  know  what  songs 
pleased  their  grandparents,  so  I  give  a  list  of  the  most  popular : 
"A  Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave ;"  "Drink  to  Me  Only  With  Thine 
Eyes ;"  "A  Wet  Sheet  and  a  Flowing  Sea ;"  "Gaily  the  Trouba- 
dor;"  "The  Blind  Boy;"  "Coming  Through  the  Rye;"  "I 
Glowered  as  I'd  Seen  a  Warlock;"  "Johnnie's  so  Long  at  the 
Fair;"  "Roy's  Wife  of  Aldivallock ;"  "Wilt  Thou  Tempt  the 
Waves  With  Me;"  "Robin  Adair;"  "Young  Rory  O'Moore ;" 
"Annie  Laurie;"  "Whistle,  and  I'll  Come  to  Thee,  My  Lad;" 
"Vive  le  Vin,  Vive  l'Amour ;"  "Lilla's  a  Lady." 

There  was  a  noted  banjo  player  of  Virginia,  named  Joe 
Sweeney,  who  brought  his  band  of  Chapel  Hill  and  gave  one 


VISITING   THE   GIRLS.  597 

concert.  They  set  the  boys  and  girls  wild  over  their  negro 
and  other  comic  melodies.  For  a  year  or  two  the  banjo  and 
'"bones,"  viz :  fragments  of  cow  ribs  held  between  the  fingers 
and  clashed  together,  were  used  for  accompaniments  to  the 
rattling  words  :  "Old  Uncle  Ned  ;"  "I'm  Come  From  Alabama ;" 
"A  Little  More  Cider;"  "Dearest  Mae;"  "We'll  Have  a  Little 
Dance ;"  "On  the  Banks  of  the  Ohio ;"  "Rosin,  the  Beau ;" 
"Carry  Me  Back  to  Old  Virginia ;"  et  id  omne  genus. 

There  was  frequent  visiting  of  the  popular  unmarried  ladies, 
by  students  sometimes  fifteen  or  twenty  in  an  evening.  Some 
visitors  were  so  verdant  that  it  required  all  the  lady's  tact  to 
"bring  them  out."  One  of  them  astonished  his  hostess  by  in- 
quiring, "Miss,  do  you  want  a  puppy?"  "No!  why  do  you  ask?" 
"Oh !  just  to  make  talk."  It  is  fair  to  state  that  he  claimed  that 
he  was  quoting  a  Florida  story.  The  same  lady  was  in  the  cor- 
ner of  a  room  talking  to  a  beau,  rather  rough  in  his  manners. 
He  seemed  to  be  enjoying  himself  so  greatly  that  five  or  six 
others  came  up  to  participate  in  the  fun.  He  looked  around  in 
a  satisfied  way  and  said,  "Miss,  we  have  'increasted'  our  fam- 
ily." 

A  matron  of  the  village,  bright  and  free-spoken,  had  three 
very  attractive  female  visitors,  who  drew  the  students  as 
molasses  draws  the  bees.  In  the  midst  of  the  music  and  jollity 
the  voice  of  the  hostess  calling  to  the  housemaid  was  heard, 
"Jane !  come  shut  up  the  house ;  it  is  eleven  o'clock,  time  for  all 
decent  people  to  be  in  bed !" 

The  warm-hearted  invitation  of  good  Miss  Nancy  Hilliard, 
"come  and  see  me  and  set  till  bedtime,"  has  good  sense  in  it, 
as  all  who  are  bound  to  rise  early  in  the  morning  will  recog- 
nize. 

There  was,  during  the  forties,  a  perfect  state  of  harmony  in 
the  village,  no  cliques  or  rivalries.  Not  long  afterwards  there 
were  two  rival  circles,  from  which  resulted  criticisms,  tinged 
with  acrimony.  It  was  really  amusing  to  see  how  different 
were  the  angles  and  facets  of  the  same  story  in  these  two 
circles. 

The  first  concert,  by  students  and  ladies  combined,  was 
given  in  Gerrard  Hall,  the  proceeds  of  the  admission  fees  going 
to  some  religious  purpose.     There  was  both  vocal  and  instru- 


59<§  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

mental  music.  The  chief  mover  was  a  beautiful  lady.  Miss 
May  Wheat,  afterwards  Mrs.  Francis  E.  Shober.  She  was 
aided  by  a  teacher  of  music  at  St.  Mary's  School.  Raleigh, 
named  Mendelsohn,  an  accomplished  violinist.  I  forget  the 
names  of  the  other  participants.  The  Chief  Marshal,  at  the 
request  of  the  ladies,  was  William  Watters  of  Xew  Hanover. 
In  view  of  the  novelty  some  predicted  rowdyism,  but  the  be- 
havior of  the  students  was  excellent  and  the  satisfaction  gen- 
eral. 

There  was  no  livery  stable,  though  a  few  horses  and  buggies 
were  kept  for  hire  in  the  village.  Hence  ladies  always  walked 
to  parties  and  to  church.  It  was  inviolable  etiquette  for  the 
lady  to  take  the  left  arm  of  her  escort.  The  modern,  sometime 
indelicate,  innovation  of  the  gentleman  grasping  her  arm  above 
the  elbow,  would  have  been  thought  grossly  impudent.  Un- 
married ladies,  as  a  rule,  declined  to  attend  Chapel  exercises 
even  in  the  day  time  without  a  male  escort.  At  night  it  was. 
to  use  an  old  word  found  in  the  records,  "unthinkable''  for 
them  to  be  found  on  the  streets  without  such  escort,  though  a 
mere  boy  was  sufficient.  This  was  because  lights  were  dim 
within  the  houses  and  non-existent  without.  It  was  ludicrous 
to  see  a  stalwart  woman  walking  in  satisfied  security  with  a 
protector  urchin,  whom  she  could  have  easily  pitched  over  the 
fence.  When  the  night  was  inky  black  many  a  merry  laugh 
was  had  over  the  tumbling  into  invisible  ditches,  which  were  not 
bottomless,  howbeit  the  bottoms  were  of  mud. 

The  picnics  were  as  a  rule  at  one  of  the  following  places. 
Otey's  Retreat,  so  named  because  it  was  a  favorite  retreat  for 
Bishop  Otey  when  he  was  a  Tutor  here,  with  his  lady  love, 
Miss  Bessie  Pannill.  a  remote  dell  on  Morgan's  Creek,  where 
yellow  jessamine  abounds;  Laurel  Hill,  lower  down  on  the 
same  creek,  where  the  rhododendrons  and  trailing  arbutus 
flourish :  Patterson's  Mill,  at  the  crossing  of  Xew  Hope  Creek 
by  the  Durham  road ;  the  Cliffs,  a  remarkable  ledge  of  rocks 
near  the  crossing  of  Xew  Hope  by  Oxford  road,  mentioned  by 
Lawson  in  his  so-called  History;  Glenburnie,  on  Bowling's 
Creek,  where  the  hillsides  are  covered  with  evergreen  ferns. 
Resort    was    sometimes    had    to    two    private    residences,    Es- 


CONVERSATION   PARTIES.  599 

quire  Charles  Johnston's,  four  miles  north  of  Chapel  Hill,  and 
Esquire  William  Barbee's,  three  miles  to  the  East,  on  a  high 
hill  known  as  the^.  Mountain.  The  (laughters  of  Johnston  and 
Barbee  gracefully  welcomed  the  guests  to  their  lawns. 

Besides  picnics,  tableaux  vivants  were  sometimes  presented. 
As  might  be  expected  of  such  a  reading  community,  well  ac- 
quainted with  history,  romance  and  poetry,  the  costumes  and 
the  incidents  were  abundantly  accurate  and  interesting,  but  the 
costumes  and  other  accessories  were  all  home-made. 

I  was  called  on  once  to  arbitrate  a  question  on  an  important 
point  of  etiquette.  A  new  law  student  obtained  an  introduction 
to  a  lady  peculiarly  indifferent  to  masculine  admiration.  After 
talking  to  him  a  short  while  she  left  him  sitting  "like  a  sparrow 
on  the  housetop."  He  came  to  me  sorrowfully  and  after  stating 
the  case  said,  "I  wish  you  would  tell  me  whether  I  ought  to  get 
angry  or  not."  I  assured  him  that  the  lady  treated  all  men 
similarly,  that  she  was  a  confirmed  man-hater,  and  succeeded 
in  pacifying  him.  In  these  entertainments  and  all  others 
alcoholic  liquors  were  excluded.  Villagers  vied  with  the  Fac- 
ulty in  setting  a  good  example  to  the  students. 

The  viands  were  not  only  abundant,  but  were  substantial. 
The  rooms  were  too  crowded  for  servants  so  two  or  three 
gentlemen  of  the  party  were  requested  to  aid  the  hostess.  A 
Mr.  A.,  acting  on  this  duty,  piled  a  plate  with  slices  of  turkey 
and  started,  with  fork  in  hand,  to  distribute  to  the  guests.  The 
first  he  encountered  was  a  buxom  widow  from  a  distant  state, 
who  was  the  guest  of  honor.  "Shall  I  help  you  to  turkey, 
madam?"  "Thank  you,  sir!"  she  said,  as  she  took  his  plate 
and  all  that  was  therein.  An  artist  endeavoring  to  depict  sur- 
prise and  disappointment  could  have  taken  his  face  for  a  model. 

Quarles,  of  Louisiana,  of  the  class  of  1863,  created  much 
merriment  at  one  of  these  parties.  The  child  of  the  hostess,  all 
elegently  dressed,  was  brought  out  for  general  admiration. 
Quarles  offered  to  take  it,  but  was  greeted  by  a  burst  of  wail- 
ing. He  went  to  each  lady  and,  putting  on  a  comical  air  of 
grief,  announced,  "I  looked  upon  the  babe  and  lo !  the  babe 
wept." 


600  THE  UNIVERSITY  0E  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

A  serious  trouble  to  pedestrians  arose  from  the  presence 
of  numerous  bovines  and  hogs  on  the  streets.  There  was  so 
little  traffic  that  there  was  an  abundance  of  good  pasturage  in 
the  village  and  every  family  kept  at  least  one  cow,  and  many 
raised  their  own  pork.  Ladies  and  gentlemen  were  often  com- 
pelled to  drive  animals  from  the  sidewalks  in  order  to  pass. 
The  more  timid  sometimes  yielded  precedence  to  the  intruders 
and  made  a  wide  circuit  to  avoid  them. 

University  Dependents  and  Laborers. 

The  College  Carpenter  was  Kendall  Waitt,  a  Northern  man 
with  the  usual  Yankee  ingenuity  and  industry.  He  filled  the 
place  for  he  was  "a  Jack  of  all  trades."  He  was  skillful  in  all 
kinds  of  carpenter's  work,  from  building  a  house  to  making  a 
coffin.  He  was  an  accomplished  locksmith  and  cabinet  maker, 
and  if  necessary  could  do  good  work  in  a  blacksmith  shop.  He 
was  sometimes  paid  a  salary,  about  $500,  but  usually  his 
remuneration  was  according  to  work  done.  In  the  latter  case 
his  bill  seemed  portentous,  but  considering  the  recklessness  of 
breaking  and  smashing  and  the  inevitable  wear  and  tear  of 
College  buildings  and  Faculty  houses,  it  was  probably  not  ex- 
aggerated. 

A  white  man  worthy  to  be  mentioned,  although  not  officially 
connected  with  the  University,  was  Washington  or  Wash 
Davis,  the  best  athlete  and  best  bootmaker  in  this  part  of  the 
world.  In  the  cant  phrase  of  the  present  day  his  boots  were 
"creations,"  were  "dreams."  Graduates,  when  courting  the 
favor  of  the  fair,  frequently  sent  back  to  him  for  their  foot- 
gear. For  boots  suitable  for  Commencement  the  charge  was 
eight  dollars.  They  were  made  very  tight,  but  the  wearers 
were  willing  to  submit  to  pedal  torture  in  order  to  have  a 
graceful  and  shining  fit.  Students  having  smaller  feet  were 
in  demand  in  order  to  "break,"  as  it  was  termed,  or  stretch, 
the  constricting  leather  and  ameliorate  the  tormenting  twinges. 
According  to  my  recollection  no  machine  made  shoes  of  modern 
days,  of  similar  price,  equal  in  elegance  and  durability  Wash. 
Davis'  make,  while  those  then  made  by  machinery  were  scorned 
by  men  aspiring  to  be  well  dressed.  Patent  leather  was  un- 
known. 


COLLEGE  SERVANTS.  OOI 

There  was  no  Janitor,  the  two  slave  servants,  Dave  Barham 
and  November  Caldwell,  the  latter  usually  called  Doctor 
November,  having  charge  of  all  the  dormitories  and  recitation 
rooms.  The  name  "doctor"  was  in  honor  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  to 
whom  he  once  belonged.  They  were  irreproachable  in  the  per- 
formance of  duty-  Barham  was  a  good  moral  man ;  November 
failing-  only  on  the  side  of  unchastity.  They  were  quick  beyond 
belief  in  making  fires,  which  were  kindled  always  before  day- 
light. One  would  come  into  a  room  with  a  basket  of  dry  chips 
on  the  left  arm  and  a  bunch  of  burning  ''light-wood"  in  the 
left  hand.  Then  a  large  stick  of  wood  from  the  pile  in  the 
room  was  thrown  to  the  back  of  the  fireplace,  followed  by  one 
of  similar  size  in  front,  with  one  smaller  in  the  middle.  Two 
or  three  of  the  blazing  fragments  of  the  torch  were  placed  in 
the  cavity  between  the  front  and  rear  logs,  and  covered  with 
chips.  Two  sticks  on  the  top  completed  the  fire.  I  have  never 
heard  of  a  failure.  If  only  a  small  fire  was  required  the  back 
log  was  dispensed  with  and  the  blazing  torchlets  were  placed 
on  top  of  the  small  stick  next  to  the  bricks. 

Dave  and  the  Doctor  had  great  tact  in  that  they  pleased 
Faculty  and  students.  Although  thrown  for  years  with  all 
kinds  of  young  men  there  was  only  one  slight  difficulty  with 
one  of  them,  and  that  arose  from  a  misunderstanding.  They 
made  much  money  for  themselves  in  the  way  of  fees.  Few 
students  blackened  their  own  boots  or  carried  their  own  par- 
cels.   The  profits  of  such  jobs  went  to  the  servants. 

Then  there  were  licensed  wood-cutters,  the  chief  of  whom 
was  Tom  Jones.  Tom  kept  his  axe  under  the  South  building. 
He  died  suddenly  from  apoplexy  without  having  time  to  arrange 
his  earthly  matters.  Alongside  of  his  axe,  under  a  pile  of 
kindling',  was  found  a  quantity  of  corn  whiskey,  which  he  had 
been  selling  under  the  name  of  "light-wood."  So  it  came  to 
pass  that  Tom's  memory  was  execrated — by  the  Faculty.  He 
was  an  abject  "mourner"  at  every  revival  for  four  years,  but 
he  never  "came  through."  He  was,  in  figure  and  walk, 
whimsicallv  like  Dr.  Mitchell.  Possibly  it  was  a  conscious 
imitation  by  him. 

Besides  the  college  servants  there  were  some  negroes,  who 


602  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

in  different  ways  contributed  to  the  amusement  and  comfort  of 
students.  There  were  Jack  and  Chesley  Merritt,  who  owned 
opossum  dogs,  and  for  a  consideration  acted  as  guides  at  night 
in  the  hunts  for  'posums  and  'coons.  Then  there  was  Ben 
Boothe,  who,  on  account  of  his  simian  features  was,  after  the 
publication  of  Darwin's  books,  called  "the  Missing  Link."  His 
forte  was  butting  planks  asunder  by  his  head,  and  allowing 
planks  to  be  split  open  on  the  summit  of  his  skull.  His  charge 
was  five  cents  for  each.  After  awhile  Ben,  at  a  revival,  pro- 
fessed religion  and  felt  it  his  duty  to  give  up  worldly  pleasures. 
He  could  think  of  no  other  sacrifice,  so  he  sadly  resolved  to 
split  planks  no  more.  He  then  began  the  imitation  of  the 
crowing  of  a  cock,  I  can  not  say  to  remind  himself  of  the 
humiliation  of  St.  Peter.  He  was  no  beggar,  worked  for  his 
living  as  long  as  he  was  able,  and  was  honest  in  his  dealings. 
When  he  became  nearly  helpless  from  old  age  he  was  well 
cared  for  by  the  King's  Daughters,  a  white  organization,  which 
found  work  for  him  suitable  to  his  strength,  supplementing 
his  gains  with  what  was  needful,  and  when  he  died  bore  the 
expense  of  his  burial. 

Sam  Morphis  was  a  picturesque  mulatto,  a  slave,  but  allowed 
to  "hire  his  own  time,"  i.  e.,  to  regulate  his  own  actions  on 
paying  his  master,  James  M.  Morphis,  who  removed  from  this 
state  to  Texas,  author  of  a  history  of  that  state,  a  stipulated 
sum  per  annum.  This  was  against  the  law,  but  that  was 
evaded  by  his  having  a  white  man,  John  H.  Watson,  to  be  his 
nominal  hirer.  Sam  was  very  handsome,  full  of  humor,  an 
expert  manager  of  horses.  His  occupation  was  to  drive  hacks 
(as  the  passenger  carriages  in  use  were  called),  a  lucrative 
business  before  the  advent  of  railroads.  His  defect  was  in- 
clination to  alcoholic  stimulants. 

In  his  prime  Sam  was  a  great  favorite  with  all  classes.  As 
a  specimen  of  his  humor  I  give  the  following:  As  he  was 
conveying  Professor,  now  President  Winston,  from  Hillsboro 
to  Chapel  Hill,  he  began  to  drive  recklessly  in  order  to  pass 
all  vehicles  ahead  of  him.  The  Professor  saw  that  he  was 
dangerously  near  intoxication  and  prudently  insisted  on  taking 
the  reins.    This  sobered  Sam,  and  for  a  full  mile  he  was  silent. 


MORPHIS   AND   POET   HORTON.  603 

Suddenly  he  burst  into  a  laugh  and  exclaimed,  "To  Think  of 
a  gentleman  of  your  cloth  driving  a  gentleman  of  my  cloth !" 

He  married  one  of  Judge  Battle's  slaves  and  then  considered 
himself  "one  of  the  family."  After  officiating  as  a  driver  of 
a  lady's  carriage  through  the  mountains  where  the  Judge  was 
very  popular,  he  was  asked  how  he  "got  along  with  the 
mountaineers."  "Splendid,"  he  said.  "Never  had  no  trouble. 
All  I  had  to  do  was  to  tell  them  that  I  was  Judge  Battle's 
son-in-law,  and  they  opened  their  doors  and  gave  me  every- 
thing they  had." 

After  the  war  he  essayed  politics,  but  his  mind  was  weaken- 
ing and  he  did  not  take  as  high  a  position  as  his  natural  talent 
seemed  to  claim.  One  of  his  speeches,  in  a  Republican  Conven- 
tion, caused  much  mirth.  He  was  advocating  the  nomination 
of  a  candidate,  who  had  been  a  Democrat.     "Mr.  President, 

we  ought  to  nominate   Mr.  .     He  ought  to  have  the 

office.  He  has  yearnt  (earned)  it.  He  came  over  to  our  party 
on  purpose  to  git  it,  and  we  would  be  ongrateful  not  to  give  it 
to  him." 

Like  hosts  of  "drinking  men"  his  mind  became  more  and 
more  feeble,  his  little  property  disappeared,  and  he  would  have 
been  sent  to  the  County  Home  to  die  the  death  of  a  pauper,  if 
one  of  his  daughters  had  not  taken  him  into  her  humble  home. 
A  mind  of  decided  natural  strength  ended  in  idiocy. 

A  fifth  notable  negro  was  George  M.  Horton,  the  slave  poet. 
He  was  a  good  servant,  generally  working  on  the  farm  of  his 
master,  James  Horton,  but,  whenever  he  wished,  allowed  to 
hire  his  time  at  fifty  cents  a  day.  On  such  occasions  he  would 
visit  Chapel  Hill  and  write  for  the  students  acrostics  on  the 
names  of  their  sweethearts.  When  his  employer  was  willing 
to  pay  fifty  cents  the  poem  was  generously  gushing.  Twenty- 
five  cents  procured  one  more  lukewarm  in  passion.  He 
nourished  from  1840  to  i860.  About  1850  he  published  a  book 
of  poems  in  paper.  ■  After  the  Civil  War  he  published  another 
edition  bound  in  boards.  The  book  is  rare.  There  is  a  copy 
in  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

Horton  was  of  medium  height,  dark,  but  not  black.  His 
manner  was  courteous,  his  moral  character  good.    Like  Byron, 


604  THE  UNIVERSITY  01?  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Burns  and  Poe  he  often  quenched  the  divine  spark  with  un- 
poetic  whisky.  He  lived  near  Chapel  Hill  until  the  advent  of 
the  Federal  Cavalry  in  1865.  He  accompanied  a  Union  General 
to  Philadelphia  after  the  Civil  War.  He  left  a  son  and  a 
daughter,  who  no  longer  reside  in  this  neighborhood.  I  give 
extracts  from  poems,  one  of  nine  verses  on  the  Pleasures  of  a 
Bachelor's  Life,  and  the  other  of  six  verses  on  the  Pains  of  a 
Bachelor's  Life. 

0  tell  me  not  of  Wedlock's  charms, 

Nor  busy  Hymen's  galling  chain, 
But  rather  let  me  fold  my  arms 

From  pleasures  which  will  end  in  pain. 

"lis  true  the  primogenial  flower 

Arose  to  please  in  Eden's  grove, 
But  did  she  not  as  soon  devour 

The  silly  bee  that  sought  her  love? 

Then  with  content  remain  alone, 

But  still  on  wings  of  pleasure  soar, 
The  storms  of  life  will  soon  be  gone, 

Perhaps,  and  to  return  no  more. 

Without  a  surly  wife  to  scold, 

Or  children  to  disturb  your  mind, 
To  pillage  o'er  your  chest  for  gold, 

And  spend  for  trifles  what  they  find. 

PAIN  OF  A  BACHELOR'S  LIFE. 

When  Adam  dwelt  in  Eden's  shade, 

His  state  was  joyless  there; 
He  then  the  general  scene  surveyed, 
No  true  delight  the  world  displayed 

To  him  without  the  fair. 

His  mind  was  like  the  ocean's  wave 

When  rolling  to  and  fro; 
He  seemed  a  creature  doomed  to  crave, 
Too  melancholy  to  be  brave, 

When  no  true  pleasures  flow. 

At  length  a  smiling  woman  rose, 

A  bone  from  his  own  side, 
The  scene  of  pleasure  to  disclose 
And  lull  him  into  soft  repose, 

The  raptures  of  a  bride. 


POET  HORTON — ANDREW   MASON.  605 

Young  bachelor  whoe'er  thou  art, 

Thy  pleasures  are  but  rare; 
A  thorn  will  ever  pierce  thy  heart 
Until  fond  nature  takes  its  part 

Of  comfort  with  the  fair. 

Horton  was  entirely  self-taught,  picking  up  his  A  B  C's  from 
scraps  of  papers  which  accidently  came  into  his  way.  Then 
he  gained  possession  of  a  spelling  book.  He  conned  over 
such  of  Wesley's  Hymns  as  he  had  learned  by  heart,  while 
listening  to  the  singers.  And  so,  entirely  unaided  by  instruc- 
tion, he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Grammar  and  Prosody  and 
read  many  books,  given  or  loaned  to  him  by  the  students.  One 
of  his  earliest  poems  began  thus, 

At  length  the  silver  queen  begins  to  rise 
And  spread  her  glowing  mantle  in  the  skies, 
And  from  the  smiling  chambers  of  the  east, 
Invites  the  eye  to  her  resplendent  feast. 

Andrew  Mason,  of  a  livid,  cadaverous  aspect  and  with  a 
hardly  audible  squeaking  voice,  was  volunteer  hanger-on  of  the 
University.  He  sold  night  suppers,  namely,  opossum  and 
chicken  in  their  season,  and,  when  they  were  not  procurable, 
fried  pork  and  eggs.  In  consequence  of  a  story  that  young 
cats  had  been  substituted  for  'possum,  it  was  required  that  the 
head  should  be  produced  as  evidence  of  good  faith.  Then  the 
story  was  supplemented  by  the  alleged  discovery  that  the  same 
head  figured  in  seven  different  messes.  Be  this  as  it  may, 
certain  students  of  medicine  under  Doctors  Jones  and  Moore, 
after  Andrew's  death,  took  revenge  by  stealing  his  body,  and 
doing  to  it  according  to  the  custom  of  young  disciples  of  the 
healing  art. 

These  same  medical  students  played  a  gruesome  trick  on 
a  clerk,  Abdel  Kader  Tenny,  in  the  one  drug  store  of  the  vil- 
lage. A  negro  of  the  neighborhood,  with  the  singular  name  of 
Asgill,  was  hung  for  murder  and  buried  in  the  Morgan  planta- 
tion burying  ground.  They  stole  the  body  and  while  the  clerk 
was  alone  about  eleven  o'clock  at  night,  getting  ready  to  close 
the  store,  a  negro  came  in  with  a  bag.  He  said,  "some  young 
men  sent  you  a  watermelon,"  and  leaving  the  gift  went  away. 


6o6  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  clerk  hastening  to  feast  on  the  luscious  fruit,  emptied  the 
bag  and  found  himself  alone  with  the  ghastly  murderer's  head. 

I  must  not  omit  the  restaurant  keepers,  both  of  whom  were 
free  negroes  and  of  high  character.  One  was  Dave  Moore, 
whose  business  was  conducted  opposite  the  Chapel  Hill  (then 
Eagle)  Hotel.  He  had  relatives  in  Ohio  and  sometimes  visited 
them.  He  was  prosperous,  and  during  the  war  was  known  in 
addition  to  land,  to  have  several  hundred  dollars  in  silver  con- 
cealed. He  died  suddenly  of  heart  disease.  It  was  generally 
believed  that  the  coin  was  found  and  stolen  by  a  confidential 
servant.  No  legal  evidence  was  forthcoming,  but  the  unex- 
plained possession  of  considerable  money  by  this  servant  caused 
much  suspicion. 

The  other  caterer  to  the  stomachs  of  the  students  was  Charles 
J.  Burnett,  likewise  well-to-do.  He  and  his  family  emigrated 
to  Ohio  and  prospered.  He  gave  his  children  a  good  education 
at  Oberlin  and  they  became  teachers  in  Graded  Schools.  Bur- 
nett's combined  dwelling  and  restaurant  was  a  few  yards  East 
of  Moore's.     It  has  been  torn  down. 

Another  negro,  named  Yatney,  so  quickly  answered  when 
he  was  called,  that  he  acquired  the  name  of  Yes  Sir !  Yatney. 
His  accomplishment  was  the  imitation  of  a  dog  fight.  It  was 
so  realistic  that  it  was  impossible  to  tell  that  canines  were  not 
furiously  tearing  one  another.  He  made  it  an  invariable  con- 
dition that  he  should-  be  in  an  adjoining  closet  or  otherwise 
invisible  to  the  auditors. 

My  tale  of  colored  men  who  ministered  to  the  pleasure  of  stu- 
dents of  the  forties  would  not  be  complete  without  the  further 
mention  of  Jack  Merritt  and  Chesley,  or  Ches.  Merritt.  They 
kept  'possum  dogs  and  for  a  small  consideration,  after  working 
all  day,  were  ready  to  be  the  leaders  of  the  favorite  sport  of 
hunting  the  marsupials.  If  perchance  a  racoon,  or  'coon,  was 
caught,  the  pleasure  was  intensified,  as  he  was  "game"  and  a 
stout  fight  with  the  dogs  resulted.  Although  experts  at  wood- 
craft, I  know  by  experience  that  they  were  not  infallible.  One 
night  I  accompanied  Ches.  and  a  party  of  students  into  the 
woody  bottoms  of  Bowlin's  Creek.  We  were  in  pursuit  of  the 
lordly  'coon.     No  grinning  'possum  for  us.     The  dogs  opened 


A  COON    HUNT   AXD    COUCH.  607 

cheeringly.  Ches.  was  in  estasies.  "I  know  its  a  'coon  by  the 
way  the  dogs  bark.  They  don't  bark  that  way  for  'possums." 
Away  we  went  through  water,  briars  and  bushes.  Ches. 
shouted,  "I  know  it's  a  'coon,  bekase  he  runs  so  fur.  A  'pos- 
sum would  have  climed  a  tree  long  ago."  Finally  the  dogs 
treed  the  game.  They  barked  furiously  up  a  tall  poplar.  Ches. 
was  exultant  and  shou/ed,  "Now  I  knows  it's  a  'coon,  bekase 
'possums  never  climbs  big  trees."  After  much  vigorous  cutting 
the  tree  crashed  on  the  ground.  We  turned  loose  the  dogs, 
whom  we  had  been  holding  to  protect  them  from  injury  from 
the  falling  branches.  At  the  same  time  Ches.  ran  in  to  the 
game.  Without  the  slightest  shame  for  his  false  prediction,  he 
sung  out,  "Nothing  but  an  old  she  'possum.  She's  so  lean — 
that's  de  reason  she  run  so  fur."  And  we  returned  to  our 
habitations  after  having  more  fun  than  game. 

The  name  of  a  singular  character  should  be  recorded — 
Leroy  Couch,  a  white  man.  He  once  owned,  it  is  said,  con- 
siderable substance,  but  lost  it  by  dissipation.  He  seemed  to 
have  no  kin.  He  sought  no  acquaintances.  He  bought  or 
squatted  on  an  acre  near  the  eastern  edge  of  the  town  and  with 
the  remnants  of  his  possessions  lived  a  hard,  squalid  and 
solitary  life.  In  some  way  it  was  discovered  that  he  was  a 
faithful  and  skillful  nurse  and,  on  petition  of  nearly  the  entire 
student  body,  he  was  employed  for  years  in  all  cases  of  severe 
sickness  among  the  students.  Without  pretending  to  inde- 
pendent knowledge,  he  implicitly  obeyed  the  doctors,  watched 
his  patients  with  unsleeping  vigilance  and  rendered  the  need- 
ful service  with  regularity.  When  the  University  was  closed, 
as  if  his  mission  was  finished,  he  returned  to  his  solitary  life, 
was  extremely  poor,  but  never  begged  and,  when  decrepit,  died 
in  the  county  home  for  paupers.  Two  or  three  other  houses 
were  built  near  his,  and  the  settlement,  separate  from  the  vil- 
lage habitations,  was  called  Couchtown.  Handsome  residences 
now  extend  to  this  distant  and  obscure  hamlet. 

The  Village. 

The  principal  merchants  of  the  village  about  1845  were  John 
W.  Carr,  of  Orange  County,  and  Jesse  Hargrave,  of  Davidson 
County.    The  latter  married  a  daughter  of  Wm.  Barbee.    Both 


608  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

were  quiet,  prosperous  and  useful  citizens,  the  former  being 
the  father  of  one  of  the  chief  benefactors  of  the  University, 
Julian  S.  Carr. 

Transportation  of  packages  by  mail  and  express  was  not 
then  developed  to  much  extent,  and  country  merchants  did  not 
suffer  seriously  from  their  competition.  The  following  will 
show  the  range  of  prices  about  1845  :  French  calico,  35  cents 
a  yard;  white  factory  cloth,  25  cents;  spool  sewing  thread,  10 
cents ;  beef,  mutton,  fresh  pork,  4  and  5  cents  a  pound ;  butter, 
12  1-2  cents;  eggs,  8  to  10  cents  a  dozen;  turkeys,  40  to  50 
cents  each;  flour,  $5.00  a  barrel;  corn  meal,  40  to  50  cents  per 
bushel. 

The  average  housekeeping  expenses,  exclusive  of  clothing, 
for  a  young  professor,  wife  and  two  children,  were  about  $/5G 
per  annum.  The  groceries  were  usually  bought  by  barrel  or 
sack  and  hauled  by  wagon  from  Fayetteville,  at  an  earlier  date 
from  Petersburg.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  influences  of 
the  Panic  of  1837  na^  n°t  passed  away  entirely  when  these 
prices  were  recorded.  Manufactured  goods  speedily  feU  in 
price  by  improvements  in  transportation  and  machinery.  Of 
course  the  coming  of  the  railroad  made  great  changes.  Up  to 
that  time  the  arrival  of  the  McCauley  wagon,  with  its  coffee, 
sugar,  molasses,  and  in  the  earlier  days  wine,  was  eagerly  ex- 
pected. This  wagon  line  belonged  to  the  father  of  our  towns- 
man, David  McCauley. 

The  physicians  of  the  place  were  notable  men.  The  leaders 
were  Johnston  Blakely  Jones  and  George  Moore.  Both  were 
of  distinguished  lineage,  the  former  being  a  son  of  Solicitor 
General  Edward  Jones,  claiming  to  be  a  descendant  of  Jeremy 
Taylor;  the  latter  of  the  blood  of  Governor  James  Moore,  of 
South  Carolina,  and  of  Governor  Sir  John  Yeamans.  Jones 
was  a  man  of  genius  and  an  acknowledged  authority  in  his 
profession.  He  was,  however,  except  when  aroused  by  a 
dangerous  case,  fond  of  his  ease  and  without  ambition.  I  have 
known  him  to  come  to  my  father's  home  by  a  circuitous  route, 
in  order  to  avoid  a  call  for  his  services  and  spend  hours  in 
talking  and  reading  Don  Quixote.  He  had  a  theory  which  I 
mention  to  incite  investigation  by  makers  of  perfumery — that 
successive  odors  could  be  made  to  play  on  the  nerves  of  smell, 
and  produce  sensations  analagous  to  musical  sounds  impinging 


DR.    MOORE  AND    MISS  SAU,Y    WILLIAMS.  609 

on  the  nerves  of  hearing.  Just  prior  to  the  Civil  War  he  in- 
vested his  own  and  wife's  property  in  slaves  and  a  cotton  planta- 
tion in  Lenoir  County,  and  lost  all.  After  the  Civil  War  he  re- 
moved to  Charlotte  and  was  a  leader  in  his  profession. 

Doctor  Moore  was  a  silent,  reserved  man,  the  soul  of  truth- 
fulness and  honor ;  a  good  physician,  but  without  the  genius  of 
his  partner.  He  gave  the  impression  that  he  did  not  know 
what  fear  was.  He  had  great  respect  for  religion,  often  at- 
tended church,  but  did  not  become  a  member.  On  his  death- 
bed he  called  his  nurse,  Miss  Sally  Williams,  who  was  a  simple- 
minded,  devout  Christian,  and  said,  "Miss  Sally,  do  you  think 
that  a  man  will  go  to  hell  for  not  believing  all  that  is  in  the 
Bible?"  She  faltered  out,  "I  suppose  I  must."  "Well,"  he 
replied,  "I  don't,  I  can't.  I  have  never  to  my  knowledge  lied 
or  cheated.  I  have  been  charitable  to  the  extent  of  my  means. 
I  never  was  a  coward.  I  have  paid  my  debts  as  far  as  I  possibly 
could.  Now  if  they  send  me  to  hell,  T  will  go  a  grumbling." 
And  so  he  died. 

This  Miss  Sally  Williams,  long  a  housekeeper  in  Professor 
Green's  large  family  and  the  forerunner  in  a  humble  way  of 
the  modern  professional  nurse,  deserves  further  notice. 

She  performed  her  duty  thoroughly,  her  wages  being  $5  a 
month.  Unobtrusive  as  she  was,  she  had  the  endurance  of  a 
martyr.  When  she  died  it  was  found  that  for  years  she  had 
been  suffering  from  a  painful,  eating  cancer  on  her  bosom. 
She  had  concealed  it  from  all  the  world.  I  add  that  though 
she  had  no  conception  of  a  witticism,  she  once  unintentionally, 
in  a  church  meeting,  by  reason  of  the  depth  of  her  earnestness 
and  fervor  of  her  piety,  made  an  inquiry  which  convulsed  the 
company.  There  was  a  meeting  of  the  Episcopal  congregation 
to  ascertain  whether  money  could  be  raised  sufficient  to  pay  a 
preacher.  After  much  canvassing  it  was  pronounced  impos- 
sible. Losing  her  bashfulness  in  her  excitement,  she  burst  out, 
"Can't  we  raise  enough  to  hire  a  little  deac?"  The  suggestion 
was  adopted.  The  little  deac.  was  hired.  She  had  a  sister  of 
similar  virtues,  who  went  from  house  to  house  as  a  seamstress 
— very  slow,  but  very  sure.     She  took  it  good  naturedly  when 

39 


6lO  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

a  boy,  whom  she  liked,  said,  "Miss  Matilda,  did  you  ever  see  a 
snail?"  "Yes,  why  do  you  ask?"  "Well,  you  must  have  met 
him,  you  did  not  overtake  him." 

Doctors  Jones  and  Moore  had  the  practice  of  the  well-to-do 
families.  There  was  another  physician,  Charles  Yancey,  who 
was  generally  called  "Bullet  Yancey,  because  of  having  only 
one  shining  black  eye.  He  had  the  reputation  of  possessing  a 
fine  natural  talent  for  the  healing  science,  but  was  of  incorrig- 
ibly intemperate  habits.  He  could  be  heard  singing  about 
"Commodore  McDonough  and  General  Jackson,"  and  "some 
love  coffee  and  some  love  tea,  but  corn-cob  whiskey  is  good 
enough  for  me,"  in  a  most  maudlin  voice,  while  he  was  barely 
able  to  keep  his  horse  as  he  rode  at  midnight,  or  later,  through 
the  streets.  His  second  marriage  gave  much  merriment  to  the 
village.  The  bride's  father  had  no  eyes,  the  groom  had  only 
one,  the  officiating  Justice  had  the  same  defect,  and  the  best 
man  was  a  deaf  mute,  the  groom's  brother.  The  result  was  a 
fair  measure  of  connubial  bliss,  cut  short  by  the  speedy  death 
of  the  husband. 

The  deaf  mute,  Lemuel  Yancey,  brother  of  the  doctor,  was 
an  important  part  of  the  community.  He  was  totally  un- 
educated, except  by  experience.  He  invented  for  himself  vivid 
natural  signs,  sometime  ludicrous,  but  always  expressive.  To 
represent  President  Swain,  with  his  knock-kneed  legs,  he,  with 
his  hands,  indicated  this  divergence,  at  the  same  time  assuming 
an  air  of  dignity.  For  the  President's  wife  and  daughters  he 
added  to  the  foregoing  a  motion  indicating  the  swelling  front 
of  the  upper  part  of  a  lady's  dress.  He  designated  Judge 
Battle  by  crossing  his  fingers  like  the  bars  of  a  jail  window, 
then  looking  through  them  and  imitating  the  turning  of  a  key. 
He  made  it  his  business  to  gather  the  news  and  then  walk 
about  from  man  to  man,  retailing  it,  always  pressing  his  hand 
on  his  mouth  and  shaking  his  head ;  thereby  signifying  secrecy. 
He  was  a  Whig  and  was  never  known  to  vote  a  Democratic 
ticket.  He  selected  as  his  advisers  one  of  our  best  men,  Mr. 
McCauley,  and  adhered  rigidly  to  his  advice.  He  was  very  in- 
telligent and  thoroughly  reliable,  but  never  was  known  to  work. 
He  had  a  small  property  whose  income  was  supplemented  by 


SALES    OF   LOTS    BY    UNIVERSITY.  6ll 

his  brother  and  the  generosity  of  neighbors.  He  was  no  beggar. 
He  accepted,  but  never  asked  for  gifts. 

About  1845  tne  village  of  Chapel  Hill  seemed  to  make  a 
beginning  of  prosperity.  Sales  were  made — on  Rosemary 
street,  four  acres  to  Gabriel  Utley  and  others ;  on  Columbia 
street,  to  William  Hogan  two  acres ;  two  acres  to  Miss  Sally 
Mallett  on  College  street,  now  called  Cameron  avenue.  Sales 
had  already  been  made  to  Dr.  Johnston  B.  Jones  of  four  acres 
on  Franklin  street,  and  to  Judge  Battle  of  two  acres  adjoining 
his  residence.  An  application  by  Judge  Battle  to  purchase  the 
grove  in  front  of  his  dwelling,  East  of  the  Raleigh  road,  was 
declined,  as  was  also  a  proposal  by  Mrs.  Anne  C.  Hall  to  buy  a 
lot  South  of  his  dwelling.  President  Swain  stated  that  it  was 
the  policy  of  the  University  to  have  no  further  settlements  East 
and  South  of  the  Campus.  Testimony  proving  this  refusal 
induced  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States,  Judge  H.  L. 
Bond  presiding,  to  allow  to  the  University  as  its  site,  as  con- 
tradistinguished from  endowment  for  support,  the  land  from 
the  Pittsboro  road  to  the  Durham  road,  including  the  Campus 
and  buildings  thereon,  and  also  the  Professors'  residence,  in 
all  about  600  acres. 

From  time  to  time  were  sold  other  parcels  of  land  belonging 
to  the  University  at  about  $100  an  acre  as  a  rule.  In  1846  the 
beautiful  oak  grove  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Franklin  and 
Columbia  streets,  where  the  people  were  used  to  meet  to  listen 
to  the  speeches  of  candidates,  was  conveyed  to  John  W.  Carr 
for  $300.  In  the  same  year  the  lot  where  was  the  Milage 
Chapel,  was  bought  for  $200  by  Prof.  James  Phillips,  as 
trustee,  for  the  site  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  with  the  stipu- 
lation that  no  burials  should  be  had  therein.  The  Chapel  was 
removed  a  few  hundred  yards  northward  and,  much  enlarged, 
was,  until  lately,  used  for  the  public  school.  The  lot  between 
that  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  Henderson  street  was 
afterwards  sold  to  Mickle  and  Ashe  for  $150. 

Chapel  Hill  at  the  beginning  of  this  period  was  diminutive 
and  struggling,  surrounded  by  extensive  forests  in  all  direc- 
tions, except  where  broken  here  and  there  by  cultivated  or 
worn-out  fields.     Up  to  1848  there  was  no  church  edifice  used 


612  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

solely  for  divine  services.  Person  Hall  up  to  1838  and  then 
Gerrard  Hall,  the  Old  Chapel  and  the  New  Chapel,  were  used 
for  all  assemblies,  sacred  and  profane,  at  one  hour  decorous 
divine  worship,  at  another  a  boisterous  mass-meeting  of  stu- 
dents, at  another  academic  exercise  of  speaking,  at  others  the 
various  functions  of  Commencement.  There  was,  however, 
the  "Union"  or  "Village  Chapel,"  used  at  Sunday  nights  for 
the  worship  of  God,  in  week  days  as  a  school-house.  There 
was  one  Hotel,  the  Eagle,  presided  over  by  the  eagle-eyed  old 
maid,  Miss  Nancy  Hilliard,  who  had  all  the  traveling  custom 
and  most  of  that  of  the  University.  Her  table  was  bountiful 
and  the  food  well  cooked,  and  the  wonder  was  how  receipts 
could  balance  expenses.  She  was  accustomed  to  say  that  she 
lost  on  the  students,  but  the  travelers  and  the  rich  harvests  at 
Commencements  more  than  supplied  the  deficiency.  How  much 
her  uncollected  dues  from  students  unable  or  unwilling  to  pay, 
amount  to,  will  never  be  known,  but  they  were  very  large. 
When  the  University  was  most  prosperous,  having  no  help  but 
that  of  a  good-natured  but  improvident  brother-in-law,  Ben- 
ton Utley,  she  sold  her  hotel  interest  to  Col.  Hugh  B.  Guthrie 
and  took  charge  of  the  North  Carolina  Railroad  eating-house 
at  Company  Shops,  now  Burlington.  The  feebleness  of  old 
age  and  the  losses  of  the  war  impoverished  her.  In  her  last 
sickness  she  was  tenderly  nursed  by  Mr.  Utley,  and  was  buried 
in  the  Chapel  Hill  Cemetery.  At  the  instance  of  Mrs.  C.  P. 
Spencer,  alumni,  who  retained  an  affectionate  remembrance 
of  their  old  landlady,  erected  over  her  grave  a  marble  slab  with 

this  inscription : 

NANCY  S.  HILLIARD. 

Born  in  Granville  County,  October  17,   1798. 
Died  in  Chapel  Hill,  November  8,   1873. 

Erected  1886, 
By  certain  alumni  of  this  University,  in 
grateful  remembrance  of  her  un- 
failing kindness  and 
hospitality. 

Nor  was  there  lacking  the  discovery  of  a  Mineral  Spring.  It 
was  below  a  mill,  which  then  stood  near  the  crossing  of  Bow- 
ling's Creek  by  the  road  to  Durham.     It  was  pronounced  to 


BOGUS    MINERAL    SPRING MRS.    NUNN.  613 

be  chalybeate  and  was  soon  reported  to  be  effecting  cures  of 
half-sick  bodies.  A  large  hotel  was  talked  of,  and  visions  of 
fashionable  visitors  indulged  in.  But,  alas !  furious  waters, 
after  a  great  rain,  broke  the  dam.  The  spring  disappeared. 
It  was  merely  the  seepage  of  the  water  of  the  dam  through 
the  mud  and  trash  accumulated  at  the  bottom.  Dr.  Mitchell 
once  said,  "They  take  water  which  has  percolated  through 
decayed  leaves  and  the  carcases  of  dead  cats  or  pigs  and  rusty 
horseshoes  and  the  like,  and  because  it  stinks  they  send  it  to 
me  to  analyze  as  mineral  water."  In  quoting  from  the  Doctor 
I  must  not  be  understood  as  reflecting  on  the  Strowd  spring, 
discovered  in  more  modern  times,  and  undoubtedly  containing 
iron. 

The  cool  drinking  water  used  by  the  students  was  drawn 
from  the  famous  "College  well"  by  rope  and  windlass.  Despite 
of  the  modern  theory  of  bacteria  and  other  germs,  a  case  of 
sickness  from  this  source  was  never  heard  of.  The  song  of 
the  Old  Oaken  Bucket  was  a  reality  in  Chapel  Hill. 

The  failure  of  the  scheme  of  living  at  Commons  was  caused 
in  a  general  way  by  the  increase  in  the  size  of  the  village  and 
the  advent  of  boarding-house  keepers,  who  supplied  good  food 
at  moderate  prices.  Some  parents  made  Chapel  Hill  their 
home  in  order  to  educate  their  boys,  others  to  repair  fortunes 
lost  in  the  Panic  of  1837  and  the  stringency  following.  But 
the  chief  cause  was  the  unparalleled  efficiency  and  popularity 
of  Miss  Nancy  Hilliard.  "Miss  Nancy,"  as  she  was  called, 
redeemed  a  homely  face  by  the  correctness  of  her  principles, 
her  energy,  pluck  and  good  sense.  To  a  student,  sick  or  in 
trouble,  she  was  as  tender  as  a  mother.  To  one  who  was  way- 
ward she  was  a  candid  and  kind  counsellor. 

Another  good  lady  of  the  old  school  who  for  fifty  years 
cared  for  the  stomachs  of  successive  waves  of  students  and 
unmarried  professors,  but  was  now  nearing  the  close  of  an 
active  and  useful  life,  was  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Nunn,  widow  of 
Captain  William  Nunn,  of  the  Revolutionary  army.  In  mat- 
ters of  business  she  had  the  strength  and  boldness  of  a  man, 
but  her  disposition  was  kindly,  generous  and  sympathetic.  She 
was  much  beloved  and  respected  by  the  students,  and  many 


614  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

hearts  were  moved  when  she  died  December  20,  185 1,  in  the 
92nd  year  of  her  age.  She  was  one  of  the  last  survivors  of 
the  old  troublous  times,  having  in  her  girlhood  lived  among 
the  Regulators  and  shared  in  the  privations  and  anxieties  of 
the  War  of  the  Revolution.  When  asked  which  side  she 
favored  in  the  Regulator  troubles,  her  answer  was,  "I  was  as 
good  a  Regulator  as  ever  hopped." 

The  Campus  prior  to  185 1  was  a  forest  just  as  nature  left  it, 
with  the  underbrush  cleared  off.  The  trees  were  not  thinned 
out,  nor  was  it  until' then  that  the  well-paved  walks  were  con- 
structed. The  Campus  practically  extended  only  to  the  open 
space  adjoining  the  Raleigh  road,  there  being  between  them  a 
rail  fence  and  thick  hedgerow,  obstructing  the  outlook  towards 
the  east.  The  enclosure  was  used  as  a  pasture  for  the  Presi- 
dent's cattle.  On  it  afterwards  browsed  his  white  mule,  Cud- 
die,  who  so  often  paid  nocturnal  visits  to  the  attic  of  the  South 
Building — frequently  painted  with  stripes  like  a  zebra.  "It  is 
the  courage  that  marks  the  assassin !,"  vehemently  harrangued 
the  President.  "It  is  the  courage  that  marks  old  Cuddie," 
whispered  William  Knight,  of  Edgecombe,  afterwards  a  gal- 
lant Confederate  Colonel. 

In  the  middle  of  Cameron  Avenue,  in  front  of  the  Carr 
Building,  facing  the  west,  was  the  wooden  residence,  white- 
painted,  with  green  blinds,  known  as  Steward's  Hall,  where 
for  many  years  the  students  obtained  their  nutriment  for  the 
inner  man.  1844  was  the  last  year  of  its  existence  under  Uni- 
versity authority.  The  next  year  the  building  was  rented  as 
a  private  residence,  and  soon  afterwards  was  sold  and  now 
forms  a  part  of  the  late  village  school-house. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Commencement  of  1850. 

At  the  Commecement  of  1850  the  Baccalaureate  sermon  was 
preached  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper,  of  the  class  of  1809. 
His  subject  was  "The  Force  of  Habit."  The  sermon  was 
printed,  and  its  excellence  caused  it  to  be  rated  high  among 
the  classics  of  the  State. 

The  Declaimers  from  the  Freshman  Class  were  Nathaniel 
C.  Jones,  John  W.  Johnston,  Walker  Meares,  James  M.  Spen- 
cer, Junius  B.  Wheeler,  George  M.  White,  John  T.  Taylor, 
M.  William  Wise,  David  G.  Worth.  They  appeared  before 
the  public  Monday  night.  On  Tuesday  night  appeared  Wm.  D. 
Barnes,  Hutchins  G.  Burton,  Wm.  M.  Carrington,  John  M. 
Dennis,  Wm.  E.  Drisdale,  Thomas  H.  Gilliam,  Thomas  C. 
Leak,  Joseph  A.  Manning,  James  B.  Slade,  Basil  M.  Thomp- 
son. The  audience  seemed  to  favor  Manning  and  Taylor  as  the 
best. 

The  Annual  Address  was  by  Wm.  Waightstill  Avery,  of 
the  Class  of  1837,  on  State  Pride,  the  duty  of  which,  as  well 
as  our  reasons  for  possessing  it,  he  strongly  enforced. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Alumni  Association  the  following 
were  reported  as  having  died  the  preceding  year,  namely : 
James  K.  Polk,  1818;  Philip  E.  Bradley,  1839;  Hillory  M. 
Wilder,  1846,  and  James  W.  Duke,  1847.  On  motion  of 
President  Swain,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a 
suitable  memoir  of  President  Polk,  to  be  filed  in  the  Archives. 
The  Annual  Address  was  by  Dr.  Thomas  H.  Wright  (1818), 
a  copy  of  which  was  asked  for  likewise  to  be  filed  in  the 
Archives.  The  Literary  Address  was  by  Hon.  James  C.  Dob- 
bin, of  the  Class  of  1832,  in  a  few  years  to  be  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  under  President  Pierce.  It  was  an  eloquent  portrayal 
of  the  sources  of  the  enjoyment  and  influence  of  the  culti- 
vated mind. 

The  Senior  speeches  were  as  follows : 
Salutatory  (in  Latin),  Richard  Hines. 


6l6  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

"Quo  Difficilius,  Hoc  Preclarius,"  Washington  C.  Kerr. 

"The  Influence  of  Religion  on  Law,"  John  Manning. 

"Infidelity,"  Benjamin  R.  Huske. 

"Vincat  Utilitas,"  Edward  C.  Chambers. 

"Co-operation  of  Christianity  with  Philosophy,"  Wm.  Henry 
Johnston. 

"Dismemberment  of  Poland,"  Richard  H.  Whitfield. 

"Honor  to  Distinction  Due,"  A.  Julius  Caldwell. 

"Early  History  of  North  Carolina,"  Richard  L.  Smith. 

"Revolutions  and  Reforms  of  the  19th  Century,"  Thomas 
Settle. 

"The  Reformation  in  the  16th  Century,"  Henry  Hardie. 

Valedictory,  John  Hill. 

The  first  honor  men :  Hill,  Johnston  and  Kerr  drew  lots 
for  the  Valedictory  and  Salutatory.  Both  Johnston  and  Kerr 
preferred  an  English  speech.  Hines  was  induced  to  take  the 
Salutatory. 

The  second  honor  men  were  Caldwell,  Chambers,  Hines, 
Huske,  and  Smith. 

Those  who  stood  third  were  Hardie,  Settle,  and  R.  Whit- 
field. 

The  honor  men,  as  a  rule,  won  similar  honors  in  after  life. 
Hill  was  an  accomplished  physician,  who  died  too  early  to 
become  eminent.  Kerr  was  our  distinguished  State  Geologist; 
Johnston  one  of  the  ablest  counsellors  at  the  Edgecombe  bar; 
Hines  a  Doctor  of  Divinity  in  the  Episcopal  Church ;  Huske 
a  prominent  lawyer,  a  Major  in  the  Confederate  service,  in 
which  he  lost  his  life ;  Manning,  able  lawyer,  Code  Commis- 
sioner, member  of  the  Legislature  and  Convention  of  1861, 
a  very  successful  Professor  of  Law  in  the  University;  refused 
office  of  Judge  and  of  Secretary  of  State ;  Settle  was  Presi- 
dential Elector,  Confederate  Captain,  Speaker  of  the  State 
Senate,  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina,  Min- 
ister to  Peru,  President  of  Republican  National  Convention, 
Judge  of  the  U.  S.  District  Court  of  Florida. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  conferred  on 
James  B.  Donnelly,  of  North  Carolina. 


Smith   Hall. 


SMITH    HALL.  617 

The  list  of  Confederate  dead  among  the  matriculates  rapidly 
grows  larger.  They  were  for  1850:  Clinton  M.  Andrews,  Col- 
onel ;  John  B.  Andrews,  Captain ;  Jesse  Averitt,  Sergeant ;  D. 
Whiting  Husted,  Lieutenant ;  J.  Glenn  Jeffreys,  Lieutenant ; 
Leonidas  J.  Merritt,  Lieutenant ;  John  T.  Wheat,  Captain ; 
Carey  Whitaker,  Captain ;  Bryan  Whitfield,  Captain. 

The  two  Societies  had  requested  that  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  Stewards'  Hall  should  be  appropriated  towards  the 
construction  of  a  hall  for  the  meeting  of  the  Alumni  Associa- 
tion and  for  balls  at  Commencement.  In  January,  1849,  the 
Committee  resolved  that  there  should  be  a  building  to  be  used 
by  the  Trustees  and  Alumni  Association  as  a  dining-hall,  and 
also  a  ball-room  at  Commencements,  "and  for  such  other 
public  purposes  as  the  Trustees  might  direct."  The  building 
must  be  of  brick,  one  story  high,  near  the  other  college  build- 
ings. President  Swain  and  Judge  Battle  were  appointed  to 
procure  a  plan  with  an  estimate  of  cost  and  to  designate  a  site. 
On  July  1 6th  they  suggested  that  the  building  should  like- 
wise accommodate  the  University  Library  and  belfry,  as  well 
as  the  objects  theretofore  designated.  This  was  approved,  and 
they  were  requested  to  contract  for  and  superintend  the  work. 

In  1850  A.  J.  Davis,  of  New  York,  architect,  met  the  Com- 
mittee in  Raleigh,  and  was  instructed  to  alter  the  plans  so  that 
the  main  hall  should  be  ninety  feet  long,  which  was  done. 

The  builder  was  Captain  John  Berry,  a  very  substantial 
citizen  of  Orange,  State  Senator  in  1848,  and  repeatedly  after- 
wards. The  cost  was  about  $10,000.  The  building  designed 
for  so  many  purposes,  aesthetic  and  literary,  was  named,  a 
belated  honor,  Smith  Hall,  to  commemorate  General  and 
Governor  Smith,  a  sketch  of  whom  has  been  heretofore  given. 
In  a  few  years  an  important  use  was  found  for  the  base- 
ment, to  serve  as  a  Chemical  Laboratory.  The  project  of 
attaching  a  belfry  to  it  was  abandoned. 

The  retirement  of  Bishop  Green  led  to  the  election  of  Rev. 
John  Thomas  Wheat,  D.D.,  to  the  Chair  of  Rhetoric  and 
Logic.  His  competitors  were  John  Sutherland  Lewis,  W.  C. 
Richards,  and  Albert  M.  Shipp.  The  latter  was  chosen  to  fill 
a  new  professorship,  that  of  History  and  English  literature. 


6l8  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Dr.  Wheat  was  born  in  Washington  City  November  15th, 
1801.  While  a  student  at  the  Episcopal  Theological  Seminary 
at  Alexandria,  he  was  instructor  of  a  class  of  thirty  advanced 
pupils.  He  was  ordered  Deacon  by  Bishop  Moore,  of  Vir- 
ginia, in  1825,  and  the  next  year  ordained  priest  by  Bishop 
Kemp,  of  Maryland.  He  then  had  charge  successively  of  St. 
Matthew's  Church,  Wheeling;  St.  Pauls,  New  Orleans,  and  of 
Christ  Church,  Nashville,  Tennessee.  In  1849,  at  tne  earnest 
request  of  Bishop  Otey,  he  accepted  the  principalship  of  a  new 
institution,  the  Ravenscroft  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia. 
In  despite  of  energetic  labor,  the  enterprise  failed  for  want 
of  patronage.  His  most  influential  recommendation  to  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  came  from  Bishop  Otey,  whose 
high  character  and  former  connection  with  it  made  his  advice 
potent  with  the  Trustees.  Dr.  Wheat  proved  to  be  an  active 
and  energetic  professor,  and  his  family  added  much  to  the 
social  attractions  of  the  village. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Alumni  the  first  Vice-President,  Gov- 
ernor Charles  Manly,  presided.  Nine  new  members  were  ad- 
mitted. Wm.  J.  Bingham  moved  that  the  members  of  the 
Faculty  might  by  unanimous  vote  be  admitted  as  honorary 
members.  The  resolution  was  laid  upon  the  table  until  the 
meeting  in  1853,  and  then  passed.  President  Swain,  Wm.  J. 
Bingham,  and  Wm.  H.  Battle  were  appointed  to  decide  upon 
a  plan  for  the  Caldwell  monument,  and  take  steps  for  its  com- 
pletion. Obituaries  of  B.  W.  L.  Claiborne  and  J.  Mallett 
DeBerniere  were  ordered  to  be  filed. 

Governor  Manly  was  elected  President. 

At  this  Commencement  a  difficult  question  came  up.  The 
ball  managers  and  marshals  had  ordered  a  quantity  of  spirit- 
uous liquors,  in  addition  to  wine,  which  was  not  forbidden, 
chiefly  for  visitors,  including  some  Trustees.  Students  broke 
into  the  room  where  the  stores  were  deposited  and  a  carousal 
ensued.  The  Faculty  felt  bound  to  dismiss  the  officers,  who 
had  broken  the  law  against  the  introduction  of  liquors.  Some 
of  them  were  among  the  best  students.  Besides,  the  summary 
sending  away  of  all  the  officers  would  have  been  a  serious 
blow  to  the  success   of   the   Commencement.     The  Trustees 


RIOT — METHODIST    CHURCH.  619 

came  to  the  rescue.  On  motion  of  ex-Governor  Graham  it 
was  ordered  that  in  the  preparation  for  the  balls  and  other 
entertainments  at  the  University  no  spirituous  liquors  shall 
be  introduced  or  used,  and  a  manager  violating  the  ordinance 
shall  be  dismissed.  The  Faculty,  in  consideration  of  this  ordi- 
nance, were  requested  to  rescind  their  determination  in  cases 
occurring  that  day  in  violation  of  it. 

Riot — Methodist  Church. 

There  was  a  dangerous  riot  on  the  night  of  August  13th, 
1850.  A  number  of  students,  eight  or  ten,  while  drinking  and 
shouting  boisterously,  became  incensed  with  two  of  the  pro- 
fessors for  interfering,  and  stoned  them  so  violently  that  they 
were  forced  to  take  refuge  in  the  room  of  a  student.  A  tall, 
strong  rioter  from  the  Southwest  climbed  up  to  the  window, 
and  was  endeavoring  to  assault  them  with  a  huge  stone  when 
he  was  struck  with  a  chair  by  one  of  the  attacked  party.  There 
ensued  a  fierce  cry  to  burst  open  the  door  and  kill  the  assailant. 
J.  J.  Slade,  a  firm  and  orderly  young  man,  afterwards  Prin- 
cipal of  a  prominent  Female  School  in  Columbus,  Georgia, 
assisted  by  others,  parleyed  with  the  rioters,  and  a  treaty  was 
made  by  which  the  members  of  the  Faculty  retired  from  the 
campus  in  safety.  After  one  o'clock  all  the  Faculty  inspected 
the  rooms  in  college.  The  tall  rioter  with  the  murderous  stone 
was  next  day  expelled,  another  was  dismissed,  and  one  sus- 
pended, eight  found  out  of  their  rooms,  but  denying  partici- 
pation, were  admonished.  The  case  was  laid  before  a  special 
meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  at  Hillsboro,  who  ordered 
the  evidence  to  be  presented  to  the  Solicitor  of  the  Judicial 
District  with  a  view  of  prosecuting  the  offenders.  When  at 
the  next  Commencement  the  Board  concurred  in  the  sentence 
of  expulsion  of  the  two  leaders ;  it  was  entered  of  record  that 
it  had  been  proved  in  the  Superior  Court  of  Orange  that  they 
had  destroyed  wilfully  much  University  property,  and  had 
assaulted  with  intent  to  kill,  two  of  the  Faculty.  They  were 
not  however  criminally  punished,  having  left  the  State. 

The  Methodists  of  Chapel  Hill  first  met  for  worship  in  the 
residence  (not  now  standing)  of  Miles  Davis,  on  the  north 
side  of  Rosemlary  Street  in  the  rear  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 


620  the;  university  op  north  Carolina. 

Afterwards  in  the  forties  the  upper  story  of  Jesse  Hargrave's 
store  (now  McCauley's)  was  used.  In  that  room  young  Chas. 
F.  Deems,  afterwards  D.D.,  LL.D.,  a  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity, preached  excellent  sermons,  at  the  invitation  of  the 
people,  but  not  perhaps  by  appointment  of  the  Bishop.  Dr. 
Deems  named  the  hall,  which  had  once  been  a  Mason's  Lodge, 
Bethesda — the  House  of  Mercy. 

After  Dr.  Deems  left  the  University  in  1848,  ministers  were 
regularly  appointed  to  this  charge.  In  January,  1851,  Rev. 
J.  Milton  Frost,  afterwards  D.D.,  of  Mocksville,  was  stationed 
in  Chapel  Hill,  not  only  taking  charge  of  the  congregation, 
but  pursuing  a  course  in  the  University  leading  to  the  degree 
of  A.B.,  in  1852.  Being  an  able  man  and  of  active  tempera- 
ment, he  determined  to  build  a  church,  and  set  himself  to 
raise  the  funds  necessary.  He  visited  Greensboro,  Salisbury, 
Lexington,  Hillsboro,  Pittsboro,  Raleigh,  Louisburg,  Warren- 
ton,  Shady  Grove  in  Warren  County,  Henderson,  and  South 
Lowell,  and  succeeded  in  raising  the  handsome  sum  of  $5,000, 
which  was  sufficient  to  pay  for  the  lot  and  build  the  church. 
It  was  dedicated  July  31st,  1853,  by  Rev.  Rufus  T.  Heflin. 
The  contractor  was  Horn,  of  Pittsboro. 

Dr.  Frost  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  J.  L.  Fisher,  after  whom, 
m  J853,  came  Rev.  L.  S.  Burkhead,  who  married  a  beautiful 
daughter  of  Miles  Davis.  Subsequent  preachers  were  Rev. 
P.  Doub  in  1854,  Rev.  H.  T.  Hudson  in  1855-6,  Rev.  A.  W. 
Mangum,  1857-8,  afterwards  D.D.,  and  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity, Rev.  J.  A.  Cunninggim  1859-60,  Rev.  J.  W.  Jenkins 
1 86 1 -2,  Rev.  R.  A.  Willis  1863,  Rev.  W.  C.  Wilson  1864,  Rev. 
R.  S.  Webb  1865,  Rev.  O.  J.  Brent  1866-67-68. 

This  church  building  is  on  the  corner  of  Rosemary  and 
Henderson  streets.  The  lot  was  bought  of  the  LTniversity. 
When  the  new  church  was  erected  on  Franklin  street  the  old 
lot  was  sold  to  the  Congregationalists,  who  subsequently  parted 
with  it,  and  is  now  used  for  secular  purposes. 

Fraternities. 
I  cannot  find  any  ordinance  of  the  Board  or  resolution  of 
the    Faculty  admitting   Fraternities,   but   in    1851    they  began 
to  enter  the  Universitv. 


FRATERNITIES — ESCHEATS.  621 

The  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  S.  A.  E.,  was  established  in 
1857,  and  withdrew  before  the  close  of  the  war. 

I  have  been  unable  to  obtain  the  statistics  of  any  except  that 
of  Zeta  Psi,  the  history  of  this  University  branch  having  been 
written  by  Dr.  Wm.  J.  Battle,  of  the  University  of  Texas.  It 
was  organized  in  January,  1858.  It  had  in  the  Confederate 
service  four  Colonels,  one  Lieutenant-Colonel,  three  Majors, 
six  Captains,  nine  Lieutenants,  three  Surgeons,  one  Adjutant- 
General,  one  Adjutant,  one  Orderly  Sergeant,  one  scout, 
twenty-seven  privates.     Nine  were  killed. 

The  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  D.  K.  E.,  was  organized  in  1851, 
and  withdrew  in  1861.  They  had  34  members.  The  Beta 
Theta  Pi  was  established  in  1852,  and  withdrew  in  1859. 
There  were  probably  others.  All  were  dissolved  before  the 
end  of  the  war. 

I  was  informed  by  Judge  Augustus  Van  Wyck,  of  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  that  his  membership  at  Chapel  Hill  was  of  eminent 
service  to  him  when  he  settled,  a  stranger,  in  New  York.  The 
members  there  from  other  institutions  soon  gave  him  a  large, 
pleasant  and  profitable  circle  of  friends. 

Similar  testimony  as  to  their  value  was  given  after  the 
reopening  in  1875  before  the  Board  of  Trustees  by  General 
Julian  S.  Carr,  Captain  James  A.  Graham,  Colonel  Paul  B. 
Means,  and  the  late  Eugene  L.  Morehead. 

Escheats. 

It  has  been  mentioned  that  by  the  charter  escheats,  i.  e., 
real  property  whose  owner  died  without  an  heir  capable  of 
inheriting,  were  given  to  the  University.  Lawyers  were  ap- 
pointed in  different  sections  of  the  State  to  look  out  for  these 
windfalls.  This  plan  was  successful  for  many  years,  but  in 
course  of  time,  when  escheats  became  fewer,  these  lawyers, 
being  as  a  rule  men  of  large  business,  became  less  attentive. 

In  1798  the  General  Assembly  enacted  that  if  executors  or 
administrators  should  have  funds  in  their  hands  belonging  to 
the  estate,  and  the  legatee  or  distributee  entitled  could  not  be 
found  for  seven  years,  the  same  should  be  paid  to  the  Uni- 
versity to  be  held  without  interest  until  the  end  of  ten  years, 
and  if  the  claimant  did  not  appear,  it  should  be  irreclaimable. 
In  1868  five  vears  were  substituted  for  seven. 


622  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

At  the  December,  1850,  meeting  the  Board  appointed  Messrs. 
J.  H.  Bryan,  David  L.  Swain,  and  B.  F.  Moore  to  examine 
the  ordinances  relating  to  this  subject,  and  also  to  report 
whether  it  was  best  to  surrender  the  right  to  the  State.  In  a 
few  days  President  Swain  made  an  elaborate  report  against 
the  propriety  of  a  surrender.  The  Board  concurred  and 
directed  the  Executive  Committee  to  arrange  the  details  of 
management  of  the  University  claims. 

The  following  is  the  system  adopted  in  185 1 :  The  Treasurer 
for  the  time  being  should  be  the  Principal  Escheator,  or 
Escheator-General.  He  shall  appoint  escheators  for  each 
county,  removable  by  the  Executive  Committee,  furnish  them 
with  blanks  and  all  necessary  information  in  regard  to  the 
University  rights,  and  in  general  exercise  a  strict  supervision 
over  them.  He  shall  report  progress  to  every  meeting  of  the 
Executive  Committee.  The  county  escheators  must  make 
diligent  inquiry  as  to  escheated  lands  and  examine  inventories, 
wills  and  settlements  to  ascertain  if  any  rights  have  accrued 
to  the  University,  and  report  progress  by  October  of  each 
year.  Their  compensation  shall  be  ten  per  cent  of  receipts, 
and  more  if  the  Committee  think  proper.  The  Principal  Es- 
cheator shall  be  paid  annually  such  sum  as  the  Board  of 
Trustees  shall  deem  reasonable.  I  give  the  list  of  the  first 
county  escheators,  as  it  shows  those  who  were  considered 
by  the  Treasurer,  ex-Governor  Manly,  to  be  able  lawyers  and 
friends  of  the  University: 

*Giles  Mebane,  Alamance;  *A.  H.  Caldwell,  Alexander;  P.  H.  Win- 
ston. Anson;  F.  Neal,  Ashe;  J.  S.  Hawks,  Beaufort;  A.  H.  Gilliam, 
Bertie:  D.  Reid,  Bladen;  *D.  B.  Baker,  Brunswick;  N.  W.  Woodfin, 
Buncombe;  *Tod  R.  Caldwell,  Burke;  *Rufus  Barringer,  Cabarrus;  *W. 
W.  Lenoir,  Caldwell;  *D.  D.  Ferebee,  Camden;  *A.  G.  Hubbard,  Car- 
teret; John  Kerr,  Caswell;  *J.  H.  Haughton,  Chatham;  A.  T.  Davidson, 
Cherokee;  *E.  C.  Hines,  Chowan;  *H.  W.  Guion,  Cleveland;  *J.  A. 
Maultsby,  Columbus;  *  James  W.  Bryan,  Craven;  J.  Winslow,  Cumber- 
land; *D.  D.  Ferebee,  Currituck;  G.  W.  Caldwell,  Catawba;  J.  M. 
Leach,  Davidson;  *J.  A.  Lillington,  Davie;  *Stephen  Graham,  Duplin; 
*R.  R.  Bridgers,  Edgecombe;  Dr.  Starbuck,  Forsyth;  *J.  D.  Hawkins, 
Franklin;  *J.  F.  Hoke,  Gaston;  W.  J.  Baker,  Gates;  *J.  L.  Bridgers, 
Greene;  *R.  B.  Gilliam,  Granville;  *R.  Gorrell,  Guilford;  *J.  B.  Batch- 
elor,  Halifax;  J.  W.  Woodfin,  Haywood;  J.  Baxter,  Henderson;  W.  N. 
H.  Smith,  Hertford;  M.  Shaw,  Hyde;  W.  P.  Caldwell,  Iredell;  —  Evans, 
Johnston;   *R.   S.  Donnell,  Jones;   W.  H.  Washington,  Lenoir;   *H.   W. 


THE  ALLISON  ESCHEAT.  623 

Guion,  Lincoln;  *D.  W.  Siler,  Macon;  A.  L.  Erwin,  McDowell;  A. 
Biggs,  Martin;  *J.  W.  Osborne,  Mecklenburg;  *A.  R.  Kelly,  Moore;  *A. 
R.  Kelly,  Montgomery;  G.  E.  Singletary,  Nash;  *W.  A.  Wright,  New 
Hanover;  Thomas  Bragg,  Northampton;  *J.  W.  Bryan,  Onslow;  *J.  W. 
Norwood,  Orange;  *J.  C.  B.  Ehringhaus,  Pasquotank;  *T.  F.  Jones, 
Perquimans;  E.  G.  Reade,  Person;  F.  B.  Satterthwaite,  Pitt;  *W.  J. 
Long,  Randolph;  *J.  W.  Cameron,  Richmond;  *R.  E.  Troy,  Robeson; 
*W.  R.  Walker,  Rockingham;  J.  B.  Lord,  Rowan;  *W.  M.  Shipp,  Ruther- 
ford; *T.  C.  Holmes,  Sampson;  *T.  S.  Ashe,  Stanly;  J.  N.  Davis,  Stokes: 
J.  M.  Cloud,  Surry;  J.  R.  Stubbs,  Tyrrell;  *W.  H.  Haywood,  Wake; 
*M.  W.  Ransom,  Warren;  E.  W.  Jones,  Washington;  L.  B.  Carmichael, 
Watauga;  W.  T.  Dorteh,  Wayne;  Ch.  Parker,  Wilkes;  R.  P.  Waring, 
Union;   N.  W.  Woodfin,  Yancey. 

These  marked  with  an  asterisk  were  Alumni  of  this  Uni- 
versity. In  consideration  of  the  extra  duties  thus  thrown  on 
the  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  and  of  the  large  amount  of 
funds  for  which  he  was  responsible,  the  Board  increased  his 
salary  to  one  thousand  dollars  per  annum. 

A  large  escheat  came  to  light  about  this  time,  concerning 
which  golden  hopes  were  kindled.  Soon  after  the  Revolution 
began  an  active  speculation  in  wild  lands,  a  rock  like  that  oh 
which  the  fortune  of  the  great  Robert  Morris  was  shattered. 
One  David  Allison,  of  Philadelphia,  turned  his  attention  to  our 
mountains  and  bought  from  the  State  an  immense  area  in 
Buncombe,  Henderson,  and  Haywood.  He  died  without  heirs, 
and  the  University  laid  claim  to  his  interests.  The  heirs  of 
Robert  Love  contested  the  claim,  and  after  much  negotiation, 
in  the  course  of  which  a  settlement  made  by  the  University 
attorney  was  repudiated  as  having  been  made  under  false 
pretenses,  a  compromise  was  effected  by  President  Swain  as 
special  attorney  by  which  the  litigating  parties  became  tenants 
in  common  of  thousands  of  acres,  the  number  of  which  was 
totally  unknown.  When  after  the  war  this,  among  other 
parts  of  the  University  property,  was  sold  under  decree  of  the 
Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States,  the  price  of  its  share  of 
these  lands  was  about  $13,000.  By  a  survey  ordered  by  the 
court  the  tract  contained  about  70,000  acres  whereas  the 
Trustees  supposed  it  to  be  about  10,000  acres.  The  purchaser 
resold  at  a  large  profit — over  thrice  what  he  paid. 

In  1852  from  alleged  desire  to  help  the  public  schools, 
escheats  were  transferred  by  the  General  Assembly  from  the 


624  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

University  to  them.  Soon  afterwards  the  friends  of  the 
University  rallied  and  procured  the  repeal  of  the  act.  It  was 
once  supposed  that  the  gift  of  escheats  by  the  Charter  of 
1789  was  a  contract  and  could  not  be  broken,  but  the  Supreme 
Court  decided  that  the  University  was  a  part  of  the  State,  and 
subject  to  the  legislative  power.  There  has  been  no  further 
attempt  of  a  similar  nature,  but  on  the  other  hand  the  value 
of  the  franchise  is  year  by  year  growing  less. 

Commencement  of  1851. 

About  this  time  the  University  began  to  increase  in  num- 
bers, and  additional  instructors  were  needed.  In  1850  Kemp 
P.  Battle  was  added  as  a  Tutor  of  Mathematics,  and  the  next 
year  William  H.  Johnston,  of  Tarboro,  as  Tutor  of  Ancient 
Languages.  In  1852  Richard  Hines  was  made  Tutor  in  the 
same  department. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1851  the  new  Professor  of  Rhet- 
oric and  Logic,  Rev.  Dr.  Wheat,  preached  the  sermon  to  the 
Graduating  Class.  It  was  highly  praised.  Rev.  Dr.  Hubbard 
before  the  Historical  Society  read  a  valuable  paper  on  the 
Historians  of  North  Carolina,  and  in  lieu  of  the  address  before 
the  Alumni,  President  Swain  spoke  on  the  Adoption  of  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

The  Freshman  competitors  were  H.  Sylvester  Gibbs,  Leoni- 
das  J.  Merritt,  W.  LaFayette  Scott,  James  C.  Moore,  Samuel 
S.  Jackson,  Jr.,  Thomas  N.  Crumpler,  Richard  B.  Henderson, 
John  B.  Andrews,  and  Malachi  Haughton. 

Those  of  the  Sophomore  Class  were  John  T.  Taylor,  Spencer 
A.  O'Daniel,  David  G.  Worth,  J.  Irving  Scales,  John  W. 
Johnston,  James  H.  Whitaker,  J.  Glenn  Jeffreys,  Baldy  A. 
Capehart,  James  M.  Spencer.  Peter  A.  McEachin. 

Of  the  Freshmen,  Gibbs,  Crumpler,  Henderson,  and  Haugh- 
ton did  not  remain  for  graduation.  All  these  became  useful 
citizens.  Crumpler  was  a  lawyer,  member  of  the  Legislature, 
an  eloquent  speaker,  killed  in  battle,  having  become  a  Major. 

The  first  honor  in  the  Senior  Class  was  awarded  to  Bartholo- 
mew Fuller,  Benjamin  S.Hedrick,  James  A.  Patton,  and  Claud- 
ius B.  Saunders.  The  second  to  Thomas  A.  E.  Evans,  Thomas 
M.  Garrett,  Jesse  H.  Lindsay,  Jr.,  Malcolm  J.  McDuffie,  Wm. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    185I.  625 

M.  Richardson,  and  Fred  A.  Toomer,  and  the  third  to  David  M. 
Carter,  B.  W.  Leigh  Claiborne,  Julius  Guion,  Neill  McKay,  Jr., 
and  Lowndes  Treadwell. 

The  orations  were  as  follows : 

The  Latin  Salutatory,  Claudius   B.   Sanders. 

"The  Early  History  of  North  Carolina,"  Bartholomew 
Fuller. 

"Party   Spirit,"   Thomas  A.   E.   Evans. 

"Infirmities  of  Men  of  Genius,"  Benj.  S.  Guion. 

"The  Graduates'  Aspirations,"  Wm.  M.  Richardson. 

"Virtue  Alone  Makes  Men  Free,"  Thomas  M.  Garrett. 

"Religious  Tests  of  Office  Unjust  and  Impolitic  in  a  Repub- 
lic," David  M.  Carter. 

"Excelsior,"   Wm.   Lowndes   Treadwell. 

"Socialism,"  Jesse  H.  Lindsay,  Jr. 

"Public  Opinion,"  B.  W.  Leigh  Claiborne. 

"The  Noblest  Motive  is  the  Public  Good,"  Charles  C.  Terry. 

"The  Late  Crisis  in  Our  National  Affairs,'  Fred  A. 
Toomer. 

"Flora  MacDonald,"  Malcolm  J.  McDuffie. 

The  Valedictory,  James  A.  Patton. 

Following  the  honor  men  in  after  life  we  find  Sanders  a 
lawyer,  State  Senator,  and  member  of  the  Convention  of  1861  ; 
Fuller  a  good  lawyer,  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic  party 
for  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  Hendrick,  Professor  in  the 
University  and  expert  chemist  in  the  Patent  office ;  Patton 
a  lawyer.  Lieutenant  C.  S.  A. 

Of  the  others  Carter  was  a  very  prominent  lawyer,  a  leader 
in  the  Legislature,  Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  and  Judge  of  the  Military 
Court,  of  great  natural  ability.  Of  those  not  in  the  honor 
rank  Samuel  A.  Holmes  was  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
in  California ;  Francis  E.  Shober,  a  Representative  in  Congress, 
Chief  Clerk  of  the  United  States  Senate,  and  State  Senator. 
Peter  E.  Smith  was  an  ingenious  Civil  Engineer,  and  Super- 
intendent of  the  building  of  the  Ram  Albemarle. 

Of  the  contemporaneous  matriculates  not  graduating,  Theo- 
dore B.  Kingsbury  is  an  eminent  journalist,  of  conspicuous 
power  as  a  writer  and  a  critic.  George  Burgwin  Anderson,  a 
40 


626  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

graduate  of  West  Point,  Lieutenant  in  the  U.  S.  Army,  Briga- 
dier-General C.  S.  A.,  mortally  wounded  at  Sharpsburg. 

In  this  year  Cameron  Avenue  was  extended  through  the 
University  Forest  westward,  the  new  street  called  by  the 
Village  Commissioners  College  Avenue.  The  lots  on  the  same 
were  offered  for  sale.  Professor  Hubbard  in  1851  induced  the 
Trustees  to  set  apart  the  lot  at  the  corner  of  this  avenue  and 
Pittsboro  street  for  his  occupancy,  and  to  build  a  dwelling 
house  thereon,  to  be  repaid  by  annual  installments  of  $300 
besides  the  interest.  The  house  cost  $2,541,  being  $541  more 
than  the  estimate.  Very  little  of  this  was  ever  repaid,  and 
the  Trustees  about  1869,  when  Dr.  Pool  was  President,  sold 
the  premises  for  $1,200,  village  property  being  greatly  de- 
pressed. 

Another  event  of  185 1  was  the  delivery  of  a  Thanksgiving 
Sermon  by  Dr.  Hubbard  at  the  request  of  the  Faculty  and  the 
students.  He  was  a  polished,  able  and  interesting  preacher. 
A  forward  step  was  resolved  upon  by  the  Trustees  that  the 
Library  should  be  increased.  The  sum  of  $1,000  yearly  was 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  President,  but  none  of  it  was 
ever  spent. 

The  list  of  the  matriculates  of  185 1  who  lost  their  lives  in 
the  great  war  is  as  follows :  Wm.  L.  Alexander,  Captain ; 
William  Bailey,  Captain ;  Henry  L.  Battle,  Private ;  Richard 
Bradford,  Captain ;  Wm.  H.  Bunn,  Captain ;  John  S.  Cham- 
bers, Lieutenant ;  Thomas  Newton  Crumpler,  Major ;  James 
H.  Fitts,  Private;  Richard  H.  Glaze,  Private;  John  M.  Mickle, 
Captain ;  James  C.  Moore,  Lieutenant-Colonel ;  Theophilus 
Perry,  Major;  Peter  P.  Scales,  Captain;  Maurice  T.  Smith, 
Lieutenant-Colonel;  Thomas  McG.  Smith,  Major;  Peter  E. 
Spruill,  Private;  Owen  A.  Waddell,  Major;  James  A.  Wright, 
Captain. 

There  was  a  notable  breach  of  order  during  the  night  of 
February  20th,  185 1.  The  walls  of  the  belfry,  and  a  week 
after,  the  doors  of  the  recitation  rooms  were  decorated  with 
caricatures  of  the  Faculty,  mostly  amusing.  Gunpowder  was 
exploded  at  the  door  of  the  laboratory,  breaking  the  door  and 
many  glass  articles  within  the  room.  An  organized  party, 
blowing  horns  and  ringing  bells,  singing  and  shouting,  "ere- 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1852.  627 

ated  an  uproar  about  the  professors'  houses  and  assaulted  one 
of  them  with  stones."  The  Faculty  in  a  body  visited  all  the 
rooms ;  twenty-one  of  the  absentees  were  summoned  for  in- 
quiry, and  their  answers »  recorded  and  read  to  them.  Ten 
were  found  guilty  and  dismissed.  The  President  addressed 
them  "in  a  most  solemn  manner  about  their  past  conduct  and 
the  precaution  to  be  observed  in  their  present  situation."  "The 
Professors  and  Tutors  immediately  afterwards  repaired  to  the 
house  of  Professor  Phillips  and  wrote  the  necessary  letters  to 
the  parents  of  those  who  were  dismissed." 

The  total  suspensions  for  the  year  were  seven,  of  dismis- 
sions thirteen,  of  expulsions  one.  All  except  the  latter  were 
afterwards  readmitted. 

The  total  number  of  delinquencies  for  which  summoning 
before  the  Faculty  was  deemed  necessary  was  282  for  230 
students.  Of  course  some  students  were  called  up  many  times. 
A  large  majority  were  perfectly  orderly.  The  records  seem 
to  show  that  if  ten  or  a  dozen  had  been  rigidly  excluded,  dis- 
order would  have  ceased,  but  on  the  other  hand  many  rule- 
breakers  became  valuable  citizens,  proud  of  their  Alma  Mater 
and  her  strong  supporters. 

Commencement  of  1852. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred 
on  Rev.  Wm.  Norwood,  Episcopal  minister  of  Richmond,  of 
the  Class  of  1826;  on  Rev.  James  Phillips,  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics and  Natural  Philosophy,  then  absent  as  visitors  to  the 
U.  S.  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  and  of  Master  of  Arts 
on  Rev.  Braxton  Craven,  President  of  Trinity  College,  N.  C. 

1852. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1852  Hon.  Thomas  Samuel  Ashe, 
of  the  Class  of  1832,  was  the  orator.  He  was  a  distinguished 
lawyer,  and  held  the  office  of  Solicitor  of  his  Judicial  Circuit. 
He  was  afterwards  member  of  the  Confederate  House  and 
Senate,  a  Representative  in  the  United  States  Congress,  and 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State.  As  was  expected, 
his  oration  on  the  Relations  of  Knowledge  abounded  in  wise 
suggestions,  which  had  all  the  more  weight  on  account  of  the 
loftiness  of  his  character.     There  was  no  Alumni  orator  pro- 


628  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

vided.  Those  who  died  during  the  year  were  ex-Governor 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  1815;  Rev.  Junius  B.  King,  1833; 
Henry  I.  Toole,  Esq.,  1828;  Rev.  Daniel  B.  Currie,  1840; 
Joseph  W.   Small,   1850. 

There  was  reported  $840.29  collected  for  the  Caldwell  monu- 
ment fund.  Circulars  were  ordered  to  be  sent  to  absent  alumni 
requesting  additional  subscriptions. 

The  President,  John  M.  Morehead,  was  flanked  on  the  ros- 
trum, while  presiding,  by  President  Swain  and  ex-Governor 
John  Branch,  the  latter  being  in  attendance  on  the  semi-cen- 
tenial  anniversary  of  his  graduation,  and  the  former  having 
matriculated  in  1821. 

The  first  distinction  in  the  Senior  Class  was  awarded  to 
Thomas  H.  Gilliam,  John  Bernard  Gretter,  Leonidas  F.  Siler, 
and  Jeremiah  J.  Slade.  The  second  honor  went  to  George  A. 
Brett,  John  L.  Dismukes,  Alexander  R.  Smith,  and  James  W. 
Wilson ;  the  third  to  Edward  Alston,  Jr.,  Robert  L.  Beall, 
Richard  H.  Lewis,  James  A.  McNeill,  and  Nathan  Newby. 

It  was  reported  that  Rev.  S.  Milton  Frost  was  first  in  all 
but  Mathematics,  and  James  F.  Bell  was  first  in  the  Senior 
year.  The  only  perfectly  regular  man  for  four  vears  was 
J.  J.  Slade. 

Of  those  of  the  first  honor  Gilliam  was  a  promising  lawyer, 
but  died  early ;  Gretter  had  great  natural  ability,  but  lacked  am- 
bition. He  was  a  railroad  Passenger  Agent.  Siler  had  un- 
common weight  of  character,  was  a  lawyer  and  then  a 
Methodist  minister;  Slade  was  a  Captain  C.  S.  A.,  and  is  head 
of  a  Female  School. 

Of  the  others  Wilson  was  an  eminent  Civil  Engineer,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad  Company,  and 
then  of  the  North  Carolina  Railroad  Commission ;  Dismukes  a 
Surgeon  C.  S.  A.,  author  of  a  medical  work,  and  President  of 
the  Kentucky  Medical  Association. 

Of  contemporaneous  matriculates,  not  graduating,  Flavillus 
S.  Goode  was  a  Captain  C.  S.  A.,  mfember  of  the  Legislature 
of  Louisiana,  Presidential  Elector,  Attorney-General,  and 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  Joseph  H.  Baker  was  a  Surgeon 
C.  S.  A.,  a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  of  the  Convention 
of  1868. 


COMMENCEMENT   OF    1852.  629 

Of  the  Senior  speakers  the  Valedictory,  by  Leonidas  F. 
Siler,  was  pronounced  worthy  of  praise.  Gretter's  on  the 
"Bubble  Reputation"  was  considered  the  best — epigrammatic, 
full  of  antithesis  and  paradox,  interspersed  with  severe  truth. 
Warner  Lewis'  oration  on  Webster  was  full  of  sincerity  and 
truth.  These  comments  were  by  the  newspaper  correspon- 
dents, doubtless  correct,  but  probably  doing  injustice  by  omis- 
sion.    The  other  speakers  were : 

Salutatory  in  Latin,"  by  Gilliam. 

"The  Yadkin,"  by  Beall. 

"Moral   Courage,"   by  Lewis. 

"The  Political  State  of  Europe,"  by  McNeill. 

"Government's  First  Duty  is  to  Its  Citizens,"  by  Slade. 

"Misguided  Genius,"  by  Bell. 

"Oliver  Cromwell,"   by  Wilson. 

"Mystery  Xo  Ground  for  Misbelief,"  by  Xewby. 

"Agriculture  Aided  by  Legislation,"  by  Smith. 

"Et  Brevi  Spatio,  Spem  Longam  Reseces,"  by  Dismukes. 

The  Baccalaureate  Sermon  was  by  one  of  the  graduates. 
Rev.  S.  Milton  Frost.  His  theme  was  Ambition,  as  illustrated 
by  the  career  of  Daniel.  It  was  handled  in  a  manner  fresh 
and  vigorous,  and  gained  for  him  a  marked  reputation  as  a 
pulpit  orator. 

Of  the  Freshman  Declaimers  O.  R.  Waddell  was  consid- 
ered the  best,  and  W.  H.  Hall,  J.  R.  Hogan,  Jesse  Averitt  and 
Peter  E.  Spruill  the  next.  Of  the  Sophomores  Joseph  A. 
Engelhard  carried  off  the  palm.  His  subject  was  the  Death 
of  Absalom. 

There  was  no  music  except  for  the  dancing  at  night,  fur- 
nished by  the  Ball  Managers,  it  being  the  custom  for  the  Mar- 
shals to  raise  the  money  to  pay  the  Commencement  band, 
who  played  in  the  intervals  of  the  speaking,  and  as  will  be 
seen  there  were  no  Marshals.  The  correspondent  also  noted 
that  there  was  no  unpleasant  ordering  of  visitors  from  one 
seat  to  another  as  he  had  seen  a  year  ago.  This  crticism  of 
the  Marshals  of  the  preceding  year  is  unjust.  Certain  seats 
had  been  reserved  for  the  Graduating  Class,  as  was  usual  and 
proper.     The   Marshals  insisted  that   the  arrangement  should 


63O  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

be  carried  out.  The  Seniors  could  not  do  honor  to  their  vale- 
dictorian, nor  march  up  to  receive  their  diplomas  "decently 
and  in  order"'  unless  they  sat  in  a  body.  Visitors  should  not 
be  willing  to  crowd  them  out.  The  Marshals  were  more  apt 
to  err  on  the  side  of  politeness  than  of  harshness.  They  greatly 
desired  a  large  attendance  of  happy  people. 

The  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Commo- 
dore Matthew  F.  Maury,  and  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  on  Rev. 
Alexander  Lacy  and  Rev.  Moses  A.  Curtis. 

The  matriculates  of  1852  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  Civil 
War  were :  William  Adams,  Captain ;  George  A.  Baxter,  Cap- 
tain;  Owen  X.  Brown,  Major;  Thomas  S.  Crump,  Private; 
Francis  D.  Foxhall,  Lieutenant;  Robert  E.  James,  Sergeant; 
Daniel  W.  Johnson,  Captain:  Daniel  McDougald,  Captain; 
Duncan  E.  McXair,  Captain;  Montford  S.  McRae,  Sergeant; 
E.  Graham  Morrow,  Lieutenant;  William  A.  Owens,  Colonel; 
Stark  A.  Sutton,  Captain :  James  X.  Turner,  Captain ;  Shubal 
G.  Worth,  Captain. 

At  this  Commencement  occurred  an  unpleasant  difficulty 
with  the  students.  At  the  instance  of  the  Faculty  the  Trustees 
passed  an  ordinance  that  no  one  should  represent  the  L'niver- 
sity  who  was  very  irregular  in  attention  to  his  duties.  L'nder 
this  the  Faculty  refused  to  allow  a  nominee  of  the  Chief  Mar- 
shal to  act  as  a  Sub-Marshal.  The  students  met  on  May  6th 
and  passed  intemperate  resolutions,  prefacing  them  with  a 
preamble  asserting  that  they  were  compelled  to  support  the 
expenses  of  Commencement:  should  therefore  have  the  ap- 
pointment of  the  officers.  The  resolutions  were:  First,  that 
the  Trustees  have  most  inconsiderately  made  the  office  of  the 
Marshal  and  subordinates  "dependent  on  the  mere  whims  and 
unjust  decisions  of  the  Faculty'';  second,  that  the  Faculty 
have  so  construed  the  law  regulating  the  standard  of  punctu- 
ality as  to  deprive  an  estimable  Sub-Marshal  of  his  rights ; 
third,  that  unless  this  prohibition  be  withdrawn  the  Chief  and 
other  marshals  should  refuse  to  act ;  fourth,  that  the  aggrieved 
students  refuse  to  submit  to  any  officers  not  chosen  by  them- 
selves ;  fifth,  that  these  resolutions  be  maintained  with  the 
most  unswerving  and   uncompromising  fidelity." 


THE   MARSHAL   DIFFICULTY.  63I 

The  only  students  who  opposed  in  full  these  fiery  and  un- 
fair utterances  were  A.  R.  Black,  Alexander  Mclver,  James 
Magnus  Spencer,  Peter  E.  Spruill,  and  Leonidas  Siler.  Three 
voted  for  all  except  the  first,  and  approved  of  that.  One  voted 
for  all  except  the  first ;  three  voted  for  only  the  third  and 
fourth;  eleven  refused  to  vote;  twenty- four  were  absent;  183 
supported  all  the  resolutions.  After  much  deliberation  and  con- 
sultation with  Professors,  Trustees,  parents  and  others,  there 
was  a  change  of  opinion.  On  the  21st  of  May  another  meeting 
was  held,  and  the  resolutions  were  unanimously  withdrawn. 
It  is  probable  that  the  students  were  persuaded  to  leave  the 
question  to  the  Board  of  Trustees.  The  Board  decided  in 
favor  of  the  Faculty  and  advised  the  Marshal,  Walker  Meares, 
to  appoint  another  assistant.  Declining  this,  he  resigned.  The 
vacancy  was  not  filled,  and  the  Commencement  exercises,  under 
the  guidance  of  Chief  Justice  Ruffin,  who  presided  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  Governor,  was  had  without  Marshals.  There 
was  a  distinct  air  of  gloom,  a  want  of  brightness  and  gaiety 
apparent,  but  the  proceedings  passed  off  without  a  jar.  It 
seemed  to  the  students  that  if  one  of  their  number  was 
deemed  worthy  to  retain  his  place  in  the  institution  he  should 
be  eligible  to  a  mere  ministerial  office  which  had  no  connection 
with  text  books  or  punctuality.  This  view  was  strengthened 
by  the  fact  that  the  young  man,  who  although  not  attentive  to 
prayers  and  recitations,  was  exceptionally  well  qualified  by 
intelligence  and  gentlemanly  manners  for  the  position  to  which 
he  had  been  appointed.  The  Faculty's  idea  was  to  stimulate 
to  good  behavior  by  such  discriminations.  They  certainly 
were  not  sustained  by  the  younger  part  of  the  community. 
The  Trustees  six  months  afterwards  perfunctorily  approved 
the  action  of  the  Faculty,  but  on  motion  of  Mr.  B.  F.  Moore, 
usually  a  strong  advocate  for  enforcing  obedience  to  law, 
repealed  this  regulation  and  left  the  appointment  of  Commence- 
ment officers  entirely  to  the  students.  The  evils  of  electioneer- 
ing by  candidates  for  the  Marshal's  place  proving  intolerable, 
in  1856  the  choice  was  taken  from  the  students  at  large  and 
given  to  the  Senior  Class,  none  but  a  Junior  to  be  eligible. 


632  the  university  of  north  carolina. 

University  Magazin e. 

In  this  year  (1852)  steps  were  taken  to  begin  the  publica- 
tion of  another  University  Magazine.  It  could  hardly  be 
called  the  renewal  of  the  old.  A  meeting  of  the  students  was 
called.  Jeremiah  J.  Slade,  of  Georgia,  moved  the  re-estab- 
lishment. The  motion  was  carried,  and  the  Senior  Class  was 
authorized  to  elect  the  first  editors.  Afterwards  this  elective 
function  was  devolved  on  the  Junior  Class  within  a  few  days  of 
Commencement.  The  prospectus  was  issued  in  December,  and 
the  first  number  appeared  in  February,  1852.  The  students 
took  much  interest  in  the  enterprise,  and  it  was  necessary  to 
reject  numerous  articles  offered.  The  first  editors  were  L.  F. 
Siler,  J.  J.  Slade,  and  Alexander  R.  Smith,  of  the  Dialectic, 
and  Wm.  D.  Barnes,  Thos.  B.  Burton,  Thomas  H.  Gilliam  of 
the  Philanthropic.  Zebulon  B.  Vance  was  an  editor  for  a  few 
months ;  resigned  when  he  procured  his  law  license. 

Wm.  D.  Cooke,  of  Raleigh,  was  the  publisher.  The  sub- 
scription price  was  two  dollars  per  annum  for  ten  numbers.  It 
was  promised  that  if  there  should  be  a  surplus  after  paying  the 
amount  promised  to  Cooke,  it  should  go  to  the  libraries,  but 
there  was  never  enough  to  buy  a  dime  spelling  book,  although 
the  books  showed  over  500  subscribers.  It  was  stated  that 
525  paying  subscribers  would  pay  expenses.  Of  course  many 
subscribers  neglected  to  pay.  It  was  estimated  that  by  1856 
$5,000  promised  was  uncollected — a  manifest  exaggeration. 
Considerable  cash  was  collected,  and  beyond  question  the 
editors  properly  applied  the  moneys  paid  them.  Cooke  became 
clamorous  for  his  compensation,  and  by  way  of  compromise  the 
subscription  books  were  turned  over  to  him.  A  new  publisher, 
James  M.  Henderson,  was  found,  editor  of  the  Chapel  Hill  Ga- 
zette, an  ephemeral  weekly.  He  was  succeeded  by  John  B. 
Neathery,  both  of  whom  demanded  their  pay  in  advance.  There 
was  constant  trouble  on  this  score.  In  1859  the  two  Societies 
came  to  the  relief  of  the  struggling  managers  by  agreeing  to 
make  up  the  deficiencies.  The  magazine  was  then  prosperous 
until  June.  1861.  After  this  date  few  young  men  of  the 
South  were  found  in  the  college  walls.  During  i86o-'6i  there 
were     376     matriculations   into   the   University.      About   one- 


View  Taken   1852 — Showing  Old  Belfry. 


South  Building. 


THE  UNIVERSITY   MAGAZINE.  633 

fourth  returned,  and  the  number  every  year  diminished.     There 
was  retrenchment  everywhere.     The  magazine  died. 

The  University  Magazine  of  i852-'6l  contained  many  arti- 
cles of  real  historical  value,  and  is  now  much  sought  after  by 
students  of  North  Carolina  History.  The  principal  authors 
were  President  D.  L.  Swain,  Archibald  M.  Hooper,  Gen. 
Joseph  Graham,  Archibald  M.  Murphey,  Rev.  Dr.  Hubbard. 
In  some  instances  President  Swain  turned  over  his  material 
to  an  editor,  especially  L.  P.  Siler,  and  the  authorship  was 
attributed  to  him.  Among  the  most  valuable  of  these  articles 
I  enumerate :  "Closing  Scenes  of  the  Revolution  in  North  Caro- 
lina," by  Gen.  Joseph  Graham;  "First  Symptoms  of  Independ- 
ence in  North  Carolina,"  by  Siler;  "Sketch  of  the  Indian  War 
of  1776."  by  Siler;  "Civil  War  of  i78i-'2;  Colonel  David 
Fanning,"  probably  by  Doctor  Hubbard ;  "Memoirs  of 
General  Howe,"  by  A.  M.  Hooper ;  "Revolutionary  Ser- 
vices of  General  Joseph  Graham,"  by  Murphey;  "Life 
and  Letters  of  General  Caswell,"  by  Doctor  Hubbard ; 
"Memoir  of  Governor  Abner  Nash" ;  Memoir  of  Governor 
Thomas  Burke";  Carolina  in  1710,"  by  a  Swiss  Gentle- 
man; "Revolutionary  History  of  North  Carolina,"  by  Gen. 
Joseph  Graham;  "Many  Issues";  "Historical  Addresses  of 
Bishops  Atkinson  and  Ives,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  M.  Atkin- 
son; "Indian  Nations — War  of  1755-62,"  by  Judge  Murphey; 
"Tory  Massacre";  "Pyle's  Defeat";  "Fan  for  Fanning"; 
"War  of  the  Regulation,"  by  President  Swain,  many  num- 
bers; "Life  and  Letters  of  Cornelius  Harnett,"  by  Presi- 
dent Swain ;  "Life  and  Letters  of  Whitmill  Hill,"  by  President 
Swain  ;  "Character  of  the  Early  Governors  of  North  Carolina," 
by  Col.  John  H.  Wheeler;  "British  Invasion  of  1776,"  by  Presi- 
dent Swain;  "Dr.  Mitchell  and  the  Mountains  of  Yancey,"  by 
Dr.  C.  Phillips;  "Life  of  Judge  Iredell,"  Anonymous;  "Life 
of  Samuel  Johnson"  ;  "Judge  Gaston,"  by  Judge  Battle  and  Col. 
R.  B.  Creecy  ;  "Memoir  of  Col.  Edward  Jones,"  by  Dr.  Win. 
Hooper;  "Revolutionary  Experiences  of  Hugh  McDonald"; 
Memoir  of  Chief  Justice  Nash,"  by  Hon.  John  H.  Bryan  ;  "Me- 
moir of  Chief  Justice  Henderson,"  by  Judge  Battle;  "Memoir 
of  James  C.  Dobbin,"  by  James  Banks;  "Memoir  of  Chief  Jus- 
tice Taylor,"  by  Judge  Battle;  Commentary  1857-8,  Henry  T. 


634  TH3  university  of  north  Carolina. 

Brown,  Edward  S.  Bell,  Wm.  M.  Coleman,  Wm.  C.  Lord, 
Thomas  W.  Mason,  Joshua  W.  Wright;  1858-9,  Richard  C. 
Badger,  S.  L.  Johnston,  R.  F.  Hamlin,  Charles  W.  McClammy, 
George  B.  Johnson,  Ro.  F.  Hamlin,  Francis  S.  Stockton; 
1859-60,  George  P.  Bryan,  Wm.  J.  Readen,  Wm.  T.  Richard- 
son, Vernon  H.  Vaughan,  Samuel  P.  Wier,  George  S.  Wil- 
son; "On  the  Natural  History  in  Hawks'  History  of  North 
Carolina" ;  "Memoir  of  Judge  John  Hall,"  by  Wm.  Eaton,  Jr., 
Esq.;  "Fifty  Years  Since,"  by  Dr.  Wm.  Hooper;  "Memoir  of 
Johnston  Blakely,"  by  Joseph  Johnson,  M.D. ;  "Memoir  of  Gen. 
John  Ashe,"  by  A.  M.  Hooper;  "Retreat  of  Gen.  Howe  from 
Savannah,"  by  A.  M.  Hooper;  "Sketch  of  Judge  Murphey." 
Some  of  the  editors  pursued  the  modest  policy  of  those  of 
1844,  and  did  not  disclose  their  names.  Others  gave  them  at 
the  end  of  the  volume  in  their  letter  of  farewell.  I  give  those 
which  I  have  been  able  to  discover:  1852-3,  Vine  A.  Allen, 
J.  Irving  Scales,  James  Mangum  Spencer,  George  M.  White, 
Alexander  R.  Black,  and  James  Woods ;  Zebulon  B.  Vance  was 
elected  to  supply  a  vacancy;  1853-4,  Joseph  A.  Engelhard, 
Leonidas  J.  Merritt,  J.  J.  C.  Moore,  Wm.  C.  Nichols,  Wm.  H. 
Spencer,  Wm.  L.  Scott;  Joseph  M.  Bell  supplied  a  vacancy; 
1855-6,  Henry  R.  Bryan,  Clement  Dowd,  J.  B.  Killebrew, 
Daniel  W.  Johnson,  A.  Haywood  Herritt,  Coleman  Sessions. 

Commencement  of  1853. 

In  1853  the  books  of  the  University  were  removed  from 
their  dusty  shelves  in  the  President's  lecture-room  in  the  South 
Building  to  Smith  Hall.  Messrs.  Hubbard,  Charles  Phillips 
and  the  Librarian  were  appointed  to  prepare  a  catalogue  for 
the  same,  which  I  think  was  never  done.  Here  they  rested 
until  they  were  stored  in  a  room  in  the  East  Building  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war. 

The  Commencement  of  1853  was  called  the  Hawks'  Com- 
mencement because  of  the  conspicuous  part  taken  in  it  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  of  New  York,  a  graduate  of  181 5. 
On  Monday  night  he  preached  the  sermon  to  the  Graduating 
Class,  which  was  pronounced  to  be  able  and  eloquent,  and  par- 
ticularly impressive  on  account  of  his  wonderful  voice  and 
oratorical  grace. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1853.  635 

His  subsequent  address  before  the  Historical  Society,  a  vin- 
dication of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  was  a  remarkable  triumph  of 
oratory.  The  reporter  to  the  newspaper  said  truly  that  there 
was  no  passion  in  the  breast,  to  which  the  various  arts  of  ora- 
tory can  appeal,  that  was  not  fully  aroused. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Alumni  twenty  new  members  were 
added. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Hawks,  the  Executive  Committee  were 
instructed  to  report  at  the  next  meeting  a  plan  for  offering 
and  awarding  prizes  on  literary  and  scientific  subjects  to  the 
undergraduates  of  the  University. 

The  Association  in  reply  to  a  letter  from  the  editors  of  the 
University  Magazine,  apprised  them  of  its  interest  in  the  enter- 
prise and  of  the  steps  already  taken  likely  to  render  them  mate- 
rial aid.  What  these  steps  were  is  not  explained,  but  the 
resolution  of  Dr.  Hawks  was  probably  meant. 

Obituaries  of  the  recent  dead.  Thomas  L.  Avery,  1841 ;  Reu- 
ben C.  Shorter,  1844,  and  John  K.  Strange,   1848,  were  read. 

Dr.  James  H.  Dickson,  of  the  Class  of  1823,  escorted  by 
three  of  his  classmates,  Judge  Richmond  M.  Pearson,  A.  M. 
Scales,  and  Dr.  James  A.  Washington,  delivered  the  annual  &.?• 
address.  It  was  pronounced  to  be  able,  learned  and  interesting, 
and  a  copy  was  requested  for  publication  on  motion  of  Presi- 
dent Swain,  seconded  warmly  by  Dr.  Hawks. 

The  Freshmen  Declaimers  for  1853  were  A.  Haywood  Mer- 
ritt,  William  Johnston  Saunders,  David  T.  Oates,  E.  Graham 
Morrow,  Joseph  W.  Stevenson,  John  C.  Crawford,  Owen  N. 
Brown,  Thomas  L.  Cowper,  John  B.  Yarborough,  Jerome  J. 
Hadley.  On  Tuesday  night,  on  the  part  of  the  Sophomore 
Class,  appeared  Henry  W.  McMillan,  John  M.  Puttick,  Charl- 
ton Yellowley,  James  H.  Colton,  William  H.  Hall,  Alexander 
D.  Betts,  Nathaniel  A.  Boyden,  Robert  E.  James,  Peter  E. 
Spruill,  John  R.  Hogan. 

Of  the  Freshmen,  Oates,  Crawford,  Brown,  Cowper,  Yar- 
borough, Hadley,  left  before  graduation.  All  the  Sophomores 
received  their  diplomas.  Brown  became  a  Major  C.  S.  A.,  and 
was  killed  in  battle;  Cowper  died  the  year  of  his  appearance 
on  the  stage;  Yarborough  was  a  Confederate  soldier  and  then 
merchant. 

• 
cJ+tnl     .      (1'.'     P  .  Mm  ~L±Paa.         A     Ti^*A         ^t*^ 


636  THE  UNIVERSITY  OP  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  literary  critic  of  the  exercises  was  horrified  at  the 
length  of  the  extracts  declaimed  by  the  competitors,  averaging, 
he  said,  fourteen  minutes.  He  thought  that  Peter  £.  Spruill 
was  the  best  of  the  Sophomores,  and  that  E.  Graham  Morrow 
and  Owen  N.  Brown  the  best  of  the  Freshmen. 

The  Marshals  won  praise  by  their  masterly  performance  of 
duty.  Directed  by  the  Ball  Managers,  the  dancing  was  abund- 
ant and  orderly,  the  music  excellent ;  the  speeches  of  the  Sen- 
iors, and  Declamations  of  the  competitors  very  respectable,  and 
the  addresses  by  the  eminent  orators  beyond  all  praise. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  (LL.D.)  was  con- 
ferred upon  Judges  Walker  Anderson,  Frederick  Nash,  Rich- 
mond M.  Pearson,  and  William  H.  Battle,  the  first  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Florida,  the  others  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  North  Carolina.  The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was 
given  to  Rev.  Joseph  Cross,  a  prominent  Methodist  minister 
and  author  of  sacred  books ;  Rev.  Cyrus  Johnston,  a  Presby- 
terian divine,  and  Bishop  Thomas  F.  Davis,  of  South  Carolina, 
a  graduate  of  1822. 

The  first  distinction  in  the  Senior  class  of  sixty  members,  the 
largest  to  date,  was  awarded  to  Archibald  R.  Black,  Alexander 
W.  Lawrence,  Alexander  Mclver,  Alfred  G.  Merritt,  John  L. 
Morehead,  James  M.  Spencer,  and  George  M.  White. 

The  second  to  Vine  A.  Allen,  Robert  A.  Chambers,  Benjamin 
T.  Green,  Cyrus  Harrington,  Hugh  G.  Livingston,  Solomon 
Pool.  Wm.  H.  Powell,  James  Woods,  and  David  G.  Worth. 

The  third  to  William  H.  Battle,  Jr.,  James  M.  Bullock, 
Thomas  T.  Dismukes,  Thomas  C.  Ferebee,  Wm.  W.  Peebles, 
N.  Eldridge  Scales,  Junius  Irving  Scales. 

The  next  best  scholars  were  Du  Brutz  Cutlar,  John  C.  Stick- 
ney,  John  T.  Taylor,  Daniel  McN.  McKay,  John  A.  McKay. 
Bullock,  Ferebee,  D.  McN.  McKay  and  V.  E.  Scales  never 
missed  a  duty  in  four  years,  4,800  attendances. 

I  give  a  succinct  history  of  the  chief  honor  men,  so  far  as 
I  have  traced  them.  Black  was  a  good  teacher  and  Sheriff 
of  Pender ;  Lawrence  Assistant  in  the  National  Observatory, 
came  South,  and  was  a  Confederate  Captain ;  Mclver,  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics  at  Davidson  College  and   (1869-70)   of 


COMMENCEMENT   OF    1853.  637 

the  University,  then  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion ;  Merritt  was  in  the  Confederate  service,  then  a  Judge  in 
Tennessee ;  M orehead  a  wealthy  capitalist,  and  director  of 
railroads ;  Spencer  a  lawyer  of  great  promise,  but  died  early ; 
White  a  lawyer,  also  died  earl}-. 

Of  the  others  Pool  was  Adjunct  Professor  of  Mathematics 
in  the  University,  and  President  thereof  1869- 1874,  also  a 
Methodist  minister ;  Worth,  a  prosperous  commission  mer- 
chant, and  a  liberal  donor  to  the  University ;  Junius  I.  Scales, 
a  Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  a  leader  of  the  bar  and  the  General  Assem- 
bly ;  John  W.  Moore,  author  of  a  two-volume  history  of  North 
Carolina ;  Shorter,  Chairman  of  the  Railroad  Commission  of 
Alabama ;  John  D.  Taylor,  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  Col- 
onel, losing  an  arm  in  battle,  and  now  Superior  Court  Clerk ; 
Woods  was  of  brilliant  parts,  but  cut  off  in  early  youth. 

Among  the  matriculates  not  graduating  was  Alfred  Moore 
Waddell,  a  Lieutenant-Colonel,  a  Representative  in  Congress, 
Mayor  of  Wilmington,  author  of  "A  Colonial  Officer,"  and 
many  other  historical  nionographs,  and  a  polished  orator.  Jun- 
ius B.  Wheeler  entered  at  West  Point,  where  he  graduated, 
became  a  Major  LT.  S.  A.,  and  Professor  of  Engineering  in  the 
U.  S.  Military  Academy ;  Thomas  M.  Holt,  a  large  manu- 
facturer, Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  Lieutenant 
Governor,  and  then  Governor  of  the  State ;  John  H.  Morehead, 
Colonel,  killed  at  Gettysburg ;  Frederick  X.  Strudwick,  State 
Solicitor  and  Presidential  Elector ;  William  Strudwick.  an 
eminent  physician. 

Tie  matriculates  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  Civil  War  were  : 
John  Anthony,  Corporal ;  Thomas  O.  Closs,  Captain :  Andrew 
J.  Flanner,  Private ;  Hugh  W.  Gardner,  Private ;  James  W. 
Home,  Sergeant ;  Thomas  R.  Long,  Private ;  Wm.  A.  Lord, 
Private;  John  W.  Mayfield,  Lieutenant;  George  T.  Morgan, 
Private;  Henry  Mullins,  Captain;  John  D.  Rankin,  Sergeant; 
Edwin  S.  Sanders,  Captain  ;  William  E.  Wilson,  Private. 

The  P>all  Managers  directed  the  dances  and  provided  for 
the  supper  with  all  possible  grace  and  efficiency.  Their  names 
were  E.  H.  Davis,  Chief,  and  W.  C.  Nichols,  C.  W.  Phifer, 
J.  W.   Sanford,  R.  M.   Sloan,  and  W.  H.   Spencer. 


638  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

In  1853  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Charles  Manly,  made 
to  the  Board  a  history  of  his  office.  The  first  Treasurer,  he 
said,  was  Walter  Alves,  son  of  James  Hogg,  one  of  the  earliest 
Trustees,  and  himself  a  Trustee.  Then  came  Robert  Williams, 
a  Brigadier-General  of  militia,  succeeded  by  himself,  who  held 
the  office  for  forty-four  years.  For  sixty-four  years  Daniel 
Dupree,  the  Clerk  of  the  State  Bank,  had  posted  the  books  in 
journal  and  ledger,  being  paid  by  the  Treasurer. 

Governor  Manly  was  slightly  mistaken  in  his  list  of  Treas- 
urers. John  Craven  preceded,  and  Galvin  Alves  succeeded 
Walter  Alves. 

In  1854  President  Swain  delivered  before  the  General  As- 
sembly an  address  on  the  history  and  work  of  the  University. 
It  was  thought  to  be  so  able  that  one  thousand  copies  were 
printed  by  the  Faculty   for  distribution. 

Applicants  for  admission  into  the  Freshman  Class  were 
required  to  stand  examination  through  equations  of  the  second 
degree  in  Algebra.  To  insure  thorough  instruction  the  two 
As  Gerrard  Hall  could  not  be  heated,  there  was  shivering 
to  each. 

The  graduates  of  Yale  College  of  1813  held  a  reunion  on 
their  40th  anniversary.  Dr.  Mitchell  applied  for  and  obtained 
permission  to  meet  his  classmates. 

Commencement  oe  1854. 

The  Commencement  of  1854  was  afflicted  by  rain  and  cold, 
so  that  fires  were  necessary.  Ladies  with  thin  and  low-necked 
dresses  suffered  severely.  There  was  no  moonlight  rambling. 
As  Gerrard  Hall  could  not  be  heated,  there  was  shivering 
discomfort  among  old  and  young,  small  and  great. 

The  journalistic  critic  reported  that  the  extracts  chosen  by 
the  Declaimers  of  the  Freshman  and  Sophomore  Classes  were 
too  tame  and  too  long.  If  a  good  thing  cannot  be  said  in  five 
minutes  it  cannot  be  in  five  years.  The  same  is  true  in  regard 
to  the  original   addresses   of  the   Seniors. 

The  Declaimers  were  as  follows : 

Sophomores — William  Bingham,  Henry  R.  Bryan,  William 
H.  Burwell,  Clement  Dowd,   Solomon  P.   Green,  Daniel  W. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF    1 854.  639 

Johnson,  A.  Haywood  Merritt,  E.  Graham  Morrow,  Joseph 
W.  Stephenson,  Stuart  White. 

Freshmen — John  Anthony,  Andrew  J.  Manner,  George 
H.  Gregory,  Wm.  H.  Hayley,  Wm.  H.  Jordan,  Henry  Mullins, 
Henry  C.  Thompson,  John  H.  Tillingshast,  Nathan  P.  Ward, 
John  E.  Wharton. 

One  correspondent  gave  special  praise  to  Gregory,  Hayley, 
and  Tillinghast ;  another  to  Bingham,  Johnson,  Saunders,  and 
White. 

All  these  speakers  remained  until  they  received  their  diplo- 
mas, except  Tillinghast.  He  was  Chaplain  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  and  is  an  Episcopal  minister. 

On  Tuesday  there  was  an  examination  of  the  Senior  Class 
in  Constitutional  and  International  Law.  The  sermon  before 
the  Graduating  Class  was  delivered  by  Rev.  Thomas  G.  Lowe, 
of  the  Methodist  Church.  There  was  disappointment  that  the 
preacher  did  not  indulge  in  the  impassioned  flights  of  elo- 
quence for  which  he  had  high  reputation,  but  the  discourse 
was  full  of  religious  fervor  and  sound  instruction. 

The  Literary  Address  was  by  ex-Governor  Aaron  V.  Brown, 
of  Tennessee,  of  the  Class  of  1814,  once  Representative  in 
Congress,  and  soon  to  be  Postmaster-General.  His  theme,  En- 
couragement to  Students  from  the  Future  Prospects  of  our 
Country,  was  ably  handled. 

There  were  before  him  ex-Governors  Branch,  Swain,  More- 
head,  Graham,  Manly,  and  Reid. 

As  they  had  been  accustomed  for  several  years,  the  Alumni 
then  formed  in  the  order  of  their  classes  in  order  to  march  to 
Smith  Hall,  their  place  of  meeting.  It  was  stated  that  one  of 
the  Class  of  1799,  Dr.  W.  S.  Webb,  and  one,  a  citizen  of 
Texas,  of  the  Class  of  1800,  Dr.  Thomas  Hunt,  still  lived, 
but  were  not  present.  Ex-Governor  Branch  answered  for  that 
of  1 801.  Of  the  seven  ex-Governors  present,  two  were  or 
had  been  Federal  Senators  and  Secretaries  of  the  Navy;  two 
had  been  Ministers  to  Spain,  and  two  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  There  was  no  public  speaking  on  behalf  of  the  Alumni, 
no  graduate  of  the  Class  of  1824  having  been  secured,  accord- 
ing to  the  thirty  years  rule  prescribed  by  the  Association. 

Among  the  sixty  members  of  the  Senior  Class  of  1854,  the 


640  the;  university  op  north  Carolina. 

first  honor  was  awarded  to  Wm.  L.  Alexander,  William  Bad- 
ham,  Jr.,  Richard  H.  Battle,  Jr.,  John  W.  Graves,  Samuel  S. 
Jackson,  Jr.,  Wm.  LaFayette  Scott,  and  Wm.  R.  Wetmore. 

The  second  to  John  H.  M.  Bullock,  John  M.  Gallaway,  Rob- 
ert B.  Johnston,  Willam  S.  Long,  Leonidas  J.  Merritt,  Oscar 
R.  Rand,  David  G.  Robeson,  John  K.  Ruffin,  Enoch  J.  Vann, 
and  James  A.  Wright. 

The  third  honor  to  Richard  Bradford,  Joseph  A.  Engelhard, 
John  M.  Morrison,  William  Lawrence  Saunders,  John  D. 
Shaw,  Wm.  H.  Spencer,  Bryan  Whitfield,  and  Theodore 
Whitfield. 

John  M.  Andrews,  Richard  H.  Battle,  John  W.  Graves  and 
Wm.  L.  Scott  were  reported  as  having  been  perfectly  punc- 
tual for  four  years. 

As  the  honor  men  numbered  twenty-five,  it  was  resolved 
to  limit  the  number  of  speeches  on  Commencement  Day  to 
twenty.  The  Valedictory  and  Latin  Salutatory  were  as  usual 
drawn  for  by  the  first  honor  men. 

The  programme  was  as   follows : 

The  Salutatory,  Wm.  Badham. 

"Greeting  to  Our  Friends,"  John  D.    Shaw. 

"Science  in  the  Bible,"  James  Mangus  Spencer. 

"Young  America,"  John  M.  Gallaway. 

"Why  Love  Turk  and  Hate  Russia?"  Enoch  J.  Yann. 

"The  Scale  of  Being,"  Samuel  S.  Jackson,  Jr. 

"Distribution  of  the  Bible,"  Theodore  Whitfield. 

"The  Future,"  James  A.  Wright. 

"Denominational  Education,"  Leonidas  J.  Merritt. 

"English  Liberty,"   Oscar  R.   Rand. 

"Farming  Interest  in  North  Carolina,"  Robert  B.  Johnston. 

"LaFayette"    (in  French),  W.   R.  Wetmore. 

"To  Prepon"    (in  Greek),  John  W.  Graves. 

"Practical  Benefits  Conferred  by  Astronomy,"  Richard  H. 
Battle. 

"Legislative  Aid  to  University  of  North  Carolina,"  Wm.  L. 
Alexander. 

"Where  Are  We?"  Joseph  Engelhard. 

The  Valedictory,  Wm.  L.   Scott. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1854.  64I 

The  correspondent  reported  that  the  orations  of  Battle,  Jack- 
son, Johnston,  Merritt,  and  Whitfield  were  received  with 
marked  commendation. 

Of  the  first  honor  men  Alexander,  Badham  and  Graves  be- 
came lawyers  and  Captains  C.  S.  A.,  Alexander  dying  of 
wounds  received  in  service. 

Scott,  likewise  a  lawyer,  was  Lieutenant-Colonel ;  Battle, 
after  being  Tutor  in  the  University,  served  as  Lieutenant  and 
Quartermaster  in  the  Confederate  Army,  with  the  rank  of 
Captain,  was  State  Auditor,  and  for  years,  having  refused  a 
Judgeship,  has  been  among  the  leaders  of  the  Raleigh  bar; 
Jackson  was  a  Tutor  in  the  University  and  an  able  lawyer; 
Wetmore  a  devoted  and  useful  minister  of  the  Episcopal 
Church,  a  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Of  the  others,  Gallaway  was  in  the  Legislature  of  Tennessee 
and  North  Carolina,  a  Colonel  of  Cavalry,  and  is  a  farmer  and 
Bank  President;  Vann  a  Judge  in  Florida;  Engelhard  a  law- 
yer, journalist,  Adjutant  of  Brigade,  with  rank  of  Major,  and 
Secretary  of  State ;  William  L.  Saunders  a  lawyer,  Editor  of 
the  Colonial  Records,  and  author  of  Prefatory  Notes  to  each 
volume;  Theodore  Whitfield  a  Doctor  of  Divinity  in  the  Bap- 
tist Church. 

Of  those  receiving  no  honors  Needham  B.  Cobb  was  a 
Doctor  of  Divinity  in  the  Baptist  Church;  William  C.  Nichols 
a  Surgeon,  Editor  and  City  Physician  of  New  Orleans ;  Phifer 
in  the  United  States  Army,  and  then  a  Brigadier-General  in 
the  Confederate  Army. 

The  Confederate  dead  roll  of  the  matriculates  was  as  fol- 
lows: Robert  L.  Allen,  Private;  John  W.  Ballard,  Captain; 
Jesse  S.  Barnes,  Captain ;  Edward  S.  J.  Bell,  Lieutenant ;  Hugh 
T.  Brown,  Captain ;  Thomas  Cowan,  Jr.,  Captain ;  John  L. 
Fuller,  Private;  William  H.  Gibson,  Lieutenant;  Frederick 
H.  Jenkins,  Captain ;  James  B.  Jordan,  Private ;  William  C. 
Lord,  Captain ;  William  B.  McKinnon,  Private ;  Julius  A. 
Robbins,  Captain;  William  H.  Whitaker,  Private;  David 
J.  Young,  Private. 

In   December,   1854,  the  North  Carolina  Railroad  was  fin- 
ished to  Durham,  then  and  for  some  time  afterwards  called 
"Durham's  Station."     The  authorities  of  the  road  gave  a  free 
41 


642  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

ride  to  the  members  of  the  Legislature  and  their  friends.  By 
the  kindness  of  Hon.  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  a  Commoner  from 
Orange,  I  was  of  the  company.  There  was  only  one  residence 
in  the  place,  that  of  Dr.  Bart.  A.  Durham,  once  a  member 
of  the  Legislature.  Such  was  the  abundance  of  game  in  that 
day  that  the  breakfast  table  had  enough  and  to  spare  of  hot 
broiled  partridges  for  the  goodly  number  present. 

There  was  no  speaking  or  other  ceremony,  but  the  Legisla- 
tors present  had  pleasant  converse  for  awhile  with  the  neigh- 
bors, and  then  the  major  part  took  stages  and  journeyed  west- 
ward to  their  homes.  There  being  no  conveyance  to  Chapel 
Hill,  my  journey  was  on  foot,  three  hours  for  the  twelve  miles. 
From  that  day  until  the  completion  of  the  branch  railroad  in 
1882,  the  Chapel  Hill  and  Durham  two-horse  line  superseded 
the  four-horse  stage  line  to  Raleigh.  Dr.  Durham's  planta- 
tion is  the  growing  city  of  Durham. 

In  pursuance  of  a  resolution  of  the  Board  adopted  in  1852, 
on  the  first  of  January,  1854,  began  the  School  for  the  Appli- 
cation of  Science  to  the  Arts.  The  instructions  were  intended 
to  prepare  for  professional  life,  Engineers,  Artisans,  Chem- 
ists, Farmers,  Miners  and  Physicians.  While  the  students  had 
opportunities  given  for  practical  work,  the  chief  attention  was 
given  to  the  study  of  the  theories,  which  Science  presents  as 
applicable  to  the  Arts. 

Candidates  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  could  sub- 
stitute Civil  Engineering  or  Agricultural  Chemistry  for  the 
Ancient  and  Modern  Languages,  or  for  International  and  Con- 
stitutional Law,  during  the  second  term  of  the  Senior  year. 
They  could  get  the  diploma  of  A.B.  with  the  other  graduates, 
and  in  one  year  more,  exclusively  devoted  to  the  new  depart- 
ment, obtahi  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  Those  who  were 
connected  with  the  University  only  as  pupils  of  this  school  as 
a  rule  completed  their  course  in  two  and  one-half  years,  and 
obtained  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  (B.S.)  They 
wrere  subject  to  all  the  rules  as  to  attendance  on  Public  Wor- 
ship, Prayers,  Recitations  and  discipline,  to  the  same  extent 
as  other  students. 

The  new  school  was  divided  into  the  Departments  of  Civil 


TWO  NEW  SCHOOLS  643 

Engineering,  and  that  for  the  application  of  Chemistry  to  Agri- 
culture and  the  Arts.  Those  entering  the  Engineering  De- 
partment were  expected  to  have  a  fair  familiarity  with  Algebra 
and  Geometry,  and  with  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry, 
together  with  its  applications.  Church's  Analytical  Geometry, 
Church's  Calculus,  Davies'  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Davies' 
Shades  and  Shadows  were  studied  the  first  year.  In  the  second, 
Smith's  Mechanics  and  Engineering,  Mahan's  Civil  Engineer- 
ing, Gillespie's  Roads  and  Railroads.  Troutwine,  Borden,  Long, 
etc.,  on  Geodesy  and  Earth  Works.  In  the  third  year  atten- 
tion was  given  to  the  application  of  Science  to  various  con- 
structive Arts  and  reviews  of  previous  studies.  Mechanical, 
Topographical  and  Architectural  Drawing,  plain  and  isometri- 
cal,  were  taught  throughout  the  course,  and  also  the  theories 
of  the  construction  and  adjustment  of  instruments,  together 
with  their  use  in  the  field.  Besides  the  foregoing,  the  pupils 
pursued  such  work  in  Chemistry  and  in  the  Academic  De- 
partment as  was  necessary  to  the  ends  they  had  in  view. 

Rev.  Charles  Phillips,  who  had  distinguished  himself  as 
Tutor  of  Mathematics,  was  elected  Professor  of  Civil  Engi- 
neering, and  was  given  a  year  for  special  study.  He  selected 
Harvard  University. 

In  the  Department  of  the  application  of  Chemistry  to  Agri- 
culture and  the  Arts,  students  were  promised  instruction  in 
Analytical  Chemistry  and  its  application  to  the  analysis  of 
soils,  manures  and  mineral  waters,  the  assaying  of  ores  and 
minerals,  the  testing  of  drugs  and  medicines.  A  laboratory 
was  fitted  up  in  the  basement  of  Smith  Hall,  and  was  open 
every  day  in  the  week.  Recitations  and  Lectures  on  the  Chem- 
istry of  Agriculture  were  given.  The  text-books  for  reading 
and  reference  were  Noad's  Chemical  Analysis,  Rose's  Analy- 
tical Chemistry,  Regnault's  Chemistry,  Johnson's  x\gricultu- 
ral  Chemistry,  Stockhardt's  Field  Lectures,  Plattner's  Testing 
with  the   Blowpipe,   Bowman's   Medical  Chemistry. 

Benjamin  Sherwood  Hedrick,  a  first  honor  graduate  of  the 
Class  of  1 85 1,  and  one  of  the  ablest  mathematicians  the  Uni- 
versity has  had,  who  had  pursued  his  studies  in  Chemistry  in 
the  laboratory  of  Harvard  University,  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  this  new  department. 


644  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

The  names  of  the  students  under  Professor  Phillips  and 
Hedrick  were  not  printed  until  1856.  In  that  year  they  were 
forty-four  in  number;  in  1857  sixty-nine,  and  so  on,  most  of 
them  already  students  of  the  University,  candidates  for 
Bachelor  of  Arts. 

A  native  Frenchman,  Henri  Herrisse,  a  scholarly  young 
man,  was  appointed  Instructor  in  French.  Solomon  Pool, 
A.B.,  1853,  was  added  as  Tutor  of  Mathematics,  and  Joseph 
B.  Lucas,  of  the  Class  of  1849,  as  Tutor  of  Ancient  Languages. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  John  Ran- 
dolph Clay,  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  on 
Rev.  Eli  W.  Caruthers  and  Rev.  Aldert  Smedes,  both  of  North 
Carolina.  Clay  was  Secretary  of  Legation  at  Vienna,  then 
Charge  d'Affaires  to  Russia,  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Peru.  Smedes  was  Principal  of  the  flourishing  St.  Mary's 
School  at  Raleigh,  and  Caruthers  Presbyterian  minister  in  Ala- 
mance, and  author  of  two  volumes  of  Revolutionary  History. 

Increase  oe  Numbers — Laws  Revised. 

The  number  of  students  increased  rapidly  after  the  middle 
of  the  century  for  several  reasons :  the  increase  of  prosperity 
of  the  cotton-growing  States,  the  extension  of  railroads,  the 
want  of  public  confidence  in  colleges  South  of  our  State. 
Moreover  many  planters  who  had  left  our  State  for  the  cheaper 
and  richer  lands  of  the  Gulf  States  had  a  natural  desire  that 
their  sons  should  finish  their  education  in  the  State  of  their 
old  home.  The  following  figures  show  the  extent  of  the 
movement:  The  matriculates  for  the  ten  years  1840  to  1850 
were  1,602,  averaging  160  per  annum.  From  1850  to  i860 
they  were  3,480,  averaging  348  per  annum ;  for  the  five  years 
1850  to  1855  the  number  was  1,344,  or  269  per  annum;  for 
the  five  years  1855  to  i860  it  was  2,736,  averaging  427.  To 
form  some  idea  of  the  patronage  from  other  States,  I  take  at 
random  the  year  of  the  largest  attendance.  There  were  460, 
including  four  law  students  not  counted  in  the  catalogue.  Of 
these  282  were  from  North  Carolina,  leaving  178  from  other 
States,  over  one-third  of  the  whole.     Tennessee  furnished  the 


PUBLIC   LAWS    REVISED.  645 

largest  number,  39.  Then  came  Louisiana,  Mississippi  and 
Alabama  with  28,  26  and  21,  respectively.  South  Carolina 
and  Texas  furnished  15,  Georgia  14,  Virginia  only  eight. 
There  were  four  each  from  Kentucky  and  Florida,  two  from 
Arkansas  and  one  each  from  Xew  York  and  Iowa.  Contrast 
this  with  620  in  the  catalogue  of  1903-4,  of  whom  565  are 
from  North  Carolina,  only  55  are  from  beyond  our  limits, 
about  one  in  eleven.  Tennessee  now  sends  not  one,  nor  do 
Alabama  or  Mississippi.  Louisiana  has  only  two,  South  Caro- 
lina has  17,  but  Texas  only  one.  Most  of  the  Southern  States 
have  universities  and  colleges  satisfactory  to  themselves. 

The  continued  increase  in  the  number  of  students  necessi- 
tated new  buildings  for  dormitories,  lecture  rooms,  and  for 
halls  for  the  two  Societies.  In  1856  a  plan  of  extending  the 
Old  East  and  West  Buildings  was  adopted,  but  this  was 
abandoned. 

The  Revised  Code  of  1855  strengthened  the  acts  of  1824 
and  1827,  in  regard  to  the  University,  the  substance  of  them 
being  as  follows : 

License  to  retail  spirituous  or  vinous  liquors  within  two 
miles  of  Chapel  Hill  was  prohibited.  This  limit  extended 
nearly  three  miles  from  the  dormitories.  It  is  now  four  miles 
from  the  town  limits.  The  prohibition  applies  to  the  selling 
by  the  drink  or  measure  less  than  a  quart. 

The  second  section  forbids  within  two  miles  all  houses  for 
the  sale  in  any  quantity  of  spirituous,  vinous  or  malt  liquors. 

The  third  section  forbids  the  selling  or  giving  to  any  stu- 
dent or  other  person  any  cordial,  wine,  spirituous  or  malt 
liquor,  with  the  intent  that  the  same  shall  be  used  within  two 
miles  of  Chapel  Hill. 

The  fourth  prohibits  electioneering  treats  within  said 
limits. 

By  the  fifth  section  public  billiard  tables  or  other  public  tables 
for  playing  games  of  chance  or  skill  are  forbidden  within  five 
miles  of  Chapel  Hill.  By  the  sixth  are  forbidden  within  the 
same  limits  theatricals,  sleight  of  hand  or  equestrian  per- 
formances, dramatic  representation  or  recitations,  rope  or  wire 
dancing,  natural  or  artificial  curiosities,  or  any  concert,  sere- 


646  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

nade,  or  performances  in  music,  singing  or  dancing,  without 
the  written  permission  of  the  President  or  member  of  the 
Faculty,  given  in  writing  seven  days  beforehand. 

Seventhly.  Offences  against  the  preceding  provisions  shall 
be  misdemeanors. 

The  eighth  section  declares  void  all  contracts  with  shop- 
keepers, merchants,  traders  or  other  persons,  including  livery 
stable  keepers,  by  students,  if  made  within  two  miles  of  Chapel 
Hill,  without  the  written  permission  of  the  President  or  some 
member  of  the  Faculty;  if  without  the  two  miles  limit,  the 
written  permission  of  the  person  having  control  and  authority 
over  such  students. 

By  the  ninth  section  contracts  contrary  to  the  foregoing 
provisions  may  be  avoided  on  plea  of  the  general  issue,  and 
the  fact  of  being  a  student  raised  the  presumption  that  the 
defendant  was  a  minor. 

By  the  tenth  section  such  contracts  were  made  incapable  of 
being  confirmed  by  the  student  after  reaching  full  age. 

The  eleventh  section  restored  to  the  University  escheated 
real  estate. 

As  to  the  practical  workings  of  these  laws,  it  may  be  said 
that  while  there  were  no  "grogshops"  within  the  prohibited 
limits,  there  were  some  at  no  great  distance  outside,  and  while 
intoxicating  liquors  could  not  be  openly  bought,  there  were 
abundant  underground  streams  which  could  be  and  were 
easily  tapped  by  those  who  had  money  and  inclination.  The 
suppression  of  liquor  shops,  made  first  in  1827,  was  of  great 
advantage  in  rendering  drinking  less  common  and  less  scan- 
dalous, and  the  danger  of  collisions  between  drunken  students 
and  still  more  drunken  non-students  was  lessened.  The  law 
in  regard  to  gaming  tables  and  circuses  and  other  performances 
passed  in  1794  was  well  enforced.  It  was  strengthened  in 
regard  to  dramatic  and  other  diversions  by  there  being  no 
suitable  hall  in  the  village,  and  the  refusal  of  the  Faculty  of 
the  use  of  the  Gerrard  Hall.  Nothing  however  could  prevent 
surreptitious  excursions  to  Hillsboro  and  other  places,  even 
as  far  as  Raleigh.  Frequently  seekers  after  pleasure  would 
ride  horseback  twenty-eight  miles  to  the  metropolis,  witness 


BAPTIST  CHURCH.  647 

the  entrancing  circus  or  drama  and  answer  to  their  names  in 
the  Chapel  by  sunrise,  after  an  absence  of  little  over  twelve 
hours  and  a  ride  over  an  execrable  road  of  fifty-six  miles. 

Copies  of  the  laws  were  sent  to  the  merchants  of  Chapel  Hill 
and  other  places.  Once  when  a  Raleigh  merchant  sent  whiskey 
to  Chapel  Hill  for  sale,  a  general  warning  was  sent  to  all, 
whereat  there  was  much  indignation  in  the  breasts  of  the  inno- 
cent, who  contended  that  there  was  timid  sheltering  of  the 
guilty. 

The  attention  of  the  merchants  of  Chapel  Hill  having  been 
called  to  these  laws,  they  met  and  agreed  not  to  sell  to  students 
under  age  on  credit,  without  permission  in  writing  from  their 
parent  or  guardian.  The  obligation  was  not  to  be  binding 
without  the  concurrence  of  the  Faculty  of  the  University,  and 
was  to  continue  eighteen  months.  The  following  were  the 
signers,  being  a  large  majority  of  the  merchants  of  the  village: 
Richard  B.  Saunders,  J.  R.  Hutchins  &  Co.,  C.  Scott  &  Co., 
J.  T.  Hogan  &  Co.,  Long  and  McCauley,  Walter  A.  Thompson, 
F.  A.  Davies,  H.  L.  Owen,  John  W.  Carr. 

Andrew  Mickle,  President  of  the  meeting,  and  George  M. 
Long,  Secretary,  approved  its  action  and  the  Faculty,  on  their 
part,  did  likewise. 

The   Baptist   Church. 

The  Baptist  Church  was  organized  in  Chapel  Hill  on  Sep- 
tember 15th,  1854.  The  building  was  dedicated  May  6th, 
1855.  The  most  generous  benefactor  was  Elder  William 
Henry  Merritt,  who  was  the  owner  of  the  mill  and  plantation 
now  called  Purefoy's.  The  flour  of  this  mill  had  a  wide  repu- 
tation in  the  days  before  the  railroads  came.  Elder  Merritt 
donated  the  lot  on  which  are  the  church  edifices,  and  $1,200 
in  money  .  Elder  George  W.  Purefoy,  D.D.,  was  Chairman  of 
the  Building  Committee,  and  Elder  J.  J.  James  preached  the 
dedicatory  sermon.    The  first  pastor  was  Elder  Brantley  Jones 

Hackney. 

Commencement  of   1855. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1855  Rev.  Benjamin  M.  Palmer, 
D.D.,  the  eminent  Presbyterian  divine,  then  of  Columbia,  later 
of    New    Orleans,    delivered   the    sermon    to   the    Graduating 


648  THE;  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Class.  The  audience  generally  agreed  that  it  was  learned,  elo- 
quent, impressive,  beautiful,  but  some  of  the  striplings  thought 
it  was  too  grand  for  young  people.  He  enforced  two  cardinal 
truths,  that  all  men  are  religious  in  temperament,  and  that  the 
Bible  is  true. 

The  competitors  in  Declamation  were,  of  the  Freshmen, 
John  A.  Gilmer,  Julius  W.  Wright,  Thomas  S.  Price,  Jesse  S. 
Barnes,  Rufus  B.  Mann,  Joseph  M.  White,  Wm.  M.  Coleman, 
Leroy  M.  McAfee,  Reuell  M.  Stancill,  Gilmer,  Coleman, 
McAfee,  Barnes,  and  Wright  won  the  favor  of  the  listeners. 

The  Sophomore  competitors  were  Nathan  B.  Whitfield, 
James  J.  Perkins,  John  Anthony,  Nathan  P.  Ward,  Henry  C. 
Thompson,  John  E.  Wharton,  Daniel  M.  Graham,  Charles  A. 
Mitchell,  Junius  B.  Deberry.  Mitchell,  Graham,  and  Anthony 
were  considered  the  best.  All  graduated  except  Whitfield, 
who  became  a  Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  and  a  Judge,  and  Perkins  a 
planter. 

During  the  speaking  opportunity  was  given  for  the  presenta- 
tion of  a  prize  offered  by  Professor  Wheat,  to  Alphonzo  C. 
Avery,  for  the  best  English  Composition.  Professor  Wheat's 
speech  of  presentation  and  President  Swain's  reply  were  con- 
sidered models  of  their  kind. 

On  Wednesday  there  were  three  extraordinary  addresses. 
The  first  was  by  Hon.  George  Davis,  of  the  Class  of  1838, 
afterwards  Confederate  States  Senator  and  Attorney-General. 
His  subject  was  Sketches  of  the  History  and  Men  of  the 
Lower  Cape  Fear.  The  interest  was  enhanced  by  his  excellent 
delivery.  It  was  printed  in  pamphlet,  and  is  now  much  sought 
for. 

After  him  came  Bishop  Thomas  Atkinson,  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  on  the  True  Character  of  Cromwell.  The 
Bishop's  clear,  incisive  and  convincing  address  removed  much 
of  the  odium  heaped  upon  the  great  Oliver  by  royalist  pens. 
The  press  reporter,  however,  thought  he  was  "too  apologetic 
for  the  artful  tyrant  and  cunning  statesman,"  and  complained 
that  he  read  his  address,  but  his  reading  was  so  clear  and  forci- 
ble as  to  command  the  attention  of  all. 

The   third  address  was  by  Mr.   Wm.   J.    Bingham,  of   the 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1855.  649 

Class  of  1825,  one  of  the  ablest  teachers  the  State  has  pro- 
duced. The  Alumni  met  at  4  P.  M.  to  escart  him  to  Gerrard 
Hall.  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  I.  Johnston,  of  the  Class  of  1826,  and 
Lewis  Thompson  of  that  of  1827,  marched  with  him.  Ex-Gov- 
ernors Graham,  Manly,  and  Morehead,  John  D.  Hawkins, 
Robert  B.  Gilliam,  Samuel  J.  Person,  Bishop  Atkinson,  Rev. 
Dr.  Alexander  Wilson,  Rev.  Drs.  Simeon  Colton  and  Richard 
H.  Mason,  Congressman  L.  Q'B.  Branch,  Treasurer  Courts 
and  other  noted  men  were  in  the  procession  of  about  200 
Alumni.  The  subject  of  the  address  was  "The  Relative  Wis- 
dom of  the  Ancients  and  Moderns."  It  was  a  satire  on  modern 
progress.  "Young  America  suffered  from  the  multitude  and 
sharpness  of  the  satiric  arrows,  and  pseudo-progress,  bleeding 
from  innumerable  wounds,  fell  an  easy  victim  to  successful 
lampooning,"  said  the  reporter. 

A  pleasing  incident  was  the  dinner  given  by  Richard  H. 
Battle,  of  the  Class  of  1854,  to  all  his  classmates  who  had  come 
together  on  this  occasion ;  if  not  the  pioneer  of  class  dinners, 
the  first  recorded  in  public  prints. 

The  Chief  Marshal  was  James  Bruce  of  the  Junior  Class. 
His  assistants,  or  "Subs,"  were  Henry  R.  Bryan,  Wm.  H. 
Burwell,  Samuel  P.  Caldwell,  and  Wm.  G.  Drake.  There  was 
much  commendation  of  them  for  their  activity  and  courtesy. 
The  Ball  Managers,  Wm.  Johnston  Saunders  being  Chief,  met 
with  similar  praise. 

It  should  be  noted  that  ex-Chief  Justice  Thomas  Ruffin 
attended  all  the  examinations  except  those  of  Commencement 
week,  the  Bible  and  Chemistry.  He  had  just  voluntarily  re- 
signed the  high  position  as  head  of  our  Supreme  Court,  which 
he  had  so  ably  filled,  and  accepted  the  more  humble  but  impor- 
tant position  of  Chairman  of  the  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter 
Session  of  Alamance  County. 

Four  members  of  the  Class,  Hall,  Puttick,  Slade,  and  Whit- 
field were  not  absent  from  one  of  the  4,700  services  required 
in  their  four  years'  course. 

The  graduating  speeches   were: 

The  Latin  Salutatory,  James  H.  Colton. 

"Influence  Inevitable  in  Extent  and  Duration,"  Peter  E. 
Spruill. 


650  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

"College  Education  and  Its  Defects,"  Duncan  E.  McNair. 

"The  American  Explorer,"  Wm.  Gaston  Lewis. 

"Commemorative   Monuments,"   James   N.   Turner. 

"Fate  of  the  Gifted,"  Jesse  R.  Wharton. 

"Geology  and  Anti-Christian,"  James   Campbell. 

"Science,  Nature's  Comlplement,"  Charlton  W.  Yellowley. 

"Scottish  Chivalry,"  Evander  J.  Mclver. 

"Which  Way?"  Edmund  J.  Gaines. 

"Love  of  Fame  the  Scholar's  Fire,"  John  M.  Puttick. 

"Aide  toi,  le  ciel  t'aide,"  Daniel  McDougald. 

"Wellbeing  of  Man,"  Robert  E.  James. 

"The   Self-Made   Man,"  James  R.   Gatling. 

"Sailor's  Destiny,"  William  H.  Hull. 

Valedictory,  Edward  W.  Gilliam. 

Messrs.  Campbell,  James  and  Spruill  were  especially 
praised,  and  next  to  them  Mclver,  Hall  and  Gaines. 

The  first  honor  in  this  Class  of  '55  was  awarded  to  James  H. 
Colton,  Edward  W.  Gilliam,  John  M.  Puttick. 

The  second  to  Matthew  S.  Davis,  Edmund  J.  Caines,  Wm. 
H.  Hall,  Alfred  B.  Irion,  Daniel  McDougald,  Duncan  E. 
McNair,  Jesse  R.  Wharton. 

The  third  honor  to  Alexander  D.  Betts,  James  Campbell, 
James  R.  Gatling,  William  W.  Glover,  Thomas  B.  Graham, 
Joseph  H.  Hyman,  Wm.  Gaston  Lewis,  Evander  J.  Mclver, 
Edward  H.  Plummer,  James  M.  Smith,  James  N.  Turner, 
Charles  Whitaker,  James  H.  Whitfield. 

Of  the  first  honor  men  Colton  became  a  Presbyterian 
preacher  and  teacher,  President  of  Alexander  College  in  Ken- 
tucky ;  Gilliam  an  Episcopal  minister,  but  resigned,  and  is  now 
a  physician  in  Baltimore ;  Puttick  taught  school  and  then 
enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Navy,  and  died  early. 

Of  the  others  Davis  was  President  of  an  important  Female 
Seminary  at  Louisburg;  Irion  was  a  lawyer,  planter  and  Con- 
gressman from  Louisiana,  as  well  as  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals;  Betts  a  much  respected  Methodist  minister,  a  Doctor 
of  Divinity,  Chaplain  in  the  Army,  and  is  generally  designated 
as  "Father  Betts,"  is  a  Trustee  of  the  University ;  Graham  was 
a  Chancellor  in  Mississippi ;  Lewis  a  Civil  Engineer,  a  Briga- 


COMMENCEMENT  OE   1855.  65 1 

dier-General,  one  of  the  best  in  Lee's  Army;  Mclver  a  Con- 
federate Colonel  and  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion in  Alabama ;  Montgomery  a  Major,  State  Solicitor  and 
Judge ;  Nicholson  likewise  a  Major,  a  journalist  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Agriculture  and  Natural  History  in  the  University 
of  Tennessee. 

Of  those  matriculating,  but  not  graduating,  was  Zebulon 
Baird  Vance,  LL.D.,  Representative  in  the  State  Legislature 
and  Congress,  twice  Governor  and  United  States  Senator. 

John  Alexander  Smith,  of  Cumberland  County,  who  was 
matriculated  the  preceding  year,  a  member  of  the  Freshman 
Class,  died  on  May  30th,  near  the  opening  of  Commencement. 

The  matriculates  of  1855  who  were  victims  of  the  war  were : 
Solomon  W.  Alston,  Assistant  Surgeon ;  Robert  W.  Anderson, 
Lieutenant;  Benjamin  I.  Blount,  Lieutenant;  James  G.  Bustin, 
Sergeant;  Thomas  D.  Claiborne,  Lieutenant  ;-Colonel ;  John  T. 
Cook,  Sergeant ;  Henry  R.  Daniel,  Lieutenant ;  John  S.  Green, 
Private ;  Rhydon  Grigsby ;  Robert  T.  Harris,  Captain ;  Wil- 
liam M.  Holt,  Lieutenant ;  N.  Collin  Hughes,  Captain ;  George 
B.  Johnston,  Captain;  William  P.  Mangum,  Lieutenant;  James 
L.  McCormic,  Captain ;  John  G.  Purcell,  Lieutenant ;  Edward 
L.  Riddick,  Private ;  Edward  F.  Satterfield,  Private ;  William 
W.    Sillers,   Lieutenant-Colonel ;   Daniel    Stewart,   Lieutenant ; 

Augustine  Burkette  Washington, ;  Joseph  A.  Williams, 

Captain ;  David  C.  Whitaker,  Lieutenant. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Alumni  Association  re- 
ported the  deaths  of  Rev.  Dr.  John  Witherspoon,  James  H. 
Norwood,  Rev.  L.  A.  Watts,  L.  G.  Slaughter,  Joseph  W.  Evans, 
W.  R.  Walker,  Alpheus  Jones,  John  A.  Lillington,  Philo  Hen- 
derson, John  B.  Borden,  Dr.  John  Hill,  N.  Y.  Kelly,  and  B.  M. 
Thompson. 

John  D.  Hawkins  was  elected  President  and  Richard  H. 
Battle  Treasurer  in  place  of  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  resigned. 

President  Swain  perseveringly  carried  out  his  policy  of 
making  Commencement  attractive.  An  ordinance  was  pro- 
cured from  the  Trustees  that  no  member  of  the  Faculty  should 
leave  Chapel  Hill  before  Monday  after  Commencement.    This 


652  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

not  only  secured  their  attendance,  but  enabled  the  professors 
to  make  out  reports  more  intelligently.  They  seconded  the 
policy  of  making  the  best  possible  impression  on  visitors  by 
most  bounteous  hospitality,  far  in  advance  of  our  day,  when 
cooks  and  house  maids  are  free,  not  always  obtainable  and 
often   lacking  in  efficiency. 

At  the  request  of  President  Swain  the  Evecutive  Committee 
met  the  Faculty  at  Chapel  Hill  for  the  consideration  of  three 
questions :  1 ,  The  enlargement  of  Gerrard  Hall ;  2,  the  build- 
ing of  new  dormitories,  and  3,  the  readjustment  of  salaries. 
The  Committee  appear  to  have  performed  their  mission  with 
fidelity,  attended  a  meeting  of  the  Faculty  and  praised  the 
systematic  reports  of  the  professors,  visited  the  Dialectic  and 
Philanthropic  Societies,  and  listened  to  the  exercises  in  their 
respective  halls,  and  were  impressed  with  the  interest  shown 
by  the  junior  members.  They  found  a  need  most  urgent  of 
new  dormitories,  and  requested  Mr.  A.  J.  Davis  to  visit  Chapel 
Hill  and  make  plans  for  the  consideration  of  the  Trustees. 
They  likewise  adopted  in  substance  the  following  ordinance, 
conditioned  on  the  tuition  and  room  rent  being  at  least 
$12,500. 

1.  The   President    salary    should   be $2,250 

2.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  Chemistry     1,250 

3.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  Mathematics     1,650 

4.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  Greek    1,650 

5.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  Latin     1,650 

6.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  History     1,550 

7.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  Rhetoric    1,350 

S.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  Civil    Engineering    1,400 

9.  That  of  the  Prof,  of  Agri.  Chemistry 1,400 

10.  Adjunct  Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek 1,200 

11.  Senior  Tutor    (Pool)     800 

12.  Senior  Tutor  Lucas    700 

13.  Senior  Tutor  Battle    700 

14.  Senior  Tutor  Wetmore    700 


$18,200 

The  Professor  of  Chemistry  was  Bursar,  and  his  compensa- 
tion was  ordered  to  be  so  regulated  that  his  total  salary  should 
not  exceed  that  of  the  President. 


New  West  Building. 


New  East  Building. 


belfry  burnt.  653 

Burning  of  the  Belfry. 

It  was  in  1856  during  a  sport  of  throwing  fireballs,  that  is 
balls  of  strips  of  cloth,  tightly  wrapped  and  saturated  with 
alcohol  or  kerosene,  that  the  old  belfry  was  burnt  and  the 
sonorous  bell  destroyed.  Some  thought  that  the  destruc- 
tion was  intentional,  others  that  a  fire-ball  recklessly  thrown 
lodged  in  the  lattice  work  opposite  the  bell  and  caused  the 
mischief.  Certainly  no  proper  effort  was  made  to  extinguish 
the  flames,  whether  for  want  of  ladder  or  for  want  of  inclina- 
tion, it  is  impossible  to  say.  The  Executive  Committee  ap- 
pointed a  sub-committee  to  collect  the  facts  and  ordered  them 
to  be  reported  to  the  Solicitor  for  the  Orange  Circuit,  to  the 
end  that  a  criminal  prosecution  might  be  instituted.  As  no 
bill  was  sent  to  the  Grand  Jury,  it  is  presumable  that  there 
was  no  probable  evidence  of  guilt.  There  was  some  criticism 
of  the  failure  of  a  Tutor,  who  saw  the  fire,  not  rushing  to  the 
rescue,  but  there  was  no  official  censure.  Fortunately  the 
new  bell  is  so  like  the  old  that  former  students  cannot  discern 
the  change. 

The  action  taken  by  the  two  Literary  Societies  implies  at 
least  doubt  in  the  minds  of  a  large  majority  of  the  members 
as  to  whether  guilt  did  not  lodge  somewhere.  They  declared 
that  "manly  virtue  and  sound  sense  were  inconsistent  with  the 
late  disorders."  By  joint  agreement  a  fine  of  $25  was  to 
be  imposed  on  any  member  guilty  of  the  wanton  destruction 
of  University  property.  The  vote  was  over  two  to  one.  The 
Phis  who  formed  a  committee  of  their  Society  were  Mills  L. 
Eure,  George  L.  Wilson,  Thomas  W.  Cooper,  Richard  C. 
Badger,  and  the  Dis  were  James  L.  Gaines,  James  L.  Robbins, 
Richard  F.  Hamlin,  Robert  B.  Houston,  and  William  Bing- 
ham Lynch.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  President  Swain  re- 
quested the  Societies  to  take  this  action.  It  was  his  policy  to 
invoke  the  aid  of  the  students  wherever  practicable.  The 
punishment  was  not  made  retroactive,  as  they  understood  well 
the  constitutional  inhibition  against  ex  post  facto  laws.  Nearly 
all  the  committeemen  won  distinction  in  after  life. 


654  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Three  years  afterwards  the  salaries  were  increased,  that  of 
the  President  to  $2,500,  and  residence,  and  that  of  Professor 
of  Mathematics  to  $1,800,  out  of  which  was  to  come  $150 
for  house  rent;  that  of  the  Professor  of  Greek  $1,650;  of 
Latin  $1,650;  of  History  $1,600,  less  $200  for  house  rent; 
of  Rhetoric  $1,600,  less  $200  for  house  rent;  of  Civil  Engi- 
neering $1,600;  of  Chemistry,  etc.,  $1,600,  and  of  Modern 
Languages  $1,400.  The  first  Tutor  $800,  and  the  others  $700 
each.  The  Bursar  was  allowed  $500,  making  Prof.  Fetter's 
compensation  $2,150. 

In  1859  $100  was  added  to  the  salaries  of  each  of  the  eight 
professors.  The  Senior  Tutor,  Solomon  Pool,  was  promoted 
to  be  Adjunct  Professor  of  Pure  Mathematics  at  a  salary  of 
$1,200,  and  also  $100  per  annum  for  his  services  as  Clerk. 

Case  of  Professor  Hedrick. 

In  the  fall  of  1856,  in  the  heated  contest  between  Buchanan 
and  Fremont,  Professor  Benjamin  Sherwood  Hedrick  startled 
the  public  by  declaring  himself  a  Free-soiler  and  supporter 
of  Fremont.  He  was  attacked  in  the  Raleigh  Standard  in  a 
letter  written  by  a  law  student,  an  honor  graduate  of  1854, 
Joseph  A.  Engelhard.  Being  a  man  of  pluck  he  replied  de- 
fending his  position  with  ability,  but  taking  the  peculiar  ground 
that  the  prevention  of  carrying  slaves  to  the  territories  would 
increase  the  wealth  of  North  Carolina  by  keeping  her  slaves 
and  their  incomes  at  home.  The  indignation  of  the  public 
and  of  the  students  was  furious,  and  the  public  press  generally 
demanded  his  dismissal.  The  burning  him  in  effigy  in  the 
campus,  while  the  bell  was  funereally  tolled,  was  but  the  be- 
ginning of  the  warfare  against  him. 

President  Swain  stated  to  the  Faculty  and  Trustees  in  sub- 
stance that  in  an  institution  like  this,  patronized  by  all  denomi- 
nations and  parties,  nothing  should  be  done  calculated  to  dis- 
turb the  harmonious  intercourse  of  those  who  support,  and 
those  who  direct  and  govern  it.  Professor  Hedrick  himself 
said,  that  he  "knew  of  no  institution  North  or  South  from 
which  partisan  politics  and  sectarian  religion  are  so  carefully 
excluded."     Cautious   forbearance  has  been  practiced  by  the 


CASE  OF  PROFESSOR   HEDRICK.  655 

Faculty  and  enjoined  upon  the  students.  Sermons  in  the  chapel 
have  been  on  the  leading  doctrines  of  Christianity  about  which 
no  difference  of  opinion  exists.  And  students  for  twenty  years 
have  not  been  allowed  to  discuss  on  the  public  stage  questions 
of  party  politics.  The  Faculty  resolved,  on  motion  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Mitchell:  1st,  that  Professor  Hedrick's  course  is  not  war- 
ranted by  our  usage,  and  his  political  opinions  are  not  enter- 
tained by  any  other  member  of  the  Faculty ;  2nd,  that  the  Fac- 
ulty have  none  other  than  feelings  of  personal  respect  and 
kindness  and  sincerely  regret  his  indiscretion. 

The  vote  was  unanimous,  except  that  the  Instructor  in 
French,  Mr.  Henri  Herrissee,  dissented  on  the  ground  that  the 
Faculty  is  not  charged  with  Black  Republicanism,  nor  likely 
to  be  suspected  of  it. 

The  Executive  Committee  acted  promptly.  On  the  nth  of 
October,  present  Governor  Bragg  and  Messrs.  John  H.  Bryan, 
Daniel  W.  Courts,  Charles  L.  Hinton,  Bartholomew  F.  Moore, 
and  Romulus  M.  Saunders,  the  Committee  expressed  great 
regret  at  the  publication  of  Professor  Hedrick  in  the  Raleigh 
Standard  on  the  4th  inst,  because  it  violated  the  established 
usage  of  the  University  which  forbids  any  Professor  to  become 
an  agitator  in  the  exciting  politics  of  the  day,  and  was  well 
calculated  to  injure  the  prosperity  and  usefulness  of  the  insti- 
tution." 

It  was  further  resolved  that  in  the  opinion  of  the  Committee 
Mr.  Hedrick  had  greatly,  if  not  entirely,  destroyed  his  power 
to  be  of  further  benefit  to  the  University. 

It  was  hoped  that  the  Professor  would  have  resigned  after 
this  action,  but  he  was  a  man  of  singular  persistency  and  pluck. 
In  the  meantime  there  were  signs  of  a  coming  storm.  Poli- 
ticians were  getting  ready  to  attack  the  University  on  the 
stump,  editors  were  meditating  editorials  denunciatory  of  an 
institution  which  would  keep  in  its  Faculty  an  avowed  enemy 
of  Southern  institutions,  parents  were  threatening  to  withdraw 
their  sons  from  the  University,  and  students  were  devising 
further  schemes  of  insult  and  annoyance  to  make  the  Profes- 
sor's position  unendurable.  The  Committee  prevented  such 
evil  consequences  by  declaring  his  chair  vacant.     In  the  pre- 


656  the  university  of  north  Carolina. 

amble  to  the  resolution  it  was  recited  that  he  seemed  disposed 
to  respect  neither  the  opinions  of  the  Faculty  nor  the  Trustees, 
but  persisted  in  retaining  his  situation  to  the  manifest  injury 
of  the  University.  His  salary  was  paid  to  the  end  of  the  term. 
Prof.  Hedrick  made  no  further  opposition,  and  behaved  with 
dignity.  He  was  born  in  Davidson  County  February  13th, 
1827,  was  of  German  descent.  He  was  prepared  for  the  Uni- 
versity by  Rev.  Jesse  Rankin.  He  entered  the  Sophomore 
Class  of  1848,  and  graduated  in  1851,  among  the  first  honor 
men.  He  was  considered  the  ablest  mathematician  in  the  class, 
and  was  in  consequence  recommended  and  appointed  to  a 
clerkship  in  the  Nautical  Almanac  office.  He  entered  Har- 
vard University  in  order  to  take  advanced  studies  in  Mathe- 
matics. After  being  elected  to  the  Chair  of  Chemistry  applied 
to  Agriculture  and  the  Arts,  in  1854  he  administered  the  de- 
partment with  ability.  When  his  office  came  to  an  untimely 
end,  it  was  supposed  that  the  anti-slavery  men' of  the  North, 
where  he  sought  employment,  would  take  care  of  him,  but 
they  gave  only  words.  After  some  delay  he  obtained  a  clerk- 
ship in  the  office  of  the  Mayor  of  New  York  City,  teaching 
and  lecturing  during  his  leisure.  In  1861  he  became  principal 
Chemical  Examiner  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office,  resid- 
ing in  Georgetown,  D.  C.  In  1865  ne  visited  his  native  State 
and  endeavored  unsuccessfully  to  induce  all  parties  to  acquiesce 
in  negro  suffrage,  which  he  foresaw  would  certainly  be  de- 
manded by  Congress,  and  then  to  place  the  government  of  the 
State  in  the  hands  of  the  best  and  ablest  men.  He  died  Sep- 
tember 2nd,  1886,  leaving  his  wife,  Mary  Ellen,  daughter 
of  William  Thompson,  of  Orange  County,  N.  C,  four  sons 
and  four  daughters.  His  failure  to  realize  the  success  to 
which  his  uncommon  talents,  his  thorough  integrity,  his  energy 
and  industry  seemed  to  entitle  him,  shows  the  importance  of 
tactful  manners,  and  not  hastily  arousing  the  prejudices  of 
communities  on  subjects  about  which  there  is  feverish  excite- 
ment. Many  professors  at  the  North  have  lost  their  places 
from  inculcating  doctrines  odious  to  the  governing  bodies. 
Dr.  Charles  Phillips,  a  friend  of  Hedrick,  and  a  man  of  broad 
views,  in  a  letter  written  to  Professor  Kerr,  then  at  Harvard, 


THE  HERRISSE  CONTROVERSY.  657 

tells  him  that  practically  all  the  people  think  the  Trustees  did 
right  and  adds,  "I  take  it  as  an  axiom  that  when  we  wish  to 
work  for  the  people  for  the  peoples'  good,  we  are  bound  to  con- 
sider their  characteristics  and  not  arouse  their  prejudices  un- 
necessarily, else  they  won't  let  us  work  for  them." 

The  Herrisse  Controversy. 

As  showing  the  intensity  of  the  feeling  in  the  South  on  the 
subject  of  slavery,  such  feeling  as  usually  precedes  resorts  to 
war,  I  record  the  fact  that  when  about  this  time  Professor 
Hedrick  visited  Salisbury,  as  a  delegate  to  an  Educational 
Association,  he  was  notified  by  the  satellites  of  Judge  Lynch 
that  he  must  immediately  leave  the  town  or  be  subject  to  gross 
personal  indignities.  Brave  as  he  was,  he  reluctantly  made 
an  abrupt  departure  for  home. 

Besides  this  Hedrick  incident  the  Faculty  were  much  stirred 
up  near  the  same  time  by  what  I  will  call  the  Herrisse  contro- 
versy. M.  Henri  Herrisse,  who  has  distinguished  himself 
in  the  field  of  letters  in  more  recent  years,  was  in  1856,  as  has 
been  said,  Instructor  in  French  at  this  University,  a  very  bright 
young  man  and  a  hard  student.  As  is  usually  the  case  with 
foreigners,  he  had  difficulty  in  managing  his  classes.  One 
student  in  particular  (W.  W.),  was  not  only  impertinent,  but 
outrageously  insulting.  After  bearing  with  this  youth  for 
awhile,  he  brought  him  before  the  Faculty.  On  the  motion 
to  dismiss  him  there  was  a  tie,  and  the  President  voted  in  the 
negative,  giving  as  his  reason  that  the  Faculty  meeting,  not 
being  a  regular  one,  had  not  been  called  according  to  the 
by-laws. 

Mr.  Herrisse  was  much  offended  at  the  decision  and  deter- 
mined to  appeal  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Trustees. 
The  Committee  called  for  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Faculty.  With  it  was  submitted  a  second  memorial  by  Her- 
risse, "setting  forth  a  want  of  discipline  and  maladministration 
of  the  affairs  and  government  of  the  college  by  the  Faculty." 
This  was  referred  to  the  Faculty. 

The  consideration  of  the  subject  was  resumed  on  October 
1 8th,  the  several  memorials  of  Mr.  Herrissee,  copies  from  the 
42 


658  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

University  Journal,  together  with  answers  and  statements  of 
the  President  and  several  of  the  Professors,  being  read,  Gov- 
ernor Bragg  presented  other  papers  from  Mr.  Herrisse,  called 
by  him  "a  Poscript  to  Memorial  No.  1,  and  a  key  and  appendix 
to  Memorial  No.  2,  and  a  Postscript  to  the  Key  and  Memo- 
rial." 

The  whole  subject  was  referred  to  Messrs.  B.  F.  Moore, 
J.  H.  Bryan  and  C.  Manly.  The  Committee  submitted  sundry 
resolutions,  which  were  amended  and  adopted.  They  were 
substantially  as  follows :  "The  case  of  W.  W.  presents  repeated 
acts  of  disorder  and  irregularity  in  the  recitation  room  of  the 
French  Instructor,  and  the  Faculty  appear  to  have  treated 
him  with  extraordinary  leniency."  The  Committee  however 
believe  that  the  Faculty  have  superior  means  of  judging  of  the 
expediency  of  the  discipline  and  have  confidence  in  their  judg- 
ment. Mr.  Herrissee  has  justly  subjected  himself  to  the  com- 
plaints of  the  Faculty,  the  Committee  hope  from  want  of 
knowledge  of  the  institution  and  the  necessity  of  harmony. 
This  last  statement  has  reference  to  the  charges  against  the 
President  and  his  colleagues. 

It  could  not  be  denied  that  the  behavior  of  W.  W.  and  others 
in  the  class  of  Mr.  Herrisse  was  intolerable.  The  President 
and  Faculty  in  declining  to  punish  the  offenders  evidently 
acted  from  the  belief  that  his  want  of  tact  and  his  foreign 
manners  to  some  extent  mitigated  the  offences.  A  judicious 
member  of  the  Faculty  stated  that  either  the  offenders  should  . 
have  been  dismissed  from  the  institution  or  the  Instructor 
asked  to  resign  his  post,  that  the  allowing  such  behavior  to 
go  on  unpunished  led  to  disorder  in  other  classes,  and  injured 
the  good  name  of  the  University. 

During  this  year  the  Associate  Professor  of  Greek,  Mr. 
A.  G.  Brown,  resigned,  and  it  was  resolved  to  employ  two 
Tutors  in  his  place.  Mr.  Herrisse,  stating  to  his  friends  that 
President  Swain  would  endeavor  to  select  men  who  would 
vote  at  his  dictation,  of  his  own  motion  wrote  to  two  graduates 
acceptable  to  himself.  They  were  worthy  of  the  place,  but 
the  President  was  unwilling  to  submit  to  such  violations  of 
propriety.     He   caused   to   be   spread   on   the   minutes   of  the 


THE  HERRISSEE  CONTROVERSY — NEW  BUILDINGS.  659 

Faculty  a  long  statement,  showing  that  he  consulted  the  Pro- 
fessors of  Greek  and  Latin,  and  acted  under  their  advice ;  that 
during  the  twenty  years  of  his  connection  with  the  University 
he  had  never  adopted  any  important  measure  without  notice 
to.  and  generally  not  without  the  unanimous  concurrence  of, 
the  Faculty.  He  further  stated  that  in  relation  to  the  delicate 
and  difficult  subject  of  appointments  he  had  proceeded  with 
caution  and  deliberation,  and  always  when  in  his  power  had 
conferred  freely  with  the  Faculty  before  submitting  a  recom- 
mendation to  the  Board.  No  Tutor  had  been  nominated 
without  unanimous  concurrence  of  the  Faculty.  He  sub- 
mitted resolutions,  the  substance  of  which  I  give:  1st,  that 
the  Instructor  in  French  was  ill-advised  in  opening  corres- 
pondence with  parties  on  the  subject  of  Tutorships,  without 
consultation  with  the  President  or  any  members  of  the  Faculty ; 
2nd,  his  statement  that  he  would  prevent  the  election  of  Mr. 
Killebrew  because  he  would,  if  chosen,  sustain  the  views  of 
the  President,  does  not  meet  with  the  concurrence  of  the 
Faculty.  There  were  three  votes  against  the  first  resolution, 
those  of  Hedrick,  Brown  and  Lucas,  and  on  the  second  only 
Mr.    Brown. 

Mr.  Herrisse  did  not  remain  in  the  service  of  the  University 
longer  than  the  end  of  the  term  in  December.  In  January 
the  Board  of  Trustees  created  the  Professorship  of  Modern 
Languages,. and  elected  Hosea  H.  Smith  to  fill  it.  Mr.  Her- 
risse was  not  a  candidate.  A  resolution  was  passed  prohibiting 
communications  by  members  of  the  Faculty  to  the  Board 
except  through  the  President. 

New  Buildings,  Professors  and  Departments. 

The  Trustees  took  up  the  question  of  new  buildings.  On 
motion  of  ex-Governor  Graham  on  June  3,  1856,  a  committee 
of  three  were  appointed  to  consider  the  question  with  power 
to  employ  an  architect  and  report  plans  to  the  Board.  The 
President  of  the  Board  appointed  Messrs.  Graham,  Swain 
and  Battle. 

On  June  3rd,  1857,  trie  Committee  were  authorized  to  ex- 
pend $30,000,  but  in  June  of  the  next  year  the  plans  of  Mr. 
Percival,  an  architect,  who  had  been  an  officer  of  the  English 


660  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

army,  were  adopted,  and  the  New  East  and  New  West  Build- 
ings were  begun.  The  builder  was  Thomas  H.  Coates,  the 
sum  appropriated  being  $40,000.  For  the  first  time  in  the 
University  history  heating  with  other  than  fireplaces  was 
adopted  on  the  recommendation  of  Percival.  Furnaces  were 
placed  in  the  basement  of  each  building  and  the  hot  water 
system  adopted.  The  plan  proved  a  failure,  the  rooms  near 
the  furnaces  being  too  warm  and  those  at  a  distance  being  too 
cold.  After  much  expense  the  system  was  disused,  not  be- 
cause the  principle  was  faulty,  but  because  there  was  a  defect 
in  the  work. 

Hildreth  Hosea  Smith,  elected  Professor  of  Modern  Lan- 
guages, was  born  in  Deerfield,  New  Hampshire,  February 
17th,  1820,  was  prepared  for  college  at  Foxcroft  Academy  in 
Maine,  and  graduated  in  1842,  one  of  the  best  two  in  his  class. 
He  became  Professor  in  Catawba  College  at  Newton,  North 
Carolina,  in  1850,  and  the  next  year  was  made  President,  and 
continued  as  such  until  his  election  to  the  Chair  of  Modern 
Languages  in  the  University.  He  continued  in  this  position 
until  the  institution  was  closed  in  1868. 

After  leaving  the  University  at  the  request  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Sears,  the  Superintendent  of  the  Peabody  Fund,  he  organized 
the  public  schools  of  Shelbyville,  Tennessee.  Four  years  later 
he  performed  the  same  service  for  Houston,  Texas.  He  was 
then  called  to  the  Presidency  of  the  Sam  Houston  State  Nor- 
mal College.  He  was  afterwards  for  twelve  years  Literary 
Editor  of  the  Atlanta  Journal.  His  wife,  Mary  B.,  is  a 
daughter  of  Michael  Hoke,  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic 
party  for  the  Governorship  in  1844,  and  sister  of  the  Con- 
federate General,  Robert  F.  Hoke.  Among  their  children  is 
Hon.  Hoke  Smith,  the  next  Governor  of  Georgia,  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  under  Cleveland. 

Professor  Smith  was  a  good  teacher,  has  fine  talents,  and 
was  accomplished  in  his  department.  He  was  possessed  of 
such  physical  strength  as  to  gain  the  nickname  of  "Old  Tige." 
Once  in  fighting  a  fire  in  the  village  the  bystanders  were 
amazed  at  his  extraordinary  skill  and  prowess. 

Mr.  John  Kimberly  was  elected  in  place  of  Professor  Hed- 
rick.     He  was  a  man  of  superior  talent,  a  native  of  New  Jer- 


THE  CURRICULUM.  66l 

sey,  and  graduated  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  of  Har- 
vard University.  He  had  high  testimonials  from  Agassiz, 
Wyman  and  Horsford.  Agassiz  stated  that  the  notes  of  his 
lectures  written  by  him  were  the  best  ever  submitted  by  any 
student  since  his  connection  with  the  school.  He  had  been 
teaching  for  several  years  in  Eastern  North  Carolina,  married 
into  the  Capehart  family  and  was  a  widower  without  children. 
Feeling  the  need  of  latest  discoveries  in  his  department,  he 
asked  and  obtained  leave  to  spend  a  year  in  a  laboratory  of 
the  University  of  Berlin.  He,  too,  occupied  his  chair  until 
1868,  and  was  Professor  for  a  year  after  the  reopening. 

I  give  briefly  the  studies  of  each  department  after  the  intro- 
duction of  Civil  Engineering  and  of  Industrial  Chemistry. 

The  Department  of  Moral  Philosophy,  Metaphysics,  Polit- 
ical Economy,  Constitutional  Law.  International  Law,  was 
administered  by  the  President.  Instruction  was  given  the 
Seniors  five  hours  per  week  for  the  academic  year,  less  the 
Senior  vacation  of  one  month  prior  to  Commencement. 
Metaphysics  and  Political  Economy  occupied  the  first  term. 
The  Sunday  recitations  throughout  the  year  were  given  on 
the  Pentateuch  and  Moral  Science.  The  text-books  were 
Wayland's  Moral  Science,  Abercrombie's  Intellectual  Powers, 
Wayland's  Political  Economy,  Sheppard's  Constitutional  Law 
and  the  first  volume  of  Kent's  Commentaries. 

(  )ral  lectures  were  given  from  time  to  time,  and  towards  the 
close  of  the  year  a  regular  course  on  the  History  of  Consti- 
tutional Law,  beginning  with  Magna  Charta  and  ending  with 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

The  Greek  Language  and  Literature  occupied  four  hours 
a  week  for  the  Freshman  year.  The  books  studied  were  the 
Anabasis  of  Xenophon  and  Herodotus.  The  Sophomore  Class 
had  four  recitations  a  week  during  the  first,  and  three  during 
the  second  term.  They  read  part  of  the  Iliad,  selected  Orations 
of  Demosthenes  and  Thucydides.  The  Junior  Class,  having 
two  recitations  a  week,  studied  such  Tragedies  of  Sophocles 
as  the  Professor  designated  and  the  Senior,  with  one  recitation 
a  week,  read  the  Gorgias  of  Plato.  The  teachers  were  Manuel 
Fetter,  Professor,  and  Tutors  Richard  H.  Battle  and  Samuel 
S.   fackson. 


662  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  Latin  Department,  presided  over  by  one  professor,  Rev. 
Dr.  F.  M.  Hubbard,  and  Tutors  Joseph  B.  Lucas  and  Peter 
E.  Spruill,  had  for  the  Freshmen  four  recitations  a  week. 
They  read  Virgil's  Georgics,  some  of  Cicero's  Orations  and 
Livy.  The  Sophomores  with  three  recitations  the  first  term 
and  four  during  the  second,  were  occupied  with  the  Odes 
and  Satires  of  Horace,  then  the  Epistles  of  Horace,  and 
Cicero  on  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul.  The  Juniors  with 
two  hours  a  week  for  the  year,  had  the  Satires  of  Juvenal  and 
then  Cicero's  Brutus ;  the  Seniors  with  one  week  being  satisfied 
with  Cicero  de  Ofnciis. 

Messrs.  Brown  and  Lucas  taught  also  in  the  Greek  De- 
partment. 

The  Department  of  Mathematics  was  conducted  by  the 
Senior  Professor,  Dr.  James  Phillips,  aided  by  Tutors  Solo- 
mon Pool  and  Thaddeus  C.  Coleman.  The  three  lower  classes 
had  four  recitations  a  week.  The  Freshmen  studied  Peirce's 
Algebra,  and  Munroe's  and  Peirce's  Geometry.  The  Sopho- 
mores took  up  Phillips'  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry, 
with  its  application  to  Navigation,  Surveying,  etc.,  then 
Loomis'  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.  The  Seniors  stud- 
ied Olmsted's   Natural   Philosophy  and   Norton's  Astronomy. 

One  of  the  four  recitations  of  the  Junior  year  was  given 
up  to  lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy  (Physics)  and  Astron- 
omy. They  were  illustrated  by  experiments,  performed  with 
skill,  and  were  extremely  interesting  and  instructing. 

In  1855  an  Analytical,  as  distinct  from  a  Geometrical  course 
of  Mathematics  during  the  Sophomore  and  Junior  years,  was 
organized.  It  proved  unsatisfactory  and  had  been  abandoned. 
It  was  found  best  to  give  the  same  studies  to  the  less  gifted, 
as  well  as  the  more  gifted,  thus  stimulating  the  former,  while 
the  latter  were  constantly  urged  to  higher  work  than  was 
afforded  by  the  curriculum. 

In  Modern  Languages  the  Sophomores  and  Junior  Classes 
had  two  recitations  a  week  throughout  the  year.  The  Sopho- 
mores studied  Levizac's  Grammar,  with  exercises  in  writing 
French,    and    also    De    Fivas'    Classic    French    Reader.      The 


COURSES  OF  STUDY.  663 

Junior  year  was  devoted  to  Moliere's  Comedies,  Rowan's 
Modern  French  Reader,  and  a  review  of  the  studies  of  the 
course.  There  was  a  class  in  German  two  hours  a  week  for  a 
year  and  optional  courses  were  offered  in  German,  Spanish 
and  Italian. 

The  modern  languages  except  German,  were  regarded  and 
taught  as  dialects  of  the  Ancient. 

The  text-books  were  Ollendorff  German  and  Spanish 
Grammars,  Adler's  German  Reader.  Don  Quixote,  Schiller's 
Maid  of  Orleans,  Goethe's  Iphigenia  in  Tauris ;  Monti's  Italian 
Grammar,  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered.  There  was  only  one 
teacher,  Professor  Smith. 

The  Department  of  History  had  two  recitations  for  the 
year,  for  the  Freshman  Class,  and  two  for  the  Junior.  Fresh- 
men studied  History  of  Greece  and  then  of  Rome.  Juniors 
gave  their  time  to.  Modern  History,  especially  England  and 
the  United  States.  The  classes  were  stimulated  to  investiga- 
tions of  historical  subjects  outside  the  text-books.  Rev.  Albert 
M.  Shipp  was  the  Professor  in  charge. 

In  Chemistry,  Mineralogy  and  Geology  I  give  the  last  work 
of  the  Department  under  Dr.  Mitchell. 

Two  lectures  to  the  Junior  and  two  to  the  Senior  Class  were 
delivered  each  week.  They  were  illustrated  by  experiments 
and  exhibition  of  specimens.  After  an  interval  of  an  hour 
after  each  lecture  an  examination  was  had  on  its  facts  and 
doctrines.  Chemistry,  its  Nomenclature  and  General  Doc- 
trines, the  Imponderables,  including  Light.  Heat,  Electricity 
and  Galvanism,  as  related  to  Chemistry,  and  the  non-metallic 
elements,  occupied  the  Junior  year.  In  the  Senior  year  the 
non-metallic  elements,  if  any  remained  unfinished,  were 
completed,  with  the  Metals  and  Organized  bodies. 

In  natural  History,  the  sciences  of  Botany  and  Zoology  were 
taught  only  as  to  their  methods,  classifications  and  modes  of 
distinguishing  plants  and  animals  from  one  another.  More 
time  was  given  to  Mineralogy  and  pains  was  taken  to  acquaint 
the  student  with  the  more  common  and  useful  minerals.  A 
very  sufficient  collection  had  been  made,  and  was  increasing 
from  year  to  year.  The  cabinet  purchased  in  Viena  afforded 
additional  facilities  to  those  desiring  more  accurate  knowledge. 


664  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

In  the  Department  of  Logic  and  Rhetoric  the  Sophomores 
were  required  to  write  compositions  every  third  week  during 
the  first  term,  These  were  carefully  criticised.  In  the  second 
term  lectures  were  given  on  the  origin  and  growth  of  the 
English  language.  In  the  Junior  year  the  lectures  were  on 
habits  of  reading  and  writing  for  the  proper  conduct  of  the 
Understanding,'  Forms  and  Tribunals  of  Taste  and  Criticism, 
Elocution  and  the  different  kinds  of  Oratory.  The  class  had 
occasional  exercises  in  extemporaneous  speaking  and  debate. 

The  Senior  Class  had  two  recitations  a  week  in  Whately's 
Logic  and  Rhetoric.  At  the  close  of  the  second  term  each 
Senior  was  required  to  deliver  in  public  an  original  oration, 
the  correction  and  supervision  of  which  devolved  on  the  Pro- 
fessor of  Rhetoric  and  Logic,  Rev.  John  Thomas  Wheat,  D.D. 

The  Law  School  continued  to  be  only  nominally  a  depart- 
ment of  the  University.  The  Professor,  Judge  Battle,  received 
no  salary  from  the  institution,  and  his  students  paid  nothing 
to  it,  nor  wrere  they  amenable  to  its  discipline.  Judge  Battle 
was  absent  nearly  half  his  time  at  the  Supreme  Court.  During 
this  absence  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  then  a  practicing  lawyer,  when 
not  at  his  courts,  took  charge  of  the  classes. 

There  were  two  classes,  the  Independent,  which  had  no 
connection  with  the  University,  reciting  three  times  each 
week,  and  the  College  Class,  consisting  of  undergraduates, 
allowed  by  the  Faculty  to  study  law,  reciting  twice  only. 

The  books  studied  were  those  prescribed  by  the  Supreme 
Court — Blackstone's  Commentaries,  Cruise's  Digest,  Fearne  on 
Remainders,  Iredell  on  Executors,  Stephen  on  Pleading,  Smith 
on  Contracts,  Greenleaf  on  Evidence,  and  Adam's  Equity. 
Lectures  on  the  Common  Law.  with  special  reference  to  the 
Legislation  and  Judicial  decisions  of  Xorth  Carolina,  were 
written  out  by  the  Judge,  but  students  were  so  urgent  to  obtain 
their  licenses  to  practice  that  they  were  often  omitted.  The 
instruction  was  almost  altogether  catechetical,  that  is,  questions 
on  prescribed  lessons  in  the  text-books.  Afoot  Courts  were 
offered  to  the  students,  but  not  often  used. 

The  degree  of  B.L.  was  given  to  members  of  the  Indepen- 
dent Class  satisfactorily  completing  the  two  years'  course. 


PREPARATION   FOR  ADMISSION.  665 

The  fee  of  the  Independent  was  $50  per  term,  of  the  college 
students  $40. 

It  was  found  in  practice  that  those  students  who  had  been 
vigorously  catechized,  and  had  shown  their  proficiency  by 
answering  searching  questions  on  the  statements  of  the  text- 
books, made  a  far  better  showing  before  the  Supreme  Court 
than  those  who  had  read  the  law  under  the  general  supervision 
of  a  lawyer  and  thought  they  understood  it,  but  had  never 
been  called  on  to  tell  what  they  knew. 

The  requisites  for  admission  in  the  Freshman  Class  were  the 
Grammars  of  the  English,  Greek  and  Latin  Languages,  Latin 
Prosody,  Andrew's  or  Arnold's  Exercises,  Cresar's  Commen- 
taries, Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  Virgil's  Bucolics  and  six  Books 
of  the  ^Eneid,  Sallust. 

In  Greek  was  required  St.  John's  Gospel  and  the  Acts, 
Gracca  Minora  or  Greek  Reader. 

In  Mathematics  Arithmetic,  Algebra  through  Equations  of 
the  first  degree. 

Ancient  and  Modern  Geography  were  also  in  the  list  of 
requisites. 

There  was  much  complaint  of  insufficient  preparation.  In 
the  mathematics  more  time  and  practice  was  recommended  in 
problems  wherein  the  rules  of  Arithmetic  were  involved  with 
more  or  less  complexity,  otherwise  instructors  must  do  the 
drilling  of  the  grammar  school  instead  of  maturing  the  taste 
and  scholarship  of  the  pupils. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Brown,  who  left  the  Lmiversity  in  this  year, 
taught  in  various  places :  in  this  State,  in  Tennessee,  in  Cali- 
fornia, in  Honolulu,  and  again  in  North  Carolina.  In  all  he 
had  similar  experiences.  Beginning  with  fair  prospects,  highly 
respected  for  his  talents,  scholarship,  skill  and  bearing  of  a 
gentleman,  his  temper  so  soon  embroiled  him  with  the  school 
authorities  that  he  thought  proper  to  resign.  In  his  old  age, 
having  no  near  kin  to  take  care  of  him,  his  old  pupil,  Colonel 
J.  B.  Killebrew,  procured  for  him  light  work  as  an  assistant 
secretary,  but  he  lost  the  place  for  the  same  reason.  On 
account  of  increasing  infirmity,  according  to  his  own  wishes, 


666  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

he  was  placed  in  the  Home  for  the  Aged  in  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee, and  there  died  in  September,  1906. 

Censure  oe  the  Faculty. 

It  was  during  this  year  that  the  Executive  Committee  passed 
a  resolution  that  they  had  heard  with  deep  regret  of  gross 
irregularities  of  conduct  by  students  on  the  railroad  cars,  at 
circuses  and  other  places,  and  they  had  reason  to  believe  that 
these  irregularities  are  daily  increasing  for  want  of  due  execu- 
tion of  the  Ordinances  of  the  University.  They  then  declare 
that  the  usefulness  of  the  institution  depends  not  so  much  on 
numbers  as  on  exemplary  conduct  and  that,  not  only  in  view 
of  the  approaching  State  Fair,  but  on  all  occasions,  the  Faculty 
are  expected  to  execute  the  ordinances  so  as  either  to  subdue 
all  disobedient  conduct  or  dismiss  the  refractory. 

The  specification  in  regard  to  misconduct  on  the  railroad 
cars  was  that  once  when  large  numbers  of  students  were 
traveling  together  in  the  rear  coach  their  conduct  was  so  bois- 
terous that  the  conductor  switched  it  off  on  a  siding,  uncoupled 
it  and  started  off  with  the  rest  of  the  train  with  such  rapidity 
as  to  induce  signals  of  distress  and  promise  of  reformation  of 
behavior.  How  much  of  this  conduct  was  due  to  natural 
buoyancy  of  spirits  at  release  from  duties,  and  how  much  to 
the  artificial  buoyancy  of  John  Barleycorn,  is  unknown,  but 
the  incident  was  widely  spread,  vires  acquirit  eundo,  and  was 
asserted  to  be  the  habitual  method  of  traveling  by  the  Uni- 
versity boys.  It  could  not  be  denied  however  that  there  was 
occasional  rowdyism  and,  more  rarely,  excitement  from  spirit- 
uous liquors. 

The  Faculty,  and  especially  President  Swain,  were  greatly 
moved  by  the  censure  of  the  Committee.  The  President  drew 
up  a  paper  which  was  passed  by  the  Faculty,  declaring  that 
the  stories  were  greatly  exaggerated ;  that  all  diligence  was 
used  in  carrying  out  the  laws  of  the  University;  that  it  was 
absolutely  impossible  to  prevent  sporadic  breaches  of  dis- 
cipline, and  all  detected  infractions  were  duly  punished. 

Nothing  further  was  done  in  the  matter. 


baccalaureate  sermon.  667 

Commencement  oe   1856. 
invitation   to   archbishop   hughes. 

In  the  same  year  there  was  a  notable  stir  in  the  University 
world  over  a  question  which  would  not  now  attract  notice. 
The  Senior  Class,  in  pursuance  of  a  privilege  long  enjoyed, 
met  to  elect  a  preacher  of  the  Baccalaureate  sermon  during 
the  following  Comlmencement.  From  various  motives,  some 
from  mere  curiosity,  some  from  disapprobation  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  American,  or  Know  Nothing  party,  some  prob- 
ably from  a  desire  to  tease  the- Faculty,  a  majority  of  the  class 
voted  to  invite  Archbishop  Hughes,  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  The  committee  appointed  wrote  the  invitation  at 
once. 

There  was  great  consternation  among  the  Faculty  and  other 
friends  of  the  University,  who  feared  that  the  vengeance  of 
orthodox  Protestants  would  destroy  its  patronage,  and  the 
American  party  become  its  enemy.  President  Swain  was  so 
moved  that  he  delivered  to  the  class  a  carefully  written  address, 
which  he  repeated  to  the  Faculty. 

He  stated  that  no  one  doubted  the  ability  of  the  Archbishop, 
but  he  felt  bound  to  intimate  to  them  that  their  course  was 
indiscreet  and  ill-advised ;  that  he  had  always  regarded  relig- 
ious tests  wrong,  and  in  the  Convention  of  1835  voted  to  strike 
out  of  the  Constitution  the  32nd  article.  His  objection  to  this 
gentleman  was  not  on  account  of  a  difference  of  creed,  but 
because  his  appearance  as  the  representative  of  the  University 
would  be  distasteful  to  the  great  majority  of  those  who 
attended  the  Commencement  exercises.  It  would  be  especially 
painful  to  about  one-fourth  of  the  class,  who  were  members 
of  the  leading  denominations  in  the  State. 

He  called  to  mind  the  fact  that  to  secure  harmony  at  Com- 
mencement the  Senior  speeches  were  revised  by  the  Professor 
of  Rhetoric,  and  allusions  to  slavery,  or  party  politics,  were 
expunged,  and  loss  of  diploma  was  the  penalty  for  not  heeding 
the  correction.  He  advised  that  the  Executive  Committee 
should  be  consulted  before  sending  the  invitation. 

The   President   asked   the   approval   of   his   address   by   the 


668  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Faculty,  which  was  given  with  only  two  dissentients,  Rev. 
Dr.  Hubbard,  who  was  a  "High  Church"  Episcopalian,  and 
M.  Herrisse,  who,  while  at  the  University,  showed  no  predi- 
lection for  any  religious  denomination. 

The  Executive  Committee,  present  Governor  Bragg  and 
Messrs.  John  H.  Bryan,  D.  W.  Courts  (State  Treasurer), 
Charles  Manly  and  Romulus  M.  Saunders,  considered  the 
action  of  the  President  and  the  Faculty  on  the  subject.  The 
President  took  care  to  explain  that  the  reason  for  throwing  the 
responsibility  on  them  was  that  they,  and  not  the  Faculty,  had 
conferred  the  election  on  the  Seniors.  He  deemed  the  matter 
of  sufficient  importance  to  report  in  detail  the  religious  pro- 
clivities of  some  members  of  the  class.  There  were  44  in  all. 
Only  26  were  present  at  the  election.  There  were  eleven  pro- 
fessing Christians,,  viz :  one  Baptist,  two  Episcopalians,  five 
Presbterians  and  three  Methodists,  one  of  the  latter  being  a 
clergyman.  Of  these  ten  were  among  the  minority.  The  Presi- 
dent reiterated  the  statement  that  in  the  Convention  of  1835 
he  voted  to  strike  out  the  Constitutional  prohibition  against 
Roman  Catholics  holding  office.  The  Committee  approved  his 
action,  and  resolved  that  while  they  earnestly  deprecate  any- 
thing like  religious  intolerance,  as  in  conflict  alike  with  the 
principles  of  the  Constitution,  and  their  own  views,  there  are 
other  important  considerations,  the  force  and  bearing  of  which 
upon  the  question  at  this  time,  the  Executive  Committee  could 
better  understand  and  more  justly  appreciate  than  the  Senior 
Class.  The  action  of  President  Swain  in  advising  the  class 
to  consult  the  Committee  was  judicious.  As  the  invitation  to 
deliver  the  sermon  had  already  been  transmitted,  it  was  not 
deemed  expedient  to  take  further  action.  - 

The  interest  shown  by  the  President  in  the  matter  will  be 
better  understood  when  it  is  recalled  that  the  "Know  Nothing" 
National  Convention  was  about  to  meet  in  Philadelphia,  and 
their  orators  generally  endeavored  to  arouse  prejudice  against 
Roman  Catholics,  as  being  under  foreign  influence.  It  seemed 
to  some  that  the  Democrats  of  the  Senior  Class  sought  to 
commit  the  University  against  this  doctrine  and  so  bring  it 
into  politics. 


COMMENCEMENT    OF    1856.  669 

However  this  may  be  the  Archbishop  relieved  all  anxiety 
by  declining  the  invitation.  Four  years  later  the  invitation 
was  renewed  and  accepted,  and  he  preached  on  the  Love  of 
Christ,  a  sermon  which  pleased  and  instructed  a  numerous 
audience,  composed  almost  entirely  of  Protestants. 

The  Catalogue  of  1855-56  showed  366  students,  every  State 
in  the  Union  South  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  except  Mary- 
land, being  represented,  as  were  sixty  counties  in  this  State. 
There  were  forty-nine  Seniors.  Of  the  Board  of  Examiners 
Colonel  Walter  L.  Steele  attended  all  examinations.  Rev. 
Cushing  B.  Hassell  the  greater  part,  while  ex-Governors  More- 
head  and  Graham  and  Hon.  Giles  Mebane  were  present  as 
often  as  their  engagements  permitted. 

On  Monday  morning  the  classes  were  examined  on  the  Hoi}" 
Scriptures.  At  night  the  Baccalaureate  sermon  was  preached 
by  Rev.  Basil  Manly,  Jr.,  Pastor  of  a  Baptist  Church  in 
Richmond,  Ya.  It  was  "solemn,  earnest  and  thoroughly  evan- 
gelical," on  the  text:  "Wherewithal  shall  a  young  man  cleanse 
his  way." 

Tuesday  morning  the  Senior  Class  were  examained  on  Inter- 
national and  Constitutional  Law,  Agricultural  Chemistry  and 
Engineering,  and  at  night  came  on  the  Freshman  Declaimers : 
Nathan  B.  Small,  C.  Stephens  Croom,  Hugh  L.  Cole,  John 
T.  Cook,  Henry  L.  Rugeley,  James  P.  Coffin,  Charles  W. 
McClammy,  Algernon  R.  Morris,  Alexander  Kirkland,  James 
H.  Swindell ;  Messrs.  Cole.  Cook  and  Morris  were  especially 
commended. 

The  Sophomore  Declaimers  spoke  on  Wednesday  night : 
Winter  H.  Goodloe,  Reuell  M.  Stancill,  William  C.  Dowd,  Jesse 
S.  Barnes,  John  A.  Gilmer,  Julius  W.  Wright,  Joseph  M. 
White,  Leroy  M.  McAfee,  Wm.  M.  Coleman.  The  verdict 
of  the  hearers  was  that  "better  speaking  than  that  of  Messrs. 
Stancill,  Gilmer  and  Wright  is  seldom  heard,  while  that  of  Mr. 
Coleman  was  a  perfect  gem." 

The  Judges  for  the  prize  for  the  best  English  Composition 
divided  it  between  Wm.  M.  Coleman  and  Thomas  W.  Mason. 
It  was  a  set  of  Washington  Irving's  Works. 

The  Annual  Address  on  Wednesday  was  by  Hon.  Matt  W. 


670  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Ransom,  of  the  Philanthropic  Society,  a  graduate  of  the  Class 
of  1847.  His  theme  was  "The  Union — the  Importance  of  Its 
Preservation."  It  was  able  and  eloquent,  worthy  of  the  great 
subject.     In  five  years  he  was  fighting  for  its  destruction. 

Rev.  Joseph  M.  Atkinson,  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
Raleigh,  read  before  the  Historical  Society  a  carefully  pre- 
pared and  most  interesting  paper  on  the  Life  and  Time  of  Sir 
William  Berkeley,  Royal  Governor  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia. 
The  correspondent  bewailed  the  thinness  of  the  attendance, 
but  philosophically  consoled  himself  with  the  thought  that 
"when  lamb  and  green  peas,  ice  cream  and  fruits,  are  abundant 
within,  and  the  thermometer  is  at  90  without,  the  spirit  may 
be  very  willing,  but  the  flesh  woefully  weak." 

There  was  no  Alumni  Address.  The  oldest  Alumnus  present 
was  James  Mebane,  who  matriculated  in  1795,  and  left  two 
years  afterwards.  The  oldest  graduate  was  John  Branch,  of 
the  Class  of  1801.  The  Committee  on  the  new  Caldwell  Monu- 
ment reported  sufficient  funds,  $1,197.96,  and  they  were  in- 
structed to  have  it  erected  at  once.  James  Mebane  was  elected 
President  of  the  Association. 

The  assemblage  in  Gerrard  Hall  on  Commencement  Day 
was  large  and  brilliant.  The  speaking  of  the  Seniors  was  as 
follows : 

Latin  Salutatory,  Henry  R.  Bryan. 

"The  American  Engineer,"  Adolphus  A.  Lawrence. 

"The  Claims  of  the  Fine  Arts,"  Joseph  W.  Stephenson. 

"Necessity  of  a  National  University,"  E.  Graham  Morrow. 

"Perpetual  Progress  of  the  Human  Mind,"  Thomas  Bogg 
Slade. 

"Napoleon  Bonaparte,"  Thomas  W.  Jones. 

"The  Empire  of  Mind,"   Marmaduke  S.  Robins. 

"St.  Paul,"  A.  Haywood  Merritt. 

"The  People  and  Their  Common  Schools,"  William  Bing- 
ham. 

"Farming  Becoming  One  of  the  Learned  Professions,"  Wm. 
F.  Alderman. 

"Sir  Nigel  Bruce,"  John  Cooper  Waddill. 

"I  Am  an  American,"  Daniel  W.  Johnson. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF  1856.  671 

"The  American  Politician,"  Clement  Dowd. 

"The  People  and  Their  University,"  J.  Buckner  Killebrew. 

The  Valedictory,  Coleman  Sessions. 

It  was  the  general  opinion  that  seldom  were  so  many  good 
speeches  heard  in  one  day.  For  manner  and  matter  combined 
those  of  Lawrence,  Merritt,  Bingham  and  Killebrew  were 
especially  praised,  while  the  palm  for  fiery  vigor  in  declama- 
tion was  conceded  to  Johnson. 

When  the  lots  were  cast  for  the  Valedictory  and  Salutatory 
Sessions  obtained  the  former  and  Killebrew  the  latter,  which 
was  by  consent  transferred  to  Bryan. 

The  class  numbered  forty-seven,  only  eighteen  of  whom 
entered  as  Freshmen.  There  were  eighty-four  connected  with 
it   from  time  to  time. 

The  first  honor  was  assigned  to  William  Bingham,  J.  Buck- 
ner Killebrew,  Adolphus  A.  Lawrence,  Marmaduke  S.  Robins, 
and  Coleman  Sessions. 

The  second  to  Wm.  F.  Alderman,  Robert  G.  Barrett,  Henry 
R.  Bryan,  John  B.  Erwin,  John  T.  Gilmore,  Daniel  W.  John- 
son, A.  Haywood  Merritt,  E.  Graham  Morrow,  Thomas  Bog 
Slade,  and  J.  Cooper  Waddill. 

The  third  honor  went  to  James  Bruce,  John  R.  Burney, 
John  S.  Hines,  Joseph  W.  Stevenson,  Stuart  White,  and 
Neill  S.  Yarborough. 

Killebrew's  course  should  encourage  men  of  pluck.  He 
said  to  the  Faculty,  "I  know  I  am  not  prepared  to  enter  the 
University,  but  I  have  just  money  enough  to  enable  me  to 
graduate.  I  will  not  go  in  debt.  Let  me  try,  or  I  must  go 
elsewhere."  He  was  admitted  and  was  always  among  the 
best  in  his  class. 

Wm.  Ballard  Bruce  obtained  the  first  honor  in  Mathematics 
and  French ;  Slade  was  the  only  perfectly  punctual  member 
for  four  years ;  Waddill  and  McNair  never  missed  a  duty  after 
entering — three  years. 

Of  the  first  honor  men,  Wm.  Bingham  became  Principal  of 
one  of  the  best  male  schools  in  the  South,  and  author  of  very 
good  Latin  text-books.  He  was  also  Confederate  Colonel; 
Killebrew  was  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  and 


672  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  a  strong-  writer  for  the  press 
and  author  of  an  octavo  volume  showing  the  resources  of 
Tennessee;  Lawrence  was  a  Surgeon  C.  S.  A.,  Superintendent 
of  the  Memphis  City  Hospital  and  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital; 
Robins  was  a  strong  lawyer,  State  Senator  and  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives ;  Sessions  died  soon  after  graduation. 

Of  the  others  Barrett  is  a  prominent  Methodist  minister ; 
Bryan  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court;  Merritt  a  useful  State 
Senator  and  Trustee  of  the  University. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  conferred  on 
Samuel  H.  Wiley,  of  North  Carolina. 

The  list  of  the  Confederate  dead  of  the  matriculates  is 
mournfully  large ;  Isaac  T.  Attmore,  Private ;  Junius  C.  Battle, 
Corporal ;  George  P.  Bryan,  Captain ;  Charles  Bruce,  Jr.,  Cap- 
tain ;  Thomas  W.  Cooper,  Lieutenant ;  Addison  Harvey,  Cap- 
tain ;  Robert  H.  Lindsay,  Private ;  James  B.  McCallum,  Lieu- 
tenant ;  Robert  J.  McEachern,  Captain ;  John  W.  Mebane,  Cap- 
tain ;  Charles  B.  Murphy,  Private ;  William  T.  Nicholson,  Cap- 
tain ;  Walter  C.  Y.  Parker,  Captain ;  James  L.  Robbins,Private ; 
Iowa  M.  Royster,  Lieutenant;  Edward  G.  Sterling,  Private; 
James  H.  Taylor,  Private;  John  F.  Thompson,  Private;  Sam- 
uel P.  Weir,  Lieutenant;  William  A.  Wooster,  Lieutenant; 
Sterling  H.  Brickell,  Captain;  Hubert  Harvey,  Private;  Philip 
T.  Hay,  Major ;  Bernard  B.  Hemkin,  Captain ;  James  D.  Hunt, 
Captain ;  James  L.  McCormick,  Captain ;  James  G.  McNab ; 
Duncan  G.   McRae,   Captain. 

Commencement  oe  1857. 

The  Board  of  Examiners,  members  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees, submitted  through  their  chairman,  Col.  Walter  L.  Steele, 
a  report  which  for  the  first  time  was  publicly  read.  They 
expressed  themselves  as  gratified  on  the  whole,  but  stated 
that  they  found  many  deficient  in  scholarship  and  some  very 
much  deficient.  The  Trustees  requested  the  Committee  to 
make  another  report  in  1858. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1857.  673 

The  Marshals,  Robert  J.  T.  Connor  Chief,  and  John  An- 
thony, Thomas  H.  Christmas,  Junius  B.  DeBerry  and  Cad- 
wallader  Polk,  gave  entire  satisfaction.  The  same  can  be  said 
of  the  Ball  Managers,  John  W.  Graham,  Chief,  Gabriel  J. 
Davie,  Jesse  Hargrave,  Norman  A.  Morrison,  Junius  M.  Ram- 
sey and  Isaac  N.  Tillett,  Subs. 

The  favorite  landlady,  Miss  Nancy  Hilliard,  was  not  present 
to  care  for  the  guests,  having  concluded  to  seek  ease  and 
quiet  in  her  old  age.  Her  successor,  Hugh  B.  Guthrie,  well 
sustained  the  reputation  of  the  old  Eagle,  changing  its  name 
to  Union  Hotel.     The  price  paid  was  $10,000. 

The  Commencement  of  1857  was  ushered  in  by  the  Bacca- 
laureate sermon  preached  by  the  Right  Reverend  James  Her- 
vey  Otey,  Bishop  of  Tennessee,  who  graduated  in  1820,  and 
was  then  tutor  for  a  year.  His  subject  was  Life  Pilgrimage. 
He  took  occasion  to  pay  a  most  feeling  tribute  to  Dr.  Mitchell, 
attributing  to  him  a  direct  and  most  beneficial  influence  on 
his  own  life.  It  proved  to  be  an  elegy  as  the  good  Doctor,  less 
than  thirty  days  after  lay  cold  in  death  at  the  foot  of  a  precipice 
on  Mount  Mitchell.  A  year  afterwards  the  Bishop  preached 
his  venerable  preceptor's  funeral  sermon  on  its  summit. 

The  next  oration  was  an  elaborate  and  eloquent  argument 
by  Rev.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  D.D.,  which  has  been  published, 
in  advocacy  of  the  verity  of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of 
May  20th,  1775.  The  distinguished  divine  and  author  was 
fiercely  in  earnest.  He  did  not  spare  Jefferson  and  other  dis- 
believers in  the  authenticity  of  the  paper  so  dear  to  numerous 
patriotic  North  Carolinians.  In  his  audience,  but  bound  to 
silence  by  the  proprieties  of  the  occasion,  was  an  equally 
ardent  opponent  of  the  disputed  document,  Professor,  after- 
wards Doctor,  Charles  Phillips. 

The  Freshmen  Declaimers  on  Tuesday  night  were  William 
T.  Nicholson,  Junius  C.  Battle,  Benjamin  W.  Brown,  Tobias 
Gibson,  Wm.  J.  Headen,  Daniel  R.  Coleman,  Alexander  T. 
Cole,  Iowa  M.  Royster,  Wm.  J.  Hogan.  The  reporter  gave 
the  palm  to  Nicholson  and  Coleman,  and  unfavorably  criti- 
cised Gibson  for  intentionally  making  a  caricature  of  Robert 

43 


674  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Emmett's  well  known  speech  delivered  in  court  after  he  was 
condemned  to  death. 

On  Wednesday  Henry  Watkins  Miller,  a  distinguished 
orator,  and  eminent  lawyer  of  Raleigh,  a  graduate  of  1834, 
delivered  the  annual  oration.  The  address  was  an  able  lauda- 
tion of  the  United  States  Constitution,  but,  being  read  without 
raising  eyes  from  manuscript,  disappointed  the  audience.  The 
peroration  however  sustained  his  reputation.  He  left  his  writ- 
ten speech,  and  with  the  flashing  of  his  dark  eyes  and  with 
sonorous  voice,  for  which  he  was  conspicuous,  he  exclaimed, 
"We  cannot — we  dare  not  surrender  one  jot  or  title  of  our 
Federal  Constitution  to  the  demands  of  sectional  ambition,  or 
the  mad  behests  of  fanaticism !  It  is  that  which  has  made  us 
what  we  are — a  prosperous,  happy,  powerful  people.  Under 
and  by  that  we  are  content  to  live.  It  will  guide  us  to  a  still 
higher  degree  of  national  prosperity  and  glory.  It  will  prove 
an  impenetrable  shield  to  our  rights,  our  honor,  our  safety. 
But  if — which  heaven  forbid !  the  dread  conflict  with  faction 
and  fanaticism  must  come,  let  us  appeal  to  the  example  of 
the  immortal  Washington,  to  inspire  our  hearts  with  patriotism 
to  meet  the  crisis,  and  to  the  just  God  of  our  fathers,  to  lead 
us  through  that  conflict  and  give  us  courage  to  face  and  for- 
titude to  bear  the  direful  consequences  which  may  follow." 

In  four  years  Mr.  Miller  was  a  member  of  the  General 
Assembly  about  to  meet  in  adjourned  session  for  the  purpose 
of  calling  the  Secession  Convention,  and  voting  money  and 
troops  to  join  the  Confederate  forces.  Stumbling  down  his 
staircase  he  fell  on  his  head,  received  a  mortal  blow,  and  so 
never  saw  the  "direful  consequences"  which  he  predicted. 

At  the  close  of  the  address  the  Alumni  Association  held  their 
meeting.  The  venerable  James  Mebane  resigned  by  letter, 
Mr.  Paul  C.  Cameron,  an  alumnus,  but  not  a  graduate,  was 
elected  to  the  Presidency  in  his  place. 

The  Alumni  who  died  during  the  year  were  reported  as 
Archibald  D.  Smith,  Walker  Anderson,  Benjamin  Y.  Beene, 
Alexander  M.  Hogan,  Burton  Smith,  William  A.  Mclntyre. 

The  Committee  on  the  Caldwell  Monument  reported  that 
the  very  severe  winter  had  prevented  its  completon  as  expected. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1857.  675 

On  motion  of  Bishop  Otey,  seconded  by  Dr.  Hawks,  they  were 
instructed  to  make  all  proper  arrangements  for  the  dedication 
at  the  next  Commencement. 

Judge  Battle,  Professor  Shipp  and  S.  F.  Phillips  were  chosen 
Executive  Committee  and  Tutor  R.  H.  Battle,  Jr.,  Treasurer. 
The  Association  accompanied  Orator  Warren  Winslow  to  Ger- 
rard  Hall,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  his  address  thanks  were 
tendered  him  for  his  "most  agreeable  performance,"  and  a 
copy  requested  for  publication.  Mr.  Winslow's  career  illus- 
trates the  value  of  a  trained  mind.  After  leaving  the  Univer- 
sity in  1827  he  was  a  merchant  until  ruined  by  the  panic  of 
1837.  Not  disheartened,  he  became  a  lawyer  and  attained  high 
rank  in  his  profession.  He  was  honored  by  his  county  with  a 
seat  in  the  Senate,  was  chosen  President  of  that  body,  as  such 
acted  as  Governor.  He  likewise  was  a  Representative  in  Con- 
gress, and  Chairman  of  the  Military  Board  of  this  State. 

The  Sophomore  Declaimers  of  Wednesday  night  were  James 
P.  Coffin,  Thomas  C.  Evans,  Joseph  L.  Granberry,  Alexander 
Kirkland,  Wells  Thompson,  Henry  L.  Rugely,  C.  Stephen 
Croom,  John  T.  Cook,  Henry  C.  Lee  and  Charles  W. 
McClammy. 

Of  the  Freshmen  all  remained  for  graduation  except  Brown 
and  Gibson ;  of  the  Sophomores  all  except  Evans  and  Lee. 

The  reporter  decided  that  Coffin  and  Kirkland  were  the  best 
Sophomore  speakers.  Governor  Bragg  delivered  to  Mr.  Mc- 
Clammy an  Encyclopedia  of  Biography  offered  by  Dr.  Wheat 
for  the  best  English  essay. 

There  were  sixty-nine  graduates.  The  first  honor  was  as- 
signed to  Alphonso  C.  Avery,  Robert  Bingham,  Benjamin  F. 
Grady,  Joseph  Venable,  James  L.  A.  Webb  and  John  E.  Whar- 
ton. These  drew  lots  for  the  honorary  speeches,  Webb  getting 
the  Latin  Salutatory  and  Wharton  the  Valedictory. 

Those  obtaining  second  honor  were  John  H.  Coble,  John  E. 
Dugger,  Hubert  Harvey,  John  C.  McLauchlin,  Julius  A. 
Robbins,  Felix  G.  Smith,  Jonathan  F.  L.  Stewart,  Henry  C. 
Thompson,  George  L.  Wimberly. 

Those  obtaining  third  distinction  were  Thaddeus  C.  Belsher. 
Daniel  McL.  Graham,  John  W.  Graham,  Leonidas  N.  B.  Hay- 


676  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

ley,  William  H.  Hayley,  Charles  A.  Mitchell,  Henry  R.  Thorp, 
Nathan  P.  Ward,  and  Frank  S.  Wilkinson. 

It  was  stated  that  William  H.  Jordan  would  have  obtained 
honor  if  he  had  not  left  the  University  in  order  to  be  a  Tutor 
at  Wake  Forest  College.  Counting  him  there  were  twenty-five 
honor  men  or  about  thirty-six  per  cent,  of  the  class. 

Following  the  first  honor  men  into  after  life  we  find  Avery 
a  Captain,  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  and  Supreme  Courts  of 
the  State  and  a  State  Senator ;  Bingham  a  Captain  and  the 
Principal  of  the  Bingham  School  at  Asheville,  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel ;  Grady  a  Sergeant,  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  Aus- 
tin College,  Texas,  a  teacher  of  a  classical  school  and  a  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress ;  Venable  a  teacher  in  Virginia ;  Webb  a 
Confederate  soldier  and  merchant ;  Wharton  a  Captain. 

Of  the  others  Belsher,  after  serving  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  became  founder  of  the  University  of  Columbus  and  of 
Carrollton  College  in  Mississippi ;  John  W.  Graham  Tutor  of 
Mathematics,  and  for  years  a  Trustee  of  our  University,  Major, 
State  Senator,  Member  of  the  Convention  of  1868,  a  lawyer 
of  eminence. 

Of  those  not  graduating  with  honors  Thomas  S.  Kenan  was 
a  Colonel,  member  of  the  Legislature,  Attorney-General,  Clerk 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  President  of  the  Alumni  Association 
and  Trustee  of  the  University;  McLean  was  a  Major,  member 
of  the  Legislature  of  Texas,  Representative  in  Congress,  mem- 
ber of  the  Convention  of  1875,  and  a  District  Judge. 

The  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science,  the  first  in  the  history 
of  the  institution,  was  awarded  to  James  E.  Lindsay,  subse- 
quently a  physician  and  a  Professor  in  the  Baltimore  Medical 
College. 

The  following  delivered  orations  on  Commencement  Day, 
it  being  the  rule  that  all  honor  men  should  speak  unless  ex- 
cused :  J.  L.  A.  Webb,  the  Latin  Salutatory ;  J.  E.  Wharton,  the 
Valedictory,  as  has  been  said ;  John  E.  Dugger,  the  Greek,  and 
Joseph  Venable  the  French  Oration.  Messrs.  J.  L.  Steward, 
R.  Bingham,  A.  C.  Avery,  J.  C.  McLauchlin,  B.  F.  Grady,  Jr., 
J.  H.  Coble,  Charles  A.  Mitchell,  J.  A.  Robbins,  John  W. 
Graham,     delivered     English     orations.       Those     particularly 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1857.  677 

noticed  by  the  reporter  were  Bingham,  Grady  and  Robbins, 
Dugger's  Greek  was  pronounced  correct,  while  Wharton's 
Valedictory  was  peculiarly  touching. 

The  matriculates  of  this  year  were  just  of  the  age  to  rush 
into  the  war  as  an  holiday  excursion.  This  melancholy  list 
shows  that  thirty-three  never  returned :  Lawrence  M.  Ander- 
son, Lieutenant ;  William  H.  Austin,  Sergeant ;  Henry  K.  Bur- 
gwyn,  Jr.,  Colonel;  Thomas  Cowan,  Private;  John  H.  D.  Fain, 
Captain;  James  W.  W.  Ferebee,  Captain;  Benjamin  L.  Gill, 
Lieutenant;  Thomas  S.  Hill,  Ord.  Sergt. ;  Joseph  V.  Jenkins, 
Private ;  H.  Francis  Jones,  Lieutenant ;  John  McDonald  Land, 
Private;  Jarvis  B.  Lutterloh,  Lieutenant;  George  S.  Martin, 
Captain;  William  Whitmel  Martin,  Major;  George  W.  McMil- 
lan, Private ;  Stephen  D.  Richmond,  Lieutenant ;  David  W. 
Simmons,  Jr.,  Lieutenant;  Thomas  Lucius  Smith,  Lieutenant; 
Massillon  F.  Taylor,  Captain  ;  James  N.  Thompson,  Private ; 
Nathan  B.  Whitfield,  Captain;  Henry  G.  Williams,  Ensign; 
John  W.  Wilson,  Lieutenant ;  E.  Eldridge  Wright,  Captain ; 
John  Bradford,  Private ;  James  E.  Butts,  Lieutenant ;  Wm.  A. 
Dunn,  Lieutenant ;  David  H.  Froy.  Lieutenant ;  John  W.  Harris, 
Lieutenant;  Neill  E.  McCaskill,  Private;  James  C.  McClel- 
land, Private ;  Mitchell  S.  Prudhomme,  Private ;  Lucius  R.  A. 
Pearce,  Private. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  (LL.D. )  was  con- 
ferred on  Aaron  Vail  Brown,  a  graduate  of  1814,  late  Rep- 
resentative in  Congress,  Governor  of  Tennessee,  and  then  Post- 
master-General;  that  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  (D.D.)  on  Rev. 
Wm.  Hooper,  a  graduate  of  1809.  once  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity heretofore  described.  The  like  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  on  Wm.  S.  Mason  and  Lucian  Holmes. 

President  Swain,  being  himself  of  prudence  in  money  mat- 
ters and  economical  in  his  habits,  attached  great  importance 
to  the  necessity  of  students  keeping  out  of  debt.  In  1855  he 
not  only  distributed  two  circulars  warning  merchants  not  to 
transgress  the  law  giving  credits  to  students,  but  in  April, 
1856,  he  induced  Governor  Bragg  and  other  members  of  the 
Executive  Committee  to  issue  a  circular  to  the  merchants, 
shopkeepers,  traders  and  others  in  Chapel  Hill,  Raleigh,  Hills- 


678  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

boro,  Wilmington  and  elsewhere  in  North  Carolina,  virtually 
accusing  some  of  them  who  had  maintained  a  fair  character 
for  integrity,  of  seducing  young  men  entrusted  to  the  honor  of 
"the  honest  State  of  North  Carolina,  into  habits  of  imprudent 
and  unlawful  expenditure."  It  was  threatened  that  there 
would  be  a  perfect  union  of  all  the  authorities  of  the  University 
to  bring  down  proper  punishment  upon  all  violating  the  pro- 
visions of  the  law.  It  was  roundly  asserted  that  giving  credit 
without  proper  permission  was  corrupting  the  morals  of  the 
youth  of  the  country. 

The  Committee  stated  that  the  University  was  in  a  state  of 
unprecedented  prosperity,  the  discipline  mild,  parental  and 
firm,  and  general  quiet,  order  and  diligence  prevail  in  every 
department. 

All  these  efforts  to  prevent  credit  being  given  proved  futile. 
The  laws  of  trade  cannot  be  changed  by  threats. 

In  this  year  (1857)  Col.  Walter  L.  Steele  and  Rev.  Cushing 
B.  Hassell,  as  a  Committee  of  Trustees,  examined  the  classes. 
While  they  found  much  to  praise,  the  report  was  so  severe 
as  to  bad  scholarship  of  certain  students,  whose  names  were 
read  from  the  rostrum,  that  the  Chairman  was  threatened  with 
a  personal  attack  by  one  or  more  of  those  censured,  a  threat 
that  he  so  easily  thwarted  as  to  make  it  probable  that  nothing 
more  serious  than  vaporing  was  intended. 

The  report  was  read  by  Col.  W.  L.  Steele  on  the  afternoon 
of  Commencement  Day,  in  substance  as  follows :  Compara- 
tively few  infractions  of  the  regulations  have  occurred  during 
the  year,  and  they  of  a  venial  nature.  The  exceptions  to  this 
statement  are  less  than  ten  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number 
who  have  been  guilty  of  riotous  and  disorderly  behavior,  the 
result  for  the  most  part  of  intoxication  from  spirituous  liquors. 
It  was  hoped  that  the  public  mention  of  this  evil,  which  has 
caused  more  scandal  to  the  University  than  all  other  causes 
combined,  would  induce  reformation  of  conduct.  It  was  not 
doubted  that  the  Faculty  had  been  diligent  to  detect  offenders, 
and  it  was  earnestly  recommended  to  dismiss  or  suspend  every 
student  found  in  a  state  of  intoxication.  For  minor  offences  a 
demerit  roll  was  recommended  and  dismission  should  follow 
the  attainment  of  a  given  number  of  demerits. 


REPORT   OF   EXAMINING   COMMITTEE.  679 

The  Committee  thought  that  the  corps  of  instructors  was 
never  more  able  and  faithful.  As  suggested  by  Prof.  Charles 
Phillips,  purchase  should  be  made  of  additional  instruments 
and  apparatus  and  an  Observatory  erected  in  which  there 
should  be  a  telescope  "of  greater  or  less  dimensions."  The 
lecture  system  should  be  adopted  in  all  branches,  and  illus- 
trative experiments  where  appropriate. 

In  regard  to  proficiency  in  studies,  the  Committee  find  that 
"quite  a  considerable  number'"  are  diligently  availing  them- 
selves of  the  opportunity  of  advancement  while  others  seem 
apparently  not  to  appreciate  them,  and  some  have  incurred  dis- 
approbation. The  University  is  not  answering  the  ends  of 
its  institution  if  it  allows  graduation  without  respectable  attain- 
ments. Parents  should  be  asked  to  withdraw  those  not  deriv- 
ing adequate  benefit  from  their  studies,  and  no  one  should  go 
into  an  upper  class  who  has  not  passed  an  examination  on  the 
"general  average  of  his  standing  in  his  studies."  Gratification 
was  expressed  at  the  prosperous  condition  of  the  University, 
and  the  committee  asked  the  Trustees  to  strengthen  the  Faculty 
in  repressing  vice  and  advancing  the  standard  of  scholarship 
and  good  morals. 

An  unusual  and  painful  duty  was  devolved  on  Governor 
Thomas  Bragg,  as  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  to 
announce  to  the  audience  the  expulsion  of  two  of  the  students 
for  riotous  behavior.  The  Board  of  Trustees  emphasized  their 
profound  disapproval  of  drinking  among  the  students  by  pass- 
ing a  law  depriving  the  Faculty  of  powTer  to  reinstate  one  dis- 
missed for  drunkenness,  until,  after  the  expiration  of  two 
months. 

The  Board  likewise  increased  the  price  of  tuition  to  $30.00 
per  annum.  No  student  was  allowed  to  room  in  the  village 
until  the  college  rooms  were  full,  an  old  rule,  but  of  late  often 
broken. 

Death  of  Dr.  Mitchell. 

On  the  27th  of  June.  1857,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his 
age,  and  in  the  fortieth  year  of  his  service  for  the  University, 
perished  the  Senior  Professor,  Elisha  Mitchell.  A  sketch  of 
his  lineage  and  early  life  has  already  been  given.     Until  1825 


680  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

he  presided  over  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy,  intro- 
ducing the  study  of  Calculus.  When  Dr.  Olmsted  was  trans- 
ferred to  Yale  Dr.  Mitchell  gladly  became  Professor  of  Geol- 
ogy and  Mineralogy.  He  then  began  the  practice  of  visiting 
the  various  sections  of  the  State  in  order  to  study  their  rocky 
formations,  their  soils,  fauna,  flora,  rivers  and  swamps.  He 
was  much  attracted  by  the  lofty  summits  of  the  Black,  and 
explored  them  at  various  times,  beginning  with  1835.  He  dis- 
covered and  measured  the  highest  peak,  called  in  his  honor 
Mount  Mitchell.  Senator  Thomas  L,.  Clingham  contended 
that  the  Doctor  had  been  on  a  lower  peak  and  claimed  the 
name  of  the  highest  peak  himself.  After  a  discussion  of  the 
question  in  newspapers,  Dr.  Mitchell  proceeded  in  the  summer 
of  1857  to  make  an  instrumental  survey  and  obtain  the  testi- 
mony of  those  who  had  assisted  him  in  his  former  barometrical 
measurement.  He  had  been  at  the  work  about  two  weeks 
when  on  the  27th  of  June,  on  Saturday  afternoon,  he  under- 
took alone  to  journey  over  the  mountain,  down  the  rugged 
defiles  and  through  the  tangled  and  pathless  thickets,  in  order 
to  reach  the  settlements  on  Caney  River.  His  singular  self- 
reliant  nature  proved  his  ruin.  Pie  slipped  over  a  precipice 
forty  feet  high  into  a  deep  pool  of  the  Sugar-camp  branch  of 
the  Cat-tail  Fork  of  the  Caney  River. 

He  was  found  on  Tuesday,  July  8th,  and  was  buried  at  first 
in  Asheville  by  the  desire  of  his  family,  but  on  the  16th  of 
June,  1858,  in  compliance  with  the  general  opinion  of  its  fitness, 
he  was  with  their  consent  reinterred  on  the  summit  of  the 
loftiest  peak  east  of  the  Mississippi.  One  of  his  former  pupils 
and  colleagues  in  the  Faculty,  Right  Rev.  James  Hervey  Otey, 
Bishop  of  Tennessee,  conducted  the  funeral  services  and  de- 
livered a  most  impressive  and  eloquent  sermon.  It  was  fol- 
lowed by  an  interesting  impromptu  address  by  President 
Swain.  Copies  of  these  discourses,  together  with  a  sketch 
of  Dr.  Mitchell's  life,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Phillips,  the  history 
of  the  search  for  the  body  by  Senator  Z.  B.  Vance,  and  of  the 
reburial  by  Mr.  Richard  H.  Battle,  together  with  sundry  lauda- 
tory resolutions  by  different  public  bodies,  have  been  pub- 
lished, with  an  excellent  portrait  of  the  good  professor. 


DEATH   0E  DR.    MITCHELL.  68 1 

Dr.  Mitchell  was  a  large  figure  in  our  University  life.  His 
massive,  tireless  frame,  his  encyclopedic  information  and  readi- 
ness to  impart  it,  his  broad  humor,  his  firm,  but  not  narrow 
Calvanism,  his  genial  manners,  his  laborious  reading,  his  kind- 
ness of  heart  and  unfailing  generosity,  his  intrepid  spirit,  his 
firm  reliance  on  his  opinions,  would  have  made  him  conspicu- 
ous anywhere. 

Dr.  Mitchell  was  personally  well  known  throughout  North 
Carolina  by  his  expeditions,  botanical  and  geological.  Every- 
where his  reputation  for  learning  was  high.  He  wrote  valuable 
articles,  which  were  published  in  Silliman's  Journal,  such  as 
"On  the  Low  Country  of  North  Carolina,"  1828;  "The  Geol- 
ogy of  the  Gold  Regions  of  North  Carolina,"  1829;  on  "Weath- 
er's Tube  of  Safety,"  etc.,  1830;  "The  Causes  of  Winds  and 
Storms,"  1821 ;  "Analysis  of  the  Protogaea  of  Leibnitz,"  1831 ; 
"Notices  of  the  High  Mountains  of  North  Carolina,"  1839,  etc. 
Similar  contributions  he  continued  up  to  his  death.  I  have 
already  noticed  his  supposed  contributions  to  the  Harbinger, 
published  at  Chapel  Hill.  He  prepared  for  his  classes  a  manual 
of  Chemistry,  the  second  edition  of  which  was  given  to  the 
press  before  his  death,  but  was  not  published;  A  Manual  of 
Geology,  illustrated  by  a  geological  map  of  North  Carolina ;  a 
Manual  of  Natural  History,  and  a  collection  of  facts  and  dates 
respecting  the  History  and  Geography  of  the  Holy  Land. 

He  was  regarded  in  this  State  and  by  the  Alumni  of  the 
University  elsewhere  as  intrinsically  a  very  great  man.  He 
certainly  was  possessed  of  extraordinary  natural  abilities,  and  if 
he  had  confined  himself  to  a  specialty  would  have  been  world 
famous.  The  following  resolutions  of  the  Trustees  give  with- 
out exaggeration  their  opinion  and  that  of  the  people  of  the 
State  generally. 

"His  Excellency  Gov.  Bragg  having  communicated  officially 
intelligence  of  the  recent  sudden  and  melancholy  death  of  the 
Rev.  Doctor  Elisha  Mitchell,  late  Professor  of  Chemistry  and 
Mineralogy  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  in  view  of  his  high  character  as  a  Christian 
gentleman,  of  his  arduous,  long  continued  and  inestimable 
services  in  the  academic  corps,  and  his  distinguished  position 


682  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

for  the  last  forty  years  as  a  member  of  the  Faculty  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  affairs  of  the  college;  in  view  of  his  emi- 
nent attainments  in  Literature  and  Science,  his  ardent  patriot- 
ism and  public  services,  consider  the  present  a  fit  occasion  to 
express  their  unanimous  sentiment  of  true  condolence  and 
sympathy  with  the  widow  and  family  of  the  deceased,  with 
the  officers  and  members  of  the  college  and  the  people  of  the 
whole  State,  at  this  sad  and  overwhelming  bereavement ;  and 
in  the  name  and  on  behalf  of  the  whole  body  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  University,  this  Committee  will  cordially  unite  with 
other  associations  and  individuals  in  paying  enduring  honors 
to  his  memory." 

This  offer  of  co-operation,  made  in  the  first  gush  of  sym- 
pathy, in  the  erection  of  a  Mitchell  memorial,  as  frequently 
happens  in  similar  cases,  met  with  no  adequate  response.  A 
committee  of  citizens,  mainly  of  Asheville,  consisting  of  Z.  B. 
Vance,  James  A.  Patton,  John  A.  Dickson,  A.  S.  Merrimonr 
D.  Coleman  and  W.  M.  Shipp,  in  a  well  written  paper,  of 
which  Vance  was  the  author,  published  in  the  Asheville  Spec- 
tator and  other  journals,  called  for  contributions  to  the  amount 
of  $5,000,  for  building  a  granite  shaft  on  Mount  Mitchell,  but 
the  movement  came  to  nothing.  The  present  iron  monument 
was  erected  by  means  of  a  sum  bequeathed  by  Dr.  Mitchell's 
youngest  daughter,  Mrs.  Eliza  N.  Grant,  Dr.  William  B. 
Phillips  as  the  agent  of  her  sister,  Miss  Margaret  Mitchell, 
superintending  and  aiding  laboriously  the  difficult  work. 

The  Faculty  of  Davidson  College,  after  bearing  testimony 
to  the  faithfulness  of  his  teaching,  adds,  "the  Church  also  in 
this  general  grief,  sorrows  most  of  all,  because  she  has  lost 
in  this  distinguished  philosopher  an  eminent  Christian  minister 
and  a  noble  examplar  of  the  high  and  essential  harmony  of 
Science  and  Religion.  Through  the  whole  of  a  long  life  he 
was  an  assiduous  and  enthusiastic  devotee  of  Science,  and  to 
us  there  is  something  of  a  melancholy,  poetic  grandeur  and 
greatness  in  the  place  and  manner  of  his  death,  whereby 
Science  in  burying  one  of  her  worthiest  sons  has  hallowed  a 
new  Pisgah,  which  future  generations  shall  know  and  mark." 


EULOGIES  OF  DR.  MITCHELL.  683 

The  Philanthrophic  Society  spoke  of  him  as  "a  most  able, 
skillful  and  learned  instructor"  *  *  *  a  man  whom  we  ad- 
mired and  a  friend  whom  we  loved,  whose  many  kind  offices 
and  wise  counsels  we  shall  sadly  miss."  The  Dialectic  Society 
recorded  their  "obligations  to  him  for  that  high  example 
that  the  much  absorbed  and  universal  student  need  not,  amid 
such  pursuits,  divest  himself  of  those  homely  yet  noble  quali- 
ties which  make  the  benevolent  and  public-spirited  citizen, 
the  courageous  magistrate  and  the  humble  and  sincere  Chris- 
tian." 

The  Faculty  of  the  University  in  an  eloquent  and  truthful 
eulogy  said,  "In  the  midst  of  our  regrets  it  affords  us  a  melan- 
choly satisfaction  to  reflect  that  he  met  his  death  in  the  cause 
of  Science,  and  thus,  in  appropriate  keeping  with  the  duties 
of  his  life  has,  in  his  death,  added  his  name  to  the  list  of  her 
honored  martyrs."  He  was  described  as  the  Christian  gen- 
tleman whose  heart,  overflowing  with  the  tender  sympathies 
of  humanity,  made  him  the  ever  beneficent  friend  of  the  poor 
and  the  wretched ;  as  the  minister  of  our  Holy  Faith,  dispensing 
the  precious  truths  of  eternal  life  to  the  sinful  and  wayward; 
as  the  watchful  friend  and  faithful  guardian  of  the  young;  as 
our  associate,  who  brought  experience  to  our  deliberations,  and 
the  cheerful  playfulness  of  innocent  mirth  to  our  social  inter- 
course." 

Dr.  James  Phillips,  who  succeeded  him  in  the  Mathematical 
Chair,  was  requested  to  deliver  a  funeral  discourse  and  Presi- 
dent Swain  an  eulogy  in  his  honor. 

The  Trustees  acted  with  liberality  towards  his  family.  They 
paid  his  salary  to  the  end  of  the  year  and  allowed  them  to 
retain  his  residence  without  rent  for  six  months  after  his  death. 
They  bought  his  books  for  $3,500,  and  his  apparatus  and 
cabinet  of  minerals  for  $1,000.  On  the  other  hand,  from  the 
requirement  that  he  should  be  responsible  for  all  tuition,  not 
donated  to  the  beneficiaries,  although  credit  was  often  neces- 
sarily given  at  his  risk,  there  was  a  balance  due  by  him  to  the 
University.  This  was  promptly  paid  by  his  administrator, 
Richard  J.  Ashe,  a  son-in-law.  There  was  liberality  shown 
in  a  real  estate  transaction.  In  1844  the  Board  after  the  set- 
tlement for  building  the  stone  wall  agreed  to  make  a  deed  to 


684  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

the  Doctor  for  "a  small  strip  of  ground  near  his  ice-house, 
whenever  a  deed  for  the  same  should  be  presented."  Under 
this  indefinite  description  a  conveyance  was  made  to  his  heirs 
of  two  acres  on  Cameron  Avenue,  fronting  the  University  lot 
occupied  by  Professor  Gore.  The  heirs  were  requested  to  give 
the  University  the  option  for  the  repurchase  if  they  should 
ever  sell,  but  when  they  concluded  to  part  with  the  property 
there  was  no  money  available.  Being  so  near  the  University 
buildings  trouble  may  some  day  come  by  reason  of  this  gen- 
erous gift. 

Dr.  Mitchell  was  succeeded  by  Wm.  James  Martin,  who 
was  born  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  graduated  at  the  University 
of  that  State  in  1854,  having  particularly  distinguished  himself 
in  scientific  branches.  He  was  then  Professor  of  Natural 
Philosophy  and  Chemistry  for  three  years  at  Washington 
College,  Pennsylvania.  He  had  the  highest  recommendations 
from  Professor  Maupin,  of  Chemistry,  and  many  other  pro- 
fessors, and  well  deserved  them.  His  first  step  after  reaching 
Chapel  Hill  was  to  get  an  appropriation  for  increased  labora- 
tory work.  The  subjects  of  Botany  and  Zoology  were  dropped 
and  attention  was  given  exclusively  to  Chemistry,  Mineralogy 
and  Geology.  The  Juniors  had  two  recitations  and  two  lectures 
in  Chemistry  each  week  throughout  the  year,  and  the  Seniors 
had  the  same  in  Mineralogy  and  Geology.  -It  was  announced 
that  a  sufficient  stock  of  apparatus  and  chemicals  and  a  large 
cabinet  of  minerals  and  fossils  afford  abundant  means  of  illus- 
trations in  the  several  branches  of  this  Department. 

It  should  be  recorded  that  on  the  19th  January,  1857,  oc~ 
curred  a  blizzard  analagous  to  those  of  our  northwestern 
plains.  All  Saturday  night  the  wind  roared  and  the  snow  fell, 
and  the  next  morning  the  ground  was  covered  to  the  depth 
of  about  eighteen  inches  with  icy  snow.  The  temperature  was 
so  cold  for  many  days  thereafter  that  there  was  slow  melting. 
Each  room  had  its  own  fireplace  and  separate  heating.  For 
a  week  the  wood  wagons  could  not  run,  and  there  was  serious 
inconvenience  and  some  suffering  in  consequence.  For  the 
first  time  and.  perhaps  only  time  in  the  history  of  the  University 
all  duties  were  suspended,  the  suspension  lasting  from  Sun- 
day until  Tuesday. 


WM.    J.    MARTIN. 


ALBERT    II.    SHIPP. 


JOHN   T.    WHEAT. 


B.    S.    HEDRICK. 


HILDRETH    H.    SMITH. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 858.  685 

In  the  same  month  Chief  Justice  Thomas  Ruffin,  one  of  the 
most  learned  and  thoughtful  Trustees,  offered  a  resolution 
which  was  adopted,  directing  the  President  and  members  of 
the  Faculty  to  review  the  course  of  studies  and  consider 
whether  it  was  not  too  extended  for  the  time  alloted.  and  if 
so,  whether  the  remedy  should  be  to  lop  off  some,  or  extend 
the  curriculum  a  year  or  raise  the  requisite  for  admission. 

There  was  no  record  of  any  report  in  response  to  this  reso- 
lution.    Certainly  nothing  was  done  under  it. 

Commencement  of  1858. 

On  Monday  night  of  the  Commencement  of  1858  Rev.  Dr. 
Moses  A.  Curtis,  Rector  of  the  Episcopal  Church  at  Hills- 
boro,  a  learned  divine  and  very  distinguished  botanist,  preached 
the  sermon  to  the  Senior  Class.  It  was  a  strong  argument  to 
prove  that  a  devout  recognition  of  God's  glory,  whether  in  the 
world  of  mind  or  matter,  raised  the  soul  nearer  Him. 

On  Tuesday  morning  Rev.  Dr.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  at  the 
request  of  the  Historical  Society,  unfolded  most  eloquently 
the  truths  of  the  lesson  bequeathed  to  us  by  Washington  in 
his  Farewell  Address. 

On  Wednesday  forenoon  Rev.  Dr.  John  Thomas  Wheat,  of 
the  Philanthropic  Society,  delivered  the  Annual  Address.  His 
theme  Avas  the  Proper  Relation  between  Life  and  Literature. 
He  showed  how  unprincipled  heart  and  immoral  life  had  ruined 
many  a  genius.     Truth  is  essential  to  real  greatness. 

The  Declaimers  of  the  Freshman  Class  on  Tuesday  evening 
were  John  McK.  Whitted,  of  Bladen ;  Guilford  Nicholson,  of 
Halifax ;  John  Bradford,  of  Alabama ;  James  E.  Butts,  of 
Georgia ;  James  M.  B.  Hunt,  of  Granville ;  Joel  P.  Walker, 
of  Mississippi ;  Robert  S.  Clark,  Texas ;  Nicholas  L.  Williams, 
of  Yadkin  County ;  Thomas  T.  Allen,  Windsor ;  John  W. 
Pearson,  Mississippi :  Henry  S.  Puryear,  Huntsville. 

On  Wednesday  night  came  the  Sophomores :  George  S.  Mar- 
tin, Tennessee;  Louis  West,  Mississippi;  T.  Lucius  Smith, 
Tennessee:  William  T.  Nicholson,  Halifax;  Thomas  W.  Davis, 
Franklin  County ;  Iowa  M.  Royster,  Raleigh ;  Vernon  H. 
Vausfhan,  Alabama ;  Pierce  M.  Butler,  South  Carolina :  Daniel 


686  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

R.  Coleman,  Concord;  Walter  J.  Jones,  of  Milton;  George  P. 
Bryan,  Raleigh,  and  Charles  Walsh,  Jr.,  of  Alabama. 

The  Freshmen  were  pronounced  by  the  critics  too  tame, 
only  Bradford  rising  above  mediocrity.  The  Sophomores  were 
much  praised,  especially  Royster,  Coleman,  Walsh  and  West. 
Whitted.  Bradford,  Pearson,  West  and  Puryear  left  before 
graduation.  Whitted  joined  the  army,  Bradford  also,  and  was 
killed  at  Seven  Pines;  Pearson  was  a  merchant;  West  has  not 
been  traced;  Puryear  is  a  lawyer. 

The  prize  for  the  best  English  Composition  was  presented 
on  behalf  of  Dr.  Wheat  to  George  L.  Wilson,  of  Xewbern, 
by  Dr.  F.  L.  Hawks  in  his  inimitably  felicitous  manner. 

There  were  ninety-three  graduates,  twenty  of  whom  spoke 
on  Thursday : 

Latin  Salutatory,  Thomas  W.  Mason,  Virginia. 

"A  Plea  for  Ambition,"'*  Robert  D.  Johnston,  Lincoln  County. 

"Inventive  Genius,"'  John  B.  Buchanan,  Richmond  County. 

"Bene  cogitare,  non  multo  melius  est,  quam  bene  somniare," 
Nathaniel  P.  Lusher,  Tennessee. 

"The  Conservative  Spirit  of  the  South,'"  William  C.  Lord, 
Salisbury. 

"The  Influence  of  Religion  on  Government,""  Hamilton  C. 
Jones,  Rowan  County. 

"The  Mechanic  Arts,"  Robert  H.  Marsh,  Chatham  County. 

"Josephine;  a  Poem,'"  James  S.  Hill,  Stokes  County. 

"To  Palaion  Dramaton  Hellenon,"  Wm.  M.  Hammond, 
Wadesboro. 

"Revolution  an  Element  of  Progress,"  Philip  T.  May,  Rock- 
ingham County. 

"Byron,"  Leroy   M.   McAfee,   Cleveland  County. 

'"Responsibility  of  American  Youth,"  Robert  T.  Harris,  Ala- 
bama. 

'The  Historian's  Trust,"  John  M.  Perry,  Beaufort. 

"La  Gloire  de  la  France,"  Robert  W.  Anderson,  New  Han- 
over County. 

"Die  Yaterlandsliche,"  James  Turner  Morehead,  Greens- 
boro. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF  1 859.  687 

"The  Westward  Flight  of  Freedom,"  Edward  S.  Bell,  Ala- 
bama. 

"Poetry  of  Our  Battlefields,"  John  A.  Gilmer,  Greensboro. 

"Liberality  of  Thought,"  Addison  Harvey,  Mississippi. 

"The  Beautiful;  a  Poem,"  William  M.  Coleman,  Concord. 

Valedictory,  Wm.  Carey  Dowd,  Wake  County. 

The  comments  on  the  speeches  were  that  they  were  too 
long,  but  showed  as  a  rule  a  high  degree  of  merit.  Especially 
noticed  were  those  of  Marsh  for  its  simplicity  and  good  sense ; 
of  Lusher  and  Hervey  of  a  metaphysical  kind ;  the  poem  of 
Coleman,  both  for  thought  and  feeling  and  for  rythmical 
structure.  The  Greek  oration  of  Hammond,  the  Latin  of 
Mason,  and  the  German  of  Morehead  were  well  conceived 
and  well  uttered.  The  reminiscences  by  the  Valedictorian 
Dowd  of  the  excellence  of  Dr.  Mitchell,  and  the  apostrophe 
to  his  spirit  as  still  hovering  over  us,  struck  the  hearts  of  the 
audience. 

The  first  honor  was  awarded  to  Robert  W.  Anderson,  Wm. 
Carey  Dowd,  Wm.  M.  Hammond,  Wm.  C.  Lord,  Thomas  W. 
Mason,  Leroy  M.  McAfee,  James  Turner  Morehead  and  John 
M.  Perry. 

The  second  to  Edward  S.  Bell,  John  B.  Buchanan,  John  A. 
Gilmer,  James  I.  Grover,  Robert  T.  Harris,  Addison  Harvey, 
Philip  T.  Hay,  James  S.  Hill,  Robert  D.  Johnston,  Hamilton 

C.  Jones,  Nathaniel  P.  Lusher  and  Robert  H.  Marsh. 

The  third  to  James  S.   Baker,   Samuel  M.   Brinson,   Nevin 

D.  J.  Clark,  Samuel  W.  Clement,  Wm.  M.  Coleman,  David 
S.  Goodloe,  Oscar  F.  Hadley,  Francis  M.  Johnson,  Thomas  N. 
Macartney,  Daniel  Stewart,  William  L.  Twitty,  James  A. 
Walker,  William  H.  Young. 

The  Faculty  noted  that  the  class  was  distinguished  by  a 
larger  number  than  usual  of  able  and  upright  men. 

Of  the  first  honor  men  Anderson  was  a  Lieutenant,  killed 
at  the  Wilderness;  Dowd  was  a  Tutor,  U.  N.  C,  died  early; 
Hammond  was  a  Captain,  a  promjinent  lawyer  in  Georgia  and 
member  of  the  Legislature ;  Lord  was  a  Captain,  killed  in  bat- 
tle ;  Mason  a  Captain,  State  Senator  and  member  of  the  Cor- 
poration Commission ;  Morehead  a  Colonel  and  President  of 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

the  Senate;  McAfee  a  Colonel,  member  of  the  Legislature  and 
a  very  able  lawyer. 

Of  the  others  Gilmer  was  a  Colonel,  State  Senator,  Trustee 
of  the  University,  and  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  Harvey 
a  Captain  jof  Harvey's  Scouts,  killed  at  Atlanta ;  R.  D.  Johns- 
ton a  strong  lawyer  and  banker,  and  a  Brigadier-General; 
Jones  a  leader  of  the  Charlotte  bar  and  U.  S.  District  Attorney; 
Marsh  a  Baptist  preacher  and  often  President  of  the  State 
Association ;  Coleman  Attorney-General  and  an  author ;  Ma- 
cartney a  Confederate  soldier,  County  Solicitor  and  Adjutant- 
General  of  Georgia. 

Of  those  not  gaining  honors  Hilliard  was  a  Captain,  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  and  Superior  Court  Judge ;  Phillips 
also  a  Captain  and  Superior  Court  Judge ;  Richmond  a  Sur- 
geon C.  S.  A.  and  prominent  physician  in  Missouri. 

Of  the  matriculates  not  graduating  John  F.  Miller  was  a 
physician  and  Superintendent  of  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
at  Goldsboro. 

The  list  of  the  matriculates  of  1858  belonging  to  the  "Con- 
federate dead"  still  shows  an  increase — thirty-six  in  number: 
Edward  H.  Armstrong,  Captain ;  Joseph  H.  Bason,  Sergeant ; 
Luther  R.  Bell,  Private ;  James  J.  Cherry,  Captain ;  Joseph 
D.  Cherry,  Private ;  Weldon  E.  Davis,  Captain ;  John  H.  Dob- 
bin, Private ;  John  C.  Gaines,  Captain ;  John  L.  Haughton, 
Private ;  Thomas  C.  Holliday,  Captain ;  James  P.  Jenkins, 
Lieutenant;  Aurelius  C.  Jones,  ;  John  T.  Jones,  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel ;  James  S.  Knight,  Lieutenant ;  Thomas  Ben- 
jamin Davidson,  Private;  Jacob  F.  Foster,  Private;  Robert  F. 
Fulton,  Captain ;  John  F.  Lightfoot,  Private ;  Albert  G.  Moore, 
Lieutenant ;  Harrison  P.  Lyon,  Lieutenant ;  Richardson  Mal- 
lett,  Lieutenant ;  William  T.  Nuckolls,  Captain ;  Augustus  M. 
Parker,  Private ;  Oliver  T.  Parks,  Lieutenant ;  Charles  E.  Rid- 
dick,  Lieutenant;  Jesse  G.  Ross, ;  Jesse  W.  Siler,  Lieu- 
tenant; Rufus  S.  Siler,  Lieutenant;  James  M.  Smith,  Private; 
Samuel  T.  Snow,  Lieutenant ;  Reuell  A.  Stancil,  Private ;  Archi- 
bald T.  Staton,  Lieutenant:  Simon  H.  Taylor,  Private:  John 
M.  Sutton ;  Lawson  W.  Sykes ;  James  Milton  Tomlinson.  Ser- 
geant. 


COMMENCEMENT   OF    l8|8.  689 

The  attendance  on  the  occasion  might  be  called  brilliant.  All 
regretted  the  absence  of  the  Secretary,  ex-Governor  Manly, 
detained  by  sickness,  and  of  Dr.  Elisha  Mitchell,  both  familiar 
figures  for  about  two  scoreyears. 

In  1858  the  Examining  Committee  were  Judge  W.  H.  Bat- 
tle, Hon.  D.  M.  Barringer,  W.  F.  Leake,  Esq.,  and  Hon.  S.  P. 
Hill.  Judge  Battle,  as  Chairman,  read  the  report  on  Com1- 
mencement  Day.  It  praised  highly  "many  of  the  students," 
and  to  them  was  given  the  high  credit  of  sustaining  the  repu- 
tation of  the  University.  The  Committee  turned  with  feelings 
of  sadness  to  many,  too  many,  who  "went  through  all  the 
grades  of  poor  scholarship"  on  their  examinations.  "To  the 
questions  of  the  examiners  they  either  maintained  a  profound 
silence,  or  returned  answers  so  wide  of  the  mark  as  to  show 
that  the  subject   had  never  before  engaged   their  attention." 

The  Committee  were  sorry  to  notice  that  the  better  scholars 
seemed  to  have  devoted  more  of  their  attention  to  some  text- 
books than  to  others. 

The  demeanor  of  the  students  had  been  good  on  the  whole. 
The  cases  of  disorder  proceeded  more  from  heedlessness  than 
a  deliberate  purpose  to  injure  the  University.  Praise  was  given 
to  the  ability  and  faithfulness  of  the  Faculty.  Nothing  was 
wanting  but  persevering  attention  to  duty  on  the  part  of  the 
students  to  cause  our  noble  Alma  Mater  to  be  as  great  as  the 
proudest  in  the  land. 

The  Tutors  addressed  to  the  Board  a  temperate  communica- 
tion in  the  handwriting  of  Solomon  Pool  to  the  effect  that  the 
small  salaries  paid  them  deprived  them  of  any  inducement  to 
remain  long  in  the  service  of  the  University.  This  discourage- 
ment was  increased  by  not  promoting  those  who  were  worthy 
to  professorships,  but  instead  going  into  other  States  for  pro- 
fessors. It  was  suggested  that  salaries  proportioned  to  length 
of  service  and  promotion  of  those  qualified  adopted  as  the 
policy  of  the  Trustees  would  remove  these  difficulties.  At 
present  the  lower  classes  who  especially  need  good  instruction 
are  taught  by  inexperienced  men,  who,  as  soon  as  they  become 
skilled,  are  forced  to  go  into  more  remunerative  pursuits.  The 
signers  were  Solomon  Pool,  who  wrote  the  paper,  R.  W.  An- 
44 


69O  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

derson,  Samuel  S.  Jackson,  William  L.  Alexander  and  Wm. 
Carey  Dowd.  They  recommended  $700  for  the  first  year,  $800 
for  the  second,  $900  for  the  third  and  afterwards,  with  an 
additional  allowance  to  the  Senior  Tutor  of  $100  yearly. 

Fighting-  was  not  common  as  in  the  early  years  of  the  cen- 
tury, and  when  it  occurred  the  combatants  were  soon  parted. 
If  they  were  likely  to  renew  the  combat  they  were  carried 
before  Dr.  Mitchell,  who  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  bound 
over  to  keep  the  peace.  Occasionally  a  troublesome  fellow, 
who  was  getting  the  worst  of  it,  was  allowed  to  be  well  whipped 
before  interference  by  the  bystanders.  Firearms  were  seldom 
used.  I  told  of  the  case  of  Evans  shooting  McRae  through 
the  arm  while  hazing.  Watson  was  killed  by  Ford,  who  was 
acquitted  on  the  plea  of  self-defence.  One  Cheek,  not  in  the 
University,  was  killed  by  a  student,  a  case  of  self-defence.  In 
this  case  a  well-known  prostitute  was  called  as  a  material  wit- 
ness. Dr.  Mitchell  testified  that  her  character  for  truth  was  as 
good  as  that  of  any  woman  in  the  county.  Such  was  the  gen- 
eral opinion  of  her  neighbors.  There  was  another  instance  of 
an  infuriated  student  by  accident  stabbing  badly  a  friend  who 
endeavored  to  prevent  the  wounding  of  another.  These  cases 
occurred  after  the  University  increased  in  numbers,  within  a 
few  years  before  the  war. 

Lawlessness — The    President's    Circular. 

It  was  in  these  days,  when  the  minds  of  many  were  unset- 
tled by  the  portentious  rumblings  of  the  coming  war  and  the 
angry  passions  of  political  strife,  that  in  1858  a  lawless  club 
was  formed,  the  members  pledged  to  stand  by  one  another  in 
their  breaches  of  University  rules.  Spirituous  liquor  was 
drunk,  the  air  was  filled  at  late  hours  with  direful  uproars 
and  furious  din,  the  bell  was  rung  violently  and  unceasingly, 
or  the  clapper  was  stolen  and  hid,  in  fact  all  disorder  com- 
mitted which  ingenuity  could  devise,  and  when  the  Faculty 
endeavored  to  restore  order,  stones  were  thrown  at  them  with 
dangerous  accuracy.  Finally  the  benches  and  black-boards 
were  collected  from  the  recitation  rooms  and  piled  for  a  huge 
bonfire.  The  leaders  were  expelled  and,  suit  being  brought 
against  them  in  the  Superior  Court  of  Orange,  they  were  com- 


CIRCULAR  DEFENSIVE — REVIVAL.  69I 

pelled  to  reimburse  the  University  for  the  damages  sustained, 
about  $200. 

These  outrages,  coupled  with  rumors  of  others,  gave  the 
public  such  opinion  of  want  of  discipline  at  the  University  that 
the  President  thought  it  necessary  to  issue  an  elaborate  cir- 
cular on  the  subject  to  the  friends  of  the  institution.  I  give 
its  substance : 

He  began  by  quoting  from  a  similar  circular  by  Dr.  Cald- 
well, of  which  I  copy  the  concluding  sentence:  "How  unjust 
it  is  that  calumny  must  be  forever  watching  as  if  with  a  lynx's 
eye,  the  disorders  of  a  few  wrong-headed  young  people,  who 
are  mixed  up  in  a  college  with  the  body  of  students,  and  then 
proceed  to  multiply  and  misrepresent  and  aggravate  until  the 
country  is  at  length  led  to  believe  that  the  institution  could 
not  be  worse  if  even  filled  with  a  parcel  of  inveterate  demons." 

The  President  continued,  "In  modern  times  the  Institution 
has  been  treated  with  much  greater  charity  *  *  *  than  the 
foregoing  statement  would  indicate,  *  *  *  but  exaggerated 
accounts  of  occurrences  have  found  their  way  into  the  news- 
papers." 

The  most  important  occurrence  of  the  year  was  the  interest 
on  the  subject  of  religion,  which  resulted  in  an  unprecedented 
accession  to  the  various  churches.  A  riot  shortly  afterwards, 
participated  in  by  a  tenth  or  twentieth  of  the  students,  for 
which  the  ring-leaders  were  severely  punished,  created  a 
stronger  impression  on  the  public  because  so  incongruous  with 
the  religious  revival.  Those  engaged  in  the  outrage  met  with 
such  disapproval  on  the  part  of  more  than  nine-tenths  of  their 
fellows  that  there  was  danger  of  a  collision  between  them. 
The  proceedings  of  the  two  Literary  Societies,  adopted  with 
great  unanimity,  prove  that  the  great  body  of  the  students 
did  not  sympathize  with  the  malefactors. 

The  wounding  almost  to  death  of  a  student  by  one  of  the 
fellows  was  an  accident.  In  sixty-four  years  only  two  serious 
wounds,  and  one  of  these  by  accident,  have  been  received. 
There  is  a  strong  by-law  against  having  deadly  weapons,  and 
the  aid  of  patrons  for  enforcing  it  is  earnestly  requested. 

The  President  hardly  deemed  it  worth  while  to  mention  the 
warlike  correspondence  which  appeared  in  the  papers  last  fall. 


692  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

One  of  the  young  men  had  ceased  to  be  a  student  before  the 
affair  was  known,  and  the  other  was  disciplined  immediately 
when  it  was  discovered.  This  of  course  refers  to  an  abortive 
duel. 

The  President  affirmed  that  the  subordination  and  general 
quiet  for  the  last  ten  years  equalled  that  of  any  like  period 
since  the  foundation.  "Dr.  Caldwell  was  frequently  called 
upon  to  correct  public  sentiment  as  to  the  condition  of  things 
here  forty  or  fifty  years  ago.  In  the  course  of  these  appeals 
he  states  facts  that  show  that  in  those  days  among  some  fifty 
students  there  was  a  worse  state  of  things  than  has  existed 
among  the  three  of  four  hundred  that  have  crowded  here  dur- 
the  last  half  dozen  years.  *  *  *  The  balance  of  results  from 
the  extraordinary  occurrences  of  the  session  has  been  vastly  in 
favor  of  good." 

New  Caedweee  Monument. 

On  June  2nd,  1858,  the  Committee  on  the  erection  of  the 
new  Caldwell  Monument,  reported  that  their  commission  had 
been  executed  and  that  the  monument  was  ready  to  be  dedi- 
cated; that  ex-Governor  Charles  Manly,  who  had  consented  to 
deliver  the  eulogy  on  President  Caldwell,  was  prevented  by 
sickness,  and  that  the  President  of  the  Association,  Mr.  Cam- 
eron, although  he  had  short  notice,  would  take  his  place. 

A  procession  of  the  Alumni,  preceded  by  music,  marched 
from  their  place  of  meeting,  the  Library  in  Smith  Hall,  to  the 
monument.  Standing  around  it  they  sang  the  Doxology  and 
joined  in  a  prayer  offered  by  Rev.  Dr.  James  Phillips.  The 
procession  then  moved  to  Gerrard  Hall,  where  all  Alumni 
who  had  been  pupils  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  took  their  seats  on  the 
rostrum.  Hon.  John  H.  Bryan  (1815)  and  Maj.  Charles 
h.  Hinton  (1814)  were  the  escort  of  the  orator.  The  address 
was  most  appropriate  and  in  excellent  taste,  the  orator  having 
strong  personal  regard  for  the  subject  of  his  eulogy,  as  well 
as  admiration  of  his  clients,  his  virtues  and  services  to  the 
University  and  to  the  State.  The  following  extract  from  a 
printed  address  by  Mr.  Cameron  in  1885,  at  the  dedication  of 
Memorial  Hall,  shows  the  character  of  his  eulogy  on  this 
occasion : 


Caldwell  Monument. 


DEDICATION  OE  CALDWEIX  MONUMENT.  693 

"These  words  must  ever  call  up  the  memory,  form  and 
characteristics  of  Joseph  Caldwell,  and  will,  as  long  as  these 
walls  by  which  we  are  surrounded  shall  stand,  or  this  pleasant 
village  is  known  as  the  seat  of  learning;  and  so  long  as  the 
name  of  the  University  is  on  the  map,  it  will  be  associated 
with  that  of  the  first  President.  To  leave  it  out  would  be 
as  if  the  topographer  should  present  us  with  Switzerland  with- 
out its  profile  of  mountains,  or  old  Egypt  without  its  over- 
flowing and  fertilizing  Nile,  or  our  own  vast  North  American 
Continent  without  the  great  Father  of  Waters,  in  his  grand 
sweep  from  the  lakes  of  the  North  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  good  man  needs  no  eulogy  at  my  hands,  and  no  praise  of 
mine  can  add  a  cubit  to  his  stature.  His  early  struggles  in  its 
behalf  must  stand  alone  in  the  building  up  of  this  institu- 
tion. He  came  like  Paul  to  plant,  and  then  like  Apollos  to 
water  with  his  tears,  prayers,  benedictions  and  benefactions 
to  the  end  of  his  days — a  continuous  effort  of  thirty-one 
years." 

"It  is  a  pleasant  memory  to  the  surviving  Alumni  to  recall 
the  steady  devotion  of  good  President  Caldwell  to  this  insti- 
tution and  his  complete  identification  of  himself  with  the  citi- 
zens of  the  State  in  every  interest.  He  made  himself  a  free- 
holder and  a  slave-holder,  and  thought  it  no  offence  so  to  live 
and  so  to  die,  and  to-day  the*  chief  servant  of  the  institution 
is  of  his  family  of  slaves.  And  so  long  as  the  great  trunk 
line  railroad  from  Morehead  City  shall  increase  the  wealth 
and  commerce  of  the  State,  the  name  of  Caldwell  will  be 
remembered  as  its  first  projector  in  the  letters  of  ''Carlton." 

After  the  address  the  benediction  was  pronounced  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Hawks. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting  Maj.  Charles  L.  Hinton  was 
elected  President  of  the  Alumni  Association. 

The  thanks  of  the  Association  were  returned  to  the  Wilming- 
ton and  Weldon  and  the  North  Carolina  Railroad  Companies 
for  their  liberality  in  transporting  the  monument  free  of 
charge;  to  Paul  C.  Cameron  for  his  enterprise  and  generosity 
in  providing  the  apparatus  and  hauling  so  ponderous  a  mass 
of  marble  from  Durham  to  Chapel  Hill ;  and  to  the  Committee, 

*  The  late  Wilson  Caldwell. 


694  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

President  Swain,  Judge  Battle  and  Mr.  Wm.  J.  Bingham,  for 
their  prolonged  attention  to  the  business  and  their  skill  and 
good  taste  in  executing  it. 

The  monument,  from  the  works  of  Struther  &  Co.,  Phila- 
delphia, is  an  obelisk  of  white  marble  over  twenty  feet  high, 
and  stands  about  half  way  between  the  South  Building  and 
Franklin  Street.  It  is  near  the  venerable  Davie  Poplar.  A 
tablet  toward  the  top  bears  as  emblems  of  Dr.  Caldwell's  ser- 
vices to  the  State  and  to  religion,  a  railroad  wheel,  and  engi- 
neer's transit,  and  the  Holy  Bible.  The  inscriptions  on  the 
faces  are  as  follows : 

On  the  South  face — 

"  He  was  an  early,  conspicuous  and  devoted  advocate  of 
the  Cause  of  Common  Sch  jols  and  Internal-  Improvements 
in  North  Carolina." 

On  the  East  face — 

"  Near  him  repose  the  remains  of  his  beloved  wife  Helen 
Caldwell." 

On  the  North  face — 

"  In  grateful  acknowledgment  of  their  obligation  to 

The  First  President  of  this  University, 

Joseph  Caldwell,  D.D. 

The  President  of  the  United  States, 

The  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  and  other  Alumni, 

Have  raised  this  monument 

A.D.  1847." 

On  the  West  face — 

"  Born  at  Lamington,  New  Jersey, 

April  21st,  1773. 

Professor  of  Mathematics  in  this  University,  1796, 

Died  at  Chapel  Hill,  January  27,  1835. 

In  July,  1904,  the  remains  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  his  wife  and  her 
son  were  transferred  to  the  eastern  base  of  this  monument  and 
reinterred,  the  President  being  at  the  north,  his  widow  in  the 
middle,  and  then  her  son  toward  the  south.  It  is  designed  to 
have  an  appropriate  addition  to  the  inscription  on  the  east 
face  of  the  marble. 

The  sandstone  monument  was  taken  down  and  is  to  be 
re-erected  in  the  part  of  the  City  cemetary  assigned  to  our 


NEW    PROFESSORS.  695 

colored  population  in  memory  of  three  faithful  servants  of  the 
University,  November  Caldwell,  usually  called  Doctor  No- 
vember, David  Barham  and  Wilson  Caldwell,  son  of  November. 
The  Marshals  for  1858  did  their  duty  well.  They  were  Jesse 
F.  Boyce,  of  Texas.  Chief.  Assistants— R.  W.  Cole,  of  North 
Carolina ;  W.  Frierson,  of  Tennessee ;  H.  Bein,  of  Louisiana ; 
S.  Smith,  of  Alabama ;  J.  E.  Beasley.  The  Ball  Managers,  too, 
were  highly  praised.  They  were :  Chief,  R.  F.  Lewis,  of 
Bladen ;  J.  B.  Perkins,  of  Mississippi,  of  the  Philanthropic 
Society;  A.  S.  Callaway,  Wilkes;  L.  M.  Frierson,  of  Tennes- 
see; F.  B.  Long,  of  Tennessee,  of  the  Dialectic  Society. 

Election  of   Professors. 

In  1859  there  were  changes  in  the  Faculty.  Rev.  Andrew 
D.  Hepburn  was  elected  in  December  to  the  chair  of  Rhetoric 
and  Logic,  and  entered  on  his  duties  the  next  year.  Prof. 
Hepburn  was  about  thirty  years  old,  the  eldest  son  of  Judge 
Samuel  Hepburn,  of  Pennsylvania,  a  man  of  legal  learning 
and  good  fortune.  The  son  graduated  early  with  the  highest 
honors  from  Jefferson  College,  and  then  spent  two  years  at 
the  University  of  Virginia.  After  twelve  months  devoted  to 
general  reading,  he  spent  three  years  in  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary,  and  obtained  his  degree  and  license  to  preach.  He 
then  exercised  his  ministry  in  Rockingham  and  Rockbridge 
counties  in  Virginia.  His  preaching  was  strong  and  often 
eloquent,  his  manners  modest,  retiring  and  those  of  a  Christian 
gentleman.  He  was  pronounced  by  his  preceptor,  the  dis- 
tinguished Dr.  W.  H.  McGuffey,  of  the  University  of  Virginia, 
to  have  special  aptitude  in  psychological  studies.  He  obtained 
the  highest  rank  in  his  classes,  and  was  pronounced  to  be 
"thoroughly  acquainted  with  all  that  is  requisite  to  ensure 
success  in  teaching  Logic,  Rhetoric,  together  with  criticism 
and  correct  expression  (with  pen  or  orally)  of  whatever 
thoughts  may  convince  or  persuade." 

There  were  about  thirty  letters  from  eminent  scholars  and 
public  men  sustaining  this  estimate  of  Dr.  Hepburn's  quali- 
fications, though  not  in  such  detail.  His  career  here  showed 
that  they  were  not  overdrawn. 


696  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

For  fear  that  his  father  being  a  Pennsylvania  man  might 
prejudice  the  Trustees  against  him,  Dr.  A.  T.  Bledsoe,  whose 
Southern  proclivities  were  well  known,  testified  that  to  his 
personal  knowledge,  Judge  Hepburn,  under  trying  circum- 
stances had  upheld  the  national  laws  in  favor  of  our  rights. 
His  son  had  cast  his  lot  with  us. 

At  a  special  meeting  of  the  Board  held  in  July,  1859,  the 
resignation  of  Rev.  Dr.  A.  M.  Shipp,  as  Professor  of  History, 
was  accepted,  and  Rev.  Francis  L.  Hawks,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was 
chosen  unanimously  in  his  place.  At  a  subsequent  meeting 
Dr.  Hawks  declined  because  of  the  meagre  salary,  and  the 
Board  directed  President  Swain  to  ascertain  whether  and  on 
what  terms  he  would  accept  the  position  of  Lecturer  on  Ameri- 
can History  and  kindred  subjects.  No  arrangement  was  made, 
and  at  the  December  meeting  Rev.  Charles  F.  Deems,  D.D., 
was  chosen  Professor.  He  also  declined  the  appointment,  and 
the  chair  was  left  vacant,  doubtless  on  account  of  the  falling 
off  of  patronage  caused  by  the  threatening  political  issues. 

The  election  of  two  Virginians,  both  of  them  Presbyte- 
rians, Professors  Martin  and  Hepburn,  caused  attacks  in  the 
press  fierce  and  illnatured  on  the  policy  of  the  Trustees.  Presi- 
dent Swain  was  so  galled  that  he  made  an  elaborate  reply  to 
what  he  called  misconception  and  misrepresentations. 

He  began  by  stating  that  when  he  was  elected  in  1835  the 
name  of  an  Episcopal  clergyman  was  withdrawn  because  Judge 
Cameron  took  the  ground  that,  while  clergymen  might  be  Pro- 
fessors, the  President  should  be  a  layman.  When  he  entered 
on  his  duties  the  Faculty  consisted  of  Professor  Mitchell  and 
Phillips,  Presbyterian  preachers,  though  neither  was  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  the  time  of  his  election ;  Dr. 
Hooper,  a  Baptist  clergyman ;  of  Professor  Burgevin,  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  of  Tutors  McAllister  and  Owen,  one  a  Presby- 
terian and  the  other  of  Methodist  family.  The  religious  ser- 
vices were  conducted  on  alternate  Sundays  by  Drs.  Mitchell 
and  Hooper.  Wh'en  the  latter  resigned  in  1838  efforts  were 
made,  as  has  been  narrated,  to  procure  Rev.  Edward  Wads- 
worth  as  Chaplain.  His  assent  was  procured,  and  also  the 
approval  of  Rev.  Hezekiah  G.  Leigh,  Presiding  Elder,  but  the 
project  was  vetoed  by  Bishop  Thomas  A.  Morris.  It  was 
thought  impracticable  to  procure  the  services  of  a  Baptist  or 


SWAIN   DENIES  CHURCH    FAVORITISM.  697 

Methodist,  and  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Green,  the  first  Episcopal  min- 
ister ever  chosen,  was  created  Chaplain  and  Professor  of 
Rhetoric. 

When  the  Trustees  met  to  choose  a  successor  to  Professor 
Hooper,  as  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages,  there  were  three 
names  before  the  Board :  Professors  Henry  Tutwiler,  of  Ala- 
bama ;  Wm.  E.  Anderson,  then  of  Hillsboro,  and  Manuel  Fetter, 
of  New  York.  Judge  Cameron  stated  that  in  his  opinion  the 
Board  should  choose  no  one  without  the  concurrence  of  the 
President,  who,  like  the  captain  of  a  vessel,  should  have  the 
privilege  of  selecting  his  crew.  Judge  Gaston  followed,  taking 
the  same  position.  The  President  then  stated  that  Mr.  Ander- 
son was  a  most  estimable  man,  but  in  scholarship  hardly  equal 
to  the  others,  and  that  he  was  prepared  to  nominate  Mr.  Tut- 
wiler as  the  choice  of  himself  and  the  Faculty.  Unfortunately, 
however,  his  name  had  just  been  withdrawn  by  letter,  and  his 
preference  now  was  Mr.  Fetter.  Mr.  Tutwiler  was  a  Meth- 
odist, both  the  others  Episcopalians. 

In  1842  Rev.  C.  F.  Deems,  a  Methodist,  was  appointed  to  an 
adjunct  professorship.  In  1849  R-ev-  Albert  M.  Shipp,  a  Meth- 
odist, was  elected  Professor  of  History. 

No  instance  was  known  since  the  foundation  of  the  Uni- 
versity, where  a  Methodist  has  competed  unsuccessfully  for 
either  a  Professorship  or  Tutorship.  As  now  organized,  there 
are  two  Episcopalian,  two  Presbyterian,  and  two  Methodist 
clergymen  in  the  corps  of  instructors.  A  Baptist  was  sought 
for  to  fill  the  last  vacancy,  but  none  came  forward.  The 
President  stated  to  the  Board  before  the  vote  for  a  successor 
to  Dr.  Mitchell  was  had,  that,  as  this  was  a  State  institution, 
all  denominations  should  be  represented  in  the  Faculty;  that, 
other  things  being  equal,  he  would  prefer  a  Baptist  and  next 
a  Methodist,  a  graduate  of  this  University,  to  one  from  an- 
other institution,  and  a  southern  to  a  northern  man. 

As  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  while  the  Episcopalians  are 
most  numerous,  he  thought  that  the  Presbyterians,  Methodists 
and  Baptists  are  about  equal  in  numbers. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  seven,  residing  in  and  near 
Raleigh,  are  composed  only  of  Episcopalians  and  Methodists, 
politically  four  Democrats  and  three  Whigs. 


698  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  has  never  departed  from  the  prin- 
ciples of  wise  liberality  and  Christian  charity.  "During  the 
last  quarter  of  a  century  there  have  been  more  than  150  mem- 
bers of  the  Board,  and  it  is  no  more  than  justice  to  the  living 
and  the  dead  to  say  that  no  similar  number  can  be  found  of 
equal  ability,  attainments,  wealth  and  influence."  The  present 
state  of  the  institution  affords  satisfactory  evidence  that  their 
fostering  care  has  been  crowned  with  the  only  reward  they 
coveted.  Its  numbers  have  increased  five-fold,  and  its  revenues 
and  means  of  influence  in  still  greater  proportion.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  at  present  there  is  but  one  institution  in  the  Union 
which  has  in  its  regular  classes  a  larger  number  of  under- 
graduates." 

The;  Buchanan  Commencement,  1859. 

The  Commencement  of  1859  was  conspicuous  on  account  of 
the  presence  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  James 
Buchanan,  who,  however,  did  not  arrive  until  Wednesday.  He 
missed  therefore  a  sermon  and  an  address,  both  of  extraordi- 
nary power.  The  sermon  was  on  Monday  night,  specially  to 
the  graduating  class.  The  preacher  was  Rev.  David  S.  Dog- 
gett,  afterwards  a  Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South.  It  was  on  Paul  in  Athens,  the  centre  of  the  educational 
world  in  his  day.  He  showed  how  necessary  it  was,  and  is, 
to  supplement  the  philosophy  of  the  world  with  the  religion 
of  Christ. 

On  Tuesday  evening  the  Freshmen  Declaimers  performed 
their  parts.  They  were  Henry  C.  Wall,  of  Richmond  County; 
William  M.  Fetter,  of  Chapel  Hill;  Aurelius  C.  Jones,  of 
Texas ;  William  M.  Jones,  of  Henderson ;  Thomas  S.  Webb, 
of  Tennessee ;  Andrew  J.  Moore,  of  Pitt  County ;  Wm.  C. 
Jordan,  of  Greenville;  John  H.  Bass,  of  Georgia;  Herbert  M. 
Varner,  of  Georgia;  Leonidas  P.  Wheat,  Chapel  Hill.  Messrs. 
Jordan,  Varner  and  Wheat  were  most  praised. 

On  Wednesday  forenoon  the  address  before  the  two  Liter- 
ary Societies  was  delivered  by  Hon.  Duncan  K.  MacRae,  a 
University  student  in  1837,  lately  Consul  to  Paris,  and  after- 
wards a  Colonel  in  the  Confederate  service.  His  subject  was 
the  Cultivated  Intellect — the  Equal  of  Genius.  He  fully  sus- 
tained his  reputation  for  brilliancy  and  eloquence. 


BUCHANAN    COMMENCEMENT — 1859.  699 

The  President  and  his  suite,  accompanied  by  a  large  escort 
of  citizens,  all  covered  with  the  dust  of  travel,  reached  the 
village  soon  after  the  conclusion  of  Colonel  MacRae's  oration. 
With  him  was  Hon.  Jacob  Thompson,  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior, a  graduate  of  the  Class  of  1831.  They  were  received  by 
President  Swain  and  the  Faculty,  students,  villagers  and  visi- 
tors. The  speeches  of  welcome  and  reply  were  said  to  be 
gems  of  their  kind,  but  were  not  reported,  because  the  two 
reporters  of  the  New  York  Herald,  and  those  of  the  Richmond 
Dispatch  and  Fayetteville  Carolinian  had  been  unable  from  the 
crowded  state  of  the  road  to  reach  Chapel  Hill  in  season.  After 
the  speaking,  the  President  and  the  Secretary  repaired  to  the 
residence  of  President  Swain,  whose  guests  they  were. 

At  half-past  two,  by  invitation  of  President  Swain,  a  large 
number  of  guests,  Trustees,  prominent  visitors,  Faculty,  Sen- 
iors, dined  with  President  Buchanan  and  his  Secretary  under 
the  lofty  trees  of  his  front  yard.  Long  rows  of  luscious  eat- 
ables were  ranged  on  long  tables,  but  no  wines  nor  other  alco- 
holic stimulants  in  any  form.  Blooming  young  ladies  were 
efficient  volunteer  waitresses.  There  were  no  speeches,  owing 
to  the  necessity  of  repairing  to  Gerrard  Hall,  in  order  to 
listen  to  the  addresses  before  the  Alumni  Association,  by  Rev. 
Dr.  William  Hooper,  of  the  Class  of  1809.  When  the  roll  of 
graduates  by  classes  was  called  only  one  appeared  older  than 
he,  Gen.  Wm.  James  Cowan,  of  1808.  The  address,  entitled 
"Fifty  Years  Since,"  was  a  masterly  effort.  It  was  composed 
of  two  parts,  the  first  a  humorous  description  of  the  University 
of  1805-09,  with  laughable  stories  of  students  and  professors, 
the  second  of  wise  counsels,  drawn  from  his  experience  of 
colleges  and  men.  His  earnest  appeals  to  young  men  to  avoid 
intemperance  led  to  President  Buchanan's  words  on  the  same 
subject  in  presenting  to  E.  E.  Wright,  of  Tennessee,  the  Eng- 
lish prize  at  night,  when  he  said,  "We  bring  upon  ourselves 
a  greater  calamity  than  is  brought  upon  us  by  the  yellow  fever 
or  any  of  the  pestilences  that  afflict  our  citizens." 

On  Wednesday  night  came  on  the  Sophomores :  Thomas  T. 
Allen,  of  Windsor;  Guilford  Nicholson,  of  Halifax;  Robert 
S.  Clark,  of  Texas ;  John  H.  Dobbin,  Fayetteville ;  Stephen  M. 


yOO  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Routh,  Louisiana;  Oliver  T.  Parks,  Wilkes  County;  Henry  J. 
Hogan,  Chapel  Hill;  John  Bradford,  Alabama;  Charles  M. 
Stedman,  of  Fayetteville,  and  Eli  S.  Shorter,  of  Georgia.  Those 
most  deserving  of  credit  were  said  to  be  Messrs.  Routh,  Dobbin, 
Stedman,  Bradford,  and  Shorter. 

During  the  exercises  Dr.  Wheat  led  to  the  rostrum  the  suc- 
cessful competitor  in  English  Composition,  Elisha  E.  Wright, 
of  Memphis,  Tenn.,  and  requested  the  President  to  present 
the  prize,  Hawk's  History  of  North  Carolina.  The  President's 
remarks  were  peculiarly  felicitous.  It  is  gratifying  to  record 
that  the  importance  of  using  short  sentences  was  insisted  on. 
The  ancient  style  is  the  best  style,  and  that  is  emphatically  the 
style  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  and  in  an  eminent  degree  the  style  of 
Mr.  Webster.  He  most  impressively  depicted  the  evils  of 
drunkenness,  and  urged  all  to  beware  of  intoxicating  liquors. 

On  Thursday  at  9  o'clock  the  Marshals  conducted  a  pro- 
cession of  the  military  company,  the  Faculty,  students  and 
citizens  from  the  residence  of  President  Swain  to  the  Chapel. 
The  music  was  by  the  Richmond  Armory  band.  When  the 
head  of  the  column  entered  the  Hall,  Presidents  Buchanan  and 
Swain  in  front,  the  audience  rose  and  cheered.  The  lower 
floor  was  filled  with  ladies,  Faculty,  students  and  distinguished 
visitors.  The  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald  wrote 
that  "the  ladies  were  dressed  in  a  style  of  gorgeous  splendor, 
surpassing  anything  I  have  seen  outside  of  the  fashionable 
city  of  New  York.  Their  beauty  accords  well  with  this  grace- 
ful display." 

On  the  stage,  besides  President  Buchanan  and  Secretary 
Thompson,  were  President  Swain,  Governor  Ellis,  ex-Gover- 
nor Morehead,  Judge  Battle,  Thomas  Bragg,  U.  S.  Senator 
J.  H.  Weller,  late  Minister  to  Nicarauga,  Rev.  Dr.  F.  M. 
Hubbard,  Professor  of  Latin. 

The  exercises  were  opened  with  a  most  devout  and  appro- 
priate prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Hubbard.  Wm.  Bingham  Lynch  fol- 
lowed with  the  Latin  Salutatory,  which  gave  all  the  more 
pleasure  because  it  contained  a  goodly  number  of  phrases 
like  "formosissimae  pnellae"  with  appropriate  glances  at  the 
ladies.     The  other  speakers  in  order  were : 

"The  Hamiltonian  System,"  Thomas  W.  Harris,  of  Chatham 
County. 


BUCHANAN  COMMENCEMENT.  /OI 

"Objections  to  an  Elective  Judiciary,"  Mills  L.  Eure,  Gates 
County. 

"The  Imagination  to  be  Cultivated,"  Richard  W.  Nixon. 

"The  Persecution  of  the  Jews,"  Cicero  S.  Croom,  of  New 
York. 

"The  Man  of  Letters,"  James  L.  Gaines,  Knoxville. 

"The  Common  Sense  Man,"  William  F.  Foster. 

"The  Independent  Thinker,"   Franklin  C.  Robbins. 

"The  American  Student,"  Berryman  Green,  Danville. 

"To  be  Great  is  to  be  Misunderstood,"  Benjamin  L.  Gill. 

"Comparative  Merits  of  Curriculum  Colleges,"  Frederick 
A.  Fetter,  Chapel  Hill. 

The  morning  exercises  closing  here,  President  Swain  an- 
nounced that  President  Buchanan  and  Secretary  Thompson 
would  hold  an  informal  reception  under  the  Davie  Poplar. 
Large  numbers,  including  all  the  ladies  present,  paid  their 
respects  to  them  shaded  by  the  historic  tree,  then  in  its  vigor 
and  beauty,  before  the  lightning  and  the  fierce  wind  had  shat- 
tered it.  It  is  observable  that  there  was  no  kissing,  except 
that  the  President  gal1antly  obtained  this  favor  from  one 
pretty  girl,  and  deputized  her  to  impart  it  to  others. 

At  3.30  o'clock,  after  dinner,  the  company  reassembled.  The 
first  speaker  was  Francis  D.  Stockton,  on  Die  Deutsche  Sprache, 
in  German;  then  Elijah  B.  Withers,  on  Benedict  Arnold; 
Charles  W.  McClammy,  on  Political  Influence  of  Educated 
Men.  The  German  speech  was  said  to  be  uncommonly  accu- 
rate, interesting  and  well  delivered.  The  Valedictory,  by 
George  Burgwyn  Johnston,  was  appropriate,  practical  and 
affecting.  After  that  President  Swain  called  up  the  graduates 
and  delivered  them  their  diplomas  and  to  each  a  Bible. 

The  annual  report  was  then  read.  The  first  honor  men  of 
the  Seniors  were  Thomas  W.  Harris,  of  Chatham ;  George  B. 
Johnston,  Edenton ;  Wm.  Bingham  Lynch,  of  Orange  County : 
and  Francis  D.  Stockton,  Statesville. 

The  second  honor  went  to  C.  Stephens  Croom,  of  New 
York ;  Mills  L.  Eure,  Gates  County ;  Isaac  R.  Ferguson,  of 
Georgia ;  Frederick  A.  Fetter,  Chapel  Hill ;  Wilbur  F.  Foster, 
Alabama;  James  L.  Gaines,  Asheville;  Benjamin  L.  Gill,  of 
Franklin  County ;  Berryman  Green,  and  James  C.  Green,  Dan- 


702  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

ville,  Va.,  Charles  W.  McClammy,  Jr.,  and  Richard  W.  Nixon, 
New  Hanover  County;  Franklin  C.  Robbins,  and  James  C. 
Robbins,  of  Randolph  County;  Elijah  B.  Withers,  of  Caswell 
County. 

The  third  best  were  Richard  C.  Badger,  of  Raleigh;  John 
W.  Cole,  Richmond  County;  John  T.  Cook,  Warrenton;  Sim- 
mons H.  Isler,  Goldsboro;  George  D.  Jones,  of  Texas;  Cal- 
vin N.  Morrow,  Alamance  County;  George  M.  Pillow,  Ten- 
nessee; William  J.  Rogers,  Northampton  County;  Wm.  W. 
Sillers,  Clinton ;  Richard  S.  Webb,  Alamance  County,  and  John 
A.  Woodburn,  Guilford  County. 

Messrs.  Fetter  and  McClammy  never  failed  to  answer  to 
any  of  the  4,700  roll-calls  during  their  four  years'  course. 
There  were  eighty-six  Bachelors  of  Arts  graduates,  and  six 
Bachelors  of  Science,  in  the  course  recently  established.  The 
correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald  reported  that  "when- 
ever any  member  of  the  class,  deemed  by  his  classmates  un- 
worthy of  a  diploma,  was  called,  a  shout  was  raised,  which  of 
course  was  meant  in  irony.  This  brought  a  blush  to  the  cheek 
of  the  unfortunate  beneficiary,  and  he  hurried  from  the  ros- 
trum with  all  possible  haste  to  avoid  this  significent  and  hu- 
miliating display."  This  statement  is  certainly  misleading. 
Applause  was  not  often,  if  ever,  for  the  reason  assigned.  It 
was  sometimes  given  for  personal  popularity,  sometimes  for 
some  college  joke,  sometimes  because  the  recipient  had  ob- 
tained the  honor  after  repeated  trials,  sometimes  because  he 
was  the  college  wag. 

Of  the  first  honor  men  Harris  finished  his  medical  educa- 
tion in  Paris,  was  a  Captain  of  Cavalry,  a  physician  of  acknowl- 
edged skill,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Materia  Medica  in  the 
University  of  North  Carolina ;  Johnston  was  a  Tutor  in  the 
University,  and  Captain ;  he  died  in  service ;  Lynch  was  a 
Lieutenant  and  able  co-partner  in  the  Bingham  School,  then 
Principal  of  a  Military  Academy  at  High  Point,  and  in  Flor- 
ida ;  Stockton  was  a  Lieutenant,  a  lawyer  of  gveat  promise,  but 
died  early. 

Of  the  others,  Eure  was  a  Superior  Court  Judge,  and  then  a 
commission  merchant  in  Norfolk ;  Gaines  a  Colonel  and  Comp- 
troller of  Tennessee ;  Croom  a  Major  and  city  attorney  of 


BUCHANAN  COMMENCEMENT.  703 

Mobile;  Berryman  Green  a  Colonel  and  Judge  of  the  U.  S. 
District  Court;  McClammy  a  Major,  planter,  Presidential 
Elector,  Representative  in  the  Legislature  and  in  Congress ; 
Badger  a  Major,  member  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  of  the 
Convention  of  1875,  and  U.  S.  District  Attorney. 

Of  those  obtaining  no  honors,  Field  was  in  the  Mississippi 
Legislature,  and  Adjutant  and  Inspector-General;  Bein  an 
Adjutant-General  of  the  Confederacy,  and  a  lawyer  in  Arkan- 
sas; Kolb  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  in  Tennessee;  Latham 
a  Major,  and  Representative  in  the  Legislature  and  in  Con- 
gress ;  Thompson  a  Captain,  President  of  the  Texas  Senate, 
and  Lieutenant  Governor. 

Of  the  non-graduates  matriculating  with  the  class,  Elias 
Carr  was  a  planter  and  Governor  of  this  State;  Hugh  L.  Cole 
was  a  Major,  and  Assistant  Corporation  Counsel  of  New 
York  City. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  was  conferred  on 
Rev.  Lewis  H.  Shuck  a  graduate  of  Wake  Forest  College,  of 
unusual  merits,  for  special  reasons,  and  of  Master  of  Arts  on 
Hon.  Robert  R.  Heath,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court;  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Laws  on  Judge  Mitchell  D.  King,  of  South 
Carolina,  Right  Rev.  James  H.  Otey,  Episcopal  Bishop  of 
Tennessee,  and  on  James  Buchanan,  President  of  the  United 
States. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Commencement  day  Judge  Battle,  on 
behalf  of  the  Committee  of  Examiners,  read  their  report.  The 
University  was  in  a  most  prosperous  condition;  number  of 
students  456,  with  instructors  consisting  of  a  President,  nine 
professors  and  five  tutors.  Two  large  additional  buildings 
have  been  contracted  for.  It  had  scarcely  a  superior,  and  few 
equals,  in  the  United  States. 

The  Committee  regretted  to  find  in  too  many  of  the  students 
great  want  of  interest  in  their  studies.  This  direliction  is  as 
a  rule  most  conspicuous  in  those  who  spend  the  most  money. 
They  are  exhorted  to  greater  diligence  in  study  and  stricter 
attention  to  the  recitation  rooms.  Especial  praise  was  given  to 
the  applicants  for  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Science. 

The  evils  of  extravagance  in  dress  and  other  expenditures, 
and  of  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  were  emphasized.  "In- 
temperance is  a  great,  damning  sin  of  our  country,  and  it  is 


704  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROUNA. 

not  to  be  wondered  at  that  it  has  found  its  way  into  our  insti- 
tution." Gratification  was  expressed  that  President  Buchanan 
had  the  evening  before  so  well  and  strongly  denounced  its 
evils.  The  importance  of  attention  to  studies  was  well  illus- 
trated by  the  statement  of  the  Alumni  Orator,  John  Y.  Mason, 
late  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  that  one  of  the  brightest  recollec- 
tions of  his  life  was  the  pleasure  he  felt  when  he  went  home 
from  the  Freshman  Class  in  this  institution  and  told  his  father 
that  he  had  obtained  first  distinction. 

I  have  given  the  substance  of  the  reports  of  the  Examining 
Trustees,  which  are  on  record.  Being  busy  men  in  State  and 
church  and  in  private  affairs,  it  was  naturally  inconvenient  for 
the  appointees  to  perform  this  duty.  For  example,  in  1855 
Chief  Justice  Ruffin,  and  Messrs.  John  Gray  Bynum,  Robert 
B.  Gilliam,  Calvin  Graves,  and  Lewis  Thompson  were  selected, 
but  not  one  appeared.  The  duty  itself  was  tedious  and  unin- 
teresting beyond  description.  The  students  wondered  whether 
the  eminent  examiners,  grown  gray  in  the  successful  prosecu- 
tion of  their  respective  professions,  remembered  their  classics 
and  mathematics  so  accurately  as  to  detect  the  mistakes  of  the 
answers. 

The  company  was  larger  than  ever  seen  before,  and  there 
was  much  sleeping  on  floors  and  other  similar  humble  couches. 
All  the  reports  are  emphatic  in  praising  the  sobriety  and  or- 
derly behavior  of  students,  as  well  as  visitors.  The  President 
was  treated  with  extraordinary  respect,  and  his  demeanor,  as 
well  as  speeches,  were  eminently  worthy  of  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  our  great  country. 

The  hospitality  of  the  housekeepers  among  the  Faculty  was 
strained  to  the  utmost.  It  was  common  to  have  long  tables 
filled  three  times  every  meal.  The  hotels  and  boarding  bouses 
of  course  had  many  times  more,  but  gave  general  satisfaction. 

All  the  old  carriages  of  whatever  name,  shape  or  age  were 
brought  out,  drawn  by  improvised  matches  of  horses  and 
mules,  for  transporting  the  visitors,  estimated  at  twenty-five 
hundred  at  least,  from  and  to  Durham.  In  addition  many 
a  springless  wagon  was  turned  into  a  passenger  coach.  The 
reporter  of  the  Raleigh  Standard,  probably  John  Spelman, 
stated  that  he  and  "twenty-one  others  were  conveyed  to  Dur- 


BUCHANAN   COMMENCEMENT — 1859.  705 

ham  in  a  machine  (for  we  can  give  it  no  other  name)  at  the 
rate  of  about  two  miles  an  hour,  paying  $2  per  head,  $44.00 
for  one  load  for  twelve  miles." 

With  the  exception  of  the  criticism  as  to  the  treatment  of 
the  press  reporters,  which  was  a  mere  oversight,  the  Chief 
Marshal,  Thomas  W.  Davis,  and  assistants,  Vernon  H. 
Vaughan,  Charles  Bruce,  Sydenham  B.  Alexander,  and  Wm. 
T.  Nicholson,  won  laurels  by  the  firm  and  respectful  discharge 
of  their  duties.  Those  who  frequented  the  dance  gave  similar 
praise  to  Mr.  Pierce  M.  Butler,  Chief  Ball  Manager,  and  his 
assistants,  W.  A.  Cherry,  J.  W.  Mebane,  J.  R.  Bowie  and 
Horace  Ferrand. 

For  the  first  time  a  military  company,  the  Wilmington  Light 
Infantry,  attended  our  Commencement.  Of  course  it  was  in 
honor  of  the  President.  They  were  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Edwin  D.  Hall,  and  were  in  good  discipline,  and  added 
much  to  the  ceremonies.  They  were  encamped  in  the  North- 
east part  of  the  campus,  and  entertained,  and  were  entertained 
by,  their  friends  freely.  Indeed  many  a  homeless  visitor  found 
a  sleeping  place  in  their  tents. 

It  was  universally  admitted  that  the  President  was  received 
with  enthusiastic  respect,  which  was  greatly  appreciated.  His 
graceful  courtesy,  wise  words  and  bearing,  indicative  of  a 
great  man,  commanded  the  admiration  of  all.  Secretary 
Thompson  too  "won  troops  of  friends." 

The  correspondent  of  the  Standard  attended  the  ball  given 
Thursday  night  in  honor  of  the  Senior  Class,  and  gives  his 
testimony  that  it  was  very  splendid.  He  indulged  in  a  gor- 
geous metaphor,  making  it  superior  to  the  noon-day  sun.  The 
teacher  of  dancing,  Mr.  Frensley,  had  tastefully  decorated  the 
rooms  and  artistically  marked  out  the  floor  for  five  sets  of 
quadrilles. 

The  President  was  unable  to  attend  the  ball,  alleging  weari- 
ness, but  some  wondered  if  his  Presbyterian  principles  inclined 
him  to  stay  away.  The  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald 
gave  it  very  brilliant  praise.  He  wrote,  "to  the  extent  of  the 
number  that  composed  it,  I  might  say  that  so  grand  a  display 
of  fashion  and  beauty  I  never  beheld.  The  costly  array  of 
dress  and  glittering  trinkets  there  exhibted  vastly  surpassed 

45 


706  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

any  idea  which  I  had  hitherto  conceived  of  the  taste  of  the 
people  of  North  Carolina."  At  12  o'clock  there  was  a  magnifi- 
cent supper,  after  which  dancing  was  kept  up  until  a  late,  or 
rather  an  early,  hour. 

The  correspondent  gave  favorable  reports  of  all  he  heard 
and  saw  except  that  there  were  no  facilities  provided  for  the 
representatives  of  the  press,  not  only  no  transportation  to  and 
from  the  railroad,  no  accommodations  for  eating  and  sleeping, 
but  no  reserved  seats  or  tables.  He  charitably  forgives  these 
shortcomings  because  the  committees  were  too  much  absorbed 
by  attentions  to  their  distinguished  guest.  The  press  did  the 
occasion  full  honor.  There  were  reporters  not  only  from  New 
York,  but  Columbia,  S.  C,  Richmond,  Va.,  Petersburg,  Va., 
as  well  as  many  North  Carolina  towns.  There  was  entire 
unanimity  of  praise,  except  that  an  admirer  of  Colonel  MacRae 
complained  that  the  schedule  was  not  changed  to  allow  the 
President  to  hear  his  address. 

Of  the  bright  youths  who  matriculated  in  1859,  twenty-six 
lost  their  lives  in  the  great  war :  Archibald  H.  Arrington,  Pri- 
vate ;  W.  Lewis  Battle,  Lieutenant ;  Elias  Bunn,  Lieutenant ; 
Edward  J.  Chilton,  Private ;  Leonard  A.  Henderson,  Captain ; 
John  M.  Kelly,  Major;  Neill  R.  Kelly,  Lieutenant;  Nathaniel 
A.  Ogilby,  Private;  George  M.  Quarles,  Private;  Felix  Tan- 
kersly,  Lieutenant;  William  B.  Whitfield,  Private;  William  L. 
Yager,  Private;  Leonard  W.  Bartlett,  Captain;  Edward  F. 
Bass,  Corporal ;  James  D.  Blanchard,  Private ;  John  Garling- 
ton,  Private ;  Wm.  M.  Gunnels,  Lieutenant ;  J.  J.  D.  Hodges, 
Private;  Thomas  P.  Hodges,  Captain;  Benjamin  R.  Holt, 
Lieutenant;  Lewis  Maverick,  Major;  Richard  A.  Morrow, 
Private;  Walter  H.  Montague ;  Alfred  G.  Thompson,  Private; 
James  N.  Ware,  Private;  William  H.  Ware,  Private. 

It  was  during  this  year  that  the  Trustees  made  a  disastrous 
mistake  in  financial  policy.  The  University,  as  heretofore 
stated,  owned  1,000  shares  ($100,000)  in  the  Bank  of  the  State 
of  North  Carolina.  When  the  charter  of  the  bank  expired  the 
Trustees  subscribed,  and  paid  for  with  the  proceeds,  a  like 
number  of  shares  in  the  new  Bank  of  North  Carolina.  The 
General  Assembly  authorized  the  LTniversity  to  subscribe  for 
another   thousand   shares.      These   could   not   be   paid    for   at 


DISASTROUS  INVESTMENT.  yoj 

once,  but  it  was  thought  by  some  that  the  debt  necessary  to 
be  incurred  could  be  liquidated  partly  out  of  money  loaned 
individuals,  and  the  residue  from  savings  out  of  annual  re- 
ceipts. By  a  bare  majority  the  subscription  was  made.  Only 
$10,000  was  ever  paid  on  the  principal  of  the  debt,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  war  the  $90,000  debt  remained,  and  the  2,000  shares 
were  worthless.  The  result  will  be  in  my  second  volume  ex- 
plained. Those  who  voted  for  this  disastrous  measure  were 
Daniel  M.  Barringer,  John  H.  Bryan,  William  W.  Holden, 
Bartholomew  F.  Moore  and  David  L.  Swain ;  those  in  the 
negative  Thomas  Bragg,  Daniel  W.  Courts,  Charles  L.  Hinton 
and  Charles  Manly.  Governor  Ellis,  who  presided,  by  voting 
with  the  negative,  might  have  killed  the  proposition.  It  is 
noticeable  that  the  two  men  who  had  the  widest  reputation 
for  financial  prudence  were  with  the  majority,  namely,  Messrs. 
Moore  and  Swain.  Certainly,  however,  they  must  not  be 
criticized  for  not  having  known  in  1859,  a  year  before  Lincoln 
was  elected,  that  the  great  Civil  War  would  begin  two  years 
afterwards.  It  shows  the  absorbing  nature  of  the  struggle 
that  after  the  clash  of  arms  was  heard,  it  did  not  occur  to  the 
very  able  Trustees  that  it  was  best  to  sell  the  second  thousand 
shares  and  pay  the  debt.  Some  say  that  this  step  would  have 
made  the  University  unpopular  as  implying  a  distrust  of  the 
success  of  the  Confederacy,  that  such  was  the  hot  feeling,  that 
distrust  expressed  by  a  word  or  act  was  regarded  as  akin  to 
treason.  Still  it  seems  reasonable  that  a  sale  could  have  been 
effected  so  privately  as  not  to  arouse  the  suspicions  of  the 
fire-eating  element.  Probably  the  unbalancing  general  excite- 
ment caused  this  question  of  policy  to  be  overlooked. 

The  changes  of  the  Faculty  in  i860  were:  Andrew  D.  Hep- 
burn, Professor  of  Metaphysics,  Logic  and  Rhetoric,  in  place 
of  John  T.  W'heat,  resigned ;  E.  Graham  Morrow,  Tutor  of 
Mathematics,  in  place  of  John  W.  Graham,  transferred  to 
Latin ;  Frederick  A.  Fetter,  Tutor  of  the  Latin  Language,  vice 
Wm.  C.  Dowd,  resigned. 

At  the  Commencement  of  i860  there  was  a  ripple  of  excite- 
ment on  account  of  the  Senior  Class  having  invited  the  Roman 
Catholic  Archbishop  Hughes  to  deliver  the  Baccalaureate  ser- 
mon, and  his  having  accepted  the  invitation.    Extreme  Protest- 


708  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

ants,  especially  those  who  disliked  the  University,  were  of- 
fended, and  freely  criticised  the  appointment.  One  newspaper 
apologetically  explained  that  no  one  was  responsible  but  a  few 
of  the  members  of  the  Senior  Class ;  that  so  many  were  absent 
at  the  election  that  only  a  majority  of  a  bare  quorum  extended 
the  call.  However  this  may  be,  neither  the  Class  nor  the  Uni- 
versity was  injured  by  the  selection.  The  Archbishop  con- 
ducted himself  with  singular  tact,  and  preached  a  sermon  of 
rare  excellence.  He  stood  without  table  or  desk  before  him, 
and  spoke  without  notes  for  an  hour  and  three  quarters.  There 
was  nothing  peculiar  to  Romanism  in  sermon  or  services.  "The 
young  lady  whose  protestantism  kept  her  from  the  sermon,  and 
piety  did  not  keep  her  from  the  ball,"  was  in  no  danger  of  per- 
version, nor  was  any  student  or  Faculty  man,  nor  any  of  the 
audience  in  danger. 

The  Archbishop  was  attended  by  Bishop  Lynch  and  Father 
McNeery.  He  introduced  no  gorgeous  ceremonies.  He  wore 
his  cassock,  a  doctor's  hood,  a  massive  gold  cross  and  a  dia- 
mond ring,  said  to  have  been  given  him  by  the  Pope,  and  to 
have  the  value  of  $150,000,  which  might  probably  be  called  a 
Protestant  exaggeration.  The  band  played  a  piece  of  sacred 
music.  Bishop  Lynch  read  a  collect.  The  Archbishop  preached 
his  sermon.  Bishop  Lynch  then  read  another  collect,  which 
was  followed  by  more  sacred  music  from  the  band,  and  then 
the  Archbishop,  with  Bishop  Lynch  and  Father  McNeery, 
retired. 

The  words  of  the  preacher  were  singularly  wise,  and  won 
the  admiration  of  all,  even  those  most  opposed  to  his  ecclesiasti- 
cal tenets.  They  were  on  Love  to  God  because  of  his  infinite 
power  and  goodness,  and  Love  to  Man  as  His  creature  and 
formed  in  His  image.  He  enforced  this  theme  with  cogent  reas- 
oning and  striking  metaphors.  Before  closing,  he  advised 
against  reading  works  by  infidels,  because  they  know  not  the 
God  of  the  Scriptures,  and  therefore  their  writings  prevent 
the  soul  from  loving  God  as  He  has  revealed  Himself.  Lov- 
ing not  God,  one  cannot  love  his  neighbors  aright.  The  dis- 
course teemed  with  noble  and  holy  thoughts,  and  held  the 
attention  of  the  audience  throughout. 

It  is  handed  down  that  the  Archbishop  consulted  the  proper 
authority  on  the.  propriety  of  his  choosing  for  his  sermon  an 


COMMENCEMENT  OF  i860.  709 

exposition  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  but 
was  advised  against  this,  as  likely  to  be  offensive  to  many  of 
the  congregation.  It  was  inevitable  that  there  should  be  super- 
sensitiveness  on  both  sides,  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic. 
A  correspondent  of  the  Hillsboro  Recorder,  supposed  to  be 
Judge  Manly,  in  acrid  words,  charged  discourtesy.  He  said 
the  whole  affair,  the  reception  and  treatment  of  Archbishop 
Hughes  at  the  University,  was  a  stain  upon  the  President  and 
the  Faculty,  and  a  blot  upon  the  fair  fame  of  the  State.  This 
was  strongly  denied,  and  it  was  shown  that  more  courtesy  had 
been  shown  him  than  had  been  accorded  to  other  Baccalaureate 
preachers.  He  was  entertained  in  excellent  style  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Hubbard. 

The  Freshmen  declaimers  were,  Julius  C.  Mitchell,  of 
Alabama;  Richard  H.  Smith,  of  Scotland  Neck;  Wesley  Lewis 
Battle,  of  Chapel  Hill ;  William  H.  Reeves,  of  Tennessee ;  G. 
Lawrence  Washington,  of  Kinston ;  Marandy  R.  Willeford,  of 
Texas;  John  T.  Harris,  of  Franklin  County;  Robert  D.  Gra- 
ham, of  Hillsboro;  William  J.  White,  Warrenton ;  John  H. 
McGilvary,  Fayetteville ;  Norman  L.  Shaw,  Harrellsville. 

The  newspaper  critic  pronounced  the  speaking  the  best  from 
Freshmen  for  years.  Willeford  and  Harris  seemed  to  be  the 
favorites  with  the  audience. 

The  Sophomore  competitors  on  Wednesday  night  were :  Wil- 
liam W.  Jones,  Henderson ;  Aurelius  C.  Jones,  Texas ;  John  H. 
Bass,  Georgia ;  William  Biggs,  Williamston ;  S.  Jay  Andrews, 
Greensboro ;  John  W.  Hinsdale,  Fayetteville ;  Henry  C.  Wall, 
Richmond  County;  Reuell  A.  Stancill,  Mississippi;  James  H. 
Polk,  Tennessee ;  Thomas  G.  Skinner,  Perquimans  County ; 
Thomas  W.  Taylor,  Granville '  County ;  William  M.  Fetter, 
Chapel  Hill. 

The  exhibition  was  not  considered  equal  to  that  of  the  Fresh- 
men Class.  A.  C.  Jones,  Andrews,  Wall  and  Fetter  were  espe- 
cially noticed  by  the  correspondent. 

The  Annual  Address  before  the  Literary  Societies  was  by 
John  Pool,  Esq.,  of  the  Class  of  1847,  °f  the  Philanthropic 
Society,  then  candidate  for  Governor  on  the  nomination  of  the 
Constitutional-Union  Party,  which  was  the  heir  of  the  old 
Whig  party.  He  was  after  the  war  a  Republican  L  nited  States 
Senator.    His  discourse  was  an  able  and  earnest  effort  to  incul- 


yio  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

cate  the  duty  of  patient  study  and  diligent  reading  of  the  best 
authors,  as  essential  to  correct  thinking  and  success  in  this 
world's  pursuits. 

The  following  programme  shows  the  themes  of  the  Gradu- 
ating Class.     It  seems  strange  that  not  one  shows  that  the 
speaker's  brain  was  filled  with  Secession  and  War : 
*  Latin  Salutatory,  Iowa  M.  Royster,  Raleigh. 
r        "Where  Eloquence  Flourishes  Liberty  Must  Dwell,"  Junius 
C.  Battle,  Chapel  Hill. 

"Moral  Courage,"  James  Kelly,  Moore  County. 

"Man  Worship,"  Erasmus  Decatur  Scales,  Rockingham 
County. 

"The  Origin  of  Love — a  Poem,"  Samuel  P.  Weir,  Greens- 
boro. 

"Literary  Vanity,"  Wm.  John  King,  Louisburg. 
/      "The    Sentiment   of   Honor,"   Wm.   Joseph   Headen,    Chat- 
ham County. 

"Emulation — Its  Office  in  the  Work  of  Education,"  Thomas 
W.  Cooper,  Bertie  County. 

"The  Alleged  Democracy  of  the  Age,"  George  P.  Bryan, 
Raleigh. 

"The  Social  Duties  of  Man,"  Wm.  M.  Brooks,  Chatham 
County. 

"The  Study  of  Men,"  Hugh  Strong,  South  Carolina. 

"Common  Sense,"  Lewis  Bond,  Tennessee. 

"Extemporaneous  Speaking,"  Charles  C.  Pool,  Elizabeth 
City. 

"Industry  and  Civilization,"  George  L.  Wilson,  Newbern. 

"Influence  of  Speculative  Minds,"  Wm.  A.  Wooster,  Wil- 
mington. 

The  Valedictory,  Edward  J.  Hale,  Fayetteville. 

Those  especially  noticed  by  the  critic  were :  Royster,  who 
spoke  Latin  so  clearly  and  with  such  propriety  of  emphasis  that 
people  thought  they  understood  his  meaning;  Hale,  who  won 
applause  by  the  metaphor  with  which  he  began,  that  he  and  his 
classmates  were  like  a  river  flowing  in  its  banks  before  the 
waters  spread  abroad  over  the  wide  ocean  before  them,  and  was 
listened  to  admiringly  throughout.  All  the  others  secured  the 
attention  of  a  crowded  house. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF  i860.  7II 

The  report  of  the  Faculty  was  then  read,  showing  the  best 
scholars  of  the  graduates,  Junius  C.  Battle,  George  P.  Bryan, 
Edward  J.  Hale,  Charles  C.  Pool,  Iowa  M.  Royster,  Hugh 
Strong,  George  L.  Wilson  and  William  A.  Wooster. 

The  second  honor  men  were :  Lewis  Bond,  William  M. 
Brooks,  Thomas  W.  Cooper,  William  J.  Headen,  James  Kelly, 
William  J.  King,  Erasmus  D.  Scales,  and  Samuel  P.  Weir. 

In  the  third  rank  were  William  W.  Baird,  William  H.  Bor- 
den, Charles  Bruce,  Samuel  V*.  Daniel,  John  D.  Fain,  James  A. 
Fogle,  James  A.  Graham,  Edward  J.  Hardin,  Eugene  S. 
Martin,  Tims  Rial,  John  H.  Thorp. 

Two  members  of  the  class  were  reported  as  never  having 
been  absent  from  any  of  the  4,500  duties  during  their  four 
years  course,  Junius  C.  Battle  and  James  Kelly.  One  of  the 
Trustees  in  attendance,  Hon.  John  H.  Bryan,  was  present  at 
the  graduation  of  the  seventh  of  his  sons,  four  of  whom  were 
among  the  best  scholars  of  their  respective  classes,  and  one 
the  best  of  all. 

There  were  eighty  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  five  who  obtained 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  (B.S.)>  viz.:  J.  L.  Douglas, 
R.  L.  Heiley,  J.  A.  Prudhomme,  G.  C.  Smith,  and  S.  K. 
Watkins.  Messrs.  Alexander  Kirkland  and  Sidney  Smith,  who 
were  providentially  prevented  from  graduating  with  their  class 
last  year,  were  now  allowed  to  take  their  degrees. 

Of  the  first  honor  graduates,  Battle  was  a  teacher,  a  cor- 
poral, and  was  mortally  wounded  at  South  Mountain,  1862; 
Bryan  was  a  Tutor  in  University  of  North  Carolina,  destined 
for  the  ministry,  Captain,  killed  at  Charles  City  Road,  1864; 
Hale  was  a  Major,  Consul  at  Manchester,  and  is  an  editor; 
Pool  was  a  member  of  the  Convention  of  1868  and  Judge  of 
the  Superior  Court ;  Royster  was  a  Tutor  of  University  of 
North  Carolina,  a  Lieutenant,  mortally  wounded  at  Gettysburg ;  -h 
Strong  was  a  Confederate  soldier,  a  Presbyterian  minister  and 
Principal  of  a  Female  School  in  Walhalla,  S.  C. ;  Wilson  was 
a  Confederate  soldier,  and  died  early;  Wooster  was  Captain, 
killed  in  battle.  It  thus  appears  that  four  of  the  first  honor 
men  were  killed. 

Of  those  of  the  second  rank  Bond  was  a  Captain,  a  lawyer, 
and  Speaker  of  the  Tennessee  House  of  Representatives. 


712  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Of  those  who  obtained  no  honors,  Sydenham  B.  Alexander 
has  been  often  Senator  from  Meckenburg,  President  of  the 
Farmers'  Alliance,  Captain,  and  Representative  in  Congress. 

Of  those  matriculating,  but  not  graduating,  William  Alex- 
ander Graham  was  Assistant  Adjutant-General,  a  manufac- 
turer, State  Senator,  and  is  author  of  Life  of  General  Joseph 
Graham ;  Robert  N.  Ogden  was  a  Lieutenant-Colonel  and 
Speaker  of  the  Louisiana  House  of  Representatives. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  "Confederate  Dead,"  matricu- 
lates of  i860:  Joseph  H.  Adams,  Sergeant;  Edward  R.  Atkin- 
son, Private;  Seaborn  W.  Chisholm,  Private;  George  M. 
Clark,  Major;  Joseph  B.  Coggin,  Lieutenant;  Virginius  Cope- 
land,  Lieutenant ;  Reuben  R.  Dejarnette,  Private ;  Richard  M. 
Footman,  Private ;  William  P.  Gill,  Lieutenant ;  DeWitt  Clinton 
Buck,  Jr.,  Private;  Montraville  D.  Clegg,  Lieutenant;  William 
T.  Hargrove,  Adolph  Lastrapes,  Private;  Joseph  A.  McDer- 
mott,  Captain ;  Samuel  Wiley  Gray,  Captain ;  John  H.  Green, 
Sergeant;  Neverson  C.  Maner,  Private;  Clarence  D.  Martin, 
Sergeant;  William  R.  McKethan,  Private;  William  H.  H. 
Mills,  Private;  Edward  A.  T.  Nicholson,  Captain;  Jesse  H. 
Person,  Lieutenant;  Seth  B.  Speight,  Private;  Charles  Vines, 
Jr.,  Lieutenant;  Randolph  Mitchell,  Private;  Wm.  J.  Rhodes, 
Private. 

This  was  the  last  recorded  meeting  of  the  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation for  twelve  years.  It  was  presided  over  by  the  First 
Vice-President  in  Gerrard  Hall.  Fifteen  were  ascertained  to 
be  present,  who  marched  to  the  Library  to  hold  their  business 
meeting.  The  Executive  Committee  reported  that  they  had 
not  succeeded  in  procuring  an  orator,  and  that  there  was  no 
regular  business  on  hand.  A  proposition  was  made  that  the 
members  of  the  Senior  Class  about  to  graduate  might  be  eligi- 
ble to  membership.  After  much  earnest  discussion  it  was  ta- 
bled. A  small  balance  due  the  Treasurer  was  contributed  by 
the  members  present.  The  following  officers  for  the  ensuing 
year  were  chosen : 

Bartholomew  F.  Moore  (1820),  President. 

The  Vice-Presidents  were:  Richard  H.  Smith  (1832),  George 
F.  Davidson  (1823),  John  Pool  (1847),  RalPh  H-  Graves 
(1836),  James  H.  Horner  (1844),  Thomas  B.  Hill  (1832). 
Davidson  was  afterwards  our  "oldest  graduate." 


HAZING  DENOUNCED — CHAPEL  ATTENDANCE.  713 

The  Executive  Committee  were:  William  H.  Battle  (1818), 
Samuel  P.  Phillips  (1841),  Richard  J.  Ashe  (1842). 

The  Treasurer  was  Solomon  Pool  (1853). 

The  Secretary  was  Charles  Phillips  (1841). 

The  Association  adjourned  to  meet  at  the  Commencement 
of  1861,  but  "Ate  had  cried  havoc  and  let  slip  the  dogs  of 
War."  None  showed  greater  alacrity  in  volunteering  for  the 
war  or  submitting  to  greater  sacrifices  or  behaved  with  more 
gallantry  than  the  Faculty  and  Alumni  of  the  University. 

It  was  during  this  year  that  the  Executive  Committee  re- 
corded their  opinion  of  hazing  in  the  following  resolution : 
"The  ridicule  and  petty  annoyances  practiced  by  certain  stu- 
dents upon  new  members  of  the  College,  who  upon  their  first 
admission  need  sympathy  and  kindness  of  their  fellows,  is  a 
cruel  and  contemptible  practice,  wholly  below  the  dignity  and 
gentle  bearing  of  the  students  of  our  University,  and  ought  to 
be  put  down  peremptorily  by  the  Faculty." 

This  was  the  last  Commencement  which  was  not  marred 
by  the  groundswell  of  the  coming  war.  Hereafter  the  vacan- 
cies in  the  ranks  of  the  several  classes  will  be  typical  of  the 
vacancies  in  regiments  swept  by  shell  and  ball. 

The  Convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  took 
action  in  the  matter  of  attendance  on  Sunday  services.  At  the 
Convention  held  in  Charlotte  in  May,  i860,  Rev.  Edwin  M. 
Forbes  and  Richard  S.  Mason,  on  the  part  of  the  clergy,  and 
Messrs.  Josiah  Collins,  T.  George  Walton  and  A.  J.  DeRossett, 
of  the  laity,  reported  a  memorial,  which  was  unanimously  ap- 
proved and  forwarded  to  the  Board  of  Trustees.  The  sub- 
stance is  that  the  law  of  the  University  requiring  students,  not 
communicants,  to  attend  religious  service  in  the  Chapel,  even 
although  parents  and  guardians  request  permission  to  attend 
service  in  some  other  church,  is  now  injurious  and  wrong: 
1  st,  it  interferes  with  the  conscience,  because  the  student  is 
deprived  of  the  worship  to  which  the  parent  and  perhaps  the 
student  is  conscientiously  attached ;  2nd,  it  is  against  the  Con- 
stitution of  North  Carolina  and  of  the  United  States,  guaran- 
tying the  right  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of 
their  own  consciences.  The  Convention  disclaimed  any  cen- 
sure of  the  Trustees   for  having  passed  the  law,  when  the 


714  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Chapel  services  were  all,  or  nearly  all,  that  were  accessible, 
but  that  condition  no  longer  exists.  They  asked  nothing  espe- 
cially for  the  Episcopal  Church,  but  that  the  same  privileges 
should  be  extended  to  all,  namely,  that  a  student  of  full  age 
can  attend  the  services  in  which  he  has  been  educated,  and 
if  under  age,  wherever  requested  by  his  parent  or  guardian. 

The  memorial,  which  was  very  respectful  in  tone,  together 
with  an  ordinance  offered  by  John  H.  Bryan,  were  laid  on  the 
table  at  the  June  meeting  to  be  taken  up  at  the  next  annual 
meeting  in  December. 

At  that  meeting,  at  the  instance  of  Judge  W.  H.  Battle, 
the  subject  was  considered,  and,  after  much  discussion,  on  the 
motion  of  Judge  R.  M.  Saunders,  referred  to  Judge  M.  E. 
Manly,  Judge  Battle  and  P.  H.  Winston  (of  Anson)  to  report 
such  a  scheme  of  ordinances  and  regulations  as  were  indicated 
as  the  sense  of  the  present  meeting. 

On  December  18th,  i860,  Judge  Manly  reported  in  sub- 
stance the  following  scheme,  which  was  adopted.  The  pre- 
amble expresses  the  desire  of  the  Board  to  free  the  institution 
from  just  charges  of  putting  constraint  on  the  conscience  of 
any  student. 

The  President  may  grant  a  dispensation  from  attending  any 
public  worship  on  the  Lord's  or  other  day, 

1.  Where  the  parent  or  guardian  resides  in  Chapel  Hill  and 
desires  his  son  or  ward  to  worship  with  his  family; 

2.  Where  the  student  is  a  communicant  with  some  denomi- 
nation having  worship  in  the  village  different  from  that  of  the 
officiating  Chaplain ; 

3.  When  a  student  is  a  member  of  a  religious  denomination 
or  Church,  and  declares  in  writing  that  he  has  scruples  against 
attending  Chapel  worship ; 

4.  Where  the  parent  or  guardian  declares  in  writing  that 
he  has  scruples  of  conscience  against  his  son  or  ward  attending 
Chapel  worship,  and  indicates  what  denomination  he  prefers 
him  to  unite  with. 

The  attendance  on  Chapel  worship  elsewhere  is  compulsory, 
but  if  the  student  has  scruples  against  attending  anywhere  he 
must  remain  in  his  room  in  a  quiet  and  orderly  manner. 

The  Faculty  were  authorized  to  enforce  the  ordinances. 


LIBERTY  0E  CHURCH   ATTENDANCE.  715 

The  President  could  give  occasional  permission  to  attend 
elsewhere  than  in  the  Chapel  for  any  reason  satisfactory  to 
himself. 

The  Board  declared  its  conviction  that  a  seasonable,  rever- 
ential and  habitual  attendance  on  prayers  and  public  worship 
is  an  important  aid  to  intellectual  and  moral  training  of  youth, 
and  in  the  maintenance  of  order,  and  therefore  ordain  that  all 
students  not  exempted  shall  attend  public  worship  on  the  Lord's 
Day.  All  without  exception  shall  attend  morning  and  evening 
prayers,  except  those  temporarily  excused  by  the  President, 
or  permanently  excused  by  a  vote  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  regulations  providing  for  the 
cases  of  such  as  objected  to  attending  any  Protestant  worship, 
was  doubtless  suggested  by  Judge  Manly,  who  was  a  Roman 
Catholic.  Jews  were  cared  for  by  the  same  provision.  The 
Faculty  were  puzzled  in  regard  to  ascertaining  absences  from 
services  in  the  village.  The  plan  of  asking  students  on  Mon- 
day morning  whether  they  had  been  "to  Church'''  the  day  be- 
fore was  adopted.  Tradition  says  that  some,  who  answered  in 
the  affirmative,  did  not  deem  it  their  duty  to  report  the  length 
of  their  stay.  The  regulations  thus  adopted  continued  in  force 
until  the  doors  were  closed  in  1868.  The  agitation  and  set- 
tlement are  analagous  to  the  long  continued  struggle  between 
the  Church  of  England  and  the  Non-Conformists  over  the 
religious  services  in  English  schools. 

President  Swain,  as  might  have  been  expected  of  his  kind- 
liness of  heart,  was  quite  liberal  in  allowing  attendance  on 
the  village  churches  for  special  reasons.  For  example,  all  the 
students  had  permission  to  absent  themselves  from  the  Chapel 
in  order  to  hear  a  sermon  preached  by  Bishop  Atkinson  in  the 
Episcopal  Church. 

The  Faculty  sought  loyally  to  carry  out  the  instructions  of 
the  Trustees.  To  ensure  orderly  deportment  the  students  at- 
tending Chapel  were  required  to  sit  in  classes,  the  pews  as- 
signed to  each  class  being  changed  whenever  the  increase  in 
numbers  required.  The  postures  agreed  on  at  first  was  sitting 
when  the  Bible  was  being  read  and  sermon  preached,  standing 
at  prayers  and  singing.  In  1856  the  postures  customary  in 
the   Church   to  which   the   officiating  minister  belonged   were 


yi6  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

ordered  to  be  observed,  with  the  exception  that  sitting  and 
leaning  forward  should  be  substituted  for  kneeling,  because  the 
arrangement  of  the  seats  made  kneeling  difficult. 

After  the  adoption  of  this  ordinance  there  were  numerous 
summonings  before  the  Faculty  for  breaches  thereof,  the  most 
numerous  being  for  changing  seats,  contrary  to  rule. 

The  Sunday  services  in  Gerrard  Hall  were  not  popular, 
although  after  about  1855  there  was  a  student  choir,  whose 
members  had  the  sole  right  to  sit  in  the  gallery.  I  find  four 
students,  whose  religious  fervor  could  not  be  detected  in  daily 
life,  petitioning  to  be  absent  from  the  Chapel  in  order  to  join 
the  choir  of  the  Episcopal  Church.    They  were  refused. 

To  ensure  proper  inspection  of  the  attitudes  of  the  wor- 
shippers, the  President  and  three  preachers,  Professors  Mitchell, 
Phillips  and  Wheat,  occupied  the  rostrum ;  Professors  Kim- 
berly  and  C.  Phillips,  assisted  by  Tutors  Pool,  Tucas,  Spruill 
and  Coleman,  were  seated  in  the  center  of  the  building  be- 
tween the  Seniors  and  Sophomores  and  between  the  Juniors 
and  Freshmen,  and  Professors  Fetter,  Hubbard  and  Shipp, 
assisted  by  Tutors  R.  H.  Battle  and  Jackson,  were  stationed 
in  the  rear  behind  the  Seniors  and  Juniors. 

With  all  this  "cloud  of  witnesses  encompassing  them 
around,"  with  thirty  vigilant  eyes  flashing  on  every  movement, 
it  was  thought  that  propriety  of  demeanor  was  secured,  how- 
ever much  at  the  expense  of  religious  fervor  of  students  and  of 
the  professorial  detective  force.  The  frequent  summonings 
before  the  Faculty  for  breaches  of  the  rules  show  that  the 
watchers  were  vigilant,  the  bad  behavior  detected  but  not 
prevented. 

As  late  as  February,  1868,  the  Faculty  voted,  eleven  to  one, 
that  all  religious  denominations  should  be  represented  in  the 
clerical  services  of  the  Chapel  on  the  Sabbath ;  and,  secondly, 
that  all  students  should  be  required  to  attend  unless  excused 
by  the  Faculty  on  conscientious  scruples.  The  Trustees,  how- 
ever, did  not  change  their  ordinances  on  the  subject.  The 
action  of  the  Faculty  was  doubtless  in  consequence  of  the 
paucity  of  numbers  then  on  the  roll  of  the  institution. 

There  are  not  now  two  opinions  on  the  subject  of  the  effect 
of  compulsory  attendance  on  religious  exercises.     There  were 


CIRCULAR   TO   PUBLIC.  J1J 

no  student  organizations  in  the  old  days  analagous  to  our 
Young  Mens'  Christian  Association.  There  were  no  student 
classes  for  the  study  of  the  Bible.  There  was  almost  no 
teaching  by  students  in  the  Sunday  Schools  of  the  town  and 
country  as  we  now  have.  There  were  few  members  of  the 
Church.  Treating  divine  worship  as  a  college  duty  for  breach 
of  which  the  usual  punishments  were  inflicted,  had  the  result  of 
making  such  worship  a  college  regulation  only,  to  be  complied 
with  or  avoided  as  the  temperament  of  the  student  dictated. 
This  system  was  in  truth  pro  tanto  a  union  of  Church  and  State, 
and  was  attended  with  the  coldheartedness  and  formality, 
evasions  and  secret  hostility,  which  history  shows  have  been  the 
results  of  such  unions  in  all  ages. 

In  September,  i860,  the  Faculty  issued  a  ringing  circular 
to  the  public.  They  declared  that  they,  as  well  as  the  Trustees, 
were  more  anxious  to  elevate  the  standard  of  scholarship  and 
morals  than  to  gather  numbers.  They  were  therefore  gradually 
increasing  the  rigor  of  examinations  for  admission  and  for 
advancement  from  class  to  class.  They  asked  the  co-operation 
of  parents  and  guardians. 

It  was  stated  that  half  of  the  States  and  over  thirty  colleges, 
North  and  South,  were  represented  in  the  student  body.  This 
University  favorably  compares  with  those  of  other  institutions, 
and  at  no  period  in  its  history  did  we  have  a  superior  Faculty, 
or  were  the  students  more  eager  to  avail  themselves  of  the 
educational  advantages  offered. 

Parents  and  guardians  were  earnestly  requested  to  be  chary 
of  granting  permission  to  students  to  be  absent  from  the  insti- 
tution. Permission  extended  to  one  produces  a  desire  to  his 
associates  to  accompany  him.  "The  contagion  spreads  rap- 
idly, and  the  concurrence  of  a  concert,  a  circus,  a  political 
meeting,  or  the  State  Fair,  begets  a  spirit  of  restlessness  for 
days  before  and  afterwards,  altogether  unfavorable  to  the 
quiet  and  diligent  performance  of  duty."  The  loss  of  time  and 
money  is  considerable,  and  other  serious  evils  occur.  The 
rule  of  the  Faculty  requires  that  no  one  shall  be  allowed  to 
attend  the  State  Fair  unless  the  parent  or  guardian  asks  for 
it  and  himself  is  to  be  present. 


718  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

During  the  year  the  belfry  on  the  South  Building  was  built 
according  to  the  plans  and  supervision  of  Thomas  H.  Coates, 
architect.  Since  the  reopening  of  the  institution  in  1875,  it  has 
been  strengthened  and  bears  well  the  daily  and  nightly  clang- 
ing of  the  melodious  bell.  When  it  was  the  fashion  to  pursue 
unlawful  and  nocturnal  ringers,  there  was  wild  scampering 
when  warning  was  given  that  professors  were  ascending  the 
stairs.  Some  slid  down  a  rope  through  a  trap  door  previously 
cut,  others  hid  in  perilous  places  on  the  roof,  and  one  more 
daring,  David  Vance,  climbed  down  the  lightning  rod.  Few 
were  ever  caught.  The  bell-rope  then  reached  down  no  fur- 
ther than  the  attic,  now  it  descends  through  a  tube  to  the  first 
floor.  Any  one  can  pull  it  who  wishes,  but  it  is  seldom  inter- 
fered with  without  authority. 

The  number  of  students  in  the  Fall  of  i860  was  376,  a  fall- 
ing off  of  54  from  the  preceding  year.  There  were  from  North 
Carolina  221,  a  falling  off  of  24.  Of  those  from  other  States, 
Mississippi  sent  26,  Tennessee  26,  Louisiana  22,  Alabama  19, 
Georgia  17,  South  Carolina  15,  Texas  10,  Florida  5,  Virginia  4, 
Arkansas  3,  Missouri  and  New  Mexico  2  each,  California, 
Iowa,  Kentucky  and  Ohio  1  each,  a  total  of  155  as  against 
185  the  previous  year,  a  falling  off  of  30. 

Rev.  Dr.  Albert  M.  Shipp  left  the  University  in  this  year. 
He  was  afterwards  much  honored  by  his  Church.  He  was 
President  of  Greensboro  Female  College,  President  of  Wofford 
College  in  South  Carolina,  and  Dean  of  the  Theological  Depart- 
ment of  Vanderbilt  University.  This  last  position  he  resigned 
because  of  differences  with  Bishop  McTyeire,  and  published  a 
pamphlet  giving  his  side  of  the  question.  He  was  a  preacher 
of  power  and  eloquence,  but  was  hindered  from  greatest  success 
by  throat  disease. 

Rev.  Dr.  Wheat  also  resigned  his  chair  of  Rhetoric  and 
Logic  and  became  Rector  of  Christ  Church,  Little  Rock,  Ar- 
kansas. Having  two  sons  in  the  Confederate  army,  Robateau, 
Colonel  of  the  Louisiana  Tigers,  killed  at  Gaines'  Mill,  and 
John  Thomas,  killed  at  Shiloh,  his  sympathies  were  so  strong 
that  he  accepted  a  Chaplaincy  in  the  army,  and  held  it  during 
1862.  He  then  continued  in  charge  of  a  church  in  Little  Rock 
until  1867,  when  he  became  Rector  of  the  Monumental  Church 


DR.   WHEAT FACULTY  CHANGES.  719 

in  Memphis,  resigning  in  1873.  At  the  farewell  service  the 
preacher,  Rev.  Dr.  Carmichael,  feelingly  stated  that  his  leaving 
the  bar  and  entering  the  ministry  was  caused  by  an  eloquent 
sermon  of  Dr.  Wheat's. 

Dr.  Wheat  had  the  high  honor  of  being  six  times  a  Delegate 
to  the  General  Convention.  He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Divinity  from  the  University  of  Nashville,  Tennessee.  He 
was  author  of  a  book  entitled,  "Preparation  for  the  Holy  Com- 
munion." He  and  his  wife  Selina  Blair  (Patten)  Wheat  in 
1875  celebrated  their  Golden  Wedding,  on  which  occasion  he 
wrote  a  poem  on  his  pre-nuptial  life,  describing  scenes  in  his 
natal  Washington  City.  In  the  next  year  and  afterwards  he 
planted  churches  in  Berkeley,  California,  in  Lewisburg,  West 
Virginia,  and  Concord,  North  Carolina.  After  nealy  sixty 
years  of  labor  as  a  minister,  he  died  February  2nd,  1886,  in  his 
86th  year. 

In  1861  George  P.  Bryan  was  Tutor  of  Latin,  in  place  of 
John  W.  Graham,  resigned ;  George  B.  Johnston,  Tutor  of 
Greek,  vice  Samuel  S.  Jackson,  resigned,  and  Iowa  M.  Royster, 
Tutor  of  Rhetoric  and  Elocution.  Solomon  Pool  was  raised 
from  a  Tutorship  to  being  Adjunct  Professor  of  Pure  Mathe- 
matics. Morrow  resigned  his  Tutorship.  Rev.  Albert  M. 
Shipp  resigned  the  professorship  of  History,  and  the  vacancy 
was  not  filled. 

The  State  authorities  found  that  the  increased  business  re- 
quired by  the  war  made  it  necessary  to  make  available  all  the 
space  in  the  Capitol.  They  therefore  donated  to  the  University 
the  collections,  made  by  State  Geologist  Ebenezer  Emmons,  of 
rocks  and  minerals  stored  in  one  of  its  rooms.  Probably  the 
most  valuable  part  of  the  collection  was  disposed  of  by  his  son 
to  Williams  College  for  $6,000,  including  the  famous  fossil, 
dromotherium,  the  earliest  mammal  in  the  primeval  world. 
Professor  Martin  spent  two  weeks  in  classifying  the  speci- 
mens and  superintending  the  shipments  to  Chapel  Hill. 

As  each  State  passed  an  ordinance  of  Secession,  its  citizens 
at  the  University  hurried  home  fired  with  zeal  to  take  up  arms, 
never  doubting  that  their  cause  was  just.  Of  those  who  re- 
mained until  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter,  all  were  in  a  ferment. 
On  April  27th  the  Juniors,  Sophomores  and  Freshmen  peti- 


720  THE  UNIVERSITY  OI-   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

tioned  the  Trustees  for  a  total  suspension  of  exercises  until 
the  Fall  term.  They  stated  that  the  Seniors  did  not  sign  the 
petition  because  they  intended  not  to  return  to  Commencement 
at  the  end  of  their  Senior  vacation  to  receive  their  diplomas  in 
person.  It  was  urged  that  it  was  impossible  on  account  of 
excitement  to  attend  to  duty.  If  the  Trustees  should  object 
that  the  war  would  end  in  two  or  three  months,  the  reply  was 
that  nothing  would  be  lost,  because  the  students  could  not 
study  at  present,  and  they  would  return  strengthened  in  body 
for  more  arduous  labor;  but  if  hostilities  should  longer  con- 
tinue, and  if  they  should  remain  at  the  University,  they  would 
leap  at  once  from  ease  and  inactivity  into  the  hardships  of  war. 

Moreover  they  had  ascertained  that  at  the  end  of  the  term 
there  would  be  only  about  seventy-five  students  in  all  the 
classes.  Eight  or  ten  were  leaving  every  day,  and  very  many 
were  waiting  for  remittances  from  home  to  enable  them  to 
do  likewise.  They  sincerely  hoped  that  the  Trustees  "will  see 
the  necessity  of  every  arm  being  wielded  in  the  coming  contest 
and  every  son's  participating  in  defense  of  our  homes  and  fire- 
sides."   The  petition  met  with  no  success. 

The  Committee  were  H.  H.  Price,  of  New  Orleans ;  Robert 
B.  Peebles,  of  Northampton  County,  and  Willoughby  F.  Avery, 
of  Morganton.     All  in  due  time  entered  the  army. 

So  far  from  granting  the  petition,  President  Swain  promptly 
issued  a  circular  especially  to  the  patrons  of  the  institution. 
It  began  by  conceding  that  the  affairs  of  our  country  called 
for  our  best  services,  in  the  tented  field,  if  necessary.  The 
Faculty  have  no  wish  to  quench  patriotic  ardor,  or  to  withhold 
from  service,  at  the  proper  time,  any  one  capable  of  perform- 
ing the  duties  of  a  soldier,  but  beg  leave  to  intimate  the  pro- 
priety of  restraining  the  young  and  inexperienced  from  rushing 
prematurely  into  the  army. 

Many  young  men,  he  said,  had  left  with  the  consent  of  parents 
and  Faculty ;  others  without  permission,  who,  it  is  hoped,  will 
return  and  stand  the  May  examinations. 

It  was  emphatically  announced  that  the  University  exercises 
would  go  on  as  heretofore.  No  reasonable  pains  would  be 
spared  to  render  the  approaching  Commencement  successful. 
The  Seniors,  except  where  specially  exempted,  are  expected  to 
be  in  attendance. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF  i860.  72I 

Notwithstanding  these  brave  words,  over  the  Commence- 
ment of  1861  there  was  a  general  gloom.  Large  numbers  of  the 
students,  Seniors,  Juniors,  Sophomores,  Freshmen,  had  enlisted 
in  the  army,  and  most  of  those  remaining  were  preparing  to  go. 
Some  of  the  Faculty  were  getting  ready  to  follow.  General 
Thomas  L.  Clingman  had  agreed  to  deliver  the  address  before 
the  two  Societies,  but  was  detained  by  unavoidable  military 
duty.  There  were  no  Historical  or  Alumni  addresses.  But 
President  Swain  had  determined  that  the  exercises  of  the 
University  should  not  be  suspended  by  war  or  preparations 
for  war. 

The  preacher  of  the  sermon  to  the  Graduating  Class  was  one 
of  the  most  eminent  Southern  divines,  Rev.  Dr.  John  A. 
Broadus,  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  at 
Louisville.  His  text  was :  "Have  any  of  the  Rulers  of  the 
Pharisees  believed  on  Him."  The  object  was  to  account  for 
the  fact  that  so  many  great  men  in  Science  and  Philosophy 
deny  the  Christ.  The  chief  reason  was  to  be  found  in  the 
self-denial  required  in  the  true  disciple  of  Christ.  The  pre- 
dominance of  Faith  by  which  a  Christian  walks,  over  sight, 
by  which  Rulers  and  Pharisees  walk,  was  most  clearly  and 
attractively  set  forth  as  the  truest  adornment  of  the  manly 
character,  a  strong  support  in  the  trials  of  life  and  the  best 
preparation  for  the  Future. 

Professor  Charles  Phillips,  who  furnished  this  abstract  to 
the  press,  praised  most  highly  the  manner  of  delivery  as  well 
as  the  excellence  of  the  sermon. 

Dr.  Broadus  occupied  Wednesday  morning.  At  night  the 
Sophomore  Declaimers  came  on.  They  were  John  T.  Harris, 
of  Franklin  County;  Olin  Welborn,  of  Georgia;  Robert  B. 
Peebles,  of  Northampton ;  Joseph  A.  McDermot,  Tennessee ; 
G.  Lawrence  Washington,  of  Kinston ;  Gabriel  Johnston,  of 
Edenton.  The  speaking  of  Harris  was  particularly  praised. 
There  were  no  Freshmen  Declaimers.  Of  the  Sophomores, 
Wellborn  rose  to  be  a  Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  a  Representative  in 
Congress  from  Texas,  and  United  States  District  Judge  in 
California;  Peebles  and  Johnston  are  mentioned  hereafter;  Mc- 
Dermott  was  a  Captain  C.  S.  A.,  and  was  killed  at  Vicksburg. 

46 


72.2  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Not  one  of  these  Declaimers  continued  his  course  to  the  close 
of  his  Senior  year. 

On  Thursday  the  Seniors  delivered  their  original  speeches. 
Those  were: 

"The  Greek  Oration — the  Ancient  Greek,"  Cornelius  Furman 
Dowd,  Wake  County. 

"The  Study  of  Man,"  Nicholas  L.  Williams,  Yadkin  County. 

"Agriculture,"  Guilford  Nicholson,  Halifax  County. 

"The  Festal  Hour,"  N.  Partee  Foard,  Concord. 

"Knowledge  of  Character,  a  Prerequisite  to  the  Enlighten- 
ment of  Society,"  Rufus  L.  Coffin,  Mississippi. 

"The  Study  of  Geology,"  Thomas  B.  Davidson,  Louisiana. 

"The  Neglect  of  Moral  Science,"  John  W.  Halliburton,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

"The  Golden  Mean,"  Robert  T.  Murphy,  Sampson  County. 

"The  Political  Reformer,"  William  Van  Wyck,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

"Thomas  Paine,"  James  M.  Hobson,  Davie  County. 

"Spanish  Oration,  Castellano  el  Hermoso  Language,"  James 
Turner  Morehead,  Greensboro. 

The  Valedictory,  Thomas  T.  Allen,  Windsor. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  Latin  Salutatory,  which  had  been 
on  the  programme  for  many  years,  was  omitted.  The  Saluta- 
torian,  Charles  M.  Stedman,  was  with  his  regiment  at  York- 
town.  There  is  a  striking  absence  of  allusions  to  the  war  in 
those  speeches. 

In  the  fervor  of  patriotism  the  Faculty  agreed,  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  Trustees  gladly  given,  to  grant  diplomas  to  all  mem- 
bers of  the  Senior  Class,  although  many  had  joined  the  army 
and  did  not  stand  their  examinations.  Only  thirty  out  of  the 
eighty-seven  were  present  in  person.  Azariah  Coburn  Stewart, 
who  was  one  of  the  best  scholars  of  the  class  until  the  Senior 
year,  then  a  member  of  the  State  Convention,  was  also  allowed 
a  degree. 

The  first  distinction  was  assigned  to  Thomas  T.  Allen,  Robert 
S.  Clark,  J.  Turner  Morehead,  Robert  T.  Murphy,  David  W. 
Simmons,  Jr.,  Charles  M.  Stedman,  E.  Eldridge  Wright. 

The  second  to  James  E.  Butts.  C.  Furman  Dowd,  James  M. 
Hobson,  James  S.  Knight,  Lewis  Maverick,  William  Van 
Wyck. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 86 1.  723 

The  third  to  R.  Lawrence  Coffin,  John  D.  Currie,  Weldon 
E.  Davis,  John  H.  Dobbin,  Franklin  Garrett,  John  W.  Halli- 
burton, Thomas  Haughton,  John  F.  Lightfoot,  James  Marshall, 
Guilford  Nicholson,  James  P.  Parker,  Oliver  T.  Parks,  Jesse 
G.  Ross. 

Of  the  best  scholars  Allen  was  a  lawyer  and  died  early; 
Clark,  not  traced;  Morehead  was  Adjutant  of  a  Cavalry  Regi- 
ment, State  Senator,  member  of  Convention  of  1865,  Banker 
and  Manufacturer;  Murphy  was  a  Lieutenant,  Clerk  and  Mas- 
ter in  Equity,  died  early ;  Simmons  was  a  Lieutenant,  killed  in 
battle;  Stedman  was  a  Major,  a  lawyer,  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  North  Carolina ;  Wright  a  Captain,  killed  at  Murfreesboro ; 
Hobson  was  a  Lieutenant,  in  the  Legislature  of  Alabama, 
Judge  of  the  County  Court. (x) 

Of  those  not  receiving  honors,  Spier  Whitaker  was  Adjutant, 
Chairman  of  the  State  Democratic  Committee,  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court;  Stewart  died  while  a  member  of  the  Con- 
vention of  1861. 

Of  the  matriculates  not  graduating  with  the  class,  John  R. 
Ely  was  Adjutant-General;  James  C.  Luttrell,  Captain  and 
Mayor  of  Knoxville;  Joseph  M.  Morehead  Lieutenant,  Clerk 
and  Master,  and  President  of  the  Guilford  Battle  Ground 
Association. 

The  following  matriculates  lost  their  lives  in  the  war :  Joseph 
H.  Branch,  Private ;  Theophilus  H.  Holmes,  Lieutenant ;  Rob- 
ert C.  McRee,  Sergeant-Major;  Napoleon  B.  Owens,  Private; 
Edward  L.  Richardson,  Private;  Nathan  J.  Snead,  Private; 
Alva  C.  Hartsfield ;  Henry  C.  Miller,  Private. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Abraham 
Caruthers  and  Nathan  Green,  of  Tennessee. 

Professor  William  J.  Martin  on  the  21st  of  September, 
1 86 1,  asked  for  and  obtained  leave  of  absence,  at  first  for 
twelve  months,  renewed  for  the  war  at  the  end  of  that  time. 
At  first  he  was  Captain  of  the  28th  North  Carolina  Infantry. 
He  was  afterwards  promoted  to  be  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the 
nth. 

July  31,  1 86 1,  the  Faculty  became  alarmed  at  the  report 
widely   spread   that  on   account  of  the  war  the   exercises   of 


(')  Mr.  Hobson  was  the  father  of  Richmond   Pearson  Hobson,  distin- 
guished in  the  Spanish  war. 


724  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH   CAROUNA. 

the  University  had  been  suspended.  They  hastened  to  issue 
a  circular  stating  that  since  1795  there  had  been  no  suspension 
and  would  not  be  in  the  future.  The  troubled  state  of  the 
country  and  paralysis  of  all  kinds  of  business  very  much  dimin- 
ished the  number  of  students.  Much  satisfaction  was  expressed 
that  the  diminution  of  numbers  contributed  much  to  the  public 
good.  Students,  who  were  with  them  at  the  opening  of  the 
year,  were  to  be  found  in  arms  under  the  banner  of  every 
State  of  the  Confederacy,  and  there  was  probably  no  regi- 
ment in  the  service  in  which  there  was  not  one  or  more  of  our 
alumni  or  students  enrolled.  We  were  very  fully  represented  at 
Bethel,  and  in  fair  proportion  at  Manassas.  The  instruction 
now  given  in  Military  Tactics  renders  our  present  students 
likely  to  be  as  efficient  as  their  elder  brethren.  This  Depart- 
ment will  be  increased  as  needed. 

The  decrease  in  numbers  it  was  contended  rendered  the  in- 
struction more  efficient.  The  two  new  edifices  (the  New  East 
and  the  New  West)  containing  forty  dormitories,  convenient 
Lecture  Rooms,  and  Society  Halls  and  Libraries,  very  neatly 
embellished  and  nicely  furnished,  are  ready  for  occupancy. 
The  patronage  is  not  likely  to  be  materially  or  permanently 
diminished. 

The  Military  Tactics  mentioned  was  drilling  after  Upham's 
Manual.  For  some  months  Professor  Martin  was  the  Drill 
Master.  The  Tutor  Frederick  A.  Fetter,  who  had  a  few 
months  of  service  in  the  field,  was  appointed  to  this  duty 
March  18,  1862,  with  the  obligation  to  occupy  a  room  in  the 
South  Building  and  be  vigilant  in  preserving  order.  The  regu- 
lar studies  were  to  go  on  as  usual. 

Again  in  November  the  watchful  President  found  it  ad- 
visable to  assure  the  Trustees,  and  through  them,  the  public 
that  he  would  not  close  the  doors  of  the  institution  under  his 
charge.  A  circular,  expressed  in  the  elegant  style  of  Dr. 
Hubbard,  was  issued.  The  Faculty,  considering  the  troubled" 
condition  of  the  country,  requested  the  President  to  make 
known  to  the  Trustees  their  purpose  to  remain  at  their  posts 
and  divide  among  them  the  labor  of  instruction  and  aid  in 
whatever  way  they  can  the  interests  of  the  institution.  In 
order  to  relieve  as  far  as  they  could  the  cares  of  the  Trustees 


SALARIES   LOWERED — HARD   TIMES.  725 

touching  pecuniary  affairs,  they  expressed  their  willingness 
to  accept  such  compensation  for  their  services  as  the  Trustees 
might  judge  best. 

In  light  of  the  subsequent  progressive  decrease  in  the  value 
of  Confederate  and  State  currency,  this  offer  was  magnani- 
mous. The  Trustees  took  them  at  their  word.  The  salary 
of  the  President  was  reduced  to  $2,000,  those  of  the  Pro- 
fessors to  $1,500,  the  Assistant  Professor  (Pool)  $1,100,  with 
$100  additional  for  clerical  duties,  of  the  Librarian  (Dr.  Hub- 
bard) $100,  and  the  Bursar  (Fetter)  $500.  President  Swain, 
in  a  letter  to  the  Executive  Committee,  stated  that  his  salary 
had  been  from  January  1st,  1836,  to  July  1st,  1855,  $2,000  per 
annum;  from  July  1st,  1855,  to  January  1st,  1858,  $2,200,  and 
from  January  1st,  1858,  to  January  1st,  1862,  $2,500.  He  sug- 
gested a  reduction  of  ten  per  cent. 

The  Trustees  were  watchful  to  distribute  labors  properly 
among  the  diminishing  corps  of  instructors.  For  example,  it 
was  graciously  enacted  that  those  who  preached  in  the  Chapel 
on  Sunday  mornings  should  be  excused  from  teaching  the 
classes    in  the  Bible  in  the  afternoons. 

President  Swain  was  urged  to  provide  that  the  University 
should  not  be  behind  the  prevailing  warlike  spirit,  but  should 
supply  the  general  demand  for  military  education.  Nothing 
was  done  but  some  instruction  in  the  manual  of  arms  and 
company  evolutions. 

Various  expedients  were  resorted  to  to  obtain  supplies  neces- 
sary for  man  and  beast.  There  has  been  preserved  a  calcu- 
lation made  in  November,  1862,  by  Dr.  Charles  Phillips,  show- 
ing how  Mr.  Andrew  Mickle  was  sent  by  thirty  heads  of 
families  into  a  neighborhood  abounding  in  corn  to  make  pur- 
chases for  them.  He  bought  383  4-15  barrels,  equal  to  1,921 
1-3  bushels,  for  $1,897.95.  The  freight  on  the  railroad  to 
Durham  was  $349.70;  on  wagons  from  Durham  $327.51.  His 
expenses  were  $172.35.  Adding  minor  expenses,  the  cost  of 
the  corn  at  Chapel  Hill  was  $2,460  61,  or  $6.75  per  barrel.  It 
was  distributed  in  varying  amounts  from  two  barrels  upward, 
according  to  demand.  John  H.  Watson,  who  kept  the  livery 
stable,  took  ninety  barrels.  President  Swain  33,  Judge  Battle 
24,  and  so  on.     Cornbread  was  much  used  during  the  scarcity, 


726  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

and  the  thrifty  housewives  studied  the  art  of  making  coffee  out 
of  parched  sweet  potatoes,  grains  of  rye  and  other  substitutes. 

At  another  time,  probably  two  years  later,  some  of  the 
Faculty  accepted  the  offer  of  a  gentleman  owning  a  farm  in 
Wake,  over  twenty  miles  from  Chapel  Hill,  to  give  them  gratis 
all  the  peas  they  were  willing  to  gather  from  the  field.  This 
leguminous  addition  to  their  bill  of  fare  was  highly  appre- 
ciated. 

The  Commencement  of  1862  was  naturally  more  gloomy 
than  that  of  1861.  There  were  only  five  Trustees  present,  two 
of  whom  were  from  Chapel  Hill,  the  others  being  ex-Governor 
Charles  Manly,  Secretary-Treasurer,  of  Wake;  ex-Governoi 
Graham,  and  Mr.  Paul  C.  Cameron,  the  last  two  of  Orange. 
There  was  only  one  father  of  a  graduate,  and  not  one  mothei, 
or  sister,  or  cousin.  The  Graduating  Class  contained  only 
twenty-four  against  ninety-nine  in  1861,  and  125  in  1859. 
There  was  present  only  one  young  lady,  not  then  a  resident  in 
Chapel  Hill.  The  audiences,  because  of  the  considerable  num- 
ber of  "refugees"  added  to  the  normal  population  of  the  vil- 
lage, were  however  quite  respectable.  The  number  of  stu- 
dents, which  at  the  beginning  of  the  term  was  320,  had  shrunk 
to  about  100.  Besides  Professor  Martin,  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
Tutor  Johnston  was  a  Captain  and  a  prisoner  of  war.  The 
other  Tutors  had  enlisted  or  were  about  to  enlist  in  the  army. 

The  Sermon  before  the  Graduating  Class  was  equal  in 
excellence  to  any  of  its  predecessors.  The  preacher  was  the 
Right  Reverend  Thomas  Atkinson,  Bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  North  Carolina.  The  text  was,  "Come, 
let  us  reason  together."  He  invited  all  to  reason,  argue, 
meditate  as  to  their  future  course.  They  should  not  seek  after 
wealth  or  fame  or  pleasure.  Heavenly  wisdom  was  pressed 
as  leading  to  happiness  in  this  world  and  in  the  next.  He 
made  no  gestures,  but  his  enunciation  was  so  clear  and  forcible, 
his  emphasis  so  appropriate,  his  looks  so  sincere,  and  his 
thoughts  so  elevating,  that  his  words  penetrated  to  the  heart. 
It  was  impossible  not  to  listen  and  be  affected. 

Hon.  Wm.  B.  Rodman  had  been  invited  to  deliver  the  Ad- 
dress before  the  two  Societies,  and  agreed  to  do  so.  He  was 
necessarily   prevented,   and   Rev.    Dr.   Hubbard,    Professor   of 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1862.  727 

Latin,  ably  filled  his  place.  He  gave  an  analysis  of  the  motto 
of  the  Society  he  represented,  the  Philanthropic  (Love  of 
Virtue,  Liberty  and  Science),  and  pressed  the  pursuit  of  the 
virtues  indicated  as  the  noblest  course  for  all. 

The  Freshmen  Declaimers  were  William  C.  Prout,  of  Gran- 
ville County ;  James  A.  Hodge,  of  Wake ;  John  G.  Young,  of 
Charlotte;  Joseph  H.  Branch.  Florida:  Alvin  B.  Howard,  of 
Iredell  County;  Abner  H.  Askew,  Bertie  County;  William 
H.  Call,  Mocksville;  William  F.  Parker,  Halifax  County. 

The  audience  seemed  to  give  the  preference  to  Mr.  Branch, 
and  next  to  him  Mr.  Hodge. 

The  Sophomore  Declaimers  were  William  A.  Guthrie,  Chapel 
Hill ;  Robert  C.  McRee,  Wilmington ;  Augustus  Van  Wyck, 
of  South  Carolina ;  Carney  J.  Bryan,  of  Washington,  N.  C, 
and  John  M.  Jordan,  of  Richmond  County.  Messrs  Johnson 
and  Van  Wyck  were  much  praised,  but  Mr.  McRee's  effort 
was  particularly  remarked  for  excellence.  The  rain  poured 
in  torrents,  the  lightning  flashed,  and  the  thunder  terrifically 
rolled  during  the  exercises  of  this  and  the  preceding  night. 

Of  the  Freshmen  only  Prout,  Hodge  and  Askew,  and  of  the 
Sophomores  only  Guthrie  and  Van  Wyck,  finished  their  course. 

There  were  ten  speeches  of  the  Seniors : 

The  Latin  Salutatory,  by  John  A.  Cameron,  of  Harnett 
County. 

Archibald  McFadyen,  Cumberland  County. 

"The  Vicissitudes  of  Life,''  Albert  B.  Gorrell,  of  Winston. 

"The  Crisis  and  its  Cause."  Archibald  A.  McMillan,  of 
Robeson  County. 

"Departed  Greatness,"'  Thomas  S.  Armistead,  of  Plymouth. 

"The  Die  is  Cast,"  Boaz  W.  Young,  Wake  County. 

"The  Influence  and  Obligations  of  Professional  Men,"  Wil- 
liam W.  Jones,  of  Henderson. 

"The  True  Statesman,"  Thomas  J.  Hadley,  of  Wilson. 

"The  Triumphs  of  Machinery, "  John  M.  Mclver,  of  Moore 
County. 

"The  Vanity  of  Fame,"  John  G.  Rencher,  Santa  Fe. 

The  Valedictory,  James  E.  Moore,  of  Martin  County. 

The  speeches  of  Messrs.  McFayden,  Young,  Hadley  and 
Mclver  were  generally  pronounced  the  best. 

In  the   Senior  Class  the  first  honor  was  awarded  to    Mr. 


728  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Frank  M.  Leigh,  of  Columbus,  Mississippi,  then  with  the  army 
about  Corinth. 

The  second  distinction  was  assigned  to  John  A.  Cameron, 
Ovide  Dupre,  of  Louisiana;  Edward  A.  Martin,  Chapel  Hill; 
James  Edwin  Moore  and  Boaz  W.  Young. 

The  third  distinction  to  Adolphus  L.  Fitzgerald  Rocking- 
ham County ;  Archibald  W.  McFayden,  of  Cumberland  County, 
and  Archibald  A.  McMillan,  Robeson  County. 

Taking  the  honor  men  in  order,  Leigh  was  a  Captain,  and 
is  a  manufacturer  and  commission  merchant;  Cameron  a  Ser- 
geant and  a  planter ;  Dupre  a  lawyer  in  New  York,  Assistant 
United  States  District  Attorney;  Martin  a  Regimental  Adju- 
tant, a  teacher,  and  died  early  of  consumption ;  Moore  was  a 
Lieutenant,  a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  a  leader  of  the 
bar ;  Young  is  a  teacher,  farmer,  and  Chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Education  of  Johnston  County. 

Fitzgerald  is  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Nevada ;  Mc- 
Fayden was  a  Lieutenant  and  a  Presbyterian  minister. 

Of  those  not  graduating,  Silvester  Hassell  was  Principal  of 
a  Collegiate  Institute  and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Primitive 
Baptist  Church.  He  uniformly  won  first  distinction,  but  was 
forced  on  account  of  the  war  to  leave  the  University  without 
graduating. 

Of  those  matriculating  with  the  class,  about  six  times  as 
many  as  graduated,  a  long  list  may  be  seen  in  the  Appendix. 
I  note  especially  Thomas  D.  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  Surgeon, 
Staff  Surgeon  in  the  Egyptian  army;  Dossey  Battle,  Lieu- 
tenant, journalist.  Judge  of  the  Criminal  Court;  Thomas  G. 
Skinner.  Confederate  soldier,  a  leader  at  the  bar,  Representa- 
tive in  Congress. 

Only  four  matriculates  of  the  year  1862  were  killed  in  battle : 
John  H.  Haughton,  Private;  Frederick  Nash,  Private;  John 
W.  Lawrence,  Private;  John  R.  Mason.  Private. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Right  Rev. 
Thomas  Atkinson,  Bishop,  and  Matthias  Evans  Manly,  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina. 

Ball  managers  were  elected  as  usual.  On  their  behalf  R.  D. 
Osborn  wrote  to  the  Trustees  that  it  was  doubtful  if  the  usual 
ball  could  be  had  unless  the  Trustees  would  give  $200  or  $300. 


COMMENCEMENTS  OF    1862   AND    1863.  729 

"Of  course  the  "Seignors"  will  feel  slighted,  as  this  will  be 
the  first  time  the  festival  in  their  honor  will  be  omitted."  The 
Trustees  felt  too  mournful  to  respond,  and  the  ball  was  not 
held. 

There  was  trouble  about  the  marshal,  who  should  have 
been  elected  by  the  Seniors  out  of  the  Junior  Class.  Instead 
of  that,  the  Seniors  took  offense  at  a  supposed  insult  by  the 
Juniors,  and  declined  to  be  escorted  into  the  Chapel  by  one  of 
that  class.  They  accordingly  elected  Mr.  R.  H.  Lee,  a  Sopho- 
more, and  asked  for  his  confirmation.  The  Trustees  declined 
to  depart  from  the  rule,  so  that  there  were  no  marshals  at 
this  Commencement. 

There  was  no  music.  The  ladies  in  Chapel  Hill  escorted 
themselves  to  decorate  the  Chapel.  But  the  young  men  went 
through  with  their  exercises  with  spirit,  while  the  news  was 
constantly  coming  in  of  gallant  fighting  or  deaths  or  wounding 
of  their  late  associates  at  the  front.  President  Swain  at  the 
close  of  the  exercises  told  of  the  student  life  of  the  brave,  the 
accomplished,  the  admired  and  loved  Pettigrew,  the  best  scholar 
of  the  University,  grievously  wounded  at  Seven  Pines. 

As  usual,  the  grand  Doxology  was  sung  by  all  the  audience. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1863  the  number  of  Trustees  in- 
creased. There  were  Governor  Vance  and  four  ex-Governors, 
namely,  Swain,  Morehead,  Graham  and  Manly.  There  were  two 
Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Battle  and  Manly.  The  other 
Trustees  were  Hon.  D.  M.  Barringer,  and  Messrs.  P.  C.  Cam- 
eron, M.  L.  Wiggins,  and  K.  P.  Battle. 

The  Sermon  before  the  Graduating  Class  was  preached  on 
Wednesday  night  by  Rev.  Dr.  W.  H.  McGuffey,  Professor  of 
Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy  in  the  University  of  Virginia.  It 
was  from  Proverbs,  "The  preparation  of  the  heart  in  man  and 
the  answer  of  the  tongue  is  from  the  Lord."  He  showed  that 
every  creature  capable  of  development  requires  the  preparation 
of  an  intelligence  superior  to  itself.  This  proposition  was  en- 
forced in  a  style  of  "rare  lucidness,  terseness  and  power.  He 
had  none  of  the  unintelligibility  proverbially  attributed  to 
teachers  of  metaphysical  subjects." 

The  Declamation  on  the  part  of  the  Freshman  Class  had 
seven   competitors,   Paul   B.   Means,  of  Cabarrus;  John   Bur- 


73°  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

gwyn  MaeRae,  of  Fayetteville ;  Julian  S.  Carr,  of  Chapel  Hill ; 
Frank  P.  Redmond,  of  Tarboro;  Joseph  C.  Mickle,  of  Chapel 
Hill ;  George  W.  Wallace,  of  Norfolk ;  Mark  D.  Stevenson,  of 
Newbern.  Messrs.  Stevenson,  Mickle  and  Wallace  won  most 
praise  according  to  the  reporter. 

The  Sophomore  competitors  were  Charles  J.  Austin,  Tar- 
boro; Abner  H.  Askew,  of  Hertford  County;  John  S.  Hender- 
son, of  Salisbury ;  Wm.  M.  Chalmers,  of  Halifax  County,  Va. ; 
John  T.  Rankin,  Wilmington ;  Henry  A.  London,  Pittsboro ; 
Robert  D.  Osborne,  Charlotte;  John  R.  D.  Shepard,  Raleigh. 
All  these  did  well,  but  Mr.  Osborne  was  thought  to  be  the 
best. 

At  the  Commencement  of  1866,  when  these  Freshmen  De- 
claimers  should  have  received  their  diplomas,  not  one  was 
present,  though  Means  subsequently  graduated.  Of  the  Sopho- 
mores Austin,  Askew,  Henderson,  London  and  Shepard  were 
so  fortunate  as  to  obtain  their  degrees  in  1865. 

President  Swain,  as  Orator  before  the  Literary  Societies, 
gave  a  series  of  Geographical  and  Historical  parallels  between 
North  Carolina  and  the  world  at  large,  and  then  with  Great 
Britain  and  other  countries.  Col.  John  H.  Wheeler  followed 
with  an  Address  before  the  Historical  Society,  showing  scenes 
in  North  Carolina  History  well  calculated  to  inspire  the  pen 
of  the  poet  and  pencil  of  the  artist. 

The  Marshals,  William  R.  Kenan,  and  his  assistants,  Wil- 
liam A.  Guthrie,  James  T.  Tate,  Augustus  Van  Wyck,  and 
J.  Buxton  Williams,  Jr.,  were  active,  polite  and  graceful,  and 
the  visitors,  notwithstanding  the  anxieties  of  war,  expressed 
themselves  as  well  pleased. 

The  Seniors  of  1863  numbered  only  eight.     As  they  were 
so  few,  I  name  them  here  as  well  as  in  the  Appendix: 
.   Thomas  M.  Argo,  Wetumpka,  Ala. 

Thomas  T.  Broyles,  Anderson  C.  H.,  S.  C. 

Titus  W.  Carr,  Pitt  County. 

John  L.  Carroll,  Kenansville. 

Edward  Hines,  Craven  County. 

Matthias  M.  Marshal,  Pittsboro. 

Wm.  L.  Quarles,  Minden,  La. 

Warner  M.  Watkins,  Milton. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1863.  73I 

It  started  Freshmen  with  eighty  members.  The  Graduates 
were  two  less  than  the  Trustees  present. 

Argo  was  the  best  scholar,  Quarles  won  the  second  distinc- 
tion, and  Hines  and  Watkins  the  third.  Carroll,  of  Kenans- 
ville,  joined  the  Senior  Class,  and  was  one  of  the  best  during 
that  year. 

Of  the  honor  men,  Argo  was  a  Lieutenant,  Solicitor  of  the 
Fourth  District  of  North  Carolina,  member  of  the  Legislature, 
is  a  strong  lawyer ;  Quarles  died  early,  as  did  Hines ;  Watkins 
is  a  merchant ;  Carroll  became  a  Doctor  of  Divinity  in  the  Bap- 
tist Church,  and  died  while  pastor  at  Chapel  Hill. 

Of  those  who  gained  no  distinction,  Broyles  is  a  physician ; 
Carr  was  a  Lieutenant,  a  planter  and  merchant ;  Marshall  is  an 
Episcopal  minister,  President  of  the  Diocesan  Convention  of  his 
Church  and  a  Delegate  to  the  General  Convention,  Doctoi  of 
Divinity. 

Of  other  matriculates  with  the  class,  Kerr  Craige  was  a 
Captain,  member  of  the  Legislature,  Collector  of  Internal  Reve- 
nue and  Assistant  Postmaster-General ;  Charles  W.  Broadfoot 
Colonel,  leader  at  the  bar,  Trustee  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina; Thomas  Badger,  Sergeant,  Mayor  of  Raleigh,  Judge  of 
the  City  Court ;  John  W.  Hinsdale,  Colonel,  very  prominent 
lawyer;  Gabriel  Johnston,  in  the  Confederate  service,  Doctor 
of  Divinity  in  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Canada ;  James  McKee, 
Lieutenant,  physician,  Superintendent  of  the  Central  Hospital 
for  the  Insane;  Robert  B.  Peebles,  Assistant  Adjutant-General, 
member  of  the  Legislature,  Trustee  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court. 

One  matriculate  during  the  year,  John  J.  Philips,  Private, 
was  among  the  Confederate  dead. 

In  the  Fall  of  1863  a  bonus  of  $500  was  voted  to  each  Pro- 
fessor on  account  of  the  depreciation  of  Confederate  currency. 
This  was  not  a  munificent  gift,  as  the  depreciation  was  fifteen 
to  one,  and  the  bonus,  measured  in  gold,  was  only  $33,  and  a 
salary  of  $2,000  only  $133.  A  year  afterwards  Indian  corn 
was  quoted  at  $25  per  bushel,  flour  $150  per  barrel,  beef  $2  per 
pound. 

The  following  statement  shows  more  clearly  the  difficulties 
of  salaried  men  in  supplying  their  tables. 


732  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

In  the  fall  of  1862  bacon  cost  33  cents  a  pound,  in  1863  $1, 
in  1864  $5.50.     In  March,  1865,  $7-5°  per  pound. 

At  the  same  dates  beef  was  12  cents,  50  cents,  $2.50  and  $3 
per  pound. 

At  the  same  dates  Indian  corn  was  $1.10,  $5.50,  $20  and 
$30  per  bushel. 

At  the  same  dates  flour  was  $18,  $35,  $125  and  $500  per 
barrel. 

At  the  same  dates  coffee  was  $2.50,  none  in  market,  $15  and 
$40  per  pound. 

At  the  same  dates  sugar  was  75  cents,  $1.60,  $12  and  $30  per 
pound. 

The  $500  bonus  of  1863  therefore  was  only  worth  about  500 
pounds  of  bacon,  or  84  bushels  of  corn,  or  14  barrels  of  flour. 
In  truth  it  is  a  mystery  that  the  professors  lived  without  actual 
suffering,  and,  to  their  credit  be  it  spoken,  uncomplainingly, 
indeed,  except  when  the  tidings  of  disaster  came  in,  even 
cheerfully. 

To  follow  in  a  small  degree  the  depreciation  of  the  currency, 
the  charge  for  tuition  was  raised  from  $60  to  $100. 

The  conscription  law  of  the  Confederate  States  bore  hard 
upon  the  University.  It  prevented  young  men  from  coming, 
and  it  carried  off  students  already  within  its  walls.  President 
Swain  was  authorized  in  October,  1863,  t0  request  from  Presi- 
dent Davis  the  exemption  of  all  liable  until  the  end  of  the  ses- 
sion, and  in  addition  the  exemption  of  all  young  men  advanced 
in  liberal  studies.  He  was  further  instructed  to  open  corres- 
pondence with  other  institutions  of  learning  in  order  to  secure 
co-operation  in  this  regard. 

He  addressed  a  carefully  written  letter  to  President  Davis 
in  support  of  this  resolution.  He  stated  that  of  the  eight 
Seniors  who  received  the  first  distinction  in  i860,  four  were  in 
the  grave  and  the  fifth  a  wounded  prisoner.  The  Freshman 
Class  of  eighty  pressed  into  service  with  such  impetuosity  that 
only  one  remained  to  graduate.  Even  he  had  entered  the  army 
and  been  discharged  on  account  of  ill  health. 

The  Faculty  at  that  time  numbered  fourteen,  of  whom  five 
volunteered.  One  had  returned  from  a  long  imprisonment  in 
Ohio  with  ruined  constitution.  (Johnston)  A  second  was  a 
wounded  prisoner.     A  third  fell  at  Gettysburg  (Royster). 


RISE  OF   PRICES — CONSCRIPTION.  733 

The  nine  remaining  members  of  the  Faculty  with  one  excep- 
tion, were  clergymen,  or  laymen  beyond  the  age  of  conscrip- 
tion. Their  sons,  if  of  military  age,  had  volunteered.  Five  of 
them,  so  liable,  were  in  active  service.  One  was  mortally 
wounded  (J.  C.  Battle)  at  South  Mountain,  another  ( W.  L. 
Battle)  at  Gettysburg. 

Besides,  in  the  village  of  Chapel  Hill,  dependent  on  the  Uni- 
versity, fifteen  had  already  been  killed. 

The  number  of  students  was  63.  The  enforcement  of  the 
Conscript  Act  would  carry  off  nine  or  ten  young  men.  With 
diminution  of  our  income,  and  a  slender  endowment,  it  was 
difficult  to  sustain  the  institution.  The  conscription  of  students 
would  make  no  appreciable  addition  to  the  army — their  with- 
drawal from  the  institution  might  very  seriously  affect  our 
organization,  and  its  ultimate  effects  close  the  doors  of  the 
oldest  University  now  accessible. 

Orders  were  issued  to  grant  the  exemptions,  President  Davis 
saying  that  he  would  not  grind  up  the  seed  corn.  Col.  Peter 
Mallett,  the  Commandant  of  Conscripts,  expressed  his  gratifi- 
cation and  pride  in  perusing  President's  Swain's  Report,  and 
stated  that  it  would  be  filed  in  his  office  with  pride  as  a  North 
Carolinian,  as  a  relic  rather  than  as  a  public  document. 

The  necessities  of  the  war  did  not  allow  the  exemptions,  how- 
ever, to  extend  beyond  the  Senior  and  Junior  classes,  then  in 
attendance,  to  whom  the  promise  had  been  given.  When  this 
became  known  on  March  5th,  1864,  by  direction  of  the  Board, 
the  Secretary-Treasurer,  Manly,  forwarded  a  petition  to  Sec- 
retary of  War  Seddon.  It  was  stated  that  there  were  nine 
members  of  the  Senior  Class ;  two  had  enlisted,  two  had  sub- 
stitutes, two  had  seen  hard  service  in  the  army,  one  was  under 
eighteen,  and  one  was  permanently  disabled. 

The  Junior  Class  had  fifteen  members.  Of  these  seven  had 
substitutes,  five  have  been  killed  in  the  army,  two  were  under 
eighteen  years  of  age,  one  had  died.  At  the  close  of  the  Sopho- 
more year  the  class  had  fifteen  more  members,  all  of  whom 
were  supposed  to  be  in  the  army. 

The  Sophomore  Class  at  the  end  of  their  Freshman  year 
had  twenty-four  members,  of  whom  sixteen  were  supposed  to 
be  in  the  army.     Of  the  nine  remaining,  three  were  exempt  on 


734  TH$  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

account  of  physical  disability.  Of  the  remaining  six,  one  had 
a  substitute,  an  Englishman  over  conscript  age ;  another  was  in 
delicate  health. 

Of  the  twenty-seven  members  of  the  Freshman  Class,  twenty- 
four  were  under  age.  Of  the  remaining  three  one  had  a  substi- 
tute, leaving  two  only  who  were  legally  and  morally  bound. 

It  was  thus  seen  that  the  conscription  applied  to  the  lower 
classes  would  have  added  very  few  to  the  army,  while  it  might 
have  closed  the  University,  one  of  the  oldest  and  largest  in  the 
Confederacy,  and  disband  the  able  and  venerable  band  of 
instructors  in  their  declining  years. 

To  this  request  Mr.  Seddon  made  the  cold  reply,  "I  cannot 
see  in  the  grounds  presented  such  peculiar  or  exceptional  cir- 
cumstances as  will  justify  departure  from  the  rule  acted  on  in 
many  similar  instances.  Youths  under  eighteen  will  be  allowed 
to  continue  their  studies ;  those  over,  capable  of  military  ser- 
vice, will  best  discharge  their  duty,  and  find  their  highest 
training  in  defending  their  country  in  the  field." 

Of  course  the  students  subject  to  conscription  at  once  with- 
out compulsion  volunteered,  and  others  accompanied  them. 
There  was  an  advantage  in  volunteering  in  that  the  soldier 
could  select  his  regiment,  and  so  be  associated  with  friends. 

For  the  year  1864-1865  there  were  only  sixty  matriculates, 
Senior  Class  fifteen.  Junior  Class  two,  Slover  and  Smith.  The 
first  distinction  was  awarded  to  Smith,  the  second  to  Slover. 
Sophomore  Class  had  twelve,  two  of  whom  were  absent  from 
examinations.  The  Freshman  had  twenty-one.  Partial  course 
students  ten.  Three  were  from  Arkansas,  three  from  Vir- 
ginia, one  from  Tennessee,  the  rest  from  North  Carolina.  The 
catalogues  for  this  year  and  for  i865-'66  were  printed  under 
one  cover. 

A  letter  from  Dr.  Charles  Phillips  states  that  half  a  month 
after  the  beginning  of  the  Fall  term  only  forty-six  students 
had  appeared. 

On  10th  December,  1863,  leave  was  granted  to  Prof.  Hep- 
burn to  be  absent  for  one  year.  He  took  charge  of  a  Church 
in  Wilmington  in  this  State.  When  the  Federals  marched  into 
the  city  he  was  selected  to  meet  the  troops  and  surrender  the 
city.    His  speech  was  misinterpreted  in  some  quarters  as  being 


EFFECTS  OF  CONSCRIPTION.  735 

too  friendly  in  tone,  but  the  harsh  criticisms  were  found  to  be 
unjust.  After  leaving  the  University  in  1868  he  accepted  a 
professorship  in  Davidson  College,  and  afterwards  became  its 
President.  This  place  he  resigned  and  became  a  professor  in 
Miami  University. 

Dr.  Hepburn's  career  in  North  Carolina  was  distinguished 
for  excellent  scholarship,  inspiring  teaching  and  preaching,  a 
style  in  writing  which  was  a  model  of  pure  English  and  for 
the  lofty  virtues  of  a  gentleman  and  a  Christian.  As  an  admin- 
istrator, he  aimed  at  cultivating  self-government  among  the 
students,  trust  and  confidence  in  their  relations  to  the  Faculty, 
instead  of  fear  and  distrust.  He  aimed  to  give  them  the  prin- 
ciples of  high  manly  character,  which  could  not  be  done  by 
surrounding  them  with  irritating  checks  and  prohibitions.  Of 
this  manner  of  treatment,  now  generally  adopted,  he  was  a 
pioneer.     It  required  bold  initiative  to  begin  it. 

In  October,  1864,  Senator  Wm.  A.  Graham  was  requested  to 
call  on  President  Davis  with  the  view  of  procuring  a  general 
exemption  of  students.  Governor  Vance  and  Secretary  Manly 
were  requested  to  urge  Lieutenant-General  Theophilus  Holmes, 
in  command  at  Raleigh,  to  approve  the  request.  Two  of  the 
Trustees  opposed  the  motion  as  being  against  the  interests  of 
the  Confederacy,  and  called  for  a  vote  by  ayes  and  noes.  It 
was  carried,  Chief  Justice  Ruffin,  President  Swain,  ex-Gover- 
nor Manly,  Daniel  M.  Barringer,  John  H.  Bryan,  Kemp  P. 
Battle,  B.  F.  Moore,  Samuel  F.  Patterson,  Jesse  G.  Shepherd, 
Charles  E.  Shober,  Edward  Warren,  and  Mason  L.  Wiggins 
in  the  affirmative,  and  Judge  M.  E.  Manly  and  Treasurer  D.  W. 
Courts  in  the  negative.     The  resolution  led  to  no  results. 

At  the  same  meeting  the  Committee  on  the  Salaries  of  the 
Faculty  recommended  that  $500  be  added  to  the  salaries  of  the 
President  and  Professors,  and  the  Governor  was  requested  to 
procure  easy  rates  of  transportation  of  supplies  in  their  behalf. 
The  report  was  adopted. 

President  Swain  and  Daniel  M.  Barringer  were  appointed 
a  Committee  to  report  on  the  advisability  of  the  University 
buying  supplies  of  food  and  reselling  to  the  Faculty  at  cost. 
The  Committee  favored  the  scheme,  but  the  matter  was  re- 
ferred to  the  Executive  Committee,  who  found  it  impracticable. 


736  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

What  made  matters  worse  was  that  the  bank  passed  a  divi- 
dend, and  the  Board  was  forced  to  borrow  $8,000  in  order  to 
pay  the  professors. 

To  relieve  their  privations  to  some  extent,  the  Faculty  were 
allowed  to  cut  fire-wood  from  the  University  forests,  and  the 
same  liberty  was  granted  to  the  widow  of  Tutor  George  B. 
Johnston,  who  had  died  in  service. 

On  the  17th  February,  1864,  the  Treasurer  was  ordered  to 
cease  receiving  Confederate  currency  from  those  owing  old 
debts.  Specie  according  to  the  legislative  scale  was  then  one 
to  twenty-one.  The  Treasury  then  had  a  large  amount,  viz., 
$29,992  of  Confederate  notes  and  other  war  securities. 

In  a  letter  to  Hon.  Daniel  M.  Barringer  in  December,  1864, 
Dr.  Charles  Phillips  gave  a  sketch  of  what  the  University  had 
done  in  the  way  of  teaching  military  tactics.  When  the  war 
broke  out  the  students  were  spending  their  leisure  hours  in 
drilling  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Brigadier- 
General)  Lilly.  Then  Professor  William  J.  Martin,  before 
joining  the  arm}-,  continued  the  work,  the  participating  in  it 
being  elective  and  not  counted  in  the  University  course.  After- 
wards Lieutenant  Frederick  Fetter,  who  had  served  in  the 
Bethel  regiment,  gave  similar  instruction  to  all  students,  as  a 
part  of  the  curriculum.  This  instruction  was  suspended  on  his 
reentry  into  the  army.  The  Faculty  had  often  discussed  the 
importance  of  military  science  and  the  demand  for  it ;  to  what 
extent  it  could  be  introduced  into  the  University  curriculum,  the 
expensiveness  and  other  difficulties  in  procuring  properly 
qualified  teachers,  books  and  apparatus :  whether  it  would  in- 
crease the  danger  to  the  property  of  the  institution  in  case  of  a 
hostile  raid.  The  Faculty  appointed  Dr.  James  Phillips  and 
Messrs.  H.  H.  Smith  and  John  Kimberly  to  report  on  the  sub- 
ject. They  recommended  that  instruction  should  be  given  on 
Tuesdays  and  Thursdays  afternoons  and  on  Saturday;  that  the 
attendance  should  be  compulsory,  and  that  the  drill-master 
should  not  be  below  the  grade  of  Captain.  The  Faculty  re- 
solved : 

I.  That  for  the  present  a  renewal  of  the  military  drill  among 
the  students  of  the  University  be  recommended  to  the  Trustees 
thereof,  together  with  such  instruction  in  Tactics  and  Engi- 
neering as  can  be  provided,  with  suitable  books  and  apparatus. 


PROJECT  OF  MILITARY  TRAINING.  737 

II.  That  the  minutiae  of  this  plan  could  be  determined  only 
with  the  help  of  the  teachers  whom  the  Trustees  may  select  to 
superintend  it. 

Col.  W.  J.  Martin,  who  was  seriously  wounded,  was  in 
hospital  in  Wilmington.  On  being  consulted,  he  gave  it  as 
his  opinion  that  some  day,  if  the  Southern  Confederacy  should 
not  establish  a  national  military  academy,  such  as  that  at 
West  Point,  it  might  be  best  to  establish  one  or  more  military 
professorships  at  the  University.  At  present,  however,  all  that 
could  be  done  is  to  give  some  incidental  instruction  in  drill  and 
the  general  principles  of  the  military  art,  provided  that  the 
plan  will  add  to  the  patronage.  The  studies  of  the  course 
should  not  be  diminished ;  all  the  work  for  making  soldiers 
should  be  outside  the  regular  course.  As  to  the  possibility  of 
his  being  detailed  for  this  service,  he  could  not  answer  intel- 
ligently. His  trip  from  Richmond  to  Wilmington  had  set 
back  his  wound,  and  it  would  be  at  least  a  month  before  he 
would  be  fit  for  any  service  whatever. 

As  showing  how  the  ablest  men  can  be  deceived  by  their 
sanguine  temper,  I  quote  sentences  of  Colonel  Martin's  letter : 
"The  news  we  have  from  the  line  of  the  railroad  is  encourag- 
ing. Hampton  and  Hill  are  said  to  have  routed  Grant's  raid- 
ing party  at  Belfield,  and  Leventhorpe  to  have  done  the  same 
at  Tarboro.  I  wish  I  could  know  that  a  similar  fate  has  befallen 
Sherman.  I  confess  I  am  afraid  of  him.  The  Yankees  will 
raise  such  a  howl  of  delight  if  he  gets  through  to  the  coast,  and 
our  croakers  will  put  on  such  long  faces.  Yet  the  real  damage 
done  will  be  slight,  except  to  individuals." 

The  vicissitudes  of  the  war  prevented  the  realization  of  the 
project  for  introducing  military  instruction.  Col.  Martin's  let- 
ter was  dated  December.  1864.  On  the  226.  of  February,  1865, 
Schofield  entered  Wilmington.  On  April  9th  General  Lee 
surrendered. 

The  Commencement  of  1864  was  held  under  a  still  deeper 
gloom.  There  were  only  seven  Seniors  of  a  class  which  as 
Freshmen  numbered  sixty-eight,  as  Sophomores  thirty-five,  as 
Juniors  nine.  Mr.  Williams  was  the  only  member  who  joined 
as  Freshman.  The  class  started  with  nine,  but  two  died  at 
Chapel  Hill  during  the  year.    Two  others  buried  their  mothers, 

47 


738  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

one  within  a  month  of  Commencement  Day,  the  other  on  that 
day.  All  the  seven  were  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  army  and 
two  were  absent  in  Georgia  attending  to  their  duties  as  Staff 
Officers.  Of  the  Faculty  when  the  class  joined,  one-fifth  had 
been  killed,  two  others  bore  marks  of  wounds  received  in 
battle,  and  one  had  been  active  as  private  and  officer  since  the 
battle  of  Bethel. 

Rev.  Dr.  Charles  F.  Deems  preached  the  Baccalaureate  ser- 
mon. It  was  an  exhortation  to  the  Seniors,  and  to  all  his  hear- 
ers, to  cultivate  always  and  everywhere  love  to  God. 

There  were  only  two  Sophomores  left  at  the  end  of  the  year, 
the  seven  others  who  started  with  the  class  being  with  the 
army.     Hence  there  were  no  Sophomore  Declaimers. 

At  the  beginnng  of  the  session  the  Freshman  Class  had 
twenty-eight  members ;  at  the  close  only  thirteen.  These  fur- 
nished the  following  Declaimers :  Herbert  H.  Mallett,  of 
Chapel  Hill ;  Patrick  H.  Winston,  of  Windsor,  Albert  G.  Carr, 
of  Chapel  Hill ;  Andrew  J.  Burton,  of  Halifax  County ;  William 
C.  McAdoo,  Greensboro ;  Robert  W.  Means,  of  Cabarrus ;  Fab- 
ius  H.  Busbee,  Raleigh.  Mr.  Busbee  was  thought  to  be  the  best 
and  Winston  next.  They  all  graduated  except  Mallett,  Burton 
and  McAdoo.  Mallett  joined  the  army  and  became  a  planter 
in  Louisiana;  Burton  was  an  Adjutant  in  the  army,  a  lawyer 
and  State  Senator. 

The  Trustees  present  were,  besides  Governor  Vance,  Presi- 
dent Swain,  ex-Governor  Manly,  Judges  Battle  and  Manly,  and 
Mr.  Paul  C.  Cameron.  Judge  Manly  during  the  war  resided 
at  his  country  seat  at  Hillsboro,  and  hence  his  attendance. 

The  Marshals  were  vigilant  and  efficient  in  keeping  order. 
They  were  Peter  H.  Adams,  Chief,  Greensboro ;  John  S.  Hen- 
derson, Salisbury;  Henry  A.  London,  Jr.,  Pittsboro,  and  Na- 
thaniel K.  Roan,  of  Yanceyville. 

There  was  excellent  music  by  the  band  of  the  43rd  regiment. 
The  leader  was  a  Mr.  Wyess. 

The  Senior  speeches,  although  meagre  in  number,  were  good 
in  quality.  Guthrie  spoke  the  Latin  Salutatory ;  Boozer  on  the 
"Omnipresence  of  God" ;  Williams  on  the  "Career  of  Hanni- 
bal," and  Gilmer  the  Valedictory.  Tate  was  providentially 
prevented  from  speaking,  and  Clark  and  Van  Wyck  were  with 
the  army. 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 864.  739 

The  following  is  the  meagre  list  of  the  Seniors  of  1864: 

Albert  M.  Boozer,  Lexington  C.  H.,  S.  C. 

Walter  McK.  Clark,  Halifax  County. 

James  C.  Gilmer,  Mt.  Airy. 

William  A.  Guthrie,  Chapel  Hill. 

Alfred  C.  B.  Holt,  Augusta,  Ga. 

William  R.  Kenan,  Kenansville. 

John  P.  Rogers,  Wake  County. 

James  Turner  Tate,  Gaston  County. 

Augustus  Van  Wyck,  Pendleton,  S.  C. 

J.  Buxton  Williams,  Jr.,  Warren  County. 

The  first  honor  was  gained  by  Gilmer,  the  second  by  Guthrie 
and  Tate;  the  third  by  Boozer  and  Van  Wyck.  Clark  was 
present  in  the  Senior  year  only.  He  was  one  of  the  best  schol- 
ars during  that  year. 

Of  these  honor  men  Gilmer  is  a  teacher  of  repute ;  Guthrie 
was  a  Confederate  soldier,  and  is  a  very  prominent  lawyer  and 
a  Trustee  of  the  University ;  Tate  was  a  manufacturer  and 
banker ;  Boozer  is  Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  South  Caro- 
lina ;  Van  Wyck  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York, 
and  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  the  Governorship  of 
New  York  against  Roosevelt.  Clark,  who  has  dropped  his 
middle  name,  is  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North 
Carolina,  after  having  been  a  Confederate  Lieutenant-Colonel 
and  Judge  of  the  Superior  and  Supreme  Courts. 

Of  those  matriculating  with  the  class,  William  L.  Church  was 
a  Captain,  a  minister,  a  physician,  and  Professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Georgia ;  Tim  Erwin  Cooper  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Mississippi ;  Tazewell  Hargrove  in  Confederate  ser- 
vice and  in  the  Legislature  and  State  Attorney-General ;  Wil- 
liam N.  Mebane  in  the  Confederate  service,  State  Senator  and 
Representative,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  John  M.  Moring 
Speaker  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives ;  Daniel  L.  Rus- 
sell, member  of  the  Legislature,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court, 
Representative  in  Congress,  Governor ;  William  R.  Webb  Cap- 
tain, Principal  of  the  celebrated  Webb  Classical  School  at 
Bellbuckle,  Tennessee;  Olin  Wellborn,  Colonel  and  Represen- 
tative in  Congress ;  Alonzo  C.  Whitner,  Judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Florida. 


74°  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

One  matriculate  of  the  year,  William  H.  G.  Webb,  Lieu- 
tenant, is  the  last  of  the  "Confederate  Dead"  of  the  University. 

The  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  conferred  upon 
Rev.  Francis  W.  Hilliard  and  Norval  W.  Wilson,  both  of 
North  Carolina. 

Of  the  other  graduates,  Holt  was  in  the  Confederate  army 
and  is  a  lawyer;  Kenan  an  Adjutant  of  a  regiment  and  after- 
wards a  commission  merchant ;  Williams  was  also  in  the  Con- 
federate service  and  then  a  physician ;  Rogers  died  during  the 
war. 

In  December,  1864,  on  motion  of  Colonel  D.  M.  Barringer, 
a  special  gold  bond  of  $100  was  issued  to  the  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  and  to  each  member  of  the  Faculty,  payable  two 
years  after  the  close  of  the  war.  This  afforded  decided  relief, 
as  the  bonds  were  of  much  greater  value  than  the  paper  cur- 
rency in  use.    They  were  taken  at  par  in  part  of  salaries. 

The  privilege  of  cutting  fuel  from  the  University  lands  was 
extended  twelve  months  longer,  to  be  under  the  supervision 
of  President  Swain  and  Judge  Battle,  Bursar  Fetter  to  mark  the 
trees  which  it  was  allowable  to  fell.  It  is  needless  perhaps  to 
state  that  there  was  extensive  pillaging  on  the  part  of  fami- 
lies in  no  wise  connected  with  the  University.  They  adopted 
the  philosophy  of  an  old  Wake  County  man,  "God  made  the 
trees  for  all,  and  no  one  man  has  the  right  to  make  them  his 
own."  Then,  too,  they  said  that  while  the  soldiers  were  fighting 
and  dying  amid  privations,  their  families  must  not  suffer  at 
home.  Nor  were  the  negro  choppers  careful  to  wait  for  the 
inspection  of  the  Bursar  or  for  his  marks  before  using  the 
fateful  axe.  Many  acres  nearest  to  the  village  were  completely 
stripped,  and  thousands  of  stately  oaks  and  hickories  were  laid 
low  in  these  years,  when  the  wolf  was  howling  at  the  door. 

A  leading  spirit  in  those  dark  days  was  Mrs.  Cornelia  Phillips 
Spencer,  only  daughter  of  the  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Rev. 
Dr.  James  Phillips.  She  was  brought  to  Chapel  Hill  from 
Harlem,  New  York,  when  a  year  old,  and  therefore  was  almost 
a  native  of  the  village.  She  married  in  1853  James  Magnus 
Spencer,  of  Alabama,  an  alumnus  of  large  brain  and  great 
force  of  character.  His  early  death  left  her  with  one  child, 
and   she   removed   to  her  old   home,   and  there   resided  until 


MRS.   SPENCER — WHEELER  S  CAVALRY.  741 

she  joined  her  daughter  Julia,  wife  of  Professor  James  Lee 
Love,  of  Harvard  University.  During  all  of  her  life — even 
now  when  she  has  passed  her  four  score  years — in  her  distant 
home,  this  University  and  its  village,  all  their  past  and  present, 
are  precious  to  her. 

Possessed  of  unusual  intellectual  endowments  and  an  elegant 
style,  she  has  written  to  illuminate  the  University's  past  many 
sketches. of  the  Professors,  and  social  life  at  Chapel  Hill,  and  by 
her  letters  to  the  press,  and  inspiring  odes,  she  aided  to  keep  it 
from  being  forgotten,  when,  by  adverse  circumstances,  it  lay 
apparently  dying.  Her  heart  was  constantly  with  our  "Boys 
in  Gray,"  and  no  one  was  more  ready  or  more  energetic  in 
sympathizing  with  their  trials  and  relieving  their  wants.  The 
obituary  notices  she  wrote  of  those  whom  she  knew  are  models 
of  graceful  style  and  fragrant  with  tender  sympathy. 

At  the  suggestion  of  President  Swain,  she  published  a  book, 
deeply  interesting,  now  out  of  print  and  much  sought  after,  the 
"Last  Ninety  Days  of  the  War  in  North  Carolina."  The  Presi- 
dent supplied  her  with  many  facts,  and  she  obtained  other?  by 
correspondence  with  such  public  men  as  Governor  Vance,  ex- 
Governors  Graham  and  Manly,  and  with  many  private  citizens 
who  had  suffered  by  the  looting  of  the  soldiers.  She  is  our 
authority  for  the  incidents  connected  with  the  occupation  of 
Chapel  Hill  by  the  Federal  forces. 

On  the  14th  day  of  April,  1865,  Wheeler's  Cavalry  reached 
Chapel  Hill.  As  they  had  acquired  the  character  of  having 
loose  notions  with  regard  to  movable  property,  there  was  dan- 
ger of  loss  of  books  and  apparatus  of  the  University.  Fortu- 
nately, there  was  with  the  army  a  graduate  of  the  University 
of  1859  a  citizen  of  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  James  P.  Coffin,  who 
had  fought  throughout  the  war,  and  was  in  Hume's  division 
of  Wheeler's  corps,  serving  as  Inspector-General  on  the  staff 
of  Colonel  Henry  M.  Ashby,  commanding  the  brigade  in  the 
place  of  General  Hume,  wounded.  The  last  stand  made  by 
the  retreating  force  was  at  Morrisville,  though  there  was  a 
skirmish  at  the  farm  of  widow  Atkins  near  New  Hope.  At  the 
request  of  Coffin,  General  Wheeler  detailed  Lieutenant  McBur- 
ney  Broyles,  of  the  5th  Tennessee  Cavalry,  with  fifteen  men, 
with   orders   to   report   to   President   Swain   and   obey   his   in- 


742  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

structions.  The  President  was  in  Raleigh  on  the  mission,  with 
ex-Governor  Graham,  to  surrender  the  city  of  Raleigh  and 
ask  for  protection  of  public  property,  the  care  of  the  Univer- 
sity in  his  absence  being  left  with  Professor  Charles  Phillips. 
The  headqrarters  of  General  Wheeler  were  in  a  building  op- 
posite the  Episcopal  Church,  since  torn  down.  There  Captain 
Coffin  learned  of  the  surrender  of  General  Lee.  The  next  day 
he  had  charge  of  the  rearguard  and  cleared  the  town  of  all 
stragglers. 

Mrs.  Spencer  describes  Wheeler's  men  as  wretchedly  poor. 
A  Lieutenant,  who  had  been  a  student  of  the  University  from 
Tennessee,  had  just  learned  of  the  burning  of  his  home  by  the 
enemy,  his  wife  and  child  being  penniless,  told  her  that  he 
had  only  a  twenty-five  cent  Confederate  note  and  his  horse. 
When  informed  that  Lee  had  surrendered  he  burst  into  tears. 
Some  few  of  the  soldiers  appeared  demoralized,  but  most  were 
full  of  pluck.  A  general  officer  commented  on  the  visit  of 
ex-Governors  Swain  and  Graham  to  Sherman's  headquarters 
by  tersely  saying  that  they  ought  to  be  shot.  One  poor  fellow, 
wounded  at  Morrisville,  was  carried  to  the  residence  of  one 
of  the  leading  physicians,  "talked  of  his  home  in  Alabama, 
sent  messages  to  his  mother,  begged  the  lovely  girl,  who  was 
watching  over  him,  to  kiss  him  for  his  sister's  sake,  and  died 
in  child-like  patience." 

I  quote  Mrs.  Spencer's  description  of  the  entry  of  the  Fed- 
eral Cavalry : 

"General  Wheeler  and  his  men  left  on  the  16th  April  at 
two  P.  M.  A  few  hours  of  absolute  and  Sabbath  stillness  and 
silence  ensued.  The  groves  stood  thick  and  solemn,  the  bright 
sun  shining  through  the  great  boles  and  down  the  grassy 
slopes,  while  a  pleasant  fragrance  was  wafted  from  the  purple 
panicles  of  the  Paullonias.  All  that  Nature  could  do  was  still 
done,  with  order  and  beauty,  while  men's  hearts  were  failing 
them  for  fear  and  for  looking  after  those  things  which  were 
coming  on  the  earth. 

"We  sat  in  our  pleasant  piazzas  and  awaited  events  with 
quiet  resignation.  Our  silver  had  all  been  buried.  There  was 
not  much  provision  to  be  carried  off.  The  sight  of  our  empty 
store-rooms  and  smoke-houses  would  be  likely  to  move  our 


ATKINS     CAVALRY   BRIGADE.  743 

invaders  to  laughter.  But  there  was  anxiety -as  to  the  fate 
of  the  University  buildings,  libraries  and  portraits.  About 
sunset  a  sedate  looking  officer  with  a  small  squad  of  cavalry 
rode  in.  President  Swain,  with  a  few  citizens,  met  them  and 
told  the  officer  of  General  Sherman's  promise  of  protection  to 
University  and  village.  He  replied  that  he  had  received  the 
orders  and  they  should  be  heeded.  He  then  made  inquiry  for 
rebels,  and  on  being  informed  that  they  had  £.11  left,  he  returned 
to  camp." 

About  eight  o'clock  the  next  day.  the  17th,  General  Smith  B. 
Atkins,  of  Freeport,  Illinois,  with  four  thousand  cavalry,  took 
possession  of  the  town,  and  the  citizens  for  the  first  time  in 
four  years  saw  unfurled  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  which  once 
they  loved  so  well,  and  of  late  correspondingly  hated. 

General  Sherman's  orders  were  obeyed,  and  all  the  dwellings 
in  the  town,  as  well  as  the  University  property,  were  well 
guarded.  The  soldiers  detailed  for  this  purpose  from  the  9th 
Michigan  Cavalry  were  especially  noted  for  civility  and  pro- 
priety. 

The  persistency  of  President  Swain  in  keeping  up  the  exer- 
cises of  the  institution  was  evident  from  the  fact  that  when 
the  Federal  troops  took  possession  of  the  village  there  were 
about  a  dozen  students,  mostly  residents  of  Chapel  Hill,  on  hand 
to  witness  the  novel  spectacle.  Those  from  a  distance  had 
repaired  to  their  homes,  starting  on  foot,  as  vehicles  were  not 
obtainable. 

The  President  returned  to  the  Hill  on  the  15th.  Four  days 
afterward  he  wrote  to  General  Sherman  that  Wheeler's  men 
had  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  afterwards  the  Federal  sol- 
diers, denuded  the  country  of  forage  and  had  taken  a  number  of 
horses  and  mules.  Many  families  outside  the  village  had  been 
stripped  of  the  means  of  subsistence,  among  them  a  Baptist 
preacher,  Rev.  Dr.  Purefoy,  who  had  a  family,  white  and  col- 
ored, of  over  fifty  persons,  with  no  provisions  and  not  a  horse 
or  mule.  He  hoped  that  the  General  would  relax  the  severity 
of  his  orders,  and  believed  that  General  Atkins  would  welcome 
the  change. 

General  Sherman  replied  on  the  22nd  that  as  soon  as  war 
should  cease,  "seizure  of  horses  and  private  property  will  cease. 


744  TH3  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Some  animals  for  the  use  of  the  farmers  may  then  be  spared. 
As  soon  as  peace  comes  the  Federals  will  be  the  friends  of  the 
farmers  and  working  classes,  as  well  as  actual  patrons  of 
churches,  colleges,  asylums  and  institutions  of  learning  and 
charity." 

This  correspondence  shows  that,  away  from  places  where 
guards  were  posted  as  an  especial  favor,  plundering  of  the 
country  people  was  allowed  by  the  military  authorities  over 
ten  days  after  Lee's  surrender.  There  was  much  robbery,  too, 
by  stragglers  and  other  unauthorized  men,  called  "Bummers." 
Outrages  to  females  were  forbidden,  and  the  orders  were 
obeyed.  I  heard  of  no  burning  of  houses  in  this  part  of  the 
world  traceable  to  the  soldiers. 

It  was  during  the  time  that  General  Atkins  was  stationed  at 
Chapel  Hill  that  he  wooed  and  won  Eleanor,  the  beautiful 
daughter  of  President  Swain.  The  General  ingratiated  himself 
with  our  people  by  his  fairness  and  courtesy.  He  was  a  man  of 
fine  appearance  and  of  high  character,  the  editor  of  an  influ- 
ential paper  in  Freeport.  Still  the  people  living  in  the  line 
of  Sherman's  march,  who  had  suffered  much  by  the  plundering 
of  his  army,  could  not  forget  that  Atkin's  brigade  was  a  part 
of  it,  and  heard  of  the  match  with  disapproval.  It  distinctly 
weakened  the  President's  popularity,  though  he  never  seemed 
to  realize  the  loss. 

I  have  alluded  to  the  bringing  home  of  the  bodies  of  our 
Chapel  Hill  soldiers  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  war.  Mrs. 
Spencer  gives  a  pathetic  narrative  especially  of  the  burial  of 
two  sons  of  the  University,  Corporal  Junius  C.  and  Lieutenant 
W.  Lewis,  youngest  sons  of  Judge  Battle,  the  first  having  re- 
ceived a  mortal  wound  at  South  Mountain  and  the  other  at 
Gettysburg,  one  of  the  foremost  in  the  famous  Pickett's  Charge. 
They  came  home  on  the  16th  of  April,  1866,  the  whole  popu- 
lation pouring  out  to  meet  them.  "They  were  placed  side  by 
side  in  that  Church  whose  aisles  their  infant  feet  had  trodden. 
The  plain  deal  boxes  that  enclosed  them  were  graced  with 
garlands,  and  the  emblem  of  the  holy  faith  in  which  they  had 
died,  more  than  conquerors,  woven  of  the  flowers  of  their 
own  dear  native  State." 


ELEGIAC  POEM  BY  MRS.   SPENCER.  745 

"  Come  Southern  flowers  and  twine  above  their  graves; 
Let  all  our  rath  spring  blossoms  bear  a  part; 
Let  lilies  of  the  vale  and  snowdrops  wave, 
And  come  thou  too,  tit  emblem,  bleeding  heart. 

Bring  all  our  evergreens,  the  laurel  and  the  bay, 
From  the  deep  forests,  which  around  us  stand; 

They  know  them  well,  for  in  a  happier  day 
They  roamed  these  hills  and  valleys  hand  in  hand. 

Ye  winds  of  heaven,  o'er  them  gently  sigh, 

And  April  showers  fall  in  kindliest  rain, 
And  let  the  golden  sunbeams  softly  lie 

Upon  the  sod  for  which  they  died  in  vain. 

"It  was  something — it  was  much  that  we  could  lay  them 
among  their  own  familiar  hills,  pleasant  in  their  lives  and 
undivided  in  their  deaths." 

Probably  no  community  in  the  South  took  deeper  interest 
in  the  military  operations  than  Chapel  Hill.  No  community 
experienced  more  acute  griefs  on  account  of  the  tragedies  of 
battlefields  and  hospitals.  The  inhabitants  were  so  few  that 
the  students  were  known  to  all,  either  personally  or  by  reputa- 
tion. Their  careers  were  watched  with  the  interest  which  fol- 
lowed the  movements  of  near  friends  and  brothers.  Great  was 
the  joy  over  victories  and  promotions  of  "our  boys"  to  higher 
rank  for  gallantry  in  fighting  or  talent  in  strategy  or  tactics. 
And  then  came  the  gloom  and  the  tears  over  the  killed  and 
wounded,  sometimes  over  the  mournful  burials  of  bodies 
brought  home. 

Many  times  the  wounded  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals, 
and  then  there  were  the  tortures  of  suspense — to  be  ended  in 
some  cases  with  news  of  deaths,  after  painful  lingering,  in 
others  by  the  tidings  that  the  dear  son  or  brother  was  in  a 
grave,  undecorated,  unknown. 

The  seclusion  of  Chapel  Hill,  the  distance  from  the  railroad, 
the  absence  of  telegraph  wires,  added  to  the  nervous  anxieties 
as  to  happenings  at  the  front,  and  almost  unsettled  reason.  Im- 
agination not  corrected  by  facts,  fed  itself  with  fancied  tri- 
umphs or  dismal  forebodings.  Partial  successes  were  exagger- 
ated into  "glorious  victories,"  and  inconclusive  defeats  into 
complete  annihilation. 


746  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Of  course  the  excited  feelings  found  expression  in  speech. 
It  was  the  fashion  to  heap  on  Yankees,  as  all  Northerners  were 
called,  the  vilest  epithets  conceivable,  and  similar  language  was 
used  against  all  in  the  South  who  sympathized  with  them,  or 
who  hinted  at  the  possibility  of  the  ultimate  restoration  of  the 
Union.  •  It  is  said  that  the  denunciations  of  W.  W.  Holden, 
afterwards  Governor,  in  Chapel  Hill  circles  determined  him  to 
deprive  of  their  seats  all  the  old  Faculty.  This  he  had  power 
to  do,  because  he  appointed  and  controlled  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation and  the  Board  elected  the  Trustees. 

The  population  of  Chapel  Hill  was  increased  by  some  ex- 
cellent families  from  Edenton,  Newbern,  Wilmington,  and 
other  places,  who  were  unwilling  to  be  under  Federal  domina- 
tion, or  in  imminent  danger  of  it.  Those  of  Mr.  William  A. 
Wright  and  Dr.  Armand  J.  DeRossett,  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  I. 
Johnston,  and  others,  polished  and  intelligent,  rented  houses, 
and  for  four  years  became  virtual  citizens  of  the  village.  They 
assisted  and  were  aided  in  bearing  the  burdens  of  the  common 
trials.  They  bore  their  part  in  supporting  churches  and  char- 
ities. When  the  war  ended  it  was  a  keen  regret  to  lose  their 
gracious  manners  and  kindly  hearts. 

General  Lee  surrendered  his  army  on  the  9th  of  April,  1865. 
The  tramp  of  the  conquering  bluecoats  was  still  heard  in  the 
village.  It  certainly  showed  wonderful  pluck  on  the  part  of 
the  President  to  have  Commencement  exercises.  They  occu- 
pied only  two  days,  Wednesday  and  Thursday,  at  the  usual 
time  in  June.  The  thought  of  our  soldiers  in  distant  graves, 
the  general  poverty  and  the  political  uncertainty  made  this  a 
gloomy  festival.  President  Swain  was  absent  in  Washington 
on  the  invitation  of  President  Johnson  to  advise  about  Recon- 
struction. 

There  was,  as  to  be  expected,  small  attendance  from  a  dis- 
tance. The  only  Trustees  present  were  Judge  Battle,  ex-Gov- 
ernor Graham  and  Hon.  Samuel  F.  Phillips.  Mr.  William  C. 
Prout  was  the  only  graduate  who  completed  the  course.  Four- 
teen began  the  Senior  year.  Only  three,  besides  Prout,  were 
able  to  be  present  and  deliver  their  speeches. 

Rev.  G.  F.  Bahnsen,  Bishop  of  the  United  Brethren  (Mora- 
vians)  in  North  Carolina,  preached  the  Baccalaureate  sermon 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 865.  747 

on  the  text,  ''Whither  of  the  Twain  will  ye  that  I  release  unto 
you  ?"  He  showed  that  the  choice  between  Christ  and  Mam- 
mon, between  Light  and  Darkness,  between  Good  and  Evil,  was 
before  every  nation,  every  community,  every  person.  Elo- 
quently and  with  deep  emotions  the  preacher  urged  his  audience 
to  make  the  right  choice. 

The  Sophomore  Class  furnished  the  only  competitors :  An- 
drew J.  Burton,  of  Halifax  County;  Winfield  S.  Guthrie,  of 
Chapel  Hill ;  Albert  G.  Carr,  of  Chapel  Hill,  and  Robert  W. 
Means,  of  Cabarrus  County.  The  audience  was  very  compli- 
mentary. 

The  Address  before  the  two  Literary  Societies  was  by  Judge 
William  H.  Battle,  LL.D..  Class  of  1820.  He  gave  a  clear  and 
interesting  history  of  the  foundation  and  beginnings  of  the  Uni- 
versity, and  showed  the  great  work  it  had  done  for  the  State 
and  the  nation.  He  sketched  the  careers  of  two  students  of  the 
early  days,  of  extraordinary  brilliancy  of  intellect,  cut  off  in 
early  life  by  dissipated  habits,  and  urged  their  careers  as  warn- 
ings to  all  young  men.  They  were  Wm.  Allen  and  Wm.  Cherry. 
Judge  Battle  won  the  thanks  of  the  friends  of  the  University 
for  being  willing  in  those  exciting  times — inter  arma — to  keep 
up  its  time  honored  custom  of  the  Anniversary  oration. 

I  copy  all  the  names  of  the  Senior  Class  in  the  eventful  year 
of  1865: 

Adams,  Peter  Henry,  Greensboro. 

Askew,  Abner  H.,  Hertford  County. 

Austin,  Charles  J.,  Tarboro. 

Bryan,  Elias  H.,  Haywood. 

Henderson,  John  Steele,  Salisbury. 

Hodge,  James  A.,  Wake  County. 

Hodge,  Rufus  A.,  Wake  County. 

Huff,  William,  Brunswick  County,  Va. 

London,  Henry  Armand,  Pittsboro. 

Montague,  Alexander.  Wake  County. 

Prout,  Edmund  G.,  Williamsboro. 

Prout,  William  C,  Williamsboro. 

Richardson,  Milton  C,  Johnston  County. 

Roan,  Nathaniel  K.,  Yanceyville. 

Shepard,  John  R.  D.,  Raleigh. 


748  the;  university  of  north  carouna. 

Of  the  Seniors  who  thus  upheld  the  customs  of  the  Univer- 
sity under  adverse  circumstances,  W.  C.  Prout  is  an  Episcopal 
minister;  E.  G.  Sprout,  who  was  in  the  Confederate  army,  is 
also  an  Episcopal  minister;  Shepard  is  a  man  of  wealth,  living 
in  Paris,  France,  though  retaining  his  North  Carolina  citizen- 
ship;  London  was  a  Confederate  soldier,  is  a  lawyer,  journalist, 
State  Senator,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

Of  the  other  members  of  the  class,  Adams  was  a  Confederate 
Scout ;  Austin  is  a  merchant ;  Bryan  was  in  military  service 
and  is  now  a  planter;  Henderson  also  joined  the  army,  is  a 
lawyer,  and  was  State  Senator,  Code  Commissioner,  Repre- 
sentative in  Congress ;  Huff  is  a  physician ;  Richardson  is  a 
lawyer;  Roan  joined  the  army  and  then  was  a  merchant. 

The  Senior  orators  were  as  follows,  the  first  three  not  hav- 
ing finished  the  course,  on  account  of  being  off  on  public  duty, 
but  being  allowed  to  graduate: 

"Uneasy  Lies  the  Head  that  Wears  the  Crown,"  Edmund  G. 
Prout,  Williamsboro. 

"Music,"  John  R.  D.   Shepard,  Raleigh. 

"The  Crusades,"  Henry  A.  London,  Jr.,  Pittsboro. 

"The  Past,  Present  and  Future  of  Our  University,"  with  the 
Valedictory,  Wm.  C.  Prout,  of  Williamsboro. 

No  Junior  was  present  at  the  examination  of  this  year.  Five 
represented  the  Sophomore  Class,  and  only  two  Freshmen. 

The  Chief  Marshal  was  A.  J.  Burton,  and  his  assistants  were 
A.  G.  Carr,  W.  S.  Guthrie,  R.  W.  Means  and  A.  K.  Tenny. 
It  was  noted  that,  howbeit  their  duties  were  not  arduous,  their 
manners  were  graceful  and  their  work  efficient. 

It  is  worthy  of  record  that  by  the  order  of  General  Kilpatrick, 
a  guard  of  thirty-five  men,  under  Lieutenant  Bradley,  of  the 
ioth  Ohio  Regiment,  were  detailed  from  General  Atkins'  Bri- 
gade of  Cavalry  to  preserve  the  University  property.  A  con- 
temporary statement  by  a  careful  observer  certifies  that  the 
guards  were  present  during  the  Commencement  exercises,  were 
vigilant  for  the  protection  of  the  property  under  their  charge, 
and  courteous  to  the  citizens  of  Chapel  Hill  and  the  vicinity." 
While  the  kindness  is  attributed  to  General  Kilpatrick,  it  is  well 
known  that  the  real  benefactor  was  General  Atkins,  the  officer 
in  immediate  command  of  the  troops. 


THE   UNIVERSITY    IN    THE    WAR.  749 

It  is  believed  that  the  University  of  North  Carolina  was  the 
only  institution  of  rank,  for  males  or  females,  which  had  Com- 
mencement exercises  in  the  terrible  year  of  1865. 

It  is  proper  here  to  give  a  summary  of  facts  showing  the 
part  taken  by  the  University  in  the  Civil  War.  Its  younger 
professors  and  teachers  and  its  alumni  and  students  of  military 
age  rushed  into  the  conflict  with  all  the  elan  of  Southern  char- 
acter. Out  of  a  Faculty  of  fourteen,  six  volunteered  for  the 
war,  the  others  being  clergymen  or  too  old  for  service,  one  of 
them,  Martin,  rising  to  be  a  Lieutenant-Colonel.  Out  of  the 
five  Tutors,  four  lost  their  lives,  all  very  promising,  Johnston, 
Royster,  Bryan  and  Anderson.  Of  former  members  of  the 
Faculty  three,  Spruill,  Alexander  and  Morrow,  were  killed. 

I  extract  from  a  paper  drawn  up  by  Dr.  H.  B.  Battle  at 
my  request  for  the  5th  volume  of  Regimental  Histories,  edited 
by  Chief  Justice  Clark,  showing  what  the  University  did  for 
the  Confederate  war.  I  add  also  facts  published  by  Dr.  Stephen 
B.  Weeks  in  an  address,  delivered  at  the  University  Centennial 
of  1895: 

Number  of  students   1830-1867,  less  those  who  died  prior  to 
1861    2,592 

The  total  number  who  entered  the  army  i86i-'65  was.  .     1,062 

Therefore  forty-two  out  of  every  hundred  became  soldiers. 

Of  the  younger  alumni  1850-1862,  there  were 1,478 

of  whom  842  entered  the  army,  or  57  out  of  every  hundred. 

The  University  had  in  the  service  one  Lieutenant-General,  one 
Major-General,  thirteen  Brigadiers,  fifty  Colonels,  twenty-eight 
Lieutenant-Colonels,  forty  Majors,  forty-six  Adjutants,  sev- 
enty-one Surgeons,  two  hundred  and  fifty-four  Captains,  one 
hundred  and  fifty-five  Lieutenants,  thirty-eight  non-commis- 
sioned officers,  and  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  Privates.  Of 
these  312,  or  34  per  cent  were  killed  or  died  in  service.  The 
Lieutenant-General  was  Bishop  Leonidas  Polk,  matriculate  in 
182 1,  who  was  killed  on  Kennesaw  Mountain  in  Georgia.  The 
Major-General  was  Bryan  Grimes,  of  the  Class  of  1848;  the 
Brigadier-Generals  were  Richard  C.  Gatlin,  L.  O'B.  Branch. 
J.  Johnston  Pettigrew,  Thomas  L.  Clingman,  Charles  W.  Phi- 
fer,  of  Mississippi,  George  B.  Anderson,  Isham  W.  Garrott,  of 


750  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Alabama,  Alfred  M.  Scales,  Matt.  W.  Ransom,  Robert  D. 
Johnston,  William  Gaston  Lewis.  Rufus  Barringer  and  John 
D.  Barry.  Of  these  Branch,  Pettigrew,  Garrott  and  Ander- 
son were  killed. 

Besides  these,  Adjutant-General  R.  C.  Gatlin  and  John  F. 
Hoke,  Ouarter-Master-Generals,  and  Commissary-General  Wm. 
Johnston  were  University  men.  Also  Peter  E.  Hines,  Medical 
Director,  and  Surgeon  E.  Burke  Haywood,  of  the  General  Hos- 
pital at  Raleigh.  Ashley  W.  Spaight  was  a  Brigadier-General 
in  the  Texas  service,  Thomas  C.  Manning,  Adjutant-General  of 
Louisiana,  and  Jacob  Thompson,  of  Mississippi,  Inspector- 
General. 

The  Memorial  Hall  of  the  University  has  the  names  of  271 
of  those  who  died  for  the  Confederacy.  According  to  rank 
they  were:  1  Lieutenant-General,  4  Brigadiers,  12  Colonels,  6 
Lieutenant-Colonels,  17  Majors,  4  Adjutants,  2  Sergeant-Ma- 
jors, 5  Surgeons  and  Assistant  Surgeons,  2  Aids,  67  Captains, 
69  Lieutenants,  23  Sergeants  and  Corporals,  100  Privates.  By 
subsequent  investigations  of  Dr.  S.  B.  Weeks,  this  list  has 
been  increased  to  312. 

Of  those  regiments  which  were  distinguished  by  extraordi- 
nary losses  in  battle,  the  University  of  North  Carolina  Colonels 
led  into  battle  the  greater  number.  The  26th  North  Carolina, 
which  had  a  phenomenal  loss,  one  of  the  greatest  in  all  history, 
83  3-10  per  cent,  was  under  Henry  K.  Burgwyn,  a  matriculate 
of  1857.  The  4th  North  Carolina,  under  George  B.  Anderson, 
a  matriculate  of  1847,  l°st  54  4_I°  Per  cent  at  Seven  Pines; 
the  1 8th,  under  Robert  H.  Cowan,  A.B.  1844,  56  5-10  at  Seven 
Pines;  the  1st  North  Carolina  Battalion,  under  John  D.  Taylor, 
graduate  of  1853,  57  per  cent  at  Bentonsville ;  the  33rd  North 
Carolina,  under  Clarke  M.  Avery,  a  graduate  of  1839,  lost 
41  4-10  per  cent  at  Chancellorsville. 

The  battle  of  Gettysburg  was  peculiarly  fatal  to  the  Uni- 
versity. There  were*  General  J.  J.  Pettigrew,  Colonel  H.  K. 
Burgwyn,  Colonel  Isaac  E.  Avery,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Maurice 
T.  Smith,  Major  Owen  N.  Brown,  Maj.  George  M.  Clark,  Cap- 
tain E.  Graham  Morrow,  Captain  N.  Colin  Hughes,  Capt. 
Thomas  W.  Cooper,  Capt.  George  T.  Baskerville,  Capt.  Joel  C. 


♦General  Pettigrew  is  included  because  he  was  wounded  at  Gettysburg  and  killed 
>*i  the  retreat. 


CHAPEL  HILL  AND  THE  WAR.  75 1 

Blake,  Capt.  Thomas  O.  Closs,  Capt.  Edward  F.  Satterfield, 
Capt.  Samuel  Wiley  Gray,  Lieut.  Wesley  Lewis  Battle,  Lieut. 
William  H.  Gibson,  Lieut.  John  H.  McDade,  Lieut.  Richard- 
son Mallett,  Lieut.  Jesse  H.  Person,  Lieut.  Iowa  M.  Royster, 
Lieut.  Wm.  H.  G.  Webb. 

One  of  the  saddest  deaths  of  the  war  was  that  of  Lieut.- 
Col.  Edward  Mallett,  killed  at  Bentonville,  after  passing  un- 
scathed through  many  battles,  buried  in  his  uniform  in  the 
cemetery  at  Chapel  Hill,  leaving  penniless  a  wife  in  the  last 
stages  of  consumption,  and  four  little  children. 

The  village  of  Chapel  Hill  had  little  independent  trade  or 
manufactures,  but  was  dependent  on  the  University  and  shared 
its  fortunes.  The  depth  of  its  poverty  was  partially  relieved 
by  the  influx  of  refugees  from  Wilmington,  Edenton,  Newbern 
and  elsewhere.  In  the  earlier  months  of  the  war,  when  soldiers 
returned  on  furlough,  the  usual  festivities  were  gotten  up  in 
their  honor,  but  when  the  news  of  battle  brought  news  of  our 
young  men  slain,  especially  after  the  fatal  casualties  at  Gettys- 
burg, the  sorrow  and  gloom  could  not  be  shaken  off.  In 
the  touching  language  of  Mrs.  Cornelius  P.  Spencer,  who  has 
a  heart  to  feel  and  a  brain  to  recall  the  agonies  of  this  period, 
"The  bonds  of  common  sympathy  became  stronger,  as  the 
pangs  of  common  suffering  became  more  intense.  *  *  * 
People  who  wept  and  prayed  and  rejoiced  together,  as  we  did 
for  four  years,  learned  to  love  each  other  more.  The  higher 
and  nobler  and  more  generous  impulses  of  our  nature  were 
brought  constantly  into  action,  stimulated  by  the  heroic  endu- 
rance and  splendid  gallantry  of  our  soldiers. 

When  the  war  ended  the  difficulties  of  the  restoration  of  the 
University  to  its  former  prosperity  assumed  larger  proportions. 
The  dividends  from  bank-stock,  four  per  cent  semi-annually, 
ceased,  never  to  return.  Practically  the  officers  of  the  insti- 
tution depended  for  their  salaries  on  tuition  receipts,  and  the 
number  of  students  diminished  each  year.  This  was  partly 
owing  to  the  general  poverty,  largely  to  the  widespread  belief 
that  the  institution  must  soon  of  necessity  close  its  doors.  Pa- 
rents thought  that  their  sons  would  lose  time  by  beginning 
under  one  Faculty  and  then  transferred  to  another. 

But  President  Swain  continued  to  labor  with  all  his  former 
energy.     Never  did  an  officer  give  his  whole  heart  and  anxious 


752  THE  UNIVERSITY   OB1   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

care  to  the  interests  of  his  charge  more  devotedly  than  he. 
Right  nobly  and  with  high  courage  did  he  meet  the  loss  of 
patronage  and  income,  and  the  virulence  of  unfair  criticism. 
The  students  were  his  children,  their  success  brought  him  un- 
alloyed joy,  and  his  heart  sorely  felt  their  failures  and  was 
wounded  by  their  deaths. 

In  1864,  1865  and  1866  the  professors  were  nominally  the 
same,  but  the  tutors  were  reduced  to  two,  Pool  and  Fetter. 

The  Commencement  of  1866  was  fairly  successful  for  the 
times.  The  reporter  for  the  Raleigh  Standard  speaks  of  the 
University  being  reviled  on  one  side  as  being  a  "Yankee  con- 
cern" and  on  the  other  as  being  "a  hot-bed  of  rebellion," 
epithets  which  show  how  sensitive  was  the  public  mind  in  those 
anomalous  days.  The  former  epithet  was  of  course  on  account 
of  the  marriage  of  the  President's  daughter  to  a  Federal  Gen- 
eral.    The  attendance  on  the  exercises  was  large. 

The  Baccalaureate  sermon  was  preached  by  Rev.  Dr.  Charles 
Phillips.  He  gave  a  masterly  analysis  of  Christian  Love,  and 
urged  it  as  needed  to  quiet  the  passions  so  prevalent  among 
men. 

The  paucity  of  speeches  of  the  graduating  class  was  com- 
pensated for  by  unprecedented  numbers  of  declaimers.  The 
Freshmen  competitors  were  Piatt  D.  Walker,  of  Wilmington ; 
Willie  Maverick,  of  Texas ;  Thomas  C.  DeRossett,  of  Wilming- 
ton ;  Blair  Burwell,  Louisburg ;  James  M.  Means,  of  Cabarrus 
County ;  Alfred  T.  Alston,  Warren  County ;  Joseph  C.  Webb, 
of  Hillsboro;  Peter  M.  Wilson,  of  Warrenton,  Edmund  Jones, 
Jr.,  of  Caldwell ;  Virginius  St.  Clair  McNider,  of  Edenton ; 
Alonzo  Phillips,  of  Hillsboro,  and  George  V.  Cowper,  of  Hert- 
ford, twelve  in  number.  Messrs.  Maverick,  DeRossett,  Wilson 
and.  McNider  received  the  greatest  applause. 

On  the  part  of  the  Sophomores  the  Declaimers  were  likewise 
twelve  in  number — Fabius  H.  Busbee  of  Raleigh,  Augustus 
W.  Graham  of  Hillsboro,  Wm.  D.  Horner  of  Granville  Co., 
Isaac  R.  Strayhorn  of  Hillsboro,  George  G.  Latta  of  Tennes- 
see, Wm.  S.  Pearson  of  Morganton,  Edwin  W.  Fuller  of 
Louisburg,  Isaac  H.  Foust  Randolph  Co.,  James  W.  Harper 
Lenoir  Co.,  John  Burgwyn  McRae  of  Georgia,  afterwards 
North  Carolina ;  William  H.  S.  Burgwyn  of  Northampton, 
and  Paul  B.   Means,  Cabarrus  Co.     The  prize  of  public  ap- 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   l866.  753 

proval  was  given  to  Mr.  Busbee.  All  became  graduates  except 
Fuller,  Foust  and  McRae.  Fuller  was  a  merchant  in  Louis- 
burg,  and  author  of  a  touching  poem  called  Angel  in  the  Cloud, 
and  a  novel,  Sea-Gift,  much  read  by  our  University  students, 
who  wrongly  think  that  the  incidents  were  drawn  from  actual 
happenings  at  this  University. 

The  address  of  ex-Governor  Z.  B.  Vance  was  worthy  of 
that  distinguished  man.  It  was  the  Annual  Oration  before  the 
two  Literary  Societies,  on  "The  Duties  of  Defeat."  His  coun- 
sels, like  those  of  General  Lee  on  the  same  subject,  were  emi- 
nently wise  and  timely,  a  sincere  acceptance  of  the  decisions 
of  the  war,  loyalty  to  our  governments,  national  and  state, 
faithful  labor  for  the  reconstruction  of  society,  for  the  up- 
building of  the  material  interests  of  our  people  and  the  educa- 
tion of  our  children. 

There  were  only  three  Graduates,  Abner  H.  Askew,  Hert- 
ford, William  C.  Rencher,  Pittsboro,  George  Slover,  Newbern. 

Of  them,  Askew  and  Slover  were  reputable  physicians  and 
Rencher  a  lawyer  and  journalist. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  the  class  were  Julian 
Shakespeare  Carr,  a  wealthy  manufacturer  and  banker,  and  a 
large  benefactor  of  the  University,  Joseph  William  Holden, 
Speaker  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives,  and  Abraham 
K.  Smedes,  a  Confederate  soldier  and  a  lawyer  of  great 
learning. 

The  Latin  Salutatory  was  spoken  by  Slover  of  New  Berne. 
Askew's  address  on  the  Latin  phrase,  "Quisque  Suae  Fortunae 
Faber,"  was  in  English.  The  Valedictory  fell  to  Rencher,  and 
was  delivered  with  much  feeling  and  grace. 

The  degree  of  A.B.  was  conferred,  ex  gratia,  on  Charles  J. 
Austin,  Alexander  Montague,  Nathaniel  K.  Roan,  Elias  H. 
Bryan,  and  William  C.  Jordan,  whose  course,  nearly  completed, 
was  interrupted  by  the  war. 

The  Marshals  were  eminently  satisfactory.  They  were 
Robert  W.  Means,  William  H.  Reeves,  of  Tennessee,  George 
M.  Rose  and  John  G.  Young. 

Trustees  present  were  Governor  Jonathan  Worth,  ex-Gov- 
ernors Morehead  and  Graham,  Judge  W.  H.  Battle,  President 
Swain  and  State  Treasurer,  K.  P.  Battle.     There  were  also 

48 


754  The  university  of  north  Carolina. 

the  State  Geologist,  W.  C.  Kerr,  and  General  William  R. 
Cox — State  Solicitor  and  afterwards  Judge. 

As  showing  the  disruption  of  education  caused  by  the  war, 
I  state  that,  if  Mr.  Askew  had  continued  in  the  class  in  which 
he  began,  he  would  have  graduated  in  1863.  Mr.  Rencher  simi- 
larly would  have  graduated  in  1863.  Mf-  Slover  was  the  only 
representative  of  the  Freshman  class  of  1862.  In  1859  Rencher's 
class  numbered  80,  in  1861,  106;  in  1862,  29,  in  1863,  8. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Andrew 
Johnson,  President  of  the  United  States,  and  Edwin  G.  Reade, 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina.  The  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Divinity  on  Rev.  Numa  F.  Reid,  of  the  Methodist 
Church. 

In  1866  the  troubles  of  the  University  thickened.  The  sal- 
aries of  the  Faculty  could  not  be  paid.  Having  a  young  and 
growing  family  and  unable  to  support  them  without  outside 
aid,  Adjunct-Professor  Pool  obtained  leave  of  absence  and 
accepted  a  position  of  Deputy  Appraiser  in  the  revenue  service. 
A  stipulation  was  adopted  by  the  Trustees  that,  when  his  ser- 
vice should  expire,  they  should  not  be  bound  to  re-establish  his 
chair. 

When  the  Trustees  examined  the  wreck  of  the  University 
to  see  what  was  left  the  situation  was  appalling.  The  debts 
were  $103,000,  besides  $7,000  arrears  of  salaries.  To  pay 
these  there  were  2,000  shares  of  worthless  bank  stock,  $25,000 
of  equally  worthless  Confederate  securities,  and  a  small  amount 
of  other  securities,  very  little  paying  interest.  For  a  whole 
year  the  only  receipt  from  this  source  was  $25. 

As  the  notes  of  our  best  banks  were  selling  for  70  or  80 
per  cent  under  par,  it  was  thought  to  be  a  good  plan  to  borrow 
money  on  mortgage  of  all  the  University  property,  which  was 
then  thought  to  be  legal,  and  buy  notes  of  the  Bank  of  North 
Carolina  and  with  them  pay  the  large  debt  to  the  Bank.  Presi- 
dent Swain  was  therefore  instructed  to  visit  "the  North,"  and 
negotiate  on  this  security  a  loan  of  $30,000.  The  President 
called  on  John  Jacob  Astor,  who  declined  to  consider  the  prop- 
osition, stating  that  it  was  his  custom  to  accept  as  security  only 
real  estate  in  New  York,  and  very  seldom  outside  the  city.  His 
reason  was  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  employ  lawyers  ac- 


HONORARY  BALL  MANAGERS.  755 

quainted  with  the  laws  of  the  State  where  the  borrowers  lived, 
and  that  would  make  the  loan  unprofitable.  The  President 
was  so  discouraged  that  he  made  no  further  attempt. 

When  preparations  for  Commencement  were  being  made, 
President  Swain  and  his  staff  were  thrown  into  uneasiness, 
almost  a  panic,  on  learning  that  the  Ball-Managers  had  selected 
as  Honorary  Managers  some  most  conspicuous  Confederate 
leaders.  This  was  done  without  consulting  the  great  men  so 
honored.  They  were  Jefferson  Davis,  General  Wm.  R.  Cox, 
General  J.  C.  Breckenridge,  General  Robert  D.  Johnson,  Gen- 
eral R.  E.  Lee,  Governor  Z.  B.  Vance. 

The  President  laid  the  matter  before  the  Trustees.  They 
decided  at  once  that  under  present  circumstances  the  selection 
of  those  recently  conspicuous  in  public  affairs  was  likely  to 
expose  the  University  to  undeserved  suspicion,  and  moreover 
it  was  grossly  improper  to  place  the  name  of  any  one  as  a 
manager  of  a  ball  without  previously  obtaining  his  consent.  It 
must  be  remembered  that  Congress,  which  by  excluding  the 
Southern  members,  had  a  two-thirds  majority  of  Republicans, 
was  then  debating  the  action  to  be  taken  with  the  Confederate 
States,  and  that  the  University  is  a  public  corporation.  Hostile 
legislation  was  feared. 

The  dividends  of  the  bank  having  ceased,  there  was  a  con- 
stant struggle  for  money  for  necessary  expenses,  including 
salaries.  The  report  of  a  Committee  to  reduce  the  Bursar's 
compensation  to  $300  and  that  of  the  Secretary-Treasurer  to 
$500  was  adopted. 

A  plan  of  aiding  the  Faculty,  though  at  the  expense  of  the 
principal  of  assets,  was  the  issue  of  $7,300  of  bonds,  bearing 
eight  per  cent  interest,  payable  at  the  end  of  five  years,  secured 
by  pledge  of  securities.  This  was  of  signal  benefit,  but  some 
of  the  more  impecunious  professors  passed  them  to  merchants 
at  a  large  discount. 

Messrs.  B.  F.  Moore,  Thomas  Bragg  and  Daniel  M.  Barrin- 
ger  were  authorized  to  confer  with  the  Bank  of  North  Caro- 
lina, with  the  view  of  compromising  the  debt  of  the  University 
by  reducing  the  amount  to  one-fourth  and  giving  a  mortgage 
on  its  property  in  favor  of  all  creditors.  The  bankrupt  law 
allowed  no  preferences. 


756  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Subsequently  Mr.  Moore  reported  the  compromise,  which 
was  carried  into  effect — on  paper.  The  following  are  the  terms : 
The  debt  was  reduced  to  $35,712.64  in  national  currency,  at 
one  dollar  and  thirty-four  cents  of  the  same  for  one  dollar  in 
gold.  The  debts  to  Miss  M.  C.  Carrteron,  $10,000,  to  David 
L.  Swain,  $3,000,  and  other  small  debts,  were  included.  The 
plan  in  substance  was  for  the  University  to  pay  twenty-five 
per  cent  of  its  debt  in  gold  and  be  discharged. 

As  security  all  the  University  property  at  Chapel  Hill  and 
lands  in  Buncombe  County  were  pledged.  The  Trustees, 
Charles  Manly  and  George  W.  Mordecai,  were  to  sell  the 
property  whenever  called  on  by  any  creditor.  It  is  antici- 
pating, but  it  seems  best  to  state,  that  this  mortgage  was  decided 
by  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States  to  be  void,  as  to  such 
property  as  was  needed  for  the  life  of  the  University,  as  con- 
tradistinguished from  endowment,  because  it  belonged  to  the 
State.  This  will  be  explained  more  fully  in  Volume  II  of  this 
history. 

At  this  time  the  General  Assembly  appropriated  $7,000  to 
aid  in  paying  the  officers  of  the  institution,  which  was  a  wel- 
come relief,  although  it  was  only  for  one  year. 

On  February  nth,  1867,  President  Swain  had  the  good 
fortune  to  procure  from  the  General  Assembly  the  transfer  of 
the  State's  right  to  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 
Land  Scrip  under  the  Act  of  Congress  of  July  2nd,  1862,  often 
called  the  Morrill  Act.  The  conditions  demanded  by  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  were:  1st,  "The  University  shall  comply  with 
the  Act  of  Congress. 

2nd.  The  second  condition  was  that  the  Trustees  should 
dispose  of  the  scrip  and  establish  at  least  two  professorships, 
which  should  be  especially  devoted  to  carry  into  effect  the 
Act  of  Congress.  In  the  second  section  the  words  of  the  Act 
were  fully  quoted,  "The  leading  object  shall  be,  without  ex- 
cluding other  classical  and  scientific  studies,  and  including 
Military  Tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are 
related  to  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts,  in  such  manner 
as  the  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe,  in  order  to  promote 
the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes  in 
the  several  pursuits  and  professions  of  life." 


AGRICULTURAL  LAND   SCRIP.  757 

The  third  provision  was  that  each  county  court  might  send 
annually  one  indigent  student  to  the  University  free  of  tuition. 

And  fourthly,  that  students  might  be  admitted  into  the 
branches  relating  to  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  with- 
out requiring  the  training  necessary  for  admission  into  the 
regular  College  courses. 

President  Swain  proceeded  to  Washington  and  applied  for 
the  transfer  of  the  scrip  for  270,000  acres  of  land,  i.  e.,  30,000 
acres  for  each  Senator  and  Representative  to  whom  this  State 
was  entitled.  Notwithstanding  that  Congress  refused  to  re- 
gard the  seceding  States  as  restored  to  their  rights  in  the 
Union,  President  Johnson  ordered  the  transfer  to  be  made. 
The  Trustees  determined  to  sell  at  once  at  the  market  price, 
then  fifty  cents  per  acre  for  cash.  Congress  had  suspended 
the  location  of  scrip  going  to  Southern  States,  but  G.  F.  Lewis, 
for  himself  and  Fisher,  Booth  &  Co.,  of  Detroit,  offered  the 
following  terms,  which  were  accepted  August  22nd,  1867,  viz.: 
They  were  to  pay  at  the  rate  of  fifty  cents  an  acre  for  the 
270,000  acres.  The  scrip  was  to  be  delivered  as  paid  for  and 
the  rest  was  to  be  held  as  security.  85,000  was  to  be  paid  in 
ten  days.  On  or  before  the  1st  of  March,  1868,  $5,000  more 
was  to  be  paid.  Within  sixty  days  after  Congress  should 
rescind  its  resolution  prohibiting  the  location  of  the  scrip,  the 
purchasers  were  to  pay  $30,000  more,  and  from  time  to  time 
make  further  payments  until  the  whole  debt  should  be  dis- 
charged within  twelve  months  from  the  date  of  the  contract. 
The  purchasers  were  not  to  be  bound  to  pay  more  than  $10,000, 
unless  Congress  should  rescind  its  resolution,  and  if  this  was 
not  done  before  the  5th  of  March,  1869,  the  contract  should 
come  to  an  end. 

Ex-Governor  Graham  then  moved  that,  as  Congress  author- 
ized the  investment  of  ten  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  of  the  scrip 
in  purchase  of  sites  of  colleges  and  experimental  farms,  and  as 
the  University  furnished  the  site,  $13,500  of  the  first  purchase- 
money  should  be  applied  to  general  expenses. 

And,  secondly,  that  as  the  General  Assembly  had  been  pro- 
hibited by  military  order  from  meeting,  in  consideration  of  the 
exigencies  of  the  Treasury,  the  Board  deemed  it  necessary  to 
act  without  the  previous  assent  of  the  Assembly  and  relies  for 


758  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

its  ratification  at  the  next  session  of  the  Legislature.  Both 
motions  were  adopted. 

The  cash  thus  paid  to  the  officers  of  the  Institution  relieved 
them  of  painful  straits.  There  was  some  criticism  of  Governor 
Graham's  resolutions,  as  not  being  good  law,  but  practical  men 
realized  the  necessity  for  such  action.  As  he  said  in  its  advo- 
cacy, public  servants  must  sometimes  take  responsibilities,  and 
go  beyond  their  instructions  and  trust  that  their  action  will  be 
approved  by  the  proper  authority.  Afterwards,  when  Attorney 
E.  G.  Haywood  advised  the  Board,  elected  under  the  Recon- 
struction Acts  of  Congress,  that  the  Trustees,  who  passed  the 
resolutions,  could  be  forced  to  refund  the  money,  Chief  Justice 
Pearson  strongly  advised  that  public  officers  acting  in  good 
faith  could  not  be  held  personally  responsible  in  a  case  like  this. 
His  advice  was  taken — no  suit  was  brought. 

The  Executive  Committee  adopted  very  feeling  resolutions 
on  the  death  of  Dr.  James  PhilTips  on  the  14th  of  April,  1867. 
He  was  the  Senior  Professor,  the  first  to  enter  the  Chapel  and 
take  his  accustomed  seat  with  his  recitation-room  key  and  text- 
book for  morning  recitations  in  his  hands.  He  died  almost 
instantly  without  a  struggle  or  a  groan  in  the  very  spot  where 
often  he  had  risen  to  lead  in  the  religious  services  of  the  Insti- 
tution. The  last  sounds  in  his  ear  were  the  familiar  tones  of 
the  College  Bell,  the  last  object  of  sight  the  Students  Assem- 
bling for  Prayers.  On  Wednesday  night  of  the  following  Com- 
mencement, Rev.  Prof.  A.  D.  Hepburn,  afterwards  D.D.  and 
LL.D.,  gave  a  most  beautiful  and  truthful  estimate  of  his  life- 
work  ;  for  forty-one  years  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Nat- 
ural Philosophy  in  the  University.  The  discourse  was  singu- 
larly felicitous  in  matter  and  manner,  a  worthy  tribute  to  a 
learned  mathematician,  an  eloquent  and  Christ-loving  divine, 
and  a  kind  and  generous  citizen.  A  Trustees  remarked  that 
in  the  same  year,  1826,  the  road  to  Chapel  Hill  saw  Andrew 
Johnson  going  out  to  show  the  sons  of  North  Carolina  what 
they  could  do  and  Professor  Phillips  coming  in  to  show  them 
what  they  ought  to  do. 

At  the  beginning  of  1867  we  had  nominally  nine  Professors, 
but  Assistant  Professor  Pool  and  the  Tutors  had  indefinite 
leave  of  absence  or  had  resigned.     Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Phillips 


PRESIDENT    JOHNSON  S   VISIT.  759 

was  Secretary  of  the  Faculty  and  Professor  Hubbard  Libra- 
rian. 

In  this  year  another  President  of  the  United  States  honored 
our  Commencement,  Andrew  Johnson  of  Tennessee.  In  reply 
to  the  speech  of  welcome  by  President  Swain,  he  told  how 
forty-one  years  before  he  had  left  Raleigh,  his  native  town, 
and  journeyed  on  foot  by  way  of  Chapel  Hill  to  his  newly 
chosen  home,  how  he  walked  over  our  main  street  weary  and 
hungry  and  asked  for  food  and  a  night's  lodging  from  kindly 
James  Craig,  who  not  only  complied  with  his  request  but  gave 
the  forlorn  boy  a  bag  full  of  bread  and  meat  for  his  future 
needs.  His  next  visit  to  Chapel  Hill  was  as  President  of  this 
great  Republic  of  nearly  forty  million  souls.  The  cabin  which 
gave  him  shelter  still  stands. 

He  was  accompanied  by  his  Secretary  of  State,  Wm.  H. 
Seward,  and  Postmaster-General  Alexander  W.  Randall,  to- 
gether with  General  Daniel  E.  Sickles,  who  under  the  Recon- 
struction laws  of  Congress  was  Military  Governor  of  this 
State  and  our  Southern  neighbor ;  also  by  Colonel  J.  W.  Bom- 
ford,  and  General  Avery,  subordinate  officers  of  General 
Sickles.  The  two  most  distinguished  visitors  lodged  with 
President  Swain.  They  were  all  received  and  treated  with 
due  respect  and  honor,  and  the  reception  speeches  by  them  and 
by  President  Swain  were  in  unexceptionable  taste. 

The  Chapel  resounded  with  the  borrowed  eloquence  of  twen- 
ty-four declaimers.  The  Freshmen  performed  their  duty  on 
Monday  night.  They  were,  James  B.  Yellowley,  Greenville; 
Andrew  M.  Craig,  Alamance  County ;  Stephen  W.  Noble, 
Lenoir  County;  Wm.  Buchanan,  Richmond  County;  James  A. 
Smith,  Robeson  County ;  Wilson  J.  McKay,  Harnett  County ; 
J.  Knox  Livingston,  Florida ;  Daniel  A.  Long,  Alamance 
County ;  William  A.  Shorter,  Alabama ;  Reuben  C.  Shorter, 
Alabama;  Nelson  M.  Ferebee,  Camden  County;  Quintus  P. 
Siler,  Alabama. 

On  Wednesday  eve  came  on  the  Sophomore  Declaimers. 
They  were,  George  H.  Estes,  Georgia ;  Joseph  C.  WTebb,  Hills- 
boro ;  Willie  H.  Maverick,  Texas ;  Edmund  Jones,  Jr.,  Caldwell 
County;  Peter  M.  Wilson,  Warrenton ;  Piatt  D.  Walker,  Wil- 
mington ;  V.  St.  Clair  McNider,  North  Carolina :   Samuel  T. 


760  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

Bitting,  Surry  County ;  William  H.  Bledsoe,  Raleigh ;  James  M. 
Means,  Co"ncord ;  Alexander  Graham,  Cumberland ;  Charles  F. 
McKesson,  Morganton. 

It  was  thought  by  many  that  more  graceful  Freshmen  Speak- 
ers were  noticed  than  were  among  the  Sophomores.  Some 
good  judges  were  of  opinion  that  Wilson  of  the  latter  and 
Buchanan  of  the  former  carried  off  the  palm.  Smith,  McKay, 
Livingston  and  Siler  were  praised  by  many.  McNider  had  an 
uncommonly  graceful  delivery  which  secured  suffrages  among 
the  ladies.  There  was  complaint  that  old  moss-backed  fossils 
of  speeches  should  be  annually  brought  out,  but  the  criticism 
would  have  been  more  just  during  some  former  Commence- 
ments. 

Ex-Governor  Henry  A.  Wise  of  Virginia  had  agreed  to 
deliver  the  Address  before  the  two  Literary  Societies,  but  was 
forced  to  recall  his  acceptance  so  late  that  a  substitute  could 
not  be  secured.  Hence  the  Baccalaureate  sermon  was  preached 
on  Wednesday  morning. 

The  preacher  was  Rev.  James  McDaniel,  a  Baptist  preacher 
of  high  reputation  in  charge  at  Fayetteville.  His  text  was, 
"But  one  thing  needful."  The  "one  thing"  is  Moral  Culture, 
which  will  save  us  from  the  dangers  of  infidelity,  from  "the 
weakness  of  a  falsely  balanced  soul."  The  music  of  this  ser- 
vice was  unique  and  very  beautiful,  rendered  by  two  male 
voices,  those  of  Mr.  Eugene  Wilson  and  his  brother  Charles, 
both  accomplished  vocalists,  and  teachers  of  singing. 

At  night  was  the  address  by  Dr.  Hepburn  on  the  Life  and 
Character  of  Dr.  James  Phillips,  heretofore  described. 

On  Thursday  the  audience  was  imposing.  On  the  stage 
were  President  Johnson,  Secretary  Seward  and  Postmaster- 
General  Randall,  General  Sickles,  Governor  Worth,  Judge  Bat- 
tle, President  Swain,  the  Chaplain  of  the  Day,  Rev.  Dr.  F.  M. 
Hubbard,  and  the  Senior  orators. 

On  the  floor  in  front  were  Rev.  Cushing  B.  Hassell,  Messrs. 
Paul  C.  Cameron,  Francis  E.  Shober  and  Kemp  P.  Battle, 
Trustees,  Colonel  Bumford,  General  Avery,  and  other  officers 
of  the  United  States  Army,  Colonel  J.  T.  Morehead,  General 
Rufus  Barringer,  and  other  officers  of  the  late  Confederate 
States,  ex-Governor  Clark  and  his  associates,  being  the  Legis- 


COMMENCEMENT  OF   1 867.  76 1 

lative  Committee  to  report  on  the  state  of  the  University.  In 
addition  to  these  were  famous  teachers,  lawyers,  physicians, 
divines,  and  others  prominent  in  agricultural  and  other  busi- 
ness pursuits. 

The  following  programme  shows  the  exercises  of  the  day : 

Latin  Salutatory,  George  M.  Rose,  Fayetteville. 

"Napoleon  at  St.  Helena,"  Willie  Alston,  Halifax  County. 

"The  Athenian  Republic,"  William  Henry  Miller,  Shelby. 

"The  Achievements  of  Hannibal,"  Albert  G.  Carr,  Chapel 
Hill. 

"The  Love  of  Money,"  Wrinfield  S.  Guthrie,  Chapel  Hill. 

"Hopes  and  Disappointments  of  Life,"  John  Graham  Young, 
Charlotte. 

"The  Pleasures  of  Memory,"  Robert  Work  Means,  Concord. 

"Civilization,"  Wm.  Hicks  Reeves,  Tennessee. 

"Emancipation,"  James  Billingslea  Mitchell,  Alabama. 

The  Valedictory,  Patrick  Henry  Winston,  Windsor. 

Messrs.  Reeves  and  Mitchell  were  excused  from  appearing, 
the  former  on  account  of  sickness,  the  latter  from  being  de- 
tained at  home  by  other  duties.  The  Salutatory  was  praised 
because  it  was  well  pronounced,  not  because  it  was  understood. 
The  Valedictory  had  many  encomiums.  At  its  conclusion,  Sec- 
retary Seward,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Winston's  father,  presented 
him  with  an  elegant  gold  watch  and  chain  for  winning  the  first 
honor  after  a  four  years  course.  President  Johnson  shook  his 
hand  and  warmly  congratulated  him.  The  Senior  class  num- 
bered eleven,  the  same  mentioned  above  with  James  M.  Wall 
of  Ansonville  in  addition. 

Patrick  H.  Winston  obtained  the  first  honor,  George  M. 
Rose  the  second,  and  Robert  W.  Means  the  third.  Owing  to 
the  stormy  times,  Means  was  the  only  Senior  who  attended  all 
the  examinations  of  the  four  years  course. 

Winston  reached  the  positions  of  Attorney-General  and 
United  States  District  Attorney  in  the  State  of  Washington; 
Rose  was  a  Confederate  regimental  Adjutant,  Speaker  of  the 
State  House  of  Representatives,  and  is  a  leading  lawyer; 
Means  is  a  lawyer  and  has  been  Mayor  of  Concord  and  member 
of  the  Legislature. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Wm.  W.   Fleming  was  a   Major,   a 


, 


762  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

member  of  the  North  Carolina  Legislature,  and  successful  law- 
yer in  New  York  City;  James  S.  Battle,  Aid  to  General  Cox; 
State  Senator,  Manufacturer,  Trustee  of  the  University ;  Wm. 
A.  B.  Branch,  a  Confederate  soldier,  Representative  in  Con- 
gress and  State  Legislature;  Andrew  J.  Burton,  Adjutant, 
strong  lawyer,  a  leader  in  the  Legislature. 

Both  Societies  held  meetings  for  the  initiation  of  honorary 
members.  The  President  joined  the  Dialectic  Society  and 
made  a  most  appropriate  informal  talk.  Nearly  all  the  mem- 
bers desired  the  admission  of  General  Sickles,  but  a  small 
minority  prevented  it,  which  they  had  the  power  to  do  under 
the  rules,  not  for  any  personal  objections  but  in  order  to  em- 
phasize their  hostility  to  the  Reconstruction  Acts.  Secretary 
Seward,  Postmaster-General  Randall  and  Colonel  Bomford 
joined  the  Philanthropic  Society.  In  the  case  of  Seward  there 
was  a  reminder  of  an  ancient  political  controversy.  In  the 
promise  required  of  each  member  was  an  expression  something 
like  "not  divulging  any  matter  derogatory  to  the  dignity  of  the 
Society."  The  old  New  York  champion  of  the  Anti-Masons 
stopped  the  proceeding,  saying,  "Mr.  Secretary ;  I  must  have 
that  understood — I  am  principled  against  joining  secret  socie- 
ties." Satisfactory  assurances  were  given  that  certainly  as  to 
honorary  members,  the  Society  did  not  come  within  the  cate- 
gory of  those  which  he  so  valiantly  fought,  and  he  became  a 
member.  Both  he  and  Randall  spoke  words  of  kindness  and 
wise  suggestions. 

The  eminent  visitors  as  a  rule  showed  kindly  tact.  There 
was  one  exception.  Mr.  Seward,  in  conversation  with  gentle- 
men who  called  on  him,  criticised  the  dwellings  of  Chapel  Hill, 
saying  that  they  reminded  him  of  Auburn,  his  home,  sixty 
years  ago.  He  should  have  remembered  that  the  buildings  he 
saw  had  belonged  to  the  University  for  many  years,  and  such 
ancient  buildings  are  seldom  improved,  particularly  under  so 
economical  a  President  as  Governor  Swain.  He  should  fur- 
ther have  noted  that  six  years  had  elapsed  since  the  great  Civil 
War  began,  and  not  only  the  buildings  had  deteriorated  but  the 
loss  of  the  University  endowment  prevented  their  repair.  They 
were  not  at  all  fair  representatives  of  dwellings  in  the  towns 
and  villages  of  the  State  even  at  that  unfortunate  period.     It 


RESIGNATION   OF   MARTIN   AND  HEPBURN.  763 

is  not  meant  that  Mr.  Sewarcl  intended  to  sneer  at  our  poverty, 
but  his  comparisons  were  not  pleasant. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Wm.  H. 
Seward,  Secretary  of  State,  and  that  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  on 
Rev.  Richard  Hines,  then  of  Tennessee,  of  the  Class  of  1850. 

In  the  Fall  of  1867,  Mr.  Charles  Phillips  took  the  place  of 
his  father  as  Professor  of  Pure  Mathematics,  leaving  the  chair 
of  Mixed  Mathematics  vacant;  Col.  Wm.  J.  Martin  resigned 
the  chair  of  Chemistry,  Mineralogy  and  Geology ;  and  Pro- 
fessor Hepburn  resigned  the  chair  of  Metaphysics,  Logic  and 
Rhetoric.  The  teaching  force  of  the  undergraduates  was  re- 
duced to  five,  counting  the  President.  Even  this  could  not 
shake  his  serene  hopefulness,  that  somehow  the  storm  would 
pass  away  and  the  University  ship  sail  on  with  favorable  winds. 

Colonel  Martin  was  for  awhile  Professor  in  a  school  of  high 
rank  in  Columbia,  Tennessee.  He  was  thence  transferred  to 
Davidson  College  as  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  conducted 
this  department  with  great  ability.  For  several  years  he  acted 
as  President  and  was  distinguished  for  his  combined  sagacity 
and  firmness.  The  strength  of  his  brain  and  his  knowledge  in 
matters  pertaining  to  his  department,  corresponded  with  his 
lofty  principles  and  kindly  heart.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
lovable  men  this  State  ever  had. 

As  the  year  1867  progressed  it  became  evident  that  the  Uni- 
versity was  on  the  verge  of  failure.  On  July  30th,  Governor 
Worth,  as  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  called  a  meeting 
for  the  22nd  of  August,  and  by  special  letter  urged  each  Trus- 
tee to  attend  and  "share  the  responsibility  of  the  trust  he  had 
accepted."  He  stated  that  there  were  three  important  vacan- 
cies in  the  Professorships.  President  Swain  had  offered  to 
resign,  "at  the  earliest  period  at  which  the  Board  may  be 
pleased  to  designate  a  successor."  All  the  endowment  was  lost. 
The  University  owed  a  large  debt  for  which  all  its  property 
was  mortgaged  and  there  was  no  possibility  of  redemption. 
The  tuition  fees  would  not  pay  adequate  salaries.  The  noble 
Institution  must  soon  perish  unless  efficient  measures  for  pre- 
serving its  existence  be  taken. 

Those  present  at  this  important  meeting  were :  Governor 
Worth,  Judge  W.  H.  Battle,  and  Messrs.  K.  P.  Battle,  D.  M. 


764  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Barringer,  Thomas  Bragg,  Paul  C.  Cameron,  Seaton  Gales, 
William  A.  Graham,  Charles  Manly,  Montfort  McGhee,  Sam- 
uel F.  Phillips,  Thomas  Ruffin,  Francis  E.  Shober,  Walter  L. 
Steele,  Thomas  Settle,  David  L.  Swain. 

It  was  clear  that  neither  Faculty  nor  mode  of  government 
nor  curriculum  had  the  approval  of  the  friends  of  the  Uni- 
versity. Mr.  Kemp  P.  Battle  determined,  as  no  one  else  seemed 
disposed  to  undertake  the  task,  to  procure  a  complete  remodel- 
ling of  the  Institution.  In  this  he  had  the  cordial  co-operation 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Phillips,  Professor  of  Mathematics,  who 
was  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  courses  and  government 
of  the  leading  institutions  of  America.  Dr.  Phillips  procured 
the  resignations  of  President  Swain  and  of  Professors  Hub- 
bard, Fetter  and  Smith  and  of  Judge  Battle,  accompanying 
them  with  his  own.  Although  the  resolution  of  Congress 
prohibiting  the  location  of  Southern  Land  Scrip  prevented 
further  payments  by  the  purchasers,  it  was  not  likely  that  this 
prohibition  would  be  long  continued,  and  thus  the  University 
could  be  started  with  a  larger  infusion  of  scientific  teaching. 
It  was  the  design  to  reopen  the  Institution  with  such  changes 
as  to  present  a  new  front  to  the  public,  and  thus  get  rid  of 
prejudices  which  rightly  or  wrongly  impeded  the  popularity 
of  the  University.  Although  the  teaching  force  would  be 
newly  chosen,  the  Trustees  in  all  probability  would  re-elect  at 
least  part  of  the  old  staff.  With  this-  plan  in  view,  Mr.  Battle 
offered  a  resolution  which  was  adopted,  reciting  that,  whereas, 
it  is  deemed  expedient  to  make  thorough  changes  in  the  course 
of  studies  and  mode  of  government  of  the  University,  that 
increased  facilities  may  be  afforded  for  the  acquisition  of  a  com- 
plete education,  and  that  the  standard  of  scholarship  may  be 
elevated,  Resolved,  that  a  Committee  of  five  report  to  the 
annual  meeting  the  10th  of  December,  1867,  a  scheme,  embody- 
ing as  near  as  may  be  the  "University  or  Elective  system,"  with 
higher  qualifications  for  admission  and  graduation.  The  Board 
expressed  deep  regret  at  the  severance  of  official  relations  with 
the  Faculty,  and  thanked  them  for  past  faithful  conduct. 

The  Committee  appointed  under  the  resolution  were  Wm.  A. 
Graham,  Samuel  F.  Phillips,  Kemp  P.  Battle,  Thomas  Settle, 
and  Thomas  S.  Ashe. 


CHANGES  RECOMMENDED.  765 

Governor  Worth  departed  from  the  usual  custom  and  desig- 
nated ex-Governor  Graham  as  Chairman,  a  post  which  was 
peremptorily  declined,  partly  because  Governor  Graham  fav- 
ored the  old  system,  and  partly  because  he  insisted  that  the 
Chairmanship  belonged  of  right  to  the  mover  of  the  resolution. 
The  Governor  readily  acquiesced  in  this  view. 

The  Committee  made  a  careful  and  exhaustive  study  of  the 
subject,  obtaining  valuable  suggestions  from  President  Swain, 
Rev.  Dr.  McGuffey  Dr.  Woolsey,  Messrs.  Wm.  Bingham  and 
James  H.  Horner,  and  particularly  from  Prof.  John  E.  Minor, 
Dr.  Charles  Phillips,  Profs.  W.  J.  Martin  and  A.  D.  Hepburn. 
A  careful  study  of  the  catalogues  of  the  leading  Universities 
and  Colleges  was  also  made. 

After  discussing  the  features  common  to  the  two  systems, 
known  as  the  Curriculum  and  University  system,  the  Commit- 
tee gave  their  idea  of  the  latter.  The  four  years  curriculum 
and  the  regular  progression  of  classes  are  abandoned.  There 
are  independent  schools,  each  professor  being  supreme  in  his 
own  department,  subject  to  the  control  of  the  Trustees,  solely 
responsible  for  the  instruction  and  solely  invested  with  the 
power  of  conferring  degrees  therein.  The  majority  of  the 
Committee  preferred  this  to  the  old  system. 

1.  Because  it  offers  peculiar  facilities  for  instruction  in  scien- 
tific departments  now  too  much  neglected. 

2.  The  present  curriculum  is  so  crowded  that  it  is  impossible 
to  teach  one  branch  thoroughly  without  crowding  the  others. 
For  example,  in  our  four  years  course,  Aletaphysics.  Logic, 
Rhetoric,  English  Language  and  Literature  have  only  1 1 1 
hours,  or  about  thirty-seven  days  of  three  hours  each.  To 
Applied  Mathematics,  including  Mechanics,  Hydrostatics,  Elec- 
tricity, Magnetism,  etc..  are  given  only  145  hours,  or  forty- 
eight  days.  The  great  sciences  of  Chemistry,  Mineralogy  and 
Geology  have  only  244  hours  or  81  days,  while  the  Ancient 
Languages  have  740  hours,  or  246  days,  or  one-third  more  than 
all  combined.  Zoology,  Botany,  Physiology,  etc.,  are  not  taught 
at  all. 

3.  The  L  niversity  system  would  be  best  for  those  having  a 
limited  time  for  work  and  for  those  who  are  honestly  resolved 
to  make  the  most  of  their  time.     It  certainly  makes  the  care- 


766  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

less  and  indolent  no  worse,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  liberty  of 
election  may  result  in  arousing  the  interest  of  even  these  in  at 
least  one  department. 

Under  the  new  system  the  University  would  have  the  oppor- 
tunity of  paying  a  much  smaller  salary  out  of  the  University 
treasury  and  supplementing  it  by  allowing  the  Professors  part 
or  whole  of  the  tuition  money  paid  by  his  students.  One  thou- 
sand dollars  was  thought  to  be  reasonable  as  the  amount  to  be 
paid  out  of  the  University  Treasury.  It  was  suggested,  too, 
that  the  Professors  should  have  a  concurrent  vote  with  the 
Trustees. 

The  Committee  are  fully  impressed  with  the  advantages  of 
the  Classics  and  Mathematics  as  trainers  of  the  mind.  They 
believe,  however,  that  sufficient  time  can  be  found  to  secure 
this  result  without  neglecting  as  at  present  other  studies. 

The  Committee  think  that  a  proper  construction  of  the  Con- 
stitution requires  that  the  University  should  hold  a  superiority 
above  all  similar  institutions  in  the  State.  Hence  there  should 
be  loftier  standards  of  admission,  and  diplomas  should  be  evi- 
dences of  solid  attainments.  When  the  honors  of  the  institu- 
tion are  granted  to  ignorant  men,  either  the  degree  is  worthless, 
or  the  reputation  of  the  grantor  is  injured,  or  the  public  are 
deceived.  So  the  examinations  at  the  close  of  each  term  should 
be  stringent  and  have  much  weight  in  estimating  the  standards 
of  students. 

The  Committee  recommend  the  following  Academic  Depart- 
ments, leaving  those  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts,  of 
Law  and  of  Medicine  to  be  reported  on  hereafter. 

i.  School  of  Political  Science,  including  Political  Economy 
and  History. 

2.   School  of  Latin  Language  and  Literature. 


School  of  Greek  Language  and  Literature. 
School  of  Pure  Mathematics,  including  Mechanics. 
School  of  Physics,  including  Astronomy. 
School  of  Metaphysics  and  Ethics. 

School  of  Rhetoric  and  English  Language  and  Literature. 
School  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy. 
School  of  Geognosy,  including  Geology,  Geography  and 
the  inhabitants  of  the  earth,  vegetable  and  animal. 
10.  School  of  Modern  Languages. 


REORGANIZATION  RECOMMENDED.  767 

The  report  of  the  Committee,  to  which  ex-Governor  Graham 
dissented,  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  18  to  3.  The  election  of 
the  Professors  was  left  to  a  future  meeting,  the  Faculty  in  the 
meantime  retaining  their  chairs  by  request.  It  was  resolved 
to  put  the  new  scheme  into  operation  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Fall  Term.  1868.  On  the  16th  of  March,  1868,  a  new  State 
Constitution  was  adopted  under  the  Reconstruction  laws  of 
Congress.  By  its  provisions  the  Board  of  Trustees  was  to  give 
way  to  new  members  elected,  not  by  the  General  Assembly, 
but  by  the  Board  of  Education.  As  the  University  was  to  go 
into  new  hands,  the  Trustees  at  the  Commencement  of  that 
year,  reappointed  President  Swain  and  his  Professors  and 
rescinded  the  resolution  to  put  the  new  scheme  into  operation. 

It  was  the  expectation  of  the  promoters  of  the  new  scheme 
that  vigorous  efforts  should  be  made  to  obtain  contributions 
from  the  General  Assembly  and  from  the  Alumni  and  friends 
of  the  University,  and  also  a  canvass  made  for  new  students. 
It  was  not  likely  that  payments  of  the  interest  of  the  Land 
Grant  fund  would  be  long  deferred,  and.  on  the  whole,  with 
energy  the  execution  of  the  plan  seemed  quite  hopeful.  Seven 
years  afterward  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  subject, 
almost  altogether  by  correspondence,  in  a  few  weeks  pro- 
cured $20,000  in  subscriptions  for  the  revival  of  the  institution. 
It  is  reasonable  that  similar  liberality  existed  in  1868  which 
would  have  brought  good  fruit,  if  new  men,  who  had  not  the 
sympathy  of  the  Alumni  generally,  had  not  displaced  the  old 
authorities. 

We  have  come  to  the  last  Commencement  of  the  old  Regime, 
that  of  1868.  After  that  event  these  occasions,  though  like 
the  old  somewhat  in  form,  were  in  principle  essentially  differ- 
ent.    The  old  University  became  moribund  in  that  year. 

On  Tuesday  morning  President  Swain  examined  the  Senior 
class,  in  the  presence  of  the  Examining  Committee,  on  Consti- 
tutional Law  and  the  Law  of  Nations.  The  Societies  then  had 
a  meeting  for  the  initiation  of  new  members.  At  nighi  six 
Freshmen  Declaimers  competed  for  the  favor  of  the  audience. 
They  were  Samuel  L.  Patterson  of  Caldwell  County,  W.  Plum- 
mer  Batchelor  of  Raleigh,  Samuel  M.  Davidson  of  Charlotte. 
Andrew  J.  Britton  of  Northampton  County,  John  K.  Gibson 


768  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

of  Richmond  County,  Robert  A.  Johnston  of  Richmond  County. 
Messrs.  Britton  and  Gibson  received  the  verdict  of  the  most 
careful  critics. 

The  Sophomore  Declaimers,  twelve  in  number,  appeared  the 
ensuing  night.  They  were  W.  James  McKay  of  Harnett, 
Henry  M.  Shaw  of  Currituck,  Wm.  Buchanan  of  Richmond 
County,  George  T.  Winston  of  Windsor,  Reuben  C.  Shorter  of 
Alabama,  John  W.  Philips  of  Edgecombe  County,  Charles  E. 
French  of  Wilmington,  Edgar  Leary  of  Oxford,  Charles  A. 
Reynolds  of  Leaksville,  Nelson  M.  Ferebee  of  Camden  Coun- 
ty, Joseph  K.  Rankin  of  Lenoir,  James  B.  Yellowley  of  Green- 
ville. 

While  there  was  general  concurrence  in  the  opinion  of  Gov* 
ernor  Seymour  that  the  speakers  of  both  classes  showed  a 
high  degree  of  propriety  of  diction  and  grace  in  delivery, 
Messrs.  McKay,  Buchanan,  Winston,  French,  Leary  and  Fere- 
bee seemed  to  be  especially  praised. 

The  oration  before  the  two  Societies  was  by  Hon.  Thomas 
H.  Seymour,  late  Governor  of  Connecticut.  He  was  intro- 
duced most  felicitously  to  the  audience  by  Mr.  Fabius  H.  Bus- 
bee,  and  gave  a  thoughtful  and  statesmanlike  essay  on  "Gov- 
ernment, its  Origin  and  Forms,  together  with  its  Functions  and 
Dangers." 

In  the  afternoon  was  the  Baccalaureate  sermon  by  Rev.  Dr. 
R.  S.  Moran,  of  the  North  Carolina  Conference.  By  men 
acquainted  with  metaphysical  speculations  it  was  emphatically 
praised,  but  it  went  far  above  the  heads  of  most  of  the  audi- 
ence. A  correspondent  wrote  that  it  was  a  subtle,  broad  and 
deep  generalization,  along  the  lines  laid  down  by  Sir  Wm.  Ham- 
ilton, of  the  dealings  of  God  with  His  creatures.  The  myth- 
ology of  the  heathen,  the  philosophy  of  the  Greeks,  the  legal 
instincts  of  the  Romans,  the  speculations  of  the  schoolmen,  the 
discoveries  of  science,  re-echo  Jewish  types,  that  it  is  the  plan 
of  the  Almighty  to  reconcile  all  things  to  Himself  through 
Christ. 

The  speeches  of  the  Seniors  were  of  a  high  order,  exhibiting 
an  uncommon  maturity  of  intellect.  The  following  is  the  pro- 
gramme : 

Latin  Salutatory,  Wm.  H.  S.  Burgwyn,  Northampton  County. 


COMMENCEMENT  OE   l868.  769 

"Thoughts,  not  Swords,  Rule  the  World,"  Charles  Fetter, 
Chapel  Hill. 

"Pro  Patria,"  Eugene  Morehead,  Greensboro. 

"Andrew  Jackson,"  W.  Clarence  Jones,  Alabama. 

"Peter  the  Great,"  Augustus  W.  Graham,  Hillsboro. 

"Effects  of  the  Reformation,"  Wm.  D.  Horner,  Granville 
County. 

"Orange  County,"  Ike  R.  Strayhorn,  Hillsboro. 

"Die  Macht  der  Musik,"  (German  Oration),  James  W.  Har- 
per, Lenoir  County. 

"Poland,"  Paul  Barringer  Means,  Cabarrus  County. 

"Constitution  of  the  Union,"  Wm.  S.  Pearson,  Morganton. 

Valedictory  Oration,  Fabius  Haywood  Busbee,  Raleigh. 

It  was  universally  agreed  that  the  Latin  speech  was  pro- 
nounced with  singular  propriety,  and  that  the  Valedictory  over- 
flowed with  sound  sense  and  pathos.  The  twenty  graduates 
had  among  them  representatives  from  seven  different  classes, 
the  earliest  dating  1858,  and  the  last  1864.  Only  one  of  these, 
J.  A.  Watson,  was  present  at  the  eight  examinations  of  the 
four  years  course.  Mr.  Busbee  took  highest  honor  at  eight 
examinations,  though  two  of  them  were  not  of  the  Freshman 
class  of  1864. 

The  degree  of  A.B.  honoris  causa,  was  granted  to  W.  N. 
Mebane  and  Lorenzo  A.  T.  Jobe,  former  students,  then  teach- 
ers of  Classical  Schools.  Mebane  became  a  Judge  and  Jobe  a 
preacher  in  Kansas. 

The  degree  of  A.M.  was  given  honoris  causa  to  E.  Burke 
Haywood,  M.D.,  of  Raleigh,  and  to  William  S.  Pettigrew,  Esq., 
of  Tyrrell  County. 

The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  on  Rev.  Charles  Phillips, 
Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  University,  Rev.  Thomas  H. 
Pritchard  of  Raleigh,  and  Rev.  A.  A.  Watson  of  Wilmington, 
since  Bishop. 

The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  granted  to  ex-Governor  Seymour, 
and  Hon.  Bartholomew  F.  Moore,  of  Raleigh,  a  lawyer  of 
profound  learning  and  a  wise  and  active  Alumnus  and  Trustee 
of  the  University.     He  graduated  in  1820. 

The  first  honor  in  the  Senior  class  was  awarded  to  Messrs. 
W.  H.  S.  Burgwyn,  F.  H.  Busbee  and  Eugene  L.  Morehead. 

49 


yyo  THE   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

A  distinction,  however,  was  made  by  giving  Mr.  Busbee  the 
Valedictory.  The  second  distinction  went  to  James  W.  Har- 
per, Wm.  S.  Pearson  and  Augustus  W.  Graham,  in  the  order 
of  their  names.  The  third  to  Charles  Fetter,  Wm.  D.  Horner, 
Edmund  Jones  junior,  Paul  Barringer  Means,  and  Isaac  R. 
Strayhorn. 

The  Faculty,  in  their  report,  declared  that  in  years,  ma- 
turity of  intellect  and  extent  of  attainments,  the  class  was  above 
the  average  of  its  predecessors.  This  is  not  surprising  when 
we  remember  that  nearly  all  of  its  members  had  been  doing  the 
work  of  men  in  most  trying  times,  either  in  the  tented  field  or 
in  civil  life. 

Of  the  Senior  first  honor  men,  Busbee  has  been  a  Confeder- 
ate Lieutenant,  United  States  District  Attorney,  Presidential 
Elector,  and  is  Trustee  of  the  University,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  a  law  author.  Burgwyn  was  a  Captain  C.  S.  A.,  LL.B. 
of  Harvard,  author  of  the  Maryland  Digest,  and  is  a  Trustee 
of  the  University,  a  lawyer  and  President  of  a  Bank.  More- 
head  was  a  Confederate  soldier  and  then  a  prominent  banker, 
dying  much  lamented  in  middle  age. 

Of  the  second  honor  men.  Harper  was  a  lawyer  and  editor ; 
Pearson,  Consul  at  Palermo,  an  editor,  author,  and  is  a  lawyer ; 
Graham  was  a  Confederate  soldier,  member  of  the  Legislature 
and  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court. 

Of  the  third  honor  men,  Fetter  was  a  classical  teacher  and 

is  an  Episcopal  minister ;  Horner   ; 

Jones  has  been  a  Confederate  soldier,  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature and  Trustee  of  the  University,  a  leader  of  the  bar'. 
Means  was  Aid  to  General  Rufus  Barringer,  State  Senator, 
and  Colonel  on  Governor  Vance's  staff,  and  is  now  an  attorney 
of  the  Southern  Railroad  and  a  Trustee  of  the  University; 
Strayhorn  was  a  lawyer  and  State  Solicitor. 

Of  those  who  did  not  obtain  an  honor,  George  G.  Latta  was 
a  member  of  the  Arkansas  Legislature,  of  the  Conventions  of 
1872,  1874  and  1876,  and  Prosecuting  Attorney ;  Thomas  A. 
McNeill  was  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court. 

Of  the  non-graduating  matriculates,  Warren  G.  Elliot  was 
President  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line  Railroad  Company ; 
George  G.  Thomas,  Chief  Phvsician  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line 


THE   STUDENTS   OF    1508.  77 1 

Railroad  Company  and  President  of  the  State  Medical  Society. 

For  the  first  and  only  time  the  Marshals  were  from  the 
Senior  class,  Eugene  L.  Morehead,  Chief,  and  James  W.  Har- 
per. George  W.  Graham  and  Isaac  R.  Strayhorn,  assistants. 
No  adverse  criticism  could  be  made  as  to  their  efficiency. 

As  the  students  in  the  classes 'below  the  Seniors  never  re- 
turned on  account  of  the  closing  of  the  institution,  I  give  the 
honor  men. 

There  were  eighteen  Juniors.  Franklin  Porter  of  Tarboro 
and  John  M.  Webb  of  Alamance  were  first  in  scholarship ; 
Alexander  Graham  of  Fayetteville,  William  E.  Murchison  of 
Harnett  County,  and  John  M.  Rose,  Jr.,  of  Fayetteville,  were 
second,  and  Samuel  T.  Bitting  of  Mt.  Airy  was  third.  George 
V.  Cowper  of  Hertford  was  first  in  all  studies  but  Mathe- 
matics. 

Of  these  first  honor  men,  Porter  is  a  good  lawyer  in  Missouri, 
and  Webb  is  one  of  the  Principals  of  the  excellent  Bellbuckle 
School  in  Tennessee.  Of  the  second  honor  men,  Graham  was 
in  the  Confederate  army,  and  is  Superintendent  of  the  City 
Graded  Schools  of  Charlotte ;  Murchison  was  a  lawyer  and 
merchant ;  Rose  a  prominent  Presbyterian  minister.  Bitting, 
the  third  honor  man,  is  a  merchant  in  Texas,  and  Cowper,  dis- 
tinguished in  all  but  Mathematics,  is  a  lawyer  of  good  practice. 

Of  the  Juniors  who  obtained  no  honors,  John  W.  Fries  is  a 
very  prominent  manufacturer,  financier,  and  Trustee  of  the 
University. 

Among  the  thirty-five  Sophomores,  the  first  in  scholarship 
were  Jacob  Battle  of  Edgecombe,  Ralph  H.  Graves,  Jr.,  of 
Granville,  Richard  H.  Lewis  of  Tarboro.  The  second  were 
Wm.  Buchanan  of  Richmond  and  Edgar  Learv  of  Oxford. 
The  third  honor  men  were  Charles  E.  French  of  Wilmington, 
Alexander  Malloy  of  Richmond  County,  and  John  D.  Sloan 
of  Alabama.  George  T.  Winston  was  first  in  all  but  Mathe- 
matics. Thompson  Anderson  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and 
Edward  O.  Lindsay  of  Greensboro  were  second  in  all  but 
Mathematics.  James  B.  Yellowley  was  third  in  one  of  his 
studies  and  second  in  all  the  others. 

Of  the  foregoing.  Battle  is  a  learned  lawyer,  ex-Judge  and 
State    Senator.     Graves    was    Professor   of    Mathematics    and 


772.  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Civil  Engineering-  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  one  of 
the  ablest  the  South  has  seen.  Lewis  is  an  eminent  specialist, 
viz.,  oculist  and  aurist,  author  of  many  valuable  medical  papers, 
written  for  the  Board  of  Health  of  which  he  is  Secretary. 

Of  those  of  the  second  rank,  Buchanan  is  a  prosperous  law- 
yer and  member  of  the  Legislature  of  Mississippi ;  Leary  died 
early. 

Of  the  third  honor  men,  French  is  a  flour  manufacturer  in 
Minnesota,  Malloy  is  a  highly  respected  planter,  Sloan  was  a 
teacher  in  Alabama.  Winston  was  the  accomplished  Professor 
of  Latin  and  German,  and  then  of  Latin  only,  in  this  University, 
and  was  afterwards  successively  President  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  of  the  University  of  Texas,  and  now  of  the 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  this  State. 

Of  those  not  gaining  honors,  Charles  Alston  Cook  was  State 
Senator  and  Supreme  Court  Judge,  now  a  lawyer  in  the  Indian 
Territory ;  Daniel  A.  Long,  a  Doctor  of  Divinity  and  of  Laws, 
and  once  President  of  Antioch  College,  Ohio;  Richard  H. 
Speight  is  a  physician,  and  Trustee  of  the  Central  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  and  was  State  Senator;  Charles  A.  Reynolds  was 
Lieutenant-Governor,  and  is  Postmaster  of  Winston-Salem. 

Of  those  who  once  belonged  to  the  class,  Piatt  D.  Walker  is 
a  Supreme  Court  Judge ;  Willie  H.  Maverick  joined  the  army 
and  is  now  a  lawyer,  banker  and  real  estate  broker  in  Texas; 
Blair  Burwell,  a  merchant  and  surveyor  in  Colorado ;  James  M. 
Means,  a  prominent  railroad  officer  in  the  same  State ;  Alfred 
T.  Alston,  a  planter  and  merchant ;  Joseph  C.  Webb,  a  mer- 
chant ;  Peter  M.  Wilson,  Assistant  Clerk  of  the  United  States 
Seriate;  Edmund  Jones,  junior,  a  lawyer,  a  Confederate  soldier, 
an  Assemblyman ;  V.  St.  Clair  McNider,  a  physician  in  Texas ; 
Alonzo  Phillips,  a  merchant  in  Chicago. 

Of  the  Freshmen  of  1868,  Andrew  J.  Britton  won  the  first 
honor ;  is  a  lawyer ;  James  T.  Crocker,  one  of  the  second,  was 
a  Lieutenant,  and  is  a  lawyer  and  journalist;  Samuel  M.  David- 
son, another  second,  a  teacher ;  John  K.  Gibson,  also  a  second, 
a  lawyer  and  member  of  the  Legislature  in  Arkansas.  Of  the 
third  rank,  Robert  A.  Johnston  was  a  Civil  Engineer  and  is  a 
lawyer.     Vinson  die*d  early. 


EXPENSES  BEFORE,  DURING  AND  AFTER  THE  WAR.  773 

Of  those  not  competing  for  honors,  Samuel  L.  Patterson  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  is  Commissioner  of  the  Board 
of  Agriculture;  Hannis  Taylor  is  author  of  a  work  of  great 
merit  on  the  Constitutional  Law  of  England,  was  Minister  to 
Spain.  Wm.  Plummer  Batchelor  was  for  years  Chief  Clerk 
under  the  Secretary  of  State. 

Of  the  matriculates  with  the  class,  Melville  E.  Carter  was  a 
Captain,  a  leader  of  the  bar  and  in  the  General  Assembly. 

I  give  a  statement  of  the  annual  expenses,  as  estimated  by 
the  Faculty,  before,  during  and  after  the  Civil  War.  The 
annual  expenses  in  1833  were  stated  to  be  $138,  not  including 
fuel  and  candles;  in  1840,  $178,  including  those  items.  In 
1850  they  were  about  the  same.  In  1859,  $237.  At  these 
dates  the  tuition  was  $30,  $50,  $50,  $60.  At  the  same  dates 
the  board  was  $60  to  $80,  $74  to  $102,  $84  to  $92,  $100  to  $140. 
It  is  noticeable  that  in  1840  and  1850  fuel  (wood)  does  not 
vary,  $5  per  annum,  and  in  1859  only  $5.50  yearly. 

The  list  of  expenses  does  not  include  clothing,  pocket-money 
and  Society  fees.  Nor  does  it  include  text-books,  which  dur- 
ing the  whole  period  of  twenty-six  years,  are  priced  at  $60  to 
$70  for  four  years,  an  average  of  $15  to  $17.50  for  one  year. 
The  Faculty,  in  1837,  dreading  the  effects  of  the  great  panic, 
sent  out  circulars  stating  that  in  their  opinion,  exclusive  of 
clothing,  the  expenses  of  students  should  not  exceed  $250  per 
annum.  This  estimate  was  adhered  to  until  1856,  when  the 
statement  was  that  with  the  exception  of  clothing  and  traveling 
expenses,  the  student  should  not  spend  over  $300  per  annum. 
The  next  year  this  was  raised  to  $325,  which  was  adhered  to 
until  the  third  year  of  the  Civil  War,  when  it  was  deemed 
impossible  to  name  a  limit  in  Confederate  dollars. 

The  expenses  of  the  University,  expressed  in  Confederate 
currency,  apparently  increased.  There  was  little  increase  of 
tuition  and  salaries  of  officers  even  in  that  currency.  In  1861 
the  expenses  averaged  $237  as  in  1859;  in  1862  the  same.  In 
1863  the  optimistic  statements  of  the  President  were  forced  to 
succumb.  The  usual  expenses  were  stated  at  $459  and  no 
estimate  of  the  total  expenses  was  made.  Board  was  stated 
at  $250  to  $400  per  annum.  The  next  fear  the  Faculty  ac- 
knowledged themselves  unable  to  predict  prices  of  board,  bed, 


774  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

lights,  etc.,  but  promise  to  keep  them  within  reasonable  limits. 
There  was  the  same  omission  in  1865,  but  in  1866,  after  the 
war,  in  United  States  currency,  the  general  expenses  are  set 
down  at  $207.50,  and  text-books  at  $40  to  $50.  In  1867  the 
first  item  was  placed  still  lower,  $183.50,  and  was  lower  still  in 
1 867- '8,  $164.50.  Board  in  the  latter  year  is  $60  to  $75  per 
annum,  a  sad  indication  of  the  poverty  of  our  villagers  and 
the  desire  to  regain  the  streams  of  money  which  flowed  into 
Chapel  Hill  when  students  were  numbered  by  hundreds,  nearly 
all  of  prosperous  families. 

Reconstruction. 

The  passing  of  the  Reconstruction  Acts  in  March,  1867,  the 
contemplated  destruction  of  the  State  government  inaugurated 
under  President  Johnson,  the  subjecting  the  State  to  the  con- 
trol of  a  General  of  the  army,  naturally  impaired  the  confidence 
of  the  people  in  the  prosperity  of  State  institutions.  This  was 
shown  in  the  attendance  of  students  at  the  University.  In  the 
Fall  of  1867  only  13  Freshmen  appeared,  as  against  34  the  pre- 
ceding year.  There  was  widespread  uneasiness  about  the  fu- 
ture. Aery  few  shared  in  the  vain  belief  of  Mississippi  and 
Georgia,  that  the  Federal  Supreme  Court  would  declare  the 
Reconstruction  Acts  unconstitutional.  On  the  14th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1868,  a  Convention,  by  order  of  General  Canby,  met  to 
form  a  new  constitution  for  this  State.  On  the  16th  of  March 
the  instrument  was  adopted,  submitted  on  the  21st,  22nd  and 
23rd  of  April  to  the  voters  prescribed  by  Congress,  and  adopted. 

A  radical  change  in  the  government  of  the  University  was 
made  by  this  Constitution.  It  was  placed  in  charge  of  a  new 
Board  of  Trustees,  to  be  elected  by  the  Board  of  Education. 
The  Governor  was  to  be  Chairman  both  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees and  of  the  Executive  Committee,  which  was  the  real  gov- 
erning power.  The  Board  of  Education,  together  with  three 
appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  the  President  of  the 
University,  constituted  this  committee. 

When  the  names  of  the  new  Trustees  were  announced,  it 
was  seen  that  there  was  careful  elimination  of  all  who  had  been 
in  the  past  active  in  tRe  management  of  the  University.  Out  of 
78  new  Trustees,  only  four  belonged  to  the  old  Board,  and  not 


NON-RECOGNITION    OF    PRESIDENT    SWAIN.  775 

one  of  these  four  had  been  regular  and  constant  on  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Board  and  exercises  of  the  institution,  whereas  all 
those  intimately  identified  with  the  institution,  some  of  them 
for  years,  were  omitted.  There  were  18  alumni  out  of  the  78, 
but  of  the  remaining  60  only  a  handfull  had  ever  seen  Chapel 
Hill  or  shown  any  interest  in  the  University.  It  was  clearlv 
understood,  even  in  advance  of  official  action,  that  the  old 
professors  would  be  turned  off  and  the  doors  would  be  reopened 
with  new  men  to  compose  the  Faculty.  Of  course  there  were 
many  who  were  opposed  to  this  complete  breaking  with  the 
past.  Naturally  the  old  patrons  and  friends  were  displeased. 
Naturally  they  began  to  look  out  for  other  institutions  where 
their  sons  could  obtain  higher  education.  Notwithstanding 
these  adverse  influences.  President  Swain  never  lost  hope. 
This  hope  was  ripened  into  realization,  as  he  thought,  when  he 
read  the  Constitution  of  1868.  I  never  saw  him  in  finer  spirits 
than  when  he  started  to  attend,  by  invitation,  the  first  meeting 
of  the  new  Board  of  Trustees. 

Circumstances  seemed  to  point  him  out  as  the  proper  suc- 
cessor of  himself.  He  had  for  years  abstained  from  active 
partisanship,  so  that  he  was  not  obnoxious  for  party  reasons. 
The  Republican  General,  Sherman,  showed  him  marked  atten- 
tion, furnishing  him  a  team  and  presenting  the  horse  as  a  gift. 
President  Johnson  invited  him.  together  with  Wm.  Eaton,  B.  F. 
Moore,  R.  P.  Dick,  W.  W.  Holden.  perhaps  others,  to  Wash- 
ington to  become  his  advisers  as  to  the  rehabilitation  of  the 
State  government.  His  daughter  had  married  a  prominent  Re- 
publican General  of  great  influence  as  a  politician  and  editor  of 
an  able  journal.  And  lastly,  not  a  word  had  been  spoken  in  the 
Convention  of  1868.  showing  any  intention  to  change  the 
President. 

All  these  considerations  indicated  that  he  would  be  continued 
by  the  new  Board  as  head  of  the  University  with  opportunity 
to  renew  its  prosperity. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Reconstruction  was 
on  July  23rd,  1868.  Secretary-Treasurer  Manly  was  present 
by  invitation  and  submitted  his  report — very  full  and  ac- 
curate— for  which  he  was  courteously,  and  evidently  not  per- 
functorily, thanked.     I  give  the  peroration  of  his  report,  the 


776  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

parting  words  of  an  officer  who  had  grown  gray  in  the  service 
of  the  University. 

"In  conclusion  i  may  be  allowed  an  old  man's  privilege  and 
say  that  I  took  leave  of  those  books  and  papers  with  deep  and 
unaffected  pain.  They  appear  to  be  the  friends  and  associates 
of  fifty  years  of  the  better  part  of  my  manhood.  They  awaken 
days  that  are  gone,  they  recall  scenes  and  incidents  connected 
with  many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  State  and  they  form 
a  page  in  the  annals  of  North  Carolina,  unstained  and  inefface- 
able. In  them  you  may  trace  the  financial  history  of  the  Insti- 
tution through  perils,  tribulations  and  poverty,  and  see  how 
through  the  patriotic  exertions  of  her  Trustees  her  finances  and 
means  were  improved  and  enlarged  until  she  was  raised  to  a 
condition  of  ease  and  affluence." 

"Here  you  may  mark  her  honorable  beginning  as  a  gram- 
mar school,  may  trace  her  gradual  but  steady  growth  in  repu- 
tation and  influence,  till  through  the  noble  and  sustained  efforts 
of  her  first  President,  Joseph  Caldwell,  and  the  still  more  ex- 
tended and  successful  policy  of  her  last  President,  David  L. 
Swain,  and  the  unremitting  labor  of  her  noble  band  of  profes- 
sors and  teachers,  she  became  the  just  pride  of  the  State,  dis- 
tinguished among  the  most  elevated  institutions  of  the  whole 
country.  Here  we  see  the  scholastic  footsteps  of  her  thousand 
young  men,  pursuing  the  curriculum  to  the  final  goal  of  their 
Collegiate  course.  When  leaving  her  academic  grove  her 
Alumni  have  gone  forth  to  fill  and  adorn  the  highest  places  in 
the  Nation.  They  fill  the  pulpit  and  Bar  and  Bench  and  Na- 
tional Councils.  You  will  find  them  in  the  highest  offices  in  the 
gift  of  the  American  people,  Governors,  Senators,  Ministers 
abroad  and  in  the  Cabinet  at  home,  and  in  the  Presidential 
Chair." 

"God  grant  that  her  sun  may  never  set!  that  under  your 
government  her  effulgence  may  grow  bright  and  that  her  use- 
fulness may  increase  more  and  more  throughout  all  time !" 

Ex-Governor  Manly  graduated  fifty-four  years  before  this, 
was  Secretary-Treasurer  from  1821  and  Trustee  since  1826. 
Losing  the  office  was  a  cruel  blow,  especially  as  his  income 
had  been  greatly  reduced  by  the  emancipation  of  his  slaves. 


1  Governor  Manly  made  a  slip  here.     University  instruction  was  given 
from  the  beginning.     There  was  a  grammar  school  in  addition. 


PRESIDENT    SWAIN   DISPLACED.  JJJ 

He  had  by  nature  a  very  bright  mind,  but  was  too  unambitious 
to  become  great.  His  declamation  was  graceful  and  impres- 
sive ;  his  manners  agreeable  and  courteous.  His  mind  abounded 
in  humorous  and  instructive  reminiscences,  which  he  narrated 
most  interestingly.  He  was  always  a  welcome  visitor  at  Com- 
mencements, from  which  he  was  never  absent  except  from 
sickness.  He  died  May  i,  1S71,  from  a  painful  disease,  gan- 
grene in  the  feet. 

President  Swain  attended  the  same  meeting  also  by  invita- 
tion. He  had  studied  the  new  constitution  and  concluded  that 
the  clause  making  the  Board  of  Education  and  President  of 
the  University  ex  officio  Trustees  and  members  of  the  Executive 
Committee,  was  a  constitutional  recognition  of  himself  as  Presi- 
dent. He  fully  believed  that  the  new  Board  invited  his  pres- 
ence as  the  head  of  the  institution,  to  receive  his  aid  in  starting 
and  running  the  new  machinery.  According  to  his  view  his 
participation  in  the  meeting  was  not  as  an  invited  guest,  but 
as  a  member  of  the  Board.  It  was  on  his  motion  as  such  mem- 
ber that  the  report  of  the  Secretary-Treasurer  was  read. 

No  notice  was  then  given  him  that  his  place  was  considered 
vacant,  but  the  next  day  at  a  meeting  held  in  his  absence  the 
Board  declared  his  resignation  and  those  of  the  Professors  in 
1867  final,  ignoring  the  re-election  by  the  former  Board  on 
June  4th,  1868.  Of  course  the  usual  thanks  for  past  faithful 
services  were  given. 

The  ex-President  was  profoundly  astonished  and  shocked. 
It  was  a  pathetic  sight — this  venerable  man,  full  of  years  and 
honors,  who  had  held  high  places  in  the  executive,  legislative 
and  judicial  departments  of  the  State,  who  for  over  one-third 
of  a  century  had  charge  of  its  chief  institution  of  learning, 
who  had  influenced  for  good  thousands  of  the  leaders  of  the 
people  in  public  and  private  life,  so  saturated  with  love  of  the 
University  that  he  sought  to  control  her  even  in  her  desolation, 
under  new  and  untried  guardians,  but  by  them  coldly  and 
without  explanation  turned  away. 

When  President  Swain  heard  of  the  action  of  the  Board  on 
July  24th,  he  was  at  Chapel  Hill.  On  August  4th  he  addressed 
a  protest  to  Governor  Holden.  as  Chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees.  He  began  by  reciting  the  low  state  of  the  institution 
at  the  death  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  and  then  showed  how  steadilv  it 


778  the;  university  of  north  Carolina. 

improved  under  his  own  management.  It  had  numbers,  he 
said,  greater,  with  a  single  exception,  than  were  at  any  similar 
institution  in  the  United  States.  The  net  earnings  in  twenty- 
five  years  added  a  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  the  cash  endow- 
ment and  permanent  improvements. 

The  transfer  to  the  University  of  the  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  Land  Scrip  gave,  he  thought,  reasonable  hope  of 
incidental  aid  to  be  derived  from  this  fund,  but  this  hope  was 
defeated  by  the  action  of  Congress,  postponing  the  enjoyment 
of  the  grant. 

At  no  previous  period,  he  insisted,  had  his  labors  been  more 
zealous,  faithful  and  unintermitting.  When  he  tendered  his 
resignation  in  1867,  the  Board  thanked  him  for  his  long,  suc- 
cessful and  eminent  services  and  requested  him  to  continue 
in  office  until  the  following  Commencement,  when  his  successor 
would  be  elected.  When  that  time  came  the  Board  felt  obliged 
to  continue  him  in  the  government  of  the  University  in  order 
that  its  property  should  be  cared  for,  and  assurance  was  given 
to  the  public  that  the  doors  would  be  re-opened  at  the  usual 
time.  They  therefore  re-elected  him  and  other  members  of  the 
Faculty. 

The  Charter  of  1789  gives  the  Board  power  to  remove  the 
President,  Professors  and  Tutors  for  "misbehavior,  inability 
or  neglect  of  duty."  No  such  charges  had  been  made  against 
him  and  he  was  unwilling  to  suppose  that  the  resolution  for 
accepting  the  resignation  of  1867  was  passed  with  due  con- 
sideration. He  desired  in  no  spirit  of  captiousness,  but  with 
an  earnest  desire  for  the  prosperity  of  the  University  and  with 
a  proper  degree  of  self-respect,  to  solicit  a  reconsideration. 

It  can  hardly  be  contended,  he  argued  further,  that  a  resig- 
nation accepted  by  a  Board  which  has  ceased  to  exist,  could  be 
resurrected  and  accepted  by  a  Board  which  came  into  existence 
long  afterwards.  Still  less  can  such  tender  and  acceptance  be 
valid  to  declare  the  chair  of  the  President  vacant,  who  is  by 
the  Constitution  an  integral  part  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

Doubtless  it  was  the  position  of  the  new  Board  that  prior 
to  June  4th,  1868,  the  new  State  constitution  had  gone  into 
operation,  namely,  on  the  16th  of  March,  and  that,  while  it 
was  proper  that  the  old  Board  of  Trustees,  as  de  facto  officers, 


IMPROVEMENTS  IN   SWAIN'S  ADMINISTRATION.  779 

should  care  for  the  property  and  for  the  ordinary  exercises, 
it  had  no  authority  to  elect  officers  to  take  permanent  charge 
of  the  institution  after  they  had  notice  that  they  would  be 
superseded  in  office.  His  claim  that,  because  the  Constitution 
ordained  that  the  President  should  be  a  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  it  was  a  recognition  of  himself  as  such  Presi- 
dent, was  not  thought  tenable,  but  the  new  Board  published 
no  justification  of  their  action. 

As  corroborating  the  statements  made  by  President  Swain 
in  his  protest,  I  give  the  following  estimates  made  by  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer  Manly  at  his  request,  and  submitted  as  an 
exhibit. 

Money  expended  on  the  University  buildings  and  grounds 
from  1836  to  1863  : 

Cost  of  the  Vienna  Cabinet  of  Minerals $1,400. 

Cost  of  Stone  Fences 2,000. 

Cost  of  the  Mitchell  Library  and  Apparatus 4.500. 

Cost  of  Sundry  Improvements  ( 1845) 4.-385.11 

Cost  of  Sundry  Improvements   (1848) -9-50) 4.498.35 

Cost  of  Smith  Hall,  Captain  Berry,  builder 10,303.63 

Cost  of  President's  house,  changes  and  repairs.  . .  .  2,575. 

Cost  of  Collier  and  Waite's  bill 4,935.42 

Cost  of  Infirmary  and  Architect  Davis 2>259- 1 1 

Cost  of  Coates  and  Percival's  work  on  New  East 

and   New   West 45,703.72 

Paid  Captain  John  Berry,  builder,  at  various  times  4,762.05 
Campus   improvements  and   keeping   in   repair  ten 

years 10,000. 

Repairs  of  buildings,  thirty  years 30,000. 


$124,322. 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  President  would  have  sought  by 
an  action  of  mandamus  to  enforce  his  recognition.  Before  the 
Trustees  met  according  to  adjournment  his  long  and  brilliant 
career  had  come  to  a  tragic  end.  Having  lent  money  on  mort- 
gage of  a  plantation  about  six  miles  from  Chapel  Hill,  called 
Babylon,  he  was  forced  to  purchase  it.  On  the  nth  of 
August,  in  company  with  Professor  Fetter,  in  a  buggy  drawn 
by  the  spirited  horse,  which  General  Sherman  had  given  him, 


780  THE;  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

he  rode  out  to  inspect  his  farming"  operations.  On  their  return 
the  animal  made  a  wild  dash.  Mr.  Fetter  was  the  driver,  and 
probably  could  have  controlled  him ;  but  the  President,  being 
of  nervous  temperament,  made  an  effort  to  seize  the  reins. 
The  result  was  the  crushing  of  a  wheel  on  a  roadside  stump 
and  throwing  both  occupants  of  the  vehicle  violently  to  the 
ground.  Mr.  Fetter's  recovery  was  rapid,  but  President  Swain 
received  such  a  nervous  shock  that  he  could  not  rally.  His 
wounds  healed  rapidly,  but  his  physical  weakness  continued, 
although  his  spirits  seemed  good.  At  last  on  the  29th  he  felt 
strong  enough  to  sit  up  for  an  hour,  but  on  lying  down  he 
soon  passed  away.  His  last  words  were  whispered  mutterings, 
indicating  physical  suffering.  He  was  buried  in  his  garden 
by  the  grave  of  his  daughter  Annie  and  son  David.  His  fun- 
eral sermon  was  preached  by  one  of  his  intimate  friends,  Rev. 
Dr.  Charles  Phillips  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  In  his  sick- 
ness he  gave  assurance  of  faith  in  the  Christian  religion.  His 
wife  who  loved  him  with  touching  devotion,  caused  the  bodies 
of  him  and  his  children  to  be  removed  to  Oakwood  Cemetery 
at  Raleigh  and  erected  over  them  a  monument  of  rare  beauty, 
of  Scotch  Granite. 

I  have  heretofore  at  some  length  considered  the  character 
of  President  Swain.  I  think  it  can  not  be  denied  that  accord- 
ing to  modern  standards  he.  was  lacking  some  essentials  of 
a  great  College  President.  He  did  not,  like  Elliott,  direct  the 
streams  of  public  or  private  generosity  to  the  University.  I 
have  already  shown  that  he  bought  no  books,  and  provided 
no  apparatus  for  scientific  instruction.  He  seemed  not  to 
strive  for  the  extension  of  the  University's  reputation  in  the 
literary  and  scientific  world.  In  his  carefully  drawn  paper  of 
resignation,  1867,  and  which  he  repeats  in  his  protest  to  the 
new  Board  in  July,  1868,  evidently  intended  as  a  summary  of 
the  results  of  the  achievements  of  his  Presidency,  he  mentions 
nothing  but  the  increase  of  numbers,  of  endowment  by  saving 
from  income,  and  of  buildings. 

What  can  be  said  in  favor  of  his  policy  of  increasing  numbers 
and  buildings  ?  of  granting  diplomas  without  requiring  pro- 
ficiency in  studies?  Undoubtedly  that  he  gave  what  the  public 
demanded.  The  estimate  of  the  success  of  the  University  was 
measured   by   numbers.      Governor    Swain's    policy   coincided 


SCHOLARSHIP   UNDER  PRESIDENT   SWAIN.  j8l 

with  public  opinion.  The  usual  question  about  the  success  of 
the  University  was  "how  many  boys  have  you  ?"  Even  at  this 
late  day  the  boast  of  her  friends  is  that  in  the  year  before  the 
war  the  Catalogue  showed  nearly  five  hundred  names,  and  that 
her  sons  won  wonderful  success  after  leaving  the  institution. 

The  University  of  old  times  admirably  supplied  the  public 
demand  in  the  South.  This  was  not  for  scientific  specialists, 
or  for  scholars  in  history,  literature  or  philosophy,  but  for  men 
belonging  to  the  so-called  "professions,"  law,  medicine,  teaching 
and,  I  will  not  say  theology,  but  preaching.  This  was  recog- 
nized in  a  curious  University  law,  that  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts,  Artium  Magister  (A.M.),  could  be  had  for  the  asking 
by  any  alumnus,  who,  after  graduation,  pursued  for  three 
years  either  of  these  "learned"  professions.  President  Swain 
shocked  the  old  time  men  by  inducing  the  Faculty  to  give  the 
degree  to  a  successful  merchant.  The  course  of  Dr.  Mitchell 
in  scattering  his  energies  over  many  branches  was  caused  not 
only  by  his  personal  tastes,  but  by  want  of  appreciation  by 
the  people  of  specialists.  The  same  statement  could  be  made 
of  Dr.  Charles  Phillips,  a  man  of  extraordinary  talent  in 
mathematics  and  energy  of  character. 

No  one  was  deceived  as  to  the  value  of  diplomas,  and  the 
sonorous  assertions  therein  of  profound  learning  in  literature 
and  the  sciences.  The  list  of  those  who  had  obtained  honors 
by  hard  study  was  read  from  the  Chapel  rostrum  and  pub- 
lished in  the  newspapers.  The  public  looked  to  this  as  showing 
who  had  done  honest  and  successful  work  in  the  class-room. 
And  many  a  youth  who  neglected  his  classics  and  mathematics 
became  afterward  a  leader  in  the  walks  of  life. 

The  University  diploma,  while  it  did  not,  unless  accompanied 
by  an  honor,  prove  scholarship,  yet  was  of  great  value.  Its 
possessor  in  this  little  world  had  learned  much  that  gave  him 
an  advantage  over  his  neighbors  not  blessed  as  he  was.  He 
had  learned  human  nature  and  how  to  manage  men.  He  had 
learned  to  a  considerable  extent  polished  manners.  He  could 
think  and  speak  on  his  feet.  In  county  meetings  he  knew 
rules  of  order  and  how  to  conduct  business.  He  had  confidence 
in  himself,  and  realized  that  he  secures  the  fruit  who  has  bold- 
ness to  seize  it  and  to  hold  it  with  tenacious  grasp.  He  saw 
that  his  neighbors  expected  much  of  him  and  his  self-respect 


782  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

forced  him  not  to  disappoint  them,  on  the  principle  "noblesse 
oblige." 

A  serious  difficulty  in  the  way  of  being  strict  in  granting 
diplomas  lay  in  the  want  of  preparatory  schools.  There  were 
excellent  institutions  of  this  sort,  but  large  numbers  of  those 
desiring  University  education  could  not  from  poverty  or  other 
reason  attend  them.  There  were  many  counties  where  prelimi- 
nary education  could  not  be  had.  President  Swain  accepted 
the  situation  and  did  what  he  conceived  to  be  the  best  for  all 
the  people. 

Another  effect  of  President  Swain's  policy,  sometimes  criti- 
cised, was  the  giving  the  students  a  preference  for  public  life. 
This  came  from  several  causes.  In  the  first  place  he  himself 
had  been  a  politician'  of  brilliant  record.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  all  the  public  men  of  his  day  and  with  the  his- 
tories of  most  of  their  predecessors.  He  was  familiar  with  the 
questions  which  divided  parties  from  the  beginning  of  the 
government.  He  was  an  interesting  talker,  about  the  legal 
and  official  men,  whom  he  had  personally  known.  He  neces- 
sarily turned  the  attention  of  ambitious  young  men  towards 
political  life.  He  particularly  influenced  the  members  of  the 
Senior  class,  to  whom  he  taught  Constitutional  law. 

In  the  next  place  the  obligation  on  all  students  to  join  one 
or  the  other  of  the  two  Literary  Societies,  the  rules  of  order, 
the  political  questions  debated,  even  the  declamations  of  ex- 
tracts from  speeches  of  great  statesmen,  gave  a  bias  to  the 
young  minds  towards  public  life.  This  was  increased  by  the 
prominence  given  to  original  speeches.  All  the  Seniors  de- 
livered orations  early  in  May  and  the  honor  men  at  Com- 
mencements. On  these  occasions  there  was  never  a  thesis 
read  and  many  a  bashful  youth  made  the  discovery  that  he 
possessed  the  gift  of  debate. 

The  presence  of  the  Trustees  contributed  to  the  glamour 
of  political  life.  Nearly  all  of  the  eminent  men,  who  occupied 
prominent  seats  and  were  the  "outward  and  visible  signs"  of 
the  dignity  of  the  institution,  were  occupying  or  had  occupied 
official  positions. 

Add  to  these  surroundings  the  fact  that  the  teaching  of  the 
classics  was  as  a  rule  tiresome,  not  such  as  to  attract  the  yOung 
mind,  but  on  the  contrary  to  repel  it,  that  the  wealth  of  English 


SUCCESSES  OF  ALUMNI.  783 

literature  was  not  then  opened  to  the  student,  that  mathematics 
was  a  series  of  problems,  often  hard  and  prolix,  the  practical 
uses  of  which  were  insufficiently  explained,  and  take  into  con- 
sideration the  further  fact  that  rewards  of  a  professional  life 
were  more  sure  and  brilliant  than  in  any  other,  and  it  becomes 
evident  why  the  influence  of  the  University  in  moulding  and 
preserving  our  political  institutions  was  so  great.  Some  of  the 
influences  towards  this  life  were  lacking  under  Caldwell,  but 
they  were  sufficient  to  secure  the  general  result. 

Dr.  Stephen  B.  Weeks  in  his  Centennial  (1895)  address 
has,  with  his  usual  tireless  industry,  collected  facts  prior  to 
1868  concerning  our  Alumni  of  which  I  freely  avail  myself, 
abridging  them  as  far  as  practicable.  We  have  had  a  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  Polk  and  King ; 
two  Presidents  of  the  Senate,  Mangum  and  King;  seven  Cabi- 
net officers,  Eaton,  Branch,  Mason,  Graham,  Dobbin,  Thomp- 
son and  Brown ;  five  foreign  ministers,  King,  Mason,  Bar- 
ringer,  Eaton  and  Saunders ;  three  Governors  of  Florida, 
Branch,  Eaton  and  Moseley ;  two  of  Tennessee,  Brown  and 
Polk ;  one  of  Mississippi,  Thompson ;  one  of  New  Mexico, 
Rencher.  We  have  had  of  United  States  Senators,  Branch, 
Brown,  Graham,  Haywood  and  Mangum  of  North  Carolina ; 
Nicholson  of  Tennessee,  Benton  of  Missouri,  and  King  of 
Alabama.  The  University  had  41  members  of  the  House, 
including  the  Speaker,  Polk.  She  gave  two  Chancellors  to 
Tennessee,  Chief  Justices  to  Florida,  Alabama  and  Louisiana, 
and  five  Bishops  to  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  Davis, 
Green,  C.  S.  Hawks,  Otey  and  Polk,  besides  many  members 
at  the  head  of  the  professions  and  avocations  of  life. 

The  first  University  graduates  were  in  1798.  One  of  our 
alumni,  Governor  Miller,  occupied  the  executive  chair  as  early 
as  1814.  From  that  date  to  1866  this  institution  furnished 
thirteen1  out  of  twenty  Governors,  filling  the  chair  thirty-six 


1  William  Miller,  John  Branch,  Hutchins  G.  Buxton,  John  Owen,  David 
L.Swain,  Richard  DobbsSpaight,  JohnL.  Morehead,  William  A.  Graham, 
Charles  Manly,  Warren  Winslow,  John  W.  Ellis,  Henry  T.  Clark,  Zebu- 
Ion  B.  Vance.  Governor  Bragg  is  usually  included  in  the  list,  but  while 
his  name  is  found  on  the  catalogue  among  the  regular  members  of  the 
Philanthropic  Society,  it  does  not  appear  in  the  roll  of  students.  He  was 
only  twelve  years  of  age  at  the  time.  His  brother,  John,  was  an  alum- 
nus and  became  a  Representative  in  Congress  and  a  Judge  in  Alabama. 


784  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

years  out  of  fifty-two.  From  181 5  to  1870,  except  fifteen  years, 
the  Speakership  of  the  Senate  was  held  by  University  men,  as 
was  the  Attorney-Generalship  from  181  o  to  the  end  of  the 
war,  except  fourteen  years.  The  same  was  the  case  of  the 
Speakership  of  the  House  of  Commons,  with  the  exception  of 
twenty  years. 

The  University  shows  as  strongly  in  the  case  of  the  Courts. 
For  many  years  Chief  Justice  Pearson  and  Judges  Battle  and 
Manly  sat  together  on  the  Supreme  Court  bench  and  there 
were  numerous  University  men  on  the  Superior  Court  bench. 

Civil  war  always  brings  forward  the  men  in  whom  the 
people  most  trust.  The  delegation  sent  to  Montgomery  before 
the  Civil  War  began,  in  order  to  aid  in  effecting  a  settlement, 
if  practicable,  were  President  Swain,  General  M.  W.  Ransom 
and  Colonel  J.  L.  Bridgers,  all  University  men.  Three  out 
of  five  commissioners  to  the  Peace  Conference  were  University 
men.  The  Convention  of  1861  had  in  all  139  members,  19 
from  time  to  time  filling  vacancies.  About  one-third  were 
University  alumni,  forty-four  in  number. 

Of  the  members  of  the  Provisional  Congress,  elected  in 
1861,  both  Senators  and  four  out  of  eight  Representatives 
were  University  men.  Of  the  subsequent  congresses  Chapel 
Hill  had  two  Senators  and  eight  Representatives. 

The  Professors  who  were  turned  adrift  in  1868  all  left 
Chapel  Hill.  Professor  Fetter  taught  classical  schools  at 
various  points  in  the  State,  for  example,  Henderson  and  Golds- 
boro.  He  had  been  too  long  in  University  work  to  be  suc- 
cessful as  a  disciplinarian.  He  found  the  new  calling  uncon- 
genial. But  all  who  knew  him  recognized  him  as  an  accurate 
scholar  and  Christian  gentleman.  He  died  at  the  residence  of 
his  son  Charles  in  Virginia,  and  was  buried  by  the  side  of  his 
wife  in  the  Chapel  Hill  Cemetery. 

Rev.  Dr.  Fordyce  Mitchell  Hubbard  was  for  years  a  teacher 
and  Chaplain  in  St.  John's  College,  Manlius,  New  York.  In 
his  old  age  he  resigned,  returned  to  North  Carolina  and  lived 
with  his  son-in-law,  Colonel  Thomas  M.  Argo,  in  Raleigh. 
He  added  to  his  reputation  as  a  scholar  of  wide  culture  and 
writer  of  elegant  English.  He  was  found  dead  on  his  knees 
by  his  bedside,  his  last  thoughts  on  earth  in  communion  with 
his  Maker. 


THE  DISPLACED  PROFESSORS.  785 

Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Phillips  soon  found  a  place  as  Professor 
of  Mathematics  in  Davidson  College.  He  also  taught  Political 
Economy  and  the  Bible.  For  some  time  he  was  pastor  of  a 
congregation  near  the  College.  His  sermons  were  strong  and 
thoughtful  and  the  increase  of  his  reputation  in  that  line  was 
perhaps  greater  than  in  the  departments  in  which  he  taught. 
On  the  re-organization  of  the  University  in  1875  he  was 
brought  back  to  his  old  place  as  Professor  of  Mathematics  and 
also  as  Chairman  of  the  Faculty.  He  held  the  position  of 
Chairman  for  twelve  months  and  then  gladly  gave  place  to 
President  Battle.  Attacked  by  his  old  enemy,  the  gout,  he 
resigned  in  1879  the  chair  of  Mathematics  and  accepted  the 
honorary  position  of  Emeritus  Professor.  In  1889  he  con- 
cluded to  accept  the  invitation  of  his  son,  William,  to  live  with 
him  in  Birmingham,  Alabama,  but  died  on  the  journey  on  the 
10th  of  May  at  the  residence  of  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  John  S. 
Verner,  in  Columbia,  S.  C.  He  is  buried  near  many  members 
of  the  Phillips'  family  in  the  cemetery  at  Chapel  Hill,  a  hand- 
some monument  giving  the  facts  of  his  distinguished  and  use- 
ful life. 

Professor  John  Kimberly  engaged  in  farming  in  Buncombe 
County.  He  was  elected  Professor  of  Agriculture  on  the  re- 
organization in  1875,  resigned  the  next  year  and  died  soon 
afterwards.  He  was  a  man  of  distinguished  manners  and 
was  accomplished  in  the  department  of  Chemistry  applied  to 
the  Arts. 

Solomon  Pool,  absent  as  Deputy  United  States  Assessor 
by  leave,  was  by  the  new  Board  elected  President.  For  want 
of  funds  and  patronage  the  doors  were  closed  after  one  year's 
experiment,  but  he  was  retained  in  office  until  1874.  After 
leaving  the  University  he  became  a  Methodist  preacher.  The 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  on  him  by  a  de- 
nominational college. 

The  last  officers  of  the  two  Societies,  believing  that  those 
societies  would  not  be  managed  according  to  their  constitu- 
tions, did  what  they  could  to  preserve  the  books  and  papers. 
The  Dialectic  Society  placed  theirs  in  the  custody  of  Prof. 
Alexander  Mclver,  an  old  member,  and  the  Philanthropic  in 
the  hands  of  Colonel  Wm.  L.  Saunders.  The  consequence 
was  that  they  lay  dormant  until  the  revival  of  1875.  When 
the  revival  came  it  was  found  that  their  property  had  been 
carefully  preserved  by  their  temporary  guardians. 
50 


Note. — The  records  do  not  show  the  names  of  the  "Inde- 
pendent Law  Students,"  some  of  whom  attained  eminence, 
e.  g.  Judge  George  Howard,  Mr.  Patrick  Henry,  Senior,  of 
Bertie,  Chief  Justice  James  E.  Shepherd,  Mr.  Hugh  Murray, 
and  others.  I  hope  to  have  a  complete  list  in  the  second 
volume. 


APPENDIX. 


i.  List  of  Graduates  to  1868,  with  the  names  of  such  as  appear  from 
the  records  of  the  University  to  have  achieved  success  after  leaving  the 
institution.  With  these  are  mentioned  some  matriculates  who  did  not 
obtain  degrees.  These  lists  are  of  course  imperfect.  It  is  hoped  to  do 
full  justice  to  all  our  alumni  in. a  Catalogue  now  being  prepared. 

2.  List  of  Trustees  1789- 1868,  and  of  Executive  Committee  1835- 1868. 
In  detail  the  cost  of  our  buildings  up  to  1868. 

3.  List  of  the  Subscriptions  made  to  start  the  University  and  to  com- 
plete the  South  Building. 

4.  Hon.  Walter  Murphy's  Statistics  of  Alumni. 


Graduates  of  1798. 

Samuel  Hinton Wake  Co. 

William  Houston  Iredell  Co. 

Hinton  James   New  Hanover  Co. 

Robert  Locke   Rowan  Co. 

Alexander  Osborne   *  . .  .Rowan  Co. 

Edwin  Jay  Osborne  Salisbury. 

Adam  Springs   Mecklenburg  Co. 

Graduates  of  1799. 

Francis  N.  W.  Burton Granville  Co. 

Wm.  D.  Crawford.  .  .  .Lancaster  Co.,  S.  C. 

Andrew  Flinn  Mecklenburg  Co. 

Samuel  A.  Holmes Chapel  Hill. 

George  W.  Long Halifax  Co. 

Archibald  Debow  Murphy ....  Caswell  Co. 

John  Phifer Cabarrus  Co. 

Wm.  Morgan  Sneed Granville  Co. 

Wm.  S.  Webb Granville  Co. 

Graduates  of  1800. 

Wm.  Cherry Bertie  Co. 

John  Lawson  Henderson Salisbury. 

Thomas  D.  Hunt  Granville  Co. 

Graduates  of  1801 

Thomas  Gale  Amis Northampton  Co. 

Thomas  Davis  Bennehan Orange  Co. 

John  Branch   Halifax  Co. 

Wm.  McKenzie  Clark Martin  Co. 

Francis  Little  Dancy Edgecombe  Co. 

John  Davis  Hawkins Granville  Co. 

Thomas  Devaux  King Sampson  Co. 

Archibald  Lytle   Tennessee. 

Wm.  Hardy  Murfree  Hertford  Co. 

Graduates  of  1802. 

Adlai   Laurence    Osborne Rowan  Co. 

George  Washington  Thornton.  .  .Virginia. 
Carey  Whitaker Halifax  Co. 


Graduates  of  1803. 

Chesley  Daniel  Halifax  Co. 

William  P.  Hall Halifax  Co. 

Matthew  Troy   Salisbury. 

Graduates  of  1804. 

Richard  Armisted  Plymouth. 

Thomas  Brown  Bladen  Co. 

Richard  Henderson Kentucky. 

Atlas  Jones  Moore  Co. 

Willie  Wm.  Jones Halifax  Co. 

James  Sneed   Granville  Co. 

Graduates  of  1805. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Hawkins,  Warren  Co. 

Joseph  Warren  Hawkins Warren  Co. 

Spruce  Macay  Osborne.  .Mecklenburg  Co. 

Graduates  of  1806. 

John  Adams  Cameron Virginia. 

Durant  Hatch,  Junior Jones  Co. 

James  Henderson  Kentucky. 

James  Martin Stokes  Co. 

Graduates  of  1807. 

Duncan  Green  Campbell Orange  Co. 

Stephen  Davis  Warren  Co. 

John  Robert  Donnell Newbern. 

Gavin  Hogg Chapel  Hill. 

John  Carr  Montgomery Hertford  Co. 

John  Lewis  Taylor Chatham  Co. 

Graduates  of  1808. 

John  Bright  Brown Bladen  Co. 

Robert  Campbell   Cumberland  Co. 

John  Coleman   Virginia. 

William  James  Cowan Wilmington. 

William  Pugh  Ferrand  Onslow  Co. 

Alfred  Gatlin   Newbern. 


788 


HISTORY    UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


John  Giles Salisbury. 

James  Auld  Harrington.  .  ..Richmond  Co. 

William  Henderson Chapel  Hill. 

Benjamin  Dusenberry  Rounsaville, 

Lexington. 

Lewis  Williams  Surry  Co. 

Thomas  Lanier  Williams Surry  "Co. 

Graduates  of  1809. 

John  B.  Bobbitt Franklin  Co. 

Maxwell  Chambers Salisbury. 

Abner  Wentworth  Clopton Virginia. 

John  Gilchrist  Robeson  Co. 

Philemon  Hawkins Warren  Co. 

William  Hooper Chapel  Hill. 

John  Briggs  Mebane Chatham  Co. 

Thomas  Gilchrist  Polk,  Mecklenburg  Co. 

John  Richmond  Stokes Wilkes  Co. 

John  Campbell  Williams,  Cumberland  Co. 

Graduates  of  1810. 

Thomas  Williamson  Jones Virginia. 

James  Fauntleroy  Taylor. .  .  Chatham  Co. 
John  Witherspoon Hillsboro. 

Graduate  of  181 1. 

John  Ambrose  Ramsey Chatham  Co. 

Graduates  of  1812. 

Daniel  Graham   Anson  Co. 

James  Hogg Chapel  Hill. 

Thomas  Clark  Hooper Chapel  Hill. 

William  Johnson Franklin  Co. 

Murdock  McLean Robeson  Co. 

Archibald  McQueen Robeson  Co. 

Johnson  Pinkston Chowan  Co. 

Joseph  Blount  G.  Roulhac Bertie  Co. 

William  Edward  Webb Halifax  Co. 

Charles  Jewkes  Wright,  New  Hanover  Co. 

The  Graduates  of  1813. 

William  Edward  Bailey,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
Thomas  Wharton  Blackledge ...  IN  e\v  bern. 

William  Salter  Blackledge Newbern. 

Archibald  Fairley    Richmond  Co. 

Thomas  J.  Faddis Hillsboro. 

Robert  Gordon   Richmond  Co. 

Francis  Hawkins   Warren  Co. 

George  Washing-ton  Hawkins,  Warren  Co. 

John  Harper  Hinton Wake  Co. 

Duncan  Mclnnis   Robeson  Co. 

William  Julius  Polk Raleigh. 

John  Gray  Roulhac Martin  Co. 

Abner  Sti'th Lawrenceville,  Va. 

Lewis  Taylor   Granville  Co. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Fairley,  Faddis  and  F.  Hawkins  were 
physicians,  Roulhac  a  planter  in  Florida. 


Of  the  non-graduates,  Hill  was  a  phy- 
sician, Wm.  Gilchrist  and  David  E.  Sum- 
ner were  members  of  the  Legislature. 

Graduates  of  1814. 

William  Augustus  Boon.  . .  .Johnston  Co. 
Aaron  Vail  Brown.  . .  .Lawrenceville,  Va. 

James  Farrier  Duplin  Co. 

James  Graham   Lincoln  Co. 

John  Lewis  Graves Caswell  Co. 

John  Williams  Graves Caswell  Co. 

Robert  Sloane  Hill Iredell  Co. 

Tippoo  Saib  Henderson Chapel  Hill. 

John  Hill    Wilmington. 

Charles  Lewis  Hinton Wake  Co. 

Charles  Manly   Pittsboro. 

James  Morrison   Mecklenburg  Co. 

Samuel  Pickens Cabarrus  Co. 

Thomas  Batup  Scott.  .Halifax  C.  H.,  Va. 

Edmund  T.  Wilkins Hieksford,  Va. 

Tryon  Milton  Yancey Caswell  Co. 

Besides  those  elsewhere  mentioned, 
Farrier,  J.  L.  Graves,  Henderson  and 
John  Hill  were  physicians,  Hill  very 
prominent  in  the  Cape  Fear  country; 
Graham  a  lawer  and  member  of  the 
Legislature;  J.  W.  Graves  a  planter  and 
member  of  the  Legislature,  and  R.  S. 
Hill  a  teacher. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  John  Allen  and 
Willie  H.  White  were  physicians  and 
John   Lord   an   influential  merchant. 

Graduates  of  1815. 

John  Herritage  Bryan Newbern. 

Isaac  Croorn, 
Lenoir  Co.,  afterwards  Greensboro,  Ala. 

George  Franklin  Graham Lincoln  Co. 

Edward  Hall    Warrenton. 

Lemuel  Hatch   Newbern. 

Francis  Lister  Hawks Newbern. 

Robert  Hinton Wake  Co. 

James  Hogg  Hooper, 

Chapel  Hill,  then  Fayetteville. 

Robert  Rufus  King Iredell  Co. 

Matthew  McClung Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Priestly  Hinton  Mangum Hillsboro. 

Willie  Person  Mangum Hillsboro. 

Stoekley  Donelson  Mitchell, 

Rogersville,  Tenn. 

Matthew  Redd  Moore Stokes  Co. 

Henry  Lyne  Plummer Warrenton. 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Newbern. 

Hugh  Montgomery  Stokes.  .  .  .Wilkes  Co. 

In  addition  to  those  elsewhere  men- 
tioned, niere  were  three  physicians,  Gra- 
ham, Hinton  and  Plummer;    Hatch  was 


APPENDIX. 


789 


a  minister,  Hooper  and  McClung  were 
merchants;  Moore  was  a  member  of  the 
General  Assembly  and  of  the  Convention 
of  1861;  Stokes  and  P.  H.  Mangum  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislature,  and  Mangum 
also  a  tutor  in  the  University. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Arthur  F.  Hop- 
kins, Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Alabama. 

Graduates  of  1816. 

Lawson  Henderson  Alexander,  Lincoln  Co. 
Wm,   Julius  Alexander,  Mecklenburg  Co. 

James  Alexander  Craig Lincoln  Co. 

Nathaniel  Daniel Halifax  Co. 

Moses  John  DeRosset   Wilmington. 

John  Edward  Graham Richmond  Co. 

Mark  M.  Henderson Oxford. 

Charles  Applewhite  Hill.  . .  .Franklin  Co. 

Joseph  Ross  Lloyd Tarboro. 

James  White  McClung.  .Knoxville,  Tenn. 

John  Young  Mason Hicksford,  Va. 

Junius  Alexander  Moore.  ..  .Wilmington. 

John  Patterson    Richmond  Co. 

James  Sampson Sampson  Co. 

William  Bane  Alexander  Wallis, 

Stokes  Co. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Craig  was  a  physician,  Lloyd  a  member 
of  the  .legislature,  Moore  a  lawyer  in 
Alabama,  described  by  Dr.  Hooper  as 
having  poetic  ability.  Sampson  was  a 
preacher  of  the  gospel. 

Graduates  of  1817. 

Richard  Henderson  Alexander, 

Mecklenburg  Co. 

Hardy  Bryan  Croom Lenoir  Co. 

Gooderum  Davis Fayetteville. 

Samuel  Thomas  Hauser Stokes  Co. 

John  Henry  Hawkins Warren  Co. 

Hardy  Lucian  Holmes   Sampson  Co. 

William  Rainey  Holt Orange  Co. 

John  Motley  Morehead.  .Rockingham  Co. 

James  H.  Murdock South  Carolina. 

James  H.  Simeson Virginia. 

Of  these,  besides  those  mentioned  in 
the  text,  Davis  was  a  physician  and 
Holmes  a  well-known  lawyer. 

And  of  the  non-graduates,  Bryan 
Grimes  was  an  inlluential  planter,  Geo. 
W.  Jeffreys  a  preacher,  Blake  Little, 
Archibald  Fairley,  William  K.  Feimer, 
Lawrence  O'Brien  and  Alexander  Wil- 
liams, physicians,  Abraham  Maer,  law- 
yer and  teacher,  and  Francis  1ST.  Waddell, 
member  of  the  Legislature  and  lawver. 


Graduates  of  1818. 

Robert  Donaldson   Cumberland  Co. 

'l  nomas  Jefferson  Green Virginia. 

William  Mercer  Green Wilmington. 

Arthur  Jay  Hill Wilmington. 

Hamilton  Chamberlain  e  Jones,  Rowan  Co. 

Henry  Jones   Warren  Co. 

Pleasant  Hugh  May South  Carolina. 

Edward  Jones  Mallett Fayetteville. 

Elam  Johnson  Morrison,  Mecklenburg  Co. 

Robert  Hall  Morrison Cabarrus  Co. 

William  Dunn  Mosely Lenoir  Co. 

Peter  Oliver  Picot Plymouth. 

James  Knox  Polk Tennessee. 

Hugh  Waddell   Wilmington. 

Of  this  class,  besides  those  mentioned 
in  the  text,  T.  J.  Gi-een  was  a  very 
prominent  lawyer  in  Virginia,  Picot  was 
a  physician  of  high  standing,  Morris  a 
Presbyterian  preacher  and  teacher,  Don- 
aldson a  capitalist  in  New  York,  who, 
being  displeased  with  his  daughters  for 
becoming  Romanists,  left  the  bulk  of 
his  property,  by  a  will  not  valid  under 
the  laws  of  that  State,  to  this  Univer- 
sity.    Hill  was  a  respected  planter. 

Graduates  of  1819. 

Walker  Anderson Petersburg,  Va. 

Iverson  Lee  Brooks Caswell  Co. 

David  Thomas  Caldwell,  Mecklenburg  Co. 

William  Henry  Haywood Raleigh. 

Owen  Holmes  Clinton. 

Simon  Peter  Jordan Stokes  Co. 

James  N.  Mann Nash  Co. 

James  Turner  Morehead Greensboro. 

John  Quince  McNeill Wilmington. 

Clement  Carrington  Read,  Smithville,  Va. 
James  Hipkins  Ruffin.  .  .Rockingham  Co. 

Of  those  not  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Mann  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
and  Holmes  a  prominent  lawyer;  Brooks 
a  preacher,  and  Caldwell  a  physician. 

Of  the  non-graduates  were  George 
Craighead  and  William  J.  Harrison,  phy- 
sicians. 

Graduates  of  1820. 

Cyrus  Adams  Alexander.  .  .  .Cabarrus  Co. 

Richard  Allison   Cabarrus  Co. 

William  Horn  Battle Edgecombe  Co. 

Archibald  Grayson  Carter.  .  .Caswell  Co. 

Charles  Dixon  Donoho Casweil  Co. 

William  Hill  Hardin.  ..  .Rockingham  Co. 

John  Steel  Havwood Ralei«h. 

William  McNeill  Lea Caswell  Co. 

James  Franklin  Martin Stokes  Co. 


790 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OP  NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Bartholomew  Figures  Moore,  Halifax  Co. 

James  Hervey  Otey Liberty,  Va. 

Matthias  Brickell  Dickerson  Palmer, 

Northampton  Co. 
Malcolm  Gilchrist  Purcell.  .  .Robeson  Co. 

Thomas  E.  Read Smithville,  Va. 

Charles  Grandison  Rose Person  Co. 

William  Royall   Virginia. 

Thomas  Bog  Slade Martin  Co. 

Richard  Ivy  Smith Caswell  Co. 

Charles  George  Spaight Newbern. 

John  Malone  Starke South  Carolina. 

David  Williamson  Stone Raleigh. 

John  Camillus  Taylor Granville  Co. 

Philip  Hungerford  Thomas Milton. 

Henry  Christmas  Williams.  .Warren  Co. 
Thomas  Henry  Wright Wilmington. 

Besides  those  especially  mentioned  in 
the  text,  Alexander  was  a  most  respect- 
able physician  in  Cabarrus,  and  fifty- 
five  years  afterwards  joined  with  Messrs. 
Moore,  Battle  and  others  in  contributing 
to  the  revival  of  the  University.  Lea, 
Martin  and  Thomas  were  likewise  phy- 
sicians; Purcell,  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature; Hardin,  a  noted  teacher;  Taylor, 
a  highly  respected  planter. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Nash  LeGrand 
joined  the  United  States  Navy  and  James 
P.  Martin  was  a  physician. 

The    Following    Received    their    Degrees 
in  1821: 

Nathanael  Washington  Alexander, 

Mecklenburg  Co. 

Samuel  Johnston  Alves Orange  Co. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Blackledge,  Newbern. 

Robert  H.  Cowan Wilmington. 

Bryan  S.  Croom Lenoir  Co. 

Frederick  John  Cutlar Wilmington. 

John  Rives  Jones  Daniel Halifax  Co. 

Nicholas  John  Drake Nash  Co. 

Robert  M.  Galloway South  Carolina. 

Henry  Turner  Garnett, 

King  and  Queen  C.  H. 

Nathaniel   Harris Orange  Co. 

William  Ruf us  Haywood Raleigh. 

George  Washington  Haywood.  .  ..Raleigh. 

Samuel  Headen Liberty,  Va. 

Pleasant  Henderson Chapel  Hill. 

Thomas  Jefferson  Lacey Nelson,  Ky. 

Willis  Monroe  Lea Leasburg. 

Wm.  Kinchen  Mebane Orange  Co. 

Anderson  Mitchell  Wilkes  Co. 

Wm.  Spivey  Mhoon Bertie  Co. 

Wm.  Debow  Murphey Orange  Co. 


Spencer  O'Brien  Granville  Co. 

Edward  Griffith  Pasteur Newbern. 

Joseph  Hubbard  Saunders.  .  .Chowan  Co. 

Wm.  Andrew  Shaw Raleigh. 

Samuel  Henry  Smith Granville  Co. 

James  Stafford   Rowan  Co. 

James  Harvey  Taylor Granville  Co. 

Cnarles  Law  Torrence Salisbury. 

Of  those  not  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Blackledge,  Cuuar,  Lea,  W.  R.  Haywood, 
Henderson  and  Shaw  became  physicians, 
Shaw  likewise  a  preacher.  Smith  and 
ocafford  were  also  preachers.  Drake  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  a  phy- 
sician. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Henry  McAdin 
was  a  physician,  a  teacher  and  preacher. 

Senior  Class  of  1822. 

James  Bowman Stokes  Co. 

John  LeRoy  Davies South  Carolina. 

Wm.  Beauford  Davies.  .  ..South  Carolina. 
Thomas  Frederick  Davis.  . .  .Wilmington. 

John  G.  Elliott   Sampson  Co. 

James  Gatlin  Hall Currituck  Co. 

Wm.  Alexander  Hall Iredell  Co. 

Wm.  Hardeman Columbia,  Tenn. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Haywood.  . .  .Raleigh. 

Fabius  Julius  Haywood Raleigh. 

Thomas    Hill Wilmington. 

John  Allen  Hogan Randolph  Co. 

Joel  Holleman Isle  of  Wight. 

Wm.  Duke  Jones Granville. 

Samuel  Kerr Salisbury. 

Pleasant  Williams  Kittrell,  Chapel  Hill. 

Robert  Goodloe  Martin Granville  Co. 

Robert  Harrison  Mason.  .  .Hicksford,  Va. 

Washington  Morrison   Cabarrus  Co. 

Robert  Nash  Ogden Louisiana. 

Wm.  Dickson  Pickett Anson  Co. 

Lucius  Junius  Polk Raleigh. 

Abraham  Rencher Chatham  Co. 

Marion  Sanders Sumpterville,  S.  C. 

James  Bog  Slade Martin  Co. 

Benjamin  Sumner  Gates  Co. 

George  Patrick  Tarry .  . .  Tarry's  Mill,  Va. 
Alexander  Erwin  Wilson .  .  .  Cabarrus  Co. 

Of  the  others  not  described  in  the  text, 
W.  L.  Davies,  M.  B.  Davies  and  W.  A. 
Hall  were  preachers,  while  Wilson  was  a 
physician,  preacher  and  missionary  to 
China.  Jones,  Kerr,  Mason  and  Slade 
were  physicians,  the  latter  a  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  service. 

Of  the  members  of  this  class  who  did 
not  graduate  may  be  noted  Edward  C. 


APPENDIX. 


791 


Bellamy  and  Robert  Carson,  physicians; 
Nicholas  Williams,  a  Councillor  of  State, 
and  long  a  Trustee. 

Graduates  of  1823. 

Samuel  Slade  Bell Newbern. 

George  Shonnard  Bettner Newbern. 

Alexander  McCulloch  Boylan. . .  .Raleigh. 
William  Smith  Chapman.  ..  .Chapel  Hill. 

Daniel  William  Courts Surry  Co. 

George  Franklin  Davidson ....  Iredell  Co. 
James  Henderson  Dickson.  ..Wilmington. 
John  Crawford  Ellerbe.  .  .South  Carolina. 

Robert  Ballard  Gilliam Oxford. 

Thomas  G.  Graham Cumberland  Co. 

Isaac  Hall  Warrenton. 

Thomas  Burgess  Haywood Raleigh. 

James  Knox  Leetch Alabama. 

Edmund  Loftin  Martin..  (Not  recorded). 

Hugh  Martin    Stokes  Co. 

Benjamin  Tyson  Moore Stokes  Co. 

Victor  Moreau  Murphy Orange  Co. 

Richmond  Mumford  Pearson.  .Rowan  Co. 

John  Rains Newbern. 

Benjamin  Sherrod  Ricks Halifax  Co. 

Matthias  Enoch  Sawyer Edenton. 

Alfred  Moore  Scales.  ..  .Rockingham  Co. 

Samuel   Stewart Chatham  Co. 

Thomas  Sumner  Hertford  Co. 

James  Augustus  Washington,  Lenoir  Co. 

George  Whitfield   Lenoir  Co. 

Robert  Paine  Williamson Roxboro. 

William  London  Wills Edenton. 

Besides  those  named  in  the  text  should 
be  chronicled  as  belonging  to  this  class 
Davidson,  member  of  the  Legislature, 
and  living  to  be  the  "oldest  graduate"; 
Hall,  son  of  Judge  John  Hall,  a  physi- 
cian of  repute  at  Pittsboro.  Other  phy- 
sicians were  Moore,  Sawyer  and  William- 
son. 

Graduates  of  1824. 

John  R.  Allison Iredell  Co. 

Benjamin  Hardy  Alston Edenton. 

Willis  Wilson  Alston  Halifax  Co. 

Daniel  Bellune  Baker Brunswick  Co. 

Benjamin  Bynum  Blume Stokes  Co. 

Thomas  Bond    Bertie  Co. 

Robert  Henry  Booth Nottaway,  Va. 

John  Bragg   Warrenton. 

James  West  Bryan Newbern. 

Henry  Embry  Coleman,  Halifax  C.  H.,  Va. 

Armand  John  DeRosset Wilmington. 

Thomas  Dews   Lincolnton. 

Richard  Evans   Pitt  Co. 

Richard  Lee  Fearn Chatham,  Va. 

Erwin  James  Frierson   Tennessee. 


William  Nelson  Gibson Germanton. 

William  Alexander  Graham ..  Lincolnton. 

Robert  James  Hull Iredell  Co. 

Hardy  Holmes   Clinton. 

William  Franklin  Lytle, 

Rutherford  Co.,  Texas. 

Matthias  Evans  Manly Chatham  Co. 

Augustus  Moore   Edenton. 

James  Hogg  Norwood Hillsboro. 

John  Wall  Norwood Hillsboro. 

David  Outlaw Bertie  Co. 

Bromfieid  Lewis  Ridley Oxford. 

David  Mitchell  Saunders Tennessee. 

Edward  Dromgoole  Sims, 

Lawrenceville,  Va. 

William  Ruffin  Smith Halifax  Co. 

Samuel  Farrar  Sneed Williamsboro. 

William  Anderson  Taylor. . .  .N.  Carolina. 
William  Henry  Thompson.  .  ..Chapel  Hill. 
William  Johnston  Twitty.  . .  .Warrenton. 
John  Lewis  Wright Wilmington. 

In  addition  to  those  described  in  the 
text,  should  be  named  of  this  class, 
Smith,  a  popular  and  influential  planter 
of  the  Roanoke,  J.  H.  Norwood,  Tutor 
of  the  University,  then  lawyer  and  teach- 
er, Allison,  B.  H.  Alston,  Fearn,  Holmes, 
Inompson  and  Wright,  physicians;  Hall, 
a  preacher,  and  Frierson,  a  lawyer  and 
active  business  man  of  Tennessee. 

Associated  with  these  were  James  G. 
Brehon,  of  Warrenton,  and  John  W. 
Potts,  Washington,  N.  C,  physicians. 
Potts  was  also  an  Assemblyman,  and  so 
were  John  H.  Brown,  of  Caswell,  and 
Frederick  Sawyer,  of  Camden  Co. 

Graduates  of  1825. 

Charles  Eaton  Alexander.  ..Boydton,  Va. 

Elam  Alexander   Mecklenburg  Co. 

Albert  Vine  Allen Newbern. 

Walter  Alves Kentucky. 

William  Edward  Anderson Hillsboro. 

Isaac  Baker  Brunswick  Co. 

Allen  Jones  Barbee Orange  Co. 

William  James  Bingham Hillsboro. 

William  Polk  Boylan Raleigh. 

James  Cole  Bruce Halifax  C.  H. 

Jesse   Carter    Milton. 

John  Dunham  Clancy Hillsboro. 

Richard  Spaight  Clinton Cahaba,  Ala. 

Washington  Donnell Guilford  Co. 

John  Mason  Gee Halifax  Co. 

Milo  Alexander  Giles Salisbury. 

Ralph  Gorrell  Guilford  Co. 

Livingston  Harris    Mecklenburg  Co. 

Frederick  William  Harrison,  Eastville,Va. 


792 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Jonathan  Hatch  Haughton.  .Chowan  Co. 

Samuel  Smith  Hinton Wake  Co. 

William  Henry  Hodge Tarboro. 

Samuel  Lockhart  Holt Orange  Co. 

Benjamin  Sherrod  Long Halifax  Co. 

James  Martin Pickens  Co.,  Ala. 

James  Moore   Martin  Co. 

Columbus  Morrison  .  .  .  .Mecklenburg  Co. 

James  Elisha  Morrison Cabarrus  Co. 

Thomas  Hare  Pipkin Murfreesboro. 

Marshall  Tate  Polk Columbia,  Tenn. 

Samuel  Washington  Popleston .  .  Edenton. 

Thomas  Riddle Chatham  Co. 

William  Seaweil  Raleigh. 

William  Dromgoole  Sims, 

Halifax  C.  H.,  Va. 
John  William  Watters ....  Brunswick  Co. 
Burwell  Bassett  Wilkes, 

Lawrenceville,  Va. 
William  Augustus  Wright  ..Wilmington. 

William  Beck  Wright Duplin  Co. 

John  Jenkins  Wyche Granville  Co. 

Other  members  of  this  class,  besides 
those  described  in  the  text,  were  Allen,  a~ 
leader  of  the  Newbern  bar;  Anderson,  a 
teacher  and  banker;  Clinton,  a  Probate 
Judge  in  Alabama;  Gorrell,  a  good  law- 
yer and  often  Senator  from  Guilford; 
Morrison,  preacher  and  teacher  in  Anson 
County;  Wyche,  Tutor  in  the  Univer- 
sity and  Professor  in  Jefferson  College, 
Mississippi;  W.  B.  Wright,  of  Duplin, 
then  of  Fayetteville,  an  esteemed  and 
useful  lawyer  and  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature. 

Those  matriculating  but  not  gradu- 
ating with  these,  are  David  Chalmers,  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  Legislature;  John 
G.  Chalmers,  of  Virginia,  a  physician  in 
Texas;  Josiah  T.  Granbury,  a  Commoner 
of  Perquimans;  John  Lee  Haywood,  of 
Raleigh,  a  physician  of  Smithfield,  N.  C; 
Archibald  M.  Holt,  of  Orange,  a  physi- 
cian; Hugh  Y.  Waddell,  planter  on  Red 
River,  La.;  Maurice  Q.  Waddell,  Wil- 
mington, Clerk  and  Master  in  Equity, 
Chatham  County. 

Graduates  of  1826. 

Silas  Milton  Andrews Rowan  Co. 

Daniel  Moreau  Barringer.  .  .Cabarrus  Co. 

Samuel  Edward  Chapman Newbern. 

Henry  Toole  Clark Tarboro. 

Richard  S.  Croom Lenoir  Co. 

William  Bell  Dunn Raleigh. 

Henry  Branson  Elliott Randolph  Co. 

Archibald  Gilchrist Richmond  Co. 


William  Henry  Gray .  . .  Northampton  Co. 

Thomas  Skinner  Hoskins Edenton. 

Samuel  Iredell  Johnston.  . .  .Hertford  Co. 

James  Albert  King Iredell  Co. 

George  W.  Morrow Orange  Co. 

Erasmus  Darwin  North Connecticut. 

William  Norwood   Hillsboro. 

Ferdinand  William  Risque, 

Lynchburg,  Va. 

John  C.  Smith Cumberland  Co. 

Oliver  Wolcott  Treadwell.  .  ..Connecticut. 

Leander  Albert  Watts Williamston. 

Thomas  Wynn  Watts Williamston. 

James  Morehead  Wright Bladen  Co. 

Of  this  class,  besides  those  named  in 
the  text,  Croom  was  a  physician,  King  a 
lawyer  and  member  of  the  Legislature, 
Hoskins  a  member  of  the  Legislature, 
Morrow  a  teacher,  Andrews  a  Tutor  in 
University  of  North  Carolina  and  then 
a  preacher  in  Pennsylvania,  Johnston 
a  D.D.  and  Episcopal  preacher,  Watts  a 
preacher,  Dunn  a  physician,  Gray  an  in- 
fluential planter. 

Of  the  non-graduates,.  Robert  C.  Bond 
of  Raleigh,  Thomas  Bunting  of  Sampson, 
John  H.  Hall  of  Wilmington,  Wm.  G. 
Hill  of  Raleigh,  Godwin  C.  Moore  of  Hert- 
ford, were  physicians,  Moore  being  like- 
wise a  member  of  the  Legislature.  Colin 
M.  Clark  was  a  prominent  planter,  An- 
drew M.  Craig  was  a  preacher,  Anderson 
E.  Foster  was  a  lawyer  and  Assembly- 
man of  Rowan  County,  Harper  J.  Lind- 
say was  of  high  standing  in  Greensboro, 
Abraham  Penn  of  Virginia  was  a  preach- 
er, William  B.  Street  was  a  lawyer  in 
Alabama,  John  W.  Childress  a  lawyer 
and  member  of  the  Legislature  of  Ten- 
nessee; James  Hunter  and  Gray  Sills, 
physicians. 

Graduates  of  1827. 
Charles  Wilson  Harris  Alexander, 

Mecklenburg  Co. 

Robert  Grier  Allison Iredell  Co. 

James  Watson  Armstrong.  .  .  .Orange  Co. 

Absalom  Knox  Barr Rowan  Co. 

Thomas  Wright  Belt Iredell  Co. 

Thompson  Byrd  Caswell  Co. 

Wm.  Dunlap  Crawford Cabarrus  Co. 

John  Laurin  Fairley Richmond  Co. 

Thomas  Pleasant  Hall Iredell  Co. 

Lawson  Frank  Henderson.  . .  .Lincoln  Co. 

John  Winslow  Huske Fayetteville. 

George  Ryan  Jordan Bertie  Co. 

Edwin  Augustus  Keeble.  .  .Murfreesboro. 
Lorenzo  Lea Leasburg. 


APPENDIX. 


793 


Richard  Henry  Lewis ....  Edgecombe  Co. 

Jesse  Harper  Lindsay Greensboro. 

Alexander  Macky  Savannah,  Ga. 

George  Miller   Duplin  Co. 

Alfred  Osborne  Pope  Nicholson, 

Columbia,  Tenn. 

Thomas  McCarrell  Prince Pitt  Co. 

Robert  Archibald  Thomas  Ridley,  Oxford. 

Reuben  Troy  Saunders Johnston  Co. 

Charles  Biddle  Shepard Newbern. 

Lewis  Gilchrist  Slaughter Salisbury. 

James  Young  Thompson,  Caswell  County. 

Lewis  Thompson    Bertie  Co. 

Whitmell  Peyton  Tunstall,  Chatham,  Va. 

John  Reed  Williamson Lincoln  Co. 

Warren  Winslow   Fayetteville. 

John  Winslow  Winston Fayetteville. 

Wm.  Hill  Wooding,  Pittsylvania  Co.,  Va. 
Henry  Yarborough    Hillsboro. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the 
text,  Barr  and  Byrd  of  this  class  were 
preachers;  Belt,  Henderson  and  J.  Y. 
Thompson,  physicians;  Crawford  and 
Fairley,  members  of  the  Legislature. 

And  of  the  non-graduates  Aloirzo  T. 
Jerkins,  a  prominent  merchant  of  New- 
bern,  was  a  Representative  in  the  Legis- 
lature. 

Seniors  of  1828. 

Richard  Henry  Battle.  .  .  .Edgecombe  Co. 
Edwin  Greenhill  Booth, 

Nottaway  C.  H.,  Va. 

Henry  Selby  Clark Beaufort  Co. 

John  Peter  Gause Brunswick  Co. 

James  Davidson  Hall Iredell  Co. 

Edwin  Robert  Harris Cabarrus  Co. 

Thomas  Pinckney  Johnston .  .  .  Iredell  Co. 

James  King  Nesbitt Statesville. 

Thomas  Jefferson  Oakes Rowan  Co. 

John  Lewis  Taylor Chapel  Hill. 

Henry  Irwin  Toole Edgecombe  Co. 

In  addition  to  those  named  in  the  text, 
Nesbitt  was  a  physician,  James  D.  Hill 
a  preacher  in  Iredell  and  Gaston  coun- 
ties, Henry  Irwin  Toole  gained  reputa- 
tion as  a  political  speaker,  when,  as 
nominee  for  Congress  by  the  Democrats, 
he  met  the  able  Whig  champion,  Edward 
Stanly.  Gause  was  a  lawyer  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature. 

Contemporaries  with  the  class  were 
James  W.  Armstrong,  teacher  in  Georgia, 
John  B.  S.  Harris,  of  Mecklenburg,  Alex- 
ander Martin  Henderson,  physicians,  the 
latter  in  Arkansas,  and  Alfred  Waddell, 
a  planter  on  Red  River. 


Graduates  of  1829. 

Philip  Whitmell  Alston Edenton. 

John  Potts  Brown Wilmington. 

Burton  Craige    Salisbury. 

Thomas  Washington  Dulaney,  Onslow  Co. 

William  Eaton   Warrenton. 

James  Alphonso  Johnston.  .  .  .Lincoln  Co. 
Sidney  Xenojdion  Johnston.  .Lincoln  Co. 

James  Emerson  Kerr Rowan  Co. 

David  McMicken  Lees.  ..Mecklenburg  Co. 

Osmond  Fritz  Long Randolph  Co. 

Richard  Muse  Shepard Newbern. 

Franklin  LaFayette  Smith Charlotte. 

Richard  Robert  Wall.  .  .  .Rockingham  Co. 
Rufus  Augustus  Yancey Caswell  Co. 

Of  these,  besides  those  described  in  the 
text,  J.  A.  Johnston  was  a  merchant  and 
planter.  Kerr  a  farmer  and  lawyer,  Long 
a  physician,  Shepard  a  lawyer  in  New 
Orleans. 

Of  the  non-graduates  of  the  class, 
James  G.  Campbell,  Bruswick  County, 
was  a  lawyer  and  settled  on  Red  River, 
Arkansas;  John  K.  Campbell,  of  South 
Carolina,  was  United  States  Attorney 
for  Florida;  William  S.  Campbell,  Bruns- 
wick County,  was  a  Civil  Engineer  in 
Louisiana;  Samuel  Connor,  of  Lincolnton, 
was  a  physician  in  Alabama;  Junius  C. 
Dunbibin.  of  Wilmington,  was  also  a 
physician;  Francis  P.  Haywood  was  an 
officer  in  the  Civil  Service  of  the  Confed- 
eracy; John  H.  Jones,  planter  and  physi- 
cian, highly  regarded;  John  B.  Muse,  a 
member  of  the  Legislature;  Frank  Stan- 
ly, a  Methodist  minister. 

Graduates  of  1830. 

John  Allen  Backhouse Newbern. 

John  Henry  Edwards Person  Co. 

Rawley  Galloway   Rockingham  Co. 

Cicero  Stephens  Hawks Newbern. 

Richard  King  Hill Iredell  Co. 

William  Lee  Kennedy Washington. 

George  Gallatin  Lea Caswell  Co. 

Nathanael  Henry  McCain, 

Rockingham  Co. 
James  Walker  Osborne,  Mecklenburg  Co. 

William  Kirkland  Ruffm Orange  Co. 

Aaron  Joshua  Spivey Bertie  Co. 

Elisha  Stedman  Pittsboro. 

John  Madison  Stedman Fayetteville. 

Benjamin   Franklin   Terry Virginia. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
should  be  noted  Spivey.  a  preacher,  Ken- 
nedy, a  member  of  the  Legislature,  Ruf- 


794 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


fin,   a   lawyer  of   learning   but   not    am- 
bitious. 

Of  the  classmates  and  contemporaries 
of  the  above,  who  did  not  graduate,  Rob- 
ert H.  Austin  was  a  very  influential  mer- 
chant of  Tarboro,  Wm.  S.  Baker  a  phy- 
sician and  member  of  the  Legislature 
from  Edgecombe,  Charles  Chalmers  and 
Edwin  Dancy  physicians,  George  W.  Huf- 
ham,  a  minister  of  the  Baptist  Church, 
father  of  Rev.  J.  D.  Hufham;  Joseph  T. 
Rhodes,  who  represented  Duplin  in  the 
General  Assembly  and  the  Convention  of 
1861 ;  Elisha  B.  Stedman,  a  physician  of 
Pittsboro,  and  Joseph  W.  Townsend  of 
Perquimans,  an  Assemblyman  from  that 
county  and  then  a  Judge  in  Arkansas. 

Graduates  of  1831. 

Henry  Jordan  Cannon Raleigh. 

James  Grant Halifax  Co. 

John  DeBerniere  Hooper.  .  .  .Wilmington. 

Allen  Cadwallader  Jones Hillsboro. 

Calvin  Jones Somerville,  Tenn. 

Alexander  Mebane   Orange  Co. 

Giles  Mebane    Orange  Co. 

Thomas  Robeson  Owen Bladen  Co. 

Thomas  Jefferson  Pitchford,  Warren  Co. 

Lemuel  Brown  Powell  Warren  Co. 

Archibald  Aaron  Tyson  Smith, 

Fayette  ville. 

William  Wallace  Spear Hillsboro. 

Jacob  Thompson   Caswell  Co. 

Jesse  Albert  Waugh Stokes  Co. 

James  Monroe  Williamson Person  Co 

Besides  those  described  in  the  text, 
should  be  named  of  this  class  Cannon,  a 
lawyer  and  planter  of  West  Tennessee; 
Allen  C.  Jones,  member  of  the  Legisla- 
lature  in  Alabama  and  Colonel  in  the 
Confederate  Army;  A.  Mebane,  a 
preacher  of  the  Gospel;  Owen,  a  Baptist 
preacher  and  teacher  of  wide  influence, 
a  resident  of  Tarboro;  Waugh,  an  As- 
semblyman from  Stokes  County,  and 
J.  M.  Williamson,  a  lawyer  and  member 
of  the  Legislature. 

Graduates  of  1832. 
Thomas  Lapsley  Armstrong,  Orange  Co. 

Thomas  Samuel  Ashe Orange  Co. 

Samuel  Simpson  Biddle Craven  Co. 

Thomas  Lanier  Clingman Surry  Co. 

David  Gillespie  Doak Guilford  Co. 

James  Cochran  Dobbin Fayetteville. 

George  Hairston   Virginia. 

John  Lindsay  Hargrave Lexington. 

Thomas  Whitmel  Harris Halifax  Co. 


John  Hooker  Haughton Tyrrell  Co. 

Thomas  Blount  Hill Halifax  Co. 

Michael  William  Holt Orange  Co. 

Cadwallader  Jones Hillsboro. 

Thomas  Francis  Jones.  .  .Perquimans  Co. 

John  Haywood  Parker Tarboro. 

Ruf  us  Milton  Rosebrough ....  Iredell  Co. 

Richard  Henry  Smith Halifax  Co. 

Stephen  Sills  Sorsby Nash  Co. 

James  Owen  Stedman Fayette vil'e. 

Samuel  Barrow  Stephens Newbern. 

Thomas  Edwin  Taylor Chapel  Hill. 

Samuel  Alston  Williams Warren  Co. 

Charles  Crawford  Wilson Newbern. 

Besides  those  named  in  the.  text,  Har- 
grave was  a  lawyer,  member  of  the 
Convention  of  1835,  and  died  nine  years 
after  graduation;  Stedman  was  a  wor- 
thy minister  of  the  Gospel;  Thomas  F. 
Jones  was  a  good  lawyer,  who  killed  his 
antagonist  in  a  duel  for  which  public 
opinion  justified  him;  Armstrong,  a  Tu- 
tor in  the  University,  but  his  subsequent 
career  has  not  been  ascertained.  He 
moved  to  a  Southern  State.  Biddle  was 
a  farmer  and  Representative  in  the  Leg- 
islature; Cadwallader  Jones  was  State 
Solicitor;  Smith  a  good  farmer  and  law- 
yer, and  a  most  useful  citizen;  Doak  was 
a  preacher. 

Of  those  not  graduating,  Whitmell  Hill 
Pugh,  of  Bertie,  was  a  member  of  the 
Louisiana  Legislature  and  Convention; 
John  Stirewalt,  of  Cabarrus,  was  an 
architect;  Wm.  T.  Sutton,  of  Bertie,  was 
an  influential  planter  and  owner  of  a 
Fishery;  John  L.  Florence  was  an  As- 
semblyman, as  was  Lunsford  Richard- 
son, of  Johnston  County,  and  Robert  D. 
Webb,  a  physician  in  Marion,  Alabama. 

Graduates  of  1833. 

John  Gray  Bynum Stokes  Co. 

William  Martin  Crenshaw Wake  Co. 

Protheus  Eppes  Armistead  Jones, 

Granville  Co. 

Edmund  Walter  Jones Wilkes  Co. 

Warren  Easton  Kennedy, 

Washington,  N.  C. 

Junius  Bayard  King Iredell  Co. 

Henry  McLin  Newbern. 

Solomon  Lea Caswell  Co. 

William  Nelson  Mebane Greensboro. 

William  Hayes  Owen Oxford. 

Julian  Edmund  Sawyer.  .Elizabeth  City. 

Josiah  Stallings   Duplin  Co. 

Addi  Edwin  Donnel  Thorn Greensboro. 


APPENDIX. 


795 


Besides  those  named  in  the  text,  there 
were  of  this  class  several  worthy  of  no- 
tice. Crenshaw  was  a  physician  of  high 
standing  in  Wake,  Protheus  Jones  was  a 
good  lawyer,  James  N.  Neal,  of  Chatham 
County,  was  next  in  scholarship  to  By- 
num,  but  died  before  graduation  and 
was  buried  in  the  cemetery  belonging  to 
the  University,  now  mainly  given  up  to 
the  village. 

Of  those  who  did  not  graduate  there 
were  John  L.  Chalmers,  a  physician  of 
Chapel  Hill,  and  John  N.  Young,  of  Ire- 
dell County,  a  member  of  the  Legislature 
and  physician. 

Graduates  of  1834. 

Albert  Gallatin  Anderson.  . .  .Caswell  Co. 
Samuel  Richardson  Blake, 

Miccosukie,  Fla. 

Wm.   Pugh  Bond Bertie  Co. 

Wm.   Brown   Carter Caswell  Co. 

Harrison  Wall  Covington,  Richmond  Co. 

Wm.  Pinckney  Gunn Caswell  Co. 

Thomas  Goelet  Haughton Edenton. 

David  McAlister    Cumberland  Co. 

Henry  Watkins  Miller, 

Buckingham  Co.,  Va. 
Abraham  Forrest  Morehead 

Rockingham  Co. 

James  Biddle  Shepard Newbern. 

Thomas  Jasper  Williams.  ..  .Halifax  Co. 
Samuel  Williams  Halifax  Co. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Blake  was  a  Tutor  in  the  University, 
Haughton  at  one  time  an  Episcopal  min- 
ister, Williams  a  physician,  Covington  a 
lawyer  and  m-ember  of  the  Alabama 
Legislature,  Carter  a  lawyer  and  planter, 
and  Anderson  a  preacher. 

Of  the  non-graduates  of  the  class, 
Frederick  Nash,  son  of  the  Chief  Justice 
of  the  same  name,  was  a  Presbyterian 
minister;  James  W.  Sneed  a  lawyer  and 
member  of  the  Legislature,  and  T.  P. 
Burgwyn,  a  descendant  of  Governor 
Thomas  Pollock,  a  prominent  society 
man. 

Senior  Class  of  1835. 

Christopher  Columbus  Battle, 

Edgecombe  Co. 

Thomas  H.  Brown Newbern. 

Richard  Benbury   Creecy ....  Chowan  Co. 

Charles  Russell  Dodson Milton. 

Augustus  John  Foster Louisburg. 

Henry  Lea  Graves Yancey ville. 

Haywood  Williams  Guion Newbern. 


Robert  Williams  Henry Halifax,  Va. 

James  Hill  Hutchins Newbern. 

John  Paisley   Guilford  Co. 

Horace  Lawrence  Robards,  Granville  Co. 

William  Alexander  Rpse Stokes  Co. 

Samuel  H.  Ruffin Louisburg. 

James  Campbell  Smith.  .Cumberland  Co. 
John  Carnes  Thompson, 

Port  Tobacco,  Md. 
Williams  Peter  Webb.  .  .Tuscaloosa,  Ala. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Hutchins  was  a  lawyer  and  land  agent 
in  Texas;  Graves  was  a  minister  of  the 
Gospel,  who  removed  to  Texas;  Smith  a 
physician  in  Cumberland  County;  Bat- 
tle, Private  Secretary  to  Governor  Dud- 
ley, an  Orderly  Sergeant  in  the  Mexican 
War,  and  a  lawTyer;  Brown  and  Dodson 
were  physicians;  Graves  and  Paisley, 
preachers,  the  former  in  Texas;  Robards, 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  from  Rowan 
County. 

The  most  notable  of  those  not  'gradu- 
ating were  James  M.  Bullock,  of  Gran- 
ville, planter  and  State  Senator;  George 
Washington  Graves,  of  Caswell,  a  physi- 
cian; John  Riley  Holt,  of  Orange, 
preacher  and  teacher;  Henry  J.  Robards, 
of  Granville,  a  physician;  John  L.  Gay, 
preacher,  Professor  of  English,  Univer- 
sity of,  Indiana;  Leopold  Heartt,  of 
Orange,  a  merchant  of  Raleigh;  Lemuel 
Murray,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  and 
John  Buxton  Williams,  of  Warren,  a 
highly  esteemed  farmer. 

Graduating  Class  of  1836. 

James  E.  Crichton Brunswick,  Va. 

John  Alexander  Downey,  Abram's  Tlains. 

Thomas  Gholson Brunswick,  Va. 

Ralph  H.   Graves Granville  Co. 

James  Edward  Hamlett.  .  .Charlotte,  Va. 

William  W.  Hooper Chapel  Hill. 

Benjamin  J.  Howze Haywood. 

Thomas  S.  Jacobs Perquimans  Co. 

Thomas  Jones  Petersburg,  Va. 

Robert  McCutchen South  Carolina. 

Frederick   N.   McWilliams.  .  .Halifax  Co. 

Henry  K.  Nash Hillsboro. 

Charles  L.  Pettigrew Tyrrell  Co. 

William  B.  Rodman Washington. 

James  Saunders Raleigh. 

Lawrence  W.  Scott Newbern. 

Thomas  Stamps Halifax,  Va. 

William  L.  Stamps Halifax,  Va. 

John  Graham  Tull Lenoir. 


796 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  01>   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Dr.  William  L.  Stamps  was  a  physician 
and  planter,  McCutchen  a  minister  of  the 
Gospel,  and  Saunders  a  lawyer,  who  vol- 
unteered for  the  Mexican  War  and  died 
in  service. 

With  this  class,  but  not  graduating, 
were  James  Henry  Bate,  a  preacher,  of 
Bertie;  Edward  Jones  Hooper,  Chapel 
Hill,  a  physician  of  South  Carolina; 
Thomas  Jones,  of  Virginia,  a  minister; 
Robert  George  McCutchen,  of  South 
Carolina,  a  minister;  Charles  G.  Nelms, 
planter  in  Mississippi,  a  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  killed  at  Shiloh;  Francis 
Jones  Smith,  of  Orange,  a  physician, 
whose  sister,  Miss  Mary  Ruffin  Smith, 
founded  a  fund  in  the  University  called 
by  his  name;  Robert  B.  Watt,  of  Rock- 
ingham, a  prominent  lawyer;  A.  B. 
Chunn  and  John  C.  B.  Ehringhaus,  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislature;  Alexander  Mor- 
row, of   Orange,  a  physician. 

Graduates  of  1837. 

William   Waightstill   Avery,   Morganton. 

Augustus  Benners    Newbern. 

Perrin  H.  Busbee Raleigh. 

Peter  Wilson  Hairston, 

Pittsylvania  Co.,  Va. 

George  Stanly  Holley Bertie  Co. 

Pride  Jones   Hillsboro. 

Samuel  Buckner  Massey,  South  Carolina. 
Leonard  Henderson  Taylor,  Granville  Co. 
James  Green  Womack Pittsboro. 

Alexander  Swann  and  Samuel  B.  Mas- 
sey were  with  this  class  but  did  not 
graduate. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Jones  was  a  physician  of  Hillsboro,  a 
member  of  the  Legislature,  and  Clerk  of 
the  Superior  Court;  Holley  was  a  lawyer. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Frank  Hawkins, 
of  Franklin  County,  was  a  planter  and 
member  of  the  Legislature  in  Mississippi, 
and  James  Sidney  Smith  was  a  Com- 
moner from  Orange  and  a  lawyer. 

Graduates  of  1838. 

Kemp  Plummer  Alston Warren  Co. 

Hasel  Witherspoon  Burgwyn.  ..Hillsboro. 
Charles  James  Fox  Craddock.  .  .Virginia. 

Green  Mosely  Cuthbert Newbern. 

George  R.  Davis Wilmington. 

Joseph  Washington  Evans, 

Cumberland  Co. 
Neodham  Whitfield  Herring Lenoir. 


I 

Benjamin  Mosely  Hobson Milton. 

Albert  Gallatin   Hubbard Leesburg. 

Joseph  John  Jackson Chatham. 

Kenelin   Harrison  Lewis.  .Edgecombe  Co. 

William  -John  Long Randolph  Co. 

Charles  Maurice  Talleyrand  McCauley, 

Chapel  Hill. 

John  Jones  Roberts Newbern. 

Colin  Shaw Fayette ville. 

James  Summerville South  Carolina. 

Wm.  Richmond  Walker Caswell  Co. 

Wilson  Willis  Whitaker Wake  Co. 

Gaston  Hillory  Wilder Johnston  Co. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Hobson  and  Shaw  became  preachers. 
Long  was  a  lawyer,  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  and  of  the  Convention  of 
1861.  Craddock  was  a  physician,  as  was 
Herring,  Lewis  (called  Kelly  Lewis)  was 
Clerk  and  Master  in  Equity;  and  Whit- 
aker was  a  Commoner. 

Of  those  associated  with  the  class  of 
1838,  Isaac  L.  Battle,  of  Edgecombe,  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  Florida; 
Wm.  W.  Davis,  of  New  Hanover,  was  a 
physician;  David  Dickie,  of  Orange,  a 
minister;  John  W.  Glenn,  of  Virginia,  a 
physician,  a  surgeon  in  the  Mexican  War. 
Lucius  J.  Johnson  was  a  Major  in  the 
Confederate  service;  Oliver  H.  Prince,  a 
Captain;  Albert  G.  Procter,  a  Commoner; 
John  Thompson,  a  surgeon  in  the  Mexi- 
can War  and  also  in  the  Confederate 
service;  John  M.  Ashurst  was  Solicitor- 
General  of  Georgia;  Robert  P.  Hall,  of 
Fayetteville,  was  a  physician,  as  was 
Wm.  B.  Knox,  of  Elizabeth  City;  David 
W.  Lewis,  of  Georgia,  was  a  member  of 
the  Confederate  Congress,  and  President 
of  the  Georgia  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical College;  Thomas  W.  Nicholson  was 
a  very  influential  planter  of  Halifax,  andi 
William  S.  Pettigrew  a  member  of  the 
Convention  of  1861,  and  a  prominent 
Episcopal  minister. 

Graduates  of  1839. 

Clarke  Moulton  Avery Morganton. 

John  Nash  Barksdale, 

Rutherford  Co.,  Tenn. 
William  Frederick  Brown ....  Caswell  Co. 

Jarvis  Buxton Fayetteville. 

Richard  Spaight  Donnell Craven  Co. 

Dennis  Dozier  Ferebee Currituck  Co. 

John  Livingston  Hadiey,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

James  Hunter  Headen Chatham  Co. 

Walter  Alves  Huske Fayetteville. 


APPENDIX. 


797 


Alpheus  Jones   Wake  Co. 

Angus  Currie  McNeill Robeson  Co. 

Thomas  Davis  Meares Wilmington. 

Isaac  Newton  Tillett Elizabeth  City. 

Of  these,  in  addition  to  those  named 
in  the  text,  Headen  was  a  physician,  and 
Huske    and   Tillett   lawyers. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  Livingston 
Brown  was  a  member  of  the  General 
Assembly;  Shakespeare  Harris,  also  a 
Commoner,  was  a  scholarly  man;  Peter 
B.  Hawkins,  John  Z.  Davis  and  Isaac  B. 
Headen  were  physicians;  Abner  C.  Terry, 
of  Virginia,  a  journalist. 

Graduating  Class  of  1840. 

David  A.  Barnes  Northampton  Co. 

Tod  R.  Caldwell Burke  Co. 

John  W.  Cameron Moore  Co. 

Richard  H.  Claiborne Danville,  Va. 

JR.  Alexander  Clement Franklin,  Va. 

John  W.  Cunningham Person  Co. 

]  Daniel  B.  Currie   Robeson  Co. 

!  Shelby  S.  Currie Caswell  Co. 

'Win.  H.  H.  Dudley Raleisjh. 

llsham  W.  Garrott Wake  Co. 

(Charles  C.  Graham Lincoln  Co. 

1  William  S.  Green Danville,  Va. 

I  Francis  H.  Hawks.  .  .  .Washington,  N.  C. 
^William  H.  Henderson,  Carroll  Co.,  Tenn. 

I  Lucius  J.  Johnson Chowan  Co. 

'William  Johnston Lincoln  Co. 

I  Daniel  L.  Kenan Selma,  Ala. 

[John  A.  Lillington Wilmington. 

'William  Logan Halifax,  Va. 

Willis  H.  McLeod Johnston  Co. 

Andrew  McMillan   Richmond  Co. 

Oliver  H.  Prince Tuscaloosa,  Ala. 

Samuel  J.  Procter Elizabeth  City. 

Archibald  Purcell   Robeson  Co. 

IDuncan  Sellars New  Hanover. 

John  Pike  Sharpe Edgecombe  Co. 

Albert  M.   Shipp Lincoln  Co. 

William  M.  Shipp Lincoln  Co. 

Thomas  H.  Spruill Warren  Co. 

William  Thompson Leasburg,  N.  C. 

Calvin  H.  Wiley Guilford  Co. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Currie  and  Green  were  physicians;  Gra- 
ham a  large  manufacturer,  banker  and 
commission  merchant  in  Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee; Lucius  J.  Johnson,  a  Major  C.  S. 
A.,  dying  in  service;  Hawks  a  sound 
lawyer  in  North  Carolina  and  Alabama; 
Andrew    McMillan,    a    minister    of    the 


Gospel;  Oliver  H.  Prince,  a  lawyer  in 
Alabama,  Captain  in  the  Confederate 
service,  killed  at  Chickamauga;  Duncan 
Sellars,  a  minister;  William  Thompson, 
in  the  U.  S.  service  in  the  Mexican  War, 
and  in  the  Confederate  army. 

Of  those  matriculating  with  the  class 
of  1840,  but  not  graduating,  were  Martin 
Locke  Phifer,  a  lawyer  and  planter;  Ed- 
win G.  Thompson,  a  physician;  Andrew 
J.  Askew,  a  physician;  R.  L.  Myers,  a 
Civil  Engineer;  Albert  G.  Proctor,  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature. 

The  Senior  class  of  1841  numbered  43, 
me  first  which  matriculated  under  Presi- 
dent Swain. 

Benjamin  F.  Atkins Cumberland  Co. 

Thomas  L.  Avery Burke  Co. 

James  Boylan   Raleigh. 

Robert  R.  Bridgers Edgecombe  Co. 

John  W.  Brodnax Rockingham  Co. 

Robert  Burton   Lincoln  Co. 

Archibald  H.   Caldwell Salisbury. 

John  D.  Cameron Favetteville. 

William  J.  Clarke .  .Raleigh. 

John  S.  Dancy Tarboro. 

Leonidas  Lafayette  Dancy Tarboro. 

William  F.  Dancy   Tarboro. 

James  A.  Delk Clarksville,  Va. 

Robert  D.  Dickson Wilmington. 

John  W.  Ellis Davidson  Co. 

John  S.  Erwin Morganton. 

Chauncey  W.  Graham Duplin  Co. 

Stephen  Graham   Duplin  Co. 

William  W.  Green Granville  Co. 

Atlas  0.  Harrison Raleigh. 

John  D.  Hawkins,  Jr Franklin  Co. 

Richard  B.  Haywood Raleigh. 

John  F.  Hoke Lincolnton. 

Nathaniel  Jones    : .  .Wake  Co. 

Angus  R.   lvelly Moore  Co. 

James  A.  Long Randolph  Co. 

Hector  McAllister   Cumberland  Co. 

Vardry  A.  McBee Greenville,  S.  C. 

Montfort  McGehee Person  Co. 

Andrew  F.  McRee Mecklenburg  Co. 

Samuel  B.  McPheeters Raleigh. 

Stephen  A.  Norfleet Bertie  Co. 

Francis  M.  Pearson Anson  Co. 

Richmond  N.  Pearson Anson  Co. 

Charles  Phillips   Chapel  Hill. 

Samuel  F.  Phillips Chapel  Hill. 

Horatio  M.  Polk LaGrange,  Tenn. 

Thomas  Ruffin   Franklin  Cc. 

Jesse  G.  Shepherd Cumberland  Co. 

Robert  Strange,  Jr Fayetteville. 


798 


HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


James  F.  Taylor Raleigh. 

James  H.    Viser Florence,  Ala. 

Samuel  H.  Walkup Mecklenburg  Co. 

Thomas  B.  Wetmore Fayetteville. 

John  C.  Williams Cumberland  Co. 

James   H.   Williams Cumberland  Co. 

In  addition  to  those  named  in  the  text, 
McPheeters  was  a  Presbyterian  minister 
of  great  influence;  Polk  a  lawyer  and 
member  of  the  Louisiana  Legislature; 
Cameron  was  a  popular  editor;  C.  Gra- 
ham an  enlightened  physician;  S.  Gra- 
ham a  planter  and  was  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, Green  a  physician,  Hawkins  a  pros- 
perous commission  merchant  in  New 
Orleans,  Haywood  a  physician,  Kelly  an 
able  lawyer  in  Alabama,  Long  was  a 
lawyer  and  journalist,  McAllister  a  min- 
ister, McBee  railroad  agent,  P.  Pearson  a 
physician  in  Georgia,  F.  Pearson  a  law- 
yer in  Arkansas.  Taylor  had  fine  natu- 
ral abilities  but  lacked  steady  applica- 
tion to  business.  He  was  at  one  time 
State  Librarian.  Wetmore  was  a  promi- 
nent lawyer  in  Alabama  and  Major  in 
the  Confederate  service. 

The  undistinguished  list  contains  many 
worthy  names.  Broadnax,  an  excellent 
farmer,  attended  the  Commencement  of 
1904,  a  hale  and  hearty  man.  He  was  a 
Confederate  Major.  Caldwell  was  a  law- 
yer of  note  and  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature, and  Clerk  and  Master  in  Equity. 

Of  the  non-graduates  were  Wm.  L. 
Barrow,  Jesse  G.  Bryan,  Jesse  D.  Graves 
and  George  H.  Mitchell,  physicians; 
James  D.  Parke,  Adjutant  U.  S.  A.,  and 
William  B.  Pope,  a  lawyer  and  Captain 
C.  S.  A.  General  Frank  P.  Blair  was 
described  in  the  text. 

The  benior  class  of  1842  was  much 
smaller  than  that  of  the  preceding  year, 
owing  to  the  continued  severity  of  the 
financial  depression.     They  were: 

Richard  J.  Ashe Chapel  Hill. 

Ruf us  Barringer   Cabarrus  Co. 

William  A.  Bell Eutaw,  Ala. 

Francis  T.  Bryan Raleigh. 

James  A.  Caldwell Burke  Co. 

James  W.  Campbell Marengo,  Ala. 

Ruf  us  M.  Campbell Marengo,  Ala. 

David  Coleman  Buncombe  Co. 

James  L.  Dusenbery Lexington. 

Stephen  S.  Green Chapel  Hill. 

William  H.  Haigh Fayetteville. 

Will  White  Harriss Wilmington. 

Charles  P.  Hartwell Brunswick,  Va. 


William  J.  Hayes Lincoln  Co. 

Peter  J.  Holmes Southampton,  Va. 

John  Findley  Jack Grainger,  Tenn. 

William  F.  Lewis Edgecombe  Co. 

William  F.  Martin Elizabeth  City. 

William  P.  McBee Greenville,  S.  C. 

Thomas  J.  Morrisey Sampson  Co. 

William  S.  Mullins Fayetteville. 

Israel  Leonidas  Pickens,  Greensboro,  Ala. 

Nathaniel  H.  Quince Wilmington. 

George  W.  Ruffin Franklin  Co. 

John  Baptist  Smith Granville  Co. 

Ashley  W.  Spaight Selma,  Ala. 

Joseph  J.  Summerell.  .  .Northampton  Co. 

Ruffin  Wirt  Tomlinson Johnston  Co. 

Richard  Don  Wilson Caswell  Co. 

In  addition  to  the  first  and  second 
honor  men  mentioned  in  the  text  should 
be  noticed  Ashe,  a  merchant  and  rail- 
road man,  afterwards  a  lawyer  in  Cali- 
fornia and  member  of  its  Legislature; 
Caldwell  was  in  the  Legislature,  J.  W. 
Campbell  a  lawyer  in  Alabama,  R.  Camp- 
bell a  Captain  C.  S.  A.,  Dusenbery  a 
Surgeon  C.  S.  A.  Green  was  promising 
but  died  early.  Harriss  a  Surgeon  C.  S. 
A.  and  Mayor  of  Wilmington.  Hartwell 
was  a  physician  in  Virginia,  as  was 
Hayes  in  Lincoln  County.  Wilson  had 
gifts  as  a  poet;  after  teaching  a  short 
while,  he  became  a  lawyer.  He  served 
in  the  Confederate  army,  and  then  losing 
his  reason  ended  his  own  life. 

Of  the  non-graduates,  George  S.  Cole- 
man was  a  physician  in  Texas,  Thomas 
Hill  Lane,  of  Wilmington,  was  killed  in 
the  Confederate  service  in  1864.  Thomas 
I.  Lenoir  settled  in  Haywood  County  and 
was  a  Captain  C.  S.  A.  Albert  Y.  Mc- 
Adoo  was  a  physician  in  Guilford,  Gaston 
Meares  was  a  lawyer  in  Arkansas,  a 
Lieutenant- Colonel  in  the  Mexican  War, 
a  planter  in  Brunswick  County,  a  com- 
mission merchant  in  New  York,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Nortn  Carolina  Legislature,  a 
Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  killed  at  Malvern  Hill. 
James  A.  Price  was  a  physician  in  Geor- 
gia; Peter  Brown  Ruffin,  of  Orange,  was 
long  Treasurer  of  the  North  Carolina 
Railroad  Company. 

Graduates  of  1843. 
Chesley  Page  Patterson  Barbee, 

Madison  Co.,  Tena. 

James  McClure  Boyd Edgecombe  Co. 

Ashbel  Green  Brown Granville  Co. 

Henry  Lawrence  Clement Davie  Co. 

Thomas  Arey  Covington .  .  .Richmond  Co. 


APPENDIX. 


799 


William  Dick  Cowan Wilmington. 

Robert  Paine  Dick Greensboro. 

James  Webb  Downey Granville  Co. 

Philo  P.  Henderson Mecklenburg  Co. 

Richard  Bradley  Wilmington. 

Joseph  Caldwell  Huske Fayetteville. 

James  P.  Irwin Charlotte. 

Thomas  Lynn  Johnston Lincoln  Co. 

Richard  Thomas  Jones Powelton,  Va. 

Rufus  Henry   Wake  Co. 

Michael  Angelo  King.  .  .  .Huntsville,  Ala. 
James  Warren  Lancaster,  Edgecombe  Co. 

James  Augustus  Leak Richmond  Co. 

Walter  Waightstill  Lenoir,  Fort  Defiance. 

Frederick  James  Lord Wilmington. 

Joseph  McClees  Tyrrell  Co. 

Thomas  David  Smith  McDowell, 

Bladen  Co. 
Bartlett   Yancey    McNairy,    Guilford  Co. 

John  London  Meares Wilmington. 

John  Gray  Blount  Myers, 

Washington,  N.  C. 

Samuel  Jones  Person Moore  Co. 

John  James  Reese Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Willis  Henry  Sanders Johnston  Co. 

Thos.  Owen  Davis  Walker.  .Wilmington. 

John  Thomas  Watson Nash  Co. 

John  Lea  Williamson Caswell  Co. 

Clement  Gillespie  Wright Bladen  Co. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the 
text,  of  those  who  received  no  honors, 
Boyd,  Cowan,  Johnston,  Myers  and  Wat- 
son were  physicians,  Lord  was  a  rice- 
planter  and  Vice-Consul  of  Spain  at 
Wilmington,  Reese  a  lawyer,  Captain  in 
the  Mexican  War,  and  Lieutenant- Colo- 
nel C.  S.  A.;  Wright  a  lawyer,  Assem- 
blyman, Lieutenant-Colonel  C.  S.  A.,  dy- 
ing in  service. 

Of  the  class  mates  who  did  not  grad- 
uate were  Thomas  Tate  Tunstall,  of 
Alabama,  Consul  to  Cadiz  and  to  San 
Salvador;  Franklin  Hart,  Wm.  G.  Mc- 
Donald and  Edward  F.  Smallwood,  phy- 
jicians. 

Graduates  of  1844. 

John  Ballanfant  Maury  Co.,  Tenn. 

William  Francis  Barbee, 

Haywood  Co..  Tenn. 
]William  Smith  Battle.  . .  .Edgecombe  Co. 
William  Augustus  Blount, 

Washington,  N.  C. 

Tohn  Beck  Borden Wilcox  Co.,  Ala. 

Fohn  Herritage  Bryan Raleigh. 

Ibhn  Houston  Mcintosh  Clinch, 

St.  Mary's,  Georgia. 
Edmund  DeBerry  Covington, 

Richmond  Co. 


John  Cowan Wilmington. 

Robert  H.  Cowan Wilmington. 

Pleasant  Hunter  Dalton,  Rockingham  Co. 

Charles   Francis  Dewey Raleigh. 

Leonidas  Compton  Edwards.  .Person  Co. 

Alfred  Gaither  Foster Lexington. 

Robert  Thomas  Fuller Caswell  Co. 

Henry  William  Graham Lincoln  Co. 

Joseph  Montrose  Graham .  .  .  Catawba  Co. 
Ebenezer  Clarkson  Grier,  Mecklenburg  Co. 

Robert  Troy  Hall Wadesboro. 

Philemon  Benjamin  Hawkins, 

Franklin  Co. 

William  Hill    Wilmington. 

William   Henry   Hinton Bertie  Co. 

James  Hunter  Horner Orange  Co. 

James   Sterling  Johnston.  ..  .Halifax  Co. 

Gustavus  Adolphus  Jones Wake  Co. 

Robin  Apcadwallader  Jones Hillsboro. 

Edward  Bulkley  Lewis Chapel  Hill. 

John  Wesley  Long Randolph. 

Joseph  McLaurin   .Wlimington. 

Peter  K.  Rounsaville Lexington. 

Thomas  Ruffin  Orange  Co. 

Robert  Alexander  Sanders.  .Johnston  Co. 

James  Graham  Scott Chapel  Hill. 

Benjamin  Men  Smith Granville  Co. 

Stephen  Addison  Stanfield.  .Halifax,  Va. 

Walter  Leake  Steele Richmond  Co. 

Thomas  Henry  Clay  Turner Hillsboro. 

George  Badger  Wetmore Fayetteville. 

Exum  Lewis  Whitaker Halifax  Co. 

James  Alexander  Wimbish .  .  Halifax,  Va. 
Edward  Clements  Yellowley Pitt  Co. 

Besides  those  named  in  the  text,  Scott 
and  Yellowley  attained  distinction  in 
the  Legislature,  and  Yellowley  was  a 
Colonel.  Clinch  was  an  officer  in  the 
United  States  Army;  Dewey,  H.  W.  Gra- 
ham, Long  and  Turner  were  physicians; 
Hall  was  a  Superior  Court  Clerk  and 
Captain;  Hawkins,  General  of  the  Home 
Guard  and  a  member  of  the  Legislature; 
Rounsaville,  a  lawyer  in  Indiana,  and 
Colonel  C.  S.  A. 

Of  those  matriculating  at  the  same 
time  with  mese,  but  not  graduating, 
Cameron  Anderson,  of  Florida,  was  a 
lawyer  and  Paymaster  U.  S.  A.;  William 
Grimes  was  a  planter  of  wealth  and 
high  standing;  John  R.  Hawes  was  a 
physician  and  a  Captain  C.  S.  A.;  John 
R.  Mercer,  of  Edgecombe,  a  physician; 
James  H.  McNeill  was  a  minister  and 
Colonel,  killed  in  battle;  Andrew  J.  Folk 
a  Captain  C.  S.  A.;  R.  H.  Cannon,  H.  W. 
Faison,  Jesse  D.  Hines,  John  R.  Mercer, 
John  F.  Tompkins  were  physicians. 


8oo 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROUNA. 


Graduates  of  1845. 
William  E.  Barnett,  Russell  County,  Ala. 
Joseph  John  Branch  Batchelor, 

Halifax  Co. 

Charles  Bruce Halifax,  Va. 

Peter  Garland  Burton Fayetteville. 

Samuel  James  Calvert,  Northampton  Co. 
Samuel  William  Cockrell,  Green  Co.,  Ala. 

Thomas  Frederick  Davis Salisbury. 

Edward  Dromgoole Brunswick,  Va. 

Edwin  Lafayette  Dusenbery,  Lexington. 
Alexander  Boyd  Hawkins .  .  Franklin  Co. 

James  Joshua  Herring Lenoir  Co. 

Eugene  Joseph  Hinton Bertie  Co. 

Owen  Davis  Holmes Wilmington. 

Pleasant  Allen  Holt Orange  Co. 

Octavius  Wright  Hooker Greene  Co. 

Virginius  Henry  Ivy. .  .  .Norfolk  Co.,  Va. 

Frederick  Divoux  Lente Newbern. 

Langdon  Cheves  Manly Raleigh. 

Richard  Henry  Mason Raleigh. 

Thomas  Cowan  Mcllhenny.  .Wilmington. 
William  Thomas  Mebane ....  Greensboro. 
Alexander  Duncan  Moore ....  Chapel  Hill. 
Lucian  Holmes  Sanders ....  Johnston  Co. 
Reuben  Clarke  Shorter ....  Euf  aula,  Ala. 

Thomas  Turner  Slade Lincolnton. 

Jesse  Potts  Smith Fayetteville. 

Devvitt  Clinton   Stone Franklin  Co. 

George  Vaughan  Strong.  ..  .Sampson  Co. 

Thomas  Jethro  Sumner Oxford. 

Leonidas  Taylor Oxford. 

Samuel  Davis  Wharton Guilford  Co. 

Thomas  Edward  Whyte Chapel  Hill. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
of  those  who  received  no  honors,  Dusen- 
bery was  a  physician,  a  soldier  in  the 
Confederate  army,  killed  in  battle;  Haw- 
kins a  physician  and  planter  in  Florida; 
Holt,  a  Surgeon;  Hooker,  a  physician  and 
druggist;  Ivy,  a  lawyer  in  Texas;  Manly, 
Taylor,  Mebane  and  Moore  physicians; 
Slade,  a  physician  and  Captain;  Stone, 
Mayor  of  Goldsboro,  Texas;  Whyte,  phy- 
sician in  Georgia  and  Surgeon. 

Of  those  matriculating  with  the  class, 
but  not  graduating,  were  John  A..  Bryan, 
of  Sampson,  a  physician  and  member  of 
the  Legislature;  James  S.  Green,  a  phy- 
sician of  Tennessee;  Samuel  S.  McCau- 
ley,  teacher,  physician  and  Mayor  of 
Monroe;  Chas.  Manly,  Lieutenant  in  the 
Mexican  War;  Thomas  G.  Polk,  of  Ten- 
nessee, Captain  C.  S.  A.;  James  Fleming 
Waddell,  Lieutenant  Mexican  War  and 
C.  S.  A.;  George  W.  Wortham,  of  Ox- 
ford, lawyer  and  Captain;  John  P. 
Barnes  and  W.  S.  Johnston,  physicians. 


Graduates  of  1846. 

James  Saunders  Amis Granville  Co. 

Turner  Westray  Battle,  Edgecombe  Co. 
William  Kennedy  Blake.  ..  .Fayetteville. 
Alexander  Franklin  Brevard,  Lincoln  Co. 

William  Shepard  Bryan Raleigh. 

William  Franklin  Carter Mocksville. 

John  Napoleon  Daniel Halifax  Co. 

William  James  Duke.  . .  .Vicksburg,  Miss.  ; 

Solomon  James  Faison Sampson  Co. 

William  Alexander  Faison.  .Sampson  Co. 

Richard  Nathan  Forbes Newbern. 

Edward  Hubbel  Hicks Oxford,  j 

Robert  C.  T.  Sydenham  Hilliard, 

Nash  Co.  I 

John  Lyon  Holmes Wilmington. 

David  Saunders  Johnston.  .  .Yancey ville.  I 
William  Belvidere  Meares.  .  .Wilmington. 
Thomas  Mullin  Newby.  .Perquimans  Co.! 

Stephen  Farmer  Pool Perry,  Ala. 

Sion  Hart  Rogers Wake  Co. 

James  Sterling  Ruffm Marengo,  Ala. 

Frederick  Augustus  Shepherd, 

Wadesboro. 

John  Victor  Sherard Wayne  Co. 

David  Thomas  Tayloe,  Washington,  N.  C. 

Tames  Riddle  Ward Chatham  Co. 

Richard  Thomas  Weaver, 

Northampton  Co. 
Benjamin  Franklin  Whitaker,  Halifax  Co. 
Owen  Holmes  Whitfield.  .Aberdeen,  Miss. 
Hillory  Madison  Wilder Wake  Co 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Brevard  was  State  Senator;  Hilliard  an 
esteemed  planter  in  Mississippi;  Meares, 
Ruffm,  Taylor  and  Whitaker,  physicians; 
Tayloe  a  physician,  likewise  a  Surgeon; 
Sherard  was  State  Solicitor,  and  S.  J. 
Faison  in*  the  Convention  of  1865. 

Matriculating  with  the  foregoing  but 
not  graduating  were  Julius  F.  Faison, 
Baptist  minister;  J.  S.  Grasty,  a  Pres- 
byterian minister,  and  Lucian  Holmes,  an 
Episcopal  minister.  James  Holmes,  1st 
Lieutenant  U.  S.  A.;  George  McNeill  J 
Presbyterian  minister  and  journalist; 
Samuel  Perry  and  John  H.  Roscoe,  phy- 
sicians; Wm.  A.  Daniel,  in  the  Legisla- 
ture; Joseph  L.  Bozman,  Colonel;  Wil- 
liam J.  Cannon,  Surgeon. 

Graduates  of  1847. 

Alfred  Alston,  Jr Warren  Co 

Joel  Dossey  Battle Chapel  Hill 

Joseph  Benjamin New  Orleans, 

Gee  Wood  Berry Marion  Dist.,  S.  0 

Alexander  Jacob  Cansler Lincolnton 

Duncan  Lamont  Clinch ...  St.  Mary's,  Ga 


APPENDIX. 


80 1 


John  Clark  Coleman Halifax,  Va. 

Thomas  von  Webber  Dewey Raleigh. 

Samuel  Jethro  Erwin Lincolnton. 

John  Osborn  Guion Raleio-h. 

Eli  West  Hall Wilmington! 

Thomas  Chambers  Hall Chapel  Hill. 

James  Wood  Hicks Granville. 

Elias  Carr  Hines Raleio-h. 

David  Hinton   Raleigh! 

William  Matthew  Howerton,  Halifax, Va! 
John  Junius  Kindred,  Southampton,  Va. 

Menalcus  Lankford   Franklin  Co. 

Lionel  Lincoln  Levy New  Orleans. 

William  Lucas Chapel  Hill. 

William  Henry  Manly Raleigh. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Mebane .  .  .Orange  Co. 

James  Littleton  Mosely Warrenton. 

John  Douglas  Myriek Hertford. 

Edmund  Halsey  Norcom Chowan  Co. 

James  Johnston  Pettigrew.  .  .Tyrrell  Co. 

John  Pool  Elizabeth  City 

Matt.  Whitaker  Ransom Warren  Co. 

Charles  Eugene  Shober Salem. 

Thomas  Edward  Skinner,  Perquimans  Co. 
Robert  Hunter  Tate .  . .  New  Hanover  Co. 
William  Stephen  Trigg,  China  Grove,  Ala. 
Joseph  Joel  Washington  Tucker,  Raleigh. 

Thomas  Webb Hillsboro. 

John  Henry  Whitaker Halifax. 

Robert  Henry  Winborne Hertford. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Alston  was  a  planter  of  influence,  Erwin 
a  teacher  in  Florida"  and  Superintendent 
of  public  schools;  Howerton  a  member 
of  the  Virginia  Legislature  and  Sheriff 
of  his  county;  Winborne,  a  skillful  phy- 
sician; Battle  was  a  physician,  died 
early;  Guion  a  merchant  in  Mississippi; 
Hall  a  lawyer  of  prominence,  but  had  a 
Short  life;  Kindred,  also  a  lawyer,  was 
Adjutant  of  a  regiment  in  the  Confed- 
erate service;  Levy  was  a  successful 
lawyer  in  New  Orleans;  Lucas  and 
(Manly  both  died  early;  Norcom  was  a 
merchant,  served  a  term  in  the  Legisla- 
ture; Shober  was  a  banker;  Benjamin 
bad  charge  of  a  large  plantation  for  his 
brother,  the  distinguished  Judah  P.  Ben- 
jamin, in  Honduras;  Clinch  was  a  Cap- 
tain in  the  Mexican  War  and  Colonel; 
fiewey,  a  banker;  Hall  and  Hicks  physi- 
sians,  and  the  latter  a  Surgeon;  Hines  a 
!3orporal  and  State  Solicitor;  Mebane 
ind  Tate  physicians  and  members  of  the 
'legislature;  Webb  a  member  of  the 
'legislature  and  President  of  the  North 
parolina  Railroad  Co.;  Whitaker  a  Ma- 
jor, Cansler  a  preacher,  Hinton  a  planter. 

51 


Of  those  matriculating  but  not  gradu- 
ating were  John  A.  Benbury,  member  of 
the  Legislature  and  Captain;  Peter  G. 
Evans,  Colonel  of  cavalry,  killed  in  bat- 
tle; Augustus  M.  Lewis,  prominent  law- 
yer, Trustee  U.  N.  C,  Major,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature;  James  M.  Mor- 
phis,  author  of  History  of  Texas; 
Thomas  I.  Sharpe,  Captain. 

Graduates  of  1848. 

Victor  Clay  Barringer Concord. 

George  Thomas  Baskerville, 
T  Mecklenburg  Co.,  Va. 

John  Bowen  Bynum.  .  ..Northampton  Co. 
Richard  Alexander  Caldwell .  . .  Salisbury. 

John  Wilder  Cameron Fayetteville 

John  Xavier  Campbell Marengo,  Ala! 

Belheld  Wm.  Cave Chapel  Hill. 

Oliver  Han  Dockery Richmond  Co. 

Seaton  Gales    Raleigh. 

Bryan  Grimes,  Jr Washington,  N.  C. 

Benjamin   Simmon  Guion Newbern 

Thomas  Hall  Holmes Clinton 

Erasmus  Roscoe  Hooker Hillsboro' 

James  Johnston  Iredell Raleigh. 

Wm.  Alexander  Jenkins Warrenton' 

Peter  Hector  MacEachin, 

.„.,..  Montgomery,  Ala. 

\\  ilhe  Person  Mangum Hillsboro. 

Oliver  Pendleton  Meares Wilmington. 

James  Newton  Montgomery .  .  Caswell  Co' 

Hardy  Murfree Jtfurfreesboro,  Tenn' 

Hazell  Norwood  Hillsboro. 

Lorenzo  Dow  Pender Edgecombe  Co 

Thomas  Jefferson  Person, 

Northampton  Co. 

-.Nathan  Alexander  Ramsey Pittsboro 

John  Kirkland  Strange.  .Cumberland  Co 

Rufus  Sylvester  Tucker Raleio-h 

George  Washington  Goldsboro! 

John  Wilson    Milton. 

Robert  Willis   Wilson Hillsboro. 

Not  repeating  those  mentioned  in  the 
text,  we  note  that  Baskerville  was  a 
Captain,  and  Iredell  a  Major,  both  killed 
in  battle.  Cameron  a  Major  and  then 
manager  of  a  large  hotel  in  Savannah. 
Holmes  was  a  good  lawver  and  Confed- 
erate Major;  R.  W.  Wilson  a  teacher; 
Ramsey  and  Campbell  were  Captains; 
Tucker  a  wealthy  and  influential  citizen, 
and  a  Major;  Caldwell  a  lawyer  and 
member  of  the  Convention  of  1861;  Guion 
a  Civil  Engineer  and  Major;  Hooker  a 
physician  and  druggist;   Person  a  mem- 


802 


HISTORY    UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


ber  of  the  Legislature  and  Brigadier 
General  of  Militia. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  the 
foregoing,  but  did  not  graduate,  Wm,  R. 
Miller  was  a  physician,  Thaddeus  P.  Siler 
was  a  merchant  and  planter  and  Confed- 
erate soldier,  Leonidas  C.  Ferrell  was  a 
Surgeon,  Edward  M.  Scott  a  Captain  and 
Edmund  B.  Sumner  a  Lieutenant;  Henry 
G.  Williams,  member  of  the  Legislature. 

Graduates  of  1849. 

Thomas  Maim  Arrington Nash  Co. 

John  Troup  Banks Columbus,  Ga. 

Kemp  Plummer  Battle Chapel  Hill. 

Benjamin  Yancey  Beene.  ..Catawba,  Ala. 

Ephraim  Joseph  Brevard Lincoln  Co. 

John  Pettigrew  Bryan Raleigh. 

John  Archibald  Corbett,  New  Hanover  Co. 
Alexander  Cunningham  .'....  .Person  Co. 
Johnston  Mallett  DeBerniere, 

Fayetteville. 

William  Alexander  Dick Greensboro. 

Wm.  Baskerville  Dortch,  LaGrange,  Tenn. 
Henry  McRory  Dusenbery ....  Lexington. 

Fourney  George Columbus  Co. 

Thomas  Devereux  Haigh Fayetteville. 

Peter  Mallett  Hale Fayetteville. 

William  Edward  Hill Duplin  Co. 

Peter  Evans  Hines Raleigh. 

Samuel  Tredwell  Iredell Raleigh. 

James  Madison  Johnson Chowan  Co. 

John  McAdin  Johnston Yancey ville. 

Wm.  Hogan  Jones Wake  Co. 

Charles  Eden  Lowther Chowan  Co. 

Nathaniel  McLean Robeson  Co. 

John  Calvin  McNair Robeson  Co. 

Malcolm    MacNair Robeson  Co. 

Edward  Mallett   Cumberland  Co. 

Wm.  Gaskins  Pool . . ' Elizabeth  City. 

Thomas  Jefferson  Robinson,  Fayetteville. 
Isaac  Benjamin  Saunders.  ..  .Onslow  Co. 
James  Pinckney  Scales.  .Rockingham  Co. 

Charles  Randolph  Thomas Beaufort. 

Daniel  Thomas  Towies Raleigh. 

Bryan  Watkins   Whitfield, 

Demopolis,  Ala. 
John  Alexander  Whitfield, 

Lowndes  Co.,  Miss. 
Needham  Bryan  Whitfield, 

Demopolis,  Ala. 
George  Valerius  Young.  .  .Waverly,  Miss. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the 
text,  Arrington  was  a  Judge  of  the  City 
Court  of  Montgomery,  Alabama;  Bryan, 
John  M.  Johnston,  B.  Whitfield  and 
Iredell    became    physicians;    DeBerniere, 


who  changed  his  name  from  Mallett,  was 
of  high  promise  as  a  lawyer,  but  died 
early;  Lucas,  a  grandson  of  Governor 
Stone,  inherited  his  talent  but  fell  a 
victim  to  pulmonary  consumption.  Ed- 
ward Mallett  rose  to  be  a  Lieut. -Colonel 
of  Cavalry  and  was  killed  at  Benton- 
ville,  Cunningham,  Corbett  and  Hill  were 
skillful  farmers  and  the  two  latter 
served  in  the  Legislature.  George  and 
McLean  were  lawyers  and  members  of 
the  Legislature;  Jones  a  farmer  and 
Captain.  Scales  was  a  lawyer  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  of  Mississippi; 
Towies  a  Presbyterian  missionary  in  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina;  Young, 
the  mighty  hunter  of  the  class,  was  a 
wealthy  planter  in  Mississippi,  a  Col- 
onel; M.  McNair  a  teacher  and  preacher; 
Pool  was  a  physician,  but  retired  to  a 
farm  and  lived  a  secluded  life;  Thomas 
White  was  a  Captain  and  then  a  Rail- 
road Agent.  Lowther  had  fine  talents, 
but  died  early;  Dortch,  a  member  of  the 
Tennessee  Legislature  and  a  good  lawyer. 

Graduates  of  1850. 

Joel  C.  Blake Miccosukie,  Fla. 

James  F.  Cain Orange  Co.  j 

A.  Julius  Caldwell Salisbury. 

Alfred  H.  Carrigan Alamance  Co. 

Edward  C.  Chambers  .  .  .Montgomery  Co. 

Julius  L.  Gorrell Greensboro. 

Robert  A.  Hairston Lowndes,  Miss. 

Henry  Hardie   Raleigh. 

Madison  Hawkins   Louisburg.  1 

John  Hill Wilmington.  I 

Richard  Hines,   Jr Raleigh.  1 

Benjamin  R.   Huske Fayetteville.  I 

William  H.  Johnston Tarboro.  I 

Washington  C.  Kerr Greensboro.  I 

John  Manning,  Jr Norfolk,  Va.J 

James  R.  Mendenhall Guilford  Co.l 

Robert  H.   Sandford Fayetteville.! 

Thomas  Settle Rockingham  Co.l 

Joseph  W.  Small Pittsboro.l 

Richard  L.  Smith Scotland  Neck.l 

Milton  A.  Sullivan Laurens,  S.  C.l 

John  A.  Turrentine Hillsboro.l 

Richard  H.  Whitfield Demopolis,  Ala.l 

Samuel  E.  Whitfield Aberdeen,  Miss.j 

William  J.  Whyte Chapel  Hill.i 

In  addition  to  those  named  in  the  text,! 
Caldwell  was  a  prominent  physician  in? 
Salisbury,  Chambers  a  teacher  in  Ten-  j 
nessee  and  Texas,  and  was  in  the  Legisla-J 
ture  of  the  former  State;  Hardie  a  use- J 


APPENDIX. 


8o3 


ful  Presbyterian  minister;  Smith  a  Cap- 
tain, ana  R.  H.  Whitfield  a  Surgeon,  and 
a  druggist  of  high  standing;  Cain  a  phy- 
sician and  planter;  (jlorrell  a  physician; 
Whyte  a  teacher  in  Mississippi  and  Ala- 
bama; Sullivan  a  Captain,  killed  in  bat- 
tle; Sandford  a  teacher;  Blake  was  a 
Captain,  killed  at  Gettysburg;  Carrigan, 
member  of  the  Legislature  of  Arkansas 
and  of  the  Convention  of  1861,  a  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel; Hawkins  a  merchant. 

Of  the  non-graduating  matriculates 
with  this  class,  James  Chalmers  was  a 
Confederate  soldier,  killed  in  battle; 
James  F.  Johnston  was  a  Captain;  Willis 
L.  Miller  a  Presbyterian  minister  and  a 
Doctor  of  Divinity;  George  B.  Myers  a 
merchant  and  Clerk  of  the  Court  in  Mis- 
sissippi; John  L.  Scales  a  physician  and 
Lieutenant;  George  H.  Waddell,  Judge  of 
Probate  in  Alabama;  William  D.  Wil- 
liams, in  the  Confederate  army,  also  in 
the  U.  S.  Internal  Revenue  Department. 

Graduates  of  1851. 

Charles  Edward  Bellamy.  .Marianna,  Fla. 
Joseph  Bonner  Bryan, 

Washington,  X.  G. 

David  Miller  Carter Mattamuskeet. 

Watkins  Leigh  Claiborne.  .Tipton,  Tenn. 
Thomas  Addis  Emmett  Evans, 

Cumberland  Co. 

Bartholomew  Fuller   Fayetteville. 

Thomas  Miles  Garrett Colerain. 

Richard  Swepson  Grant Norfolk,  Va. 

Julius  Guion  Raleigh- 
Benjamin  Sherwood  Hedrick, 

Davidson  Co. 

Samuel  Ashe  Holmes Fayetteville. 

Giles  Leitch    Robeson  Co. 

Jesse  Harper  Lindsay Greensboro 

Malcolm  James  McDuffie, 

Cumberland  Co. 

Neill  McKay,  Jr Memphis,  Tenn 

Thomas  James  Norcom, 

Washington,   N.   C. 

Rufus  Lenoir  Patterson Caldwell  Co. 

James  Alfred  Patton Asheville. 

Win.  Marshall  Richardson Anson  Co. 

Ethelred  Ruffin Louisburg. 

Claudius  Brock  Sanders Johnston  Co. 

Joseph  James  Seawell Marion,  Ala. 

Francis  Edwin  Shober Salem,  X.  C. 

Peter  Evans  Smith Scotland  Xeek. 

Charles  Cornelius  Terry.  .  .  .Richmond  Co. 

Frederick  Toomer    Pittsboro. 

Lowndes  Treadwell La  Mar,  ]\Iiss. 

John  Waddill,  Junior Hertford  Co. 


James  Augustus  Washington, 

Waynesboro. 
George  Washington   Watson, 

Courtland,  Ala. 
John  Thomas  Wheat,  Junior, 

XTashville,  Tenn. 
Wilson  Gary  Whitaker,  Tallahassee,  Fla. 
Edmund  Webb  Wilkins.  .Brunswick,  Va. 
John  Lewis  Wooster Wilmington. 

David  W.  Fisher,  Lowndes  County, 
Alabama,  a  member  of  the  class,  died 
during  the  year. 

Evans  was  a  successful  civil  engineer; 
Garrett  was  a  lawyer,  Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel under  Lee,  killed  at  Spottsylvania 
Court  House;  Lindsay,  very  promising, 
died  earl}*;  McDuflie  was  a  member  of 
the  General  Assembly  and  of  the  Conven- 
tion of  18(31;  Richardson,  a  physician  in 
Louisiana  and  a  Lieutenant;  Toomer  a 
druggist  and  physician;  McKay  a  leader 
of  the  Harnett  bar  and  State  Solicitor. 

Of  those  not  in  the  honor  rank,  Bella- 
my was  a  Surgeon,  killed  in  battle; 
Bryant  a  merchant  and  Lieutenant; 
Leitch  was  an  able  lawyer  and  membei 
of  the  Legislature;  Patterson  a  promi- 
nent merchant  and  manufacturer,  Chair- 
man of  the  County  Court  of  Forsyth, 
Mayor  of  Salem,  member  of  the  Conven- 
tions of  180 1  and  1865,  and  Colonel  on 
the  staff  of  Governor  Vance;  Seawell  in 
Alabama  Legislature  and  Captain;  Terry 
was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  Mis- 
sissippi; Waddill  an  Episcopal  minister; 
Washington  a  physician  and  Colonel; 
Wheat  was  Secretary  of  the  Convention 
of  Louisiana  in  1861,  Captain,  killed  at 
Shiloh;  Whitaker  a  physician  in  Florida; 
Wooster  a  Captain. 

Of  the  contemporaneous  matriculates, 
who  did  not  graduate,  John  A.  Averitt 
was  a  Captain,  killed  before  Atlanta; 
Isaac  Erwin  Avery,  a  Colonel,  killed  at 
Gettysburg;  Win.  C.  Bellamy,  a  Surgeon, 
as  was  John  M.  Henson;  Sullivan  a  mer- 
chant and  Captain;  Joseph  B.  Stickney 
member  of  the  Legislature  and  merchant. 

Graduates  of  1852. 

Edward  Alston,  Jr Warren  Co. 

William  D.  Barnes Jackson,  Fla. 

Robert  L.  Beall Davidson  Co. 

James  F.  Bell Statesville. 

George  A.  Brett Hertford  Co. 

Charles  S.  Bryan Raleigh. 

Thomas  B.  Burton Halifax. 


8o4 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


William  M.  Carrigan Alamance  Co, 

John  M.  Dennis Sumter  Dist.,  S.  C 

John  L.  Dismukes Nashville,  Tenn. 

William  E.  Drisdale Franklin,  Ala, 

S.   Milton   Frost Mocksville, 

Thomas  H.  Gilliam Gatesville 

John  B.  Gretter Greensboro. 

George  H.  Haigh Fayetteville. 

Frederick  J.  Hill Wilmington. 

John  F.  Hntehins Raleigh. 

John  R.  Hutchins Chapel  Hill. 

Nicholas  Y.  Kelly Mocksville. 

William  W.  Lane Wilmington. 

Thomas  C.  Leak Richmond  Co. 

Joseph  Warner  Lewis.  . .  .Brunswick,  Va. 

Richard  H.  Lewis Chapel  Hill. 

John  II.  M'Dade Chapel  Hill. 

James  A.  MdSeill Robeson  Co. 

Jos.  Alonzo  Manning Norfolk. 

Nathan  Newby   Perquimans  Co. 

Stephen  C.  Roberts >  .Newbern. 

Christopher  C.  Sherard.  .Livingston,  Ala. 

Leonidas  F.  Siler Macon  Co. 

James  B.  Slade Martin  Co. 

James  J.  Slade Columbus,  Ga. 

Alexander  R.  Smith Cumberland  Co. 

James  C.  Smith Cumberland  Co. 

William  H.  Smith Scotland  Neck. 

Basil  M.  Thompson Richmond  Co. 

Legh  R.  Waddell Pittsboro. 

W.  Meares  Walker Wilmington. 

Thos.  L.  AVilliamson Yancey ville. 

James  W.  Wilson Alamance  Co. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Brett  was  a  planter  and  Confederate 
soldier;  A.  R.  Smith  died  early;  Alston, 
a  Confederate  Lieutenant,  shot  through 
the  breast  but  recovered;  he  is  a  planter. 
Beall  was  a  physician,  a  planter  and  a 
bee  cultivator;  Lewis  was  a  physician,  a 
Captain,  and  a  prominent  classical 
teacher;  McNeill  was  a  Confederate  sol- 
dier and  teacher;  Newby  a  member  of 
the  Legislature  and  advocate  of  Seces- 
sion, McDade,  a  Captain,  killed  at  Get- 
tysburg; Roberts,  an  Episcopal  minister. 

Of  the  contemporaneous  matriculates, 
Benjamin  A.  Kittrell  was.  member  of  the 
Convention  of  18G1 ;  John  D.  Hyman,  a 
member  of  the  Legislature;  Robert  G. 
Lewis,  Major,  and  Win.  A.  Moore,  Judge 
of  the  Superior  Court. 

Graduates  of  1853. 

Vine  A.  Allen Newbern. 

Richard  T.  Arrington Warrenton. 

William  H.  Battle,  Jr Chapel  Hill. 


Archibald  R.  Black Moore  Co. 

James  M.  Bullock Greene  Co.,  Ala. 

B.  A.  Capehart  Murfreesboro. 

Robert  A.  Chambers Montgomery. 

Frederick  H.   Cobb Kinston. 

Dubrutz  Cutlar  Wilmington. 

Thomas  T.  Dismukes Nashville,  Tenn. 

William  B.  Dusenbery Lexington 

Thomas  C.  Ferebee Camden. 

Benjamin  T.  Green Granville. 

Plummer  W.  Green Warren. 

David  Clark  Hall Warrenton! 

Cyrus  Harrington Moore  Co. 

John  W.  Holmes Wilmington. 

James  B.  Hughes Newbern. 

John  W.  Johnston Halifax  Co. 

Nathaniel  C.  Jones Wake  Co. 

J.  Horace  Lacy Raleigh. 

Cornelius  G.  Lamb,  Jr Camden. 

Alexander  W.  Lawrence Raleigh. 

Walter  J.  Leak Salem,  Miss. 

Thomas  C.  Leak Richmond  Co. 

Gavin  H.  Lindsay Greensboro. 

Hugh  G.  Livingston Robeson  Co. 

Peter  A.  McEachin Robeson  Co. 

William  A.  Mclntyre Fayetteville. 

Alexander  Mclver Moore  Co. 

Daniel  McN.  McKay Cumberland  Co. 

John  A.  McKay Cumberland  Co. 

Walker  Meares   Wilmington. 

Alfred  G.  Merritt Davidson,  Tenn. 

John  S.  Moore Chapel  Hill. 

John  W.  Moore Hertford  Co. 

John  L.  Morehead Greensboro. 

William  H.  Morrow Chapel  Hill. 

Kenneth  M.  Murchison Manchester. 

S.  Augustus  O'Daniel Chatham  Co. 

William  W.  Peebles.  . .  .Northampton  Co. 

Solomon  Pool  Elizabeth  City. 

Wm.  H.  Powell Bertie  Co. 

William  A.  Robinson Warren  Co. 

Lemon  Ruffin Franklin  Co. 

Junius  Irving  Scales Madison  Co. 

N.  Eldridge  Scales Rockingham  Co. 

Henry  B.  Shorter Eufaula,  Ala. 

James  M.  Spencer Green  Co.,  Ala. 

John  C.  Stickney Greensboro,  Ala. 

John  D.  Taylor Wilmington. 

John  T.  Taylor Oxford. 

George  N.  Thompson Caswell  Co. 

Henry  T.  Torrence Pittsboro. 

James  H.  Whitaker Halifax  Co. 

George  M.  White Bladen  Co. 

James  Wood  Nashville,  Tenn. 

David  G.  Worth Asheboro. 

Adam  E.  Wright Wilmington. 

J.   Horace  Lacy,   an   able  young  man, 
died  before  receiving  his  diploma. 


APPENDIX. 


805 


Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
there  were  Allen  and  Woods,  of  large 
brains,  dying  early;  Chalmers,  Green,  J. 

A.  McKay  and  Wright,  physicians;  Stick- 
ney  and  Hughes,  Surgeons,  and  Morrow 
a  Captain  and  physician;  Harrington  a 
Presbyterian  preacher;  Livingston,  Presi- 
dent of  a  college  in  Texas;  Battle  was  a 
physician  and  Brigade  Surgeon,  Bullock 
a  lawyer  and  planter  in  Alabama,  a 
Lieutenant.  Dismukes  was  a  physician 
of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  a  Surgeon; 
Peebles  a  prominent  lawyer  and  State 
Senator;  N.  E.  Scales,  a  Civil  Engineer, 
Railroad  Contractor  and  Major;  Cutlar 
was  a  respected  lawyer  and  Confederate 
soldier;  Stickney  was  a  Surgeon;  Taylor 
was  a  Captain,  killed  in  service;  J.  A. 
McKay  was  a  prominent  physician;  Ar- 
rington  was  a  commission  merchant ; 
Capehart  was  a  Captain  and  Chairman 
of  the  County  Courts  of  Hertford  and 
Granville;  Hughes  a  Surgeon,  Johnston 
a  member  of  the  Legislature,  Ixjak  a 
wealthy  manufacturer,  Lindsay  a  Lieu- 
tenant, killed  in  battle;  Murchison  a 
Colonel  and  a  wealthy  commission  mer- 
chant, Morrow  was  a  Captain  and  a  phy- 
sician, Ruffin  was  killed  in  service, 
Thompson  County  Attorney  and  U.  S. 
Commissioner;  Whitaker  a  Captain,  City 
Physician  of  Wilmington;  Meares,  a 
druggist,  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction for  New  Hanover. 

Of  those  matriculating  contemporane- 
ously with  this  class  were  J.  Franklin 
Bell,  editor  and  lawyer  in  Arkansas,  dy- 
ing in  the  Confederate  service;   Bernard 

B.  Guion,  Captain;  Thomas  Hill,  Sur- 
geon; Gabriel  Holmes,  Captain;  James 
T.  McClennahan,  Orderly  Sergeant,  killed 
at  Malvern  Hill;  Robert  L.  Morehead, 
Captain;   John  M.  Morrison,  Surgeon. 

Graduates  of  1854. 

William  L.  Alexander McDowell  Co. 

Julius  F.  Allison Orange  Co. 

John  B.  Andrews Greensboro. 

William  Badham,  Jr Edenton. 

Richard  H.  Battle,  Jr Chapel  Hill. 

Joseph  M.  Bell Jackson,  Ark. 

Edward  Bradford,  Jr..  .  .Tallahassee,  Fla. 

Richard  Bradford Tallahassee,  Fla. 

Daniel  Brooks lorsyth  Co. 

John  H.  M.  Bullock Person  Co. 

William  H.  Bunn .' Nash  Co. 

John  S.  A.  Chambers.  .  ..Montgomery  Co. 
John  P.  Cobb Wayne  Co. 


Needham  B.  Cobb Wayne  Co. 

Hayne  E.  Davis Iredell  Co. 

1  nomas  C.  Dennis Sumter  Dis.,  S.  C. 

Joseph  A.  Engelhard Jackson,  Miss. 

E.  Livingston  Faison Sampson  Co. 

John  M.  Gallaway Rockingham  Co. 

Albert  K.  Graham Memphis,  Tenn. 

John  W.  Graves Caswell  Co. 

John  G.  B.  Grimes Raleigh. 

John  H.  Hill Wilmington. 

Delano  W.  Husted Raleigh. 

Samuel  S.  Jackson,  Jr Pittsboro. 

James  W.  Jacobs Northampton  Co. 

Robert  B.  Johnston Waynesville. 

Joseph  P.  Jones Wadesboro. 

William  L.  Ledbetter Anson  Co. 

Ivey  F.  Lewis Greensboro,  Ala. 

William  S.  Long Yanceyville. 

John  C.  McKethan Cumberland  Co. 

Leonidas  J.  Merritt Chatham  Co. 

James  A.  Montgomery .  . .  .Abbeville,  S.  C. 

James  C.  Moore Jackson,  Miss. 

John  M.  Morrison Richmond  Co. 

John  Neal Franklin  Co. 

Wm.  Charles  Nichols.  . .  .New  Berne,  Ala. 

Theophilus  Perry   Harrison,  Texas. 

Charles  W.  Phifer Coffeeville,  Miss. 

Oscar  Ripley  Rand Wake  Co. 

David  G.  Robeson Bladen  Co. 

John  Kirkland  Ruffin Alamance  Co. 

John  W.  Sandford,  Jr Fayetteville. 

Richard  Benbury  Saunders.  ..Chapel  Hill. 

Wm.  Lawrence  Saunders Chapel  Hill. 

Rufus  Scott  Greensboro. 

Wm.   Lafayette   Scott Greensboro. 

John  D.  Shaw Richmond  Co. 

Robert  M.  Sloan,  Jr Greensboro. 

Wm.  Henry  Spencer Hyde  Co. 

Wm.  Thompson  Chowan  Co. 

Wm.  H.  Thompson Sampson  Co. 

Enoch  Jasper  Vann Madison,  Fla. 

Joshua  C.  Walker Wilminqton. 

Wm.  Roberts  Wetmore Favetteville. 

Bryan  Whitfield Tallahassee.  Fla. 

Theodore  Whitfield Hinds.  Miss. 

James  A.  Wright Wilmington. 

Joseph  H.  Wright Wilmington. 

Of  those  not  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Bullock  was  a  Confederate  Captain; 
Johnston,  a  thrifty  farmer  and  a  Con- 
federate Captain;  Long,  a  prominent 
teacher.  County  Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Instruction  and  a  preacher;  Merritt,  a 
lawyer,  member  of  the  Convention  of 
18G1  and  Confederate  Lieutenant,  killed 
in  1862,  regarded  as  very  promising; 
Rand,  a  farmer  and  Confederate  Cap- 
tain;   Ruffin    was   a   physician,   Surgeon; 


8o6 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Wright  was  of  great  promise,  Clerk  of 
the  Superior  Court,  a  Captain,  killed  at 
Mechanicsville;  Bradford  was  a  lawyer, 
a  Confederate  soldier,  killed  in  the  first 
year  of  the  war;  Shaw,  an  able  lawyer; 
Spencer,  a  lawyer  in  Alabama  and  Chair- 
man of  the  Railroad  Commission;  R. 
Whitfield,  a  physician,  Captain  in  the 
Confederate  service,  killed  in  18G1. 

Of  those  who  received  no  honors,  John 

B.  Andrews  was  a  teacher  and  Captain 

C.  S.  A.,  killed  near  Richmond,  1803; 
Edward  Bradford  was  a  merchant  and 
Confederate  soldier;  Bunn  was  a  Cap- 
tain, killed  in  battle;  Chambers,  a  Lieu- 
tenant, killed  in  battle;  John  Cobb,  a 
Lieutenant- Colonel;  Davis,  a  Captain, 
losing  an  arm;  Dennis  was  a  teacher  and 
Lieutenant;  Faison  a  planter  and  Con- 
federate soldier;  Grimes  a  planter  and 
Captain;  John  H;  Hill  a  druggist  and 
Mayor  of  Goldsboro;  Husted*a  Lieuten- 
ant, killed  at  Gaines'  Mill;  Jacobs  a 
planter  and  Lieutenant;  Jones  in  U.  S. 
A.,  a  lawyer  in  Florida,  and  Colonel  C.  S. 
A.;  Ledbetter  a  Surgeon;  Lewis  a  Colo- 
nel and  planter;  Moore  a  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  killed  at  Mumf ordville ;  Perry, 
Major,  killed  in  service;  Sandford,  Sur- 
geon; R.  B.  Saunders,  druggist,  Captain; 
Sloan,  bank  cashier;  Wm,  Thompson, 
Captain,  as  was  Wm.  H.  Thompson; 
AValker  a  Surgeon. 

Of  the  contemporaneous  non-gradua- 
ting matriculates,  Clinton  M.  Andrews 
was  a  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  Cavalry, 
killed  near  Nottoway  C.  H.,  Va. ;  James 
B.  Averitt  was  a  Chaplain  C.  S.  A.,  an 
Episcopal  minister,  and  an  author;  David 
Stone  Cowan,  a  State  Senator  and  rail- 
road contractor;  Thomas  Newton  Grump- 
ier, lawyer,  member  of  the  Legislature, 
distinguished  as  an  orator.  Major,  killed 
in  battle  before  Richmond,  1862;  Wm. 
Lord  DeRosset,  a  Colonel;  J.  Glenn  Jef- 
freys, a  Lieutenant,  killed  in  battle; 
George  Whitfield,  of  Florida,  a  Surgeon; 
Henry  S.  Gibbs,  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture; Nicholas  M.  Long  and  Oary  Whita- 
ker,  Captains. 

Graduates  of  1855. 

Richard  B.  Bellamy Marianna,  Fla. 

Alexander  D.  Betts Harnett  Co. 

Nathaniel  A.  Boyden Surry  Co. 

Henry  M.  Brearley Darlington,  S.  C. 

James  Campbell    Harnett  Co. 

Robert  A.  Carrigan Alamance  Co. 


James   H.   (olton Asheborough. 

Matthew  S.  Davis Warren  Co. 

James  W.  Ewing Montgomery  Co. 

Edmund  .1.  Gaines Montgomery  Co. 

James  R.  Gatling Gates  Co. 

John  B.  Gilliam Bertie  Co. 

Edward  W.  Gilliam Fayetteville. 

William  W.  Glover Robeson  Co. 

Thomas  B.  Graham.  .Hillsborough,  Miss. 

Willis  L.  Green Warrenton. 

James  Hadley Davidson,  Tenn. 

William  H.  Hall Wilmington. 

Atherton  B.  Hill Scotland  Neck 

John  R.  Hogan Chapel  Hill. 

Joseph  H.  Hyman Tarboro. 

Irion,  Alfred  B Cheney ville,  La. 

Robert  E.  James Darlington,  S.  C. 

William  G.  Lewis Chapel  Hill. 

William  J.  Love Wilmington. 

Alphonso  J.  McDade Chapel  Hill. 

Daniel  McDougald    Harnett  Co. 

Calvin  A.  McEachin Robeson  Co. 

Evander  J.   Mclver Moore  Co. 

Henry  W.  McMillan Robeson  Co. 

Duncan  E.  McNair Robeson  Co. 

Rory  McNair   Robeson  Co. 

H.  James  McNeill Robeson  Co. 

William  J.  Montgomery,  Montgomery  Co. 

Hunter   Nicholson Columbia,  Tenn. 

James  Park Columbia,  Tenn. 

Malloy    Patterson Richmond  Co. 

Gideon  J.  Pillow,  Jr Columbia,  Tenn. 

Edward  H.  Plummer Warrenton. 

John  M.  Puttick Raleigh. 

Peter  P.  Scales Henry,  Va. 

Jeremiah   Slade    Martin  Co. 

Burton  Smith  Hillsborough,  Miss. 

James  M.  Smith Anson  Co. 

Peter  E.  Spruill Warrenton. 

Stark  A.  Sutton Bertie  Co. 

Marcus  C.  Thomas Beaufort  Co. 

Richard  A.  Torrence Mecklenburg  Co. 

James  N.  Turner Harnett  Co. 

Samuel  P.  Watters Wilmington. 

Jesse  R.  Wharton Guilford  Co. 

Charles  Whitaker Davenport,  Iowa. 

James  Hervey  Whitfield,  Gainesville,  Ala. 

Thomas  D.  Williams Warrenton. 

Charlton  W.  Yellowley Jackson. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
McDougald  was  a  lawyer,  a  Confederate 
Captain,  killed  at  Malvern  Hill;  McNair 
was  also  a  Captain,  killed  in  service; 
Wharton  was  a  teacher  and  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction  for  Guilford 
County;  Gaines  was  a  Confederate 
soldier  and  lawyer;  Hall  a  skillful  physi- 
cian in  New   York   City;   Campbell   is  a 


APPENDIX. 


807 


minister;  Gatling  died  soon  after  gradu- 
ation; Glover  was  a  Civil  Engineer;  Hy- 
man  was  a  Confederate  Colonel  and 
planter  in  Texas;  Plummer  was  in  the 
Confederate  Army,  a  lawyer  and  manu- 
facturer; Smith,  a  planter  in  Mississippi; 
Turner,  a  Confederate  Captain,  killed  at 
Petersburg;  Whitaker,  a  lawyer  in  Iowa; 
Whittled,  a  planter  in  Mississippi. 

Of  the  graduates  who  received  no 
honor,  Bellamy  was  a  Surgeon;  Brearly 
was  a  Chaplain;  Carrington  a  Captain; 
Ewing  a  physician.  Trustee  U.  N.  G,  and 
a  Confederate  soldier;  Green  a  lawyer 
and  Confederate  soldier;  Hogan  a  physi- 
cian; James  a  Sergeant,  dying  in  service; 
Love  a  prominent  Physician;  McDade, 
Mayor  of  Chapel  Hill;  McEachin  in  the 
Confederate  Army  and  member  of  the 
Convention  of  1875;  McMillan  a  lawyer 
in  Arkansas;  McNeill  a  Presbyterian 
minister  and  a  Colonel;  Park  was  a  Con- 
federate soldier;  Scales  a  Captain,  killed 
in  battle;  Smith  a  physician;  Spruill  a 
Tutor  U.  N.  C,  a  Confederate  soldier, 
died  in  service,  a  lawyer;  Sutton  a  Cap- 
tain, killed  in  service;  Thomas  a  Meth- 
odist minister;  Torrence  a  Captain;  Wat- 
ters  an  Episcopal  minister;  Williams  a 
lawyer  and  Confederate  soldier;  Yellow- 
ley,  a  lawyer  and  Principal  of  a  Semi- 
nary in  Texas,  Confederate  soldier,  dying 
in  service. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  the 
class  may  be  mentioned  Harvie  S.  Duval, 
of  Florida,  Captain  G  S.  A.,  Civil  Engi- 
neer; Edward  R.  Liles,  Colonel  G  S.  A., 
State  Senator;  Theophilus  W.  Moore, 
Methodist  minister;  Maurice  T.  Smith, 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  killed  at  Gettysburg; 
Thomas  M.  Smith,  Major,  killed  near 
Richmond;  Owen  A.  Waddell,  Major, 
killed  at  Altoona;  Wm.  Bailey,  Captain: 
Mark  Bennett,  a  first-honor  man,  who 
died  while  a  student;  Jesse  C.  Jacobs, 
Captain;  John  M.  Miekle,  Captain;  Jas. 
M.  Wynns,  Colonel;  Richard  F.  Yarbor- 
ough,  Internal  Revenue  Collector;  Henry 
L.  Battle,  James  H.  Fitts,  Richard  H. 
Glaze,  all  three  Confederate  soldiers, 
killed  in  battle;  Wm.  H.  Knight,  Colonel. 

Graduates  of  1856. 

Wm.  F.  Alderman New  Hanover  Co. 

Averitt,  -James  L Miccosukie,  Fla. 

Robert  G.  Barrett Carthage. 

William  Bingham Orange  Co. 

James  Bruce Halifax  Co.,  Va. 


William  Ballard  Bruce.  .Halifax  Co.,  Va. 

Henry  R.  Bryan Raleigh. 

John  R.  Burney Warren  Co. 

William  H.  Burwell Warren  Co. 

Samuel  P.  Caldwell Charlotte. 

Thomas  C.  Clark Pickens  Co.,  Ala. 

Thomas  S.  Crump Stanly  Co. 

Clement  Dowd Moore  Co. 

Wm.  G.  Drake Uchee,  Ala. 

John  B.  Erwin Yorkville,  S.  C. 

John  T.  Gilmore Noxubee  Co.,  Miss. 

Solomon  P.   Green Warrenton. 

David  Hilliard Nash  Co. 

John  S.  Hines Raleigh. 

Alexander  M.  Hogan Chapel  Hill. 

Daniel  W.  Johnson Richmond  Co. 

Calvin  Jones Dallas  Co.,  Ark. 

Thomas  W.  Jones Somerville,  Tenn. 

Killebrew.  Joseph  B. .  .  .  Clarksville,  Tenn. 

Adolphus  A.  Laurence Iredell  Co. 

Thomas  Ruffin  Long Yancey ville. 

Archibald  JftcLauchlin .  .  .  Cumberland  Co. 

Dugald  P.  McNair Robeson  Co. 

James  A.  McQueen Robeson  Co. 

A.  Haywood  Merritt Chatham  Co. 

George  T.  Morgan Gates  Co. 

E.  Graham  Morrow Chapel  Hill. 

Angus  Munn   Bladen  Co. 

Wm.  A.   Owens Charlotte. 

\   David  Settle  Patrick.  .  .  .Rockingham  Co. 

\Marmaduke  S.  Robins Randolph  Co. 

Gilbert  M.  Robinson.  .Lowndesboro,  Ala. 
Wm.  J.  Saunders Raleigh. 

;     Coleman  Sessions    New  Orleans,  La. 

\  Thomas  B.  Slade,  Jr Columbus,  Ga. 

Samuel  P.  Smith Mecklenburg  Co. 

Joseph  W.  Stevenson Newbern. 

James  E.  Sumner Oxford. 

Lewis  T.  Thompson Clinton,  Miss. 

J.  Cooper  Waddill Selma,  Ala. 

Stuart    White Raleigh. 

James  B.  Williams Warren  Co. 

Thomas  A.  Windham.  .  .Pickens  Co..  Ala. 
Neill  S.  Yarborough.  .  .  Sumpter  Co.,  Ala. 
In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the 
text,  Alderman  was  a  Professor  in 
Greensboro  Female  College;  Erwin  a 
planter  and  State  Senator  in  South  Caro- 
lina;  Gilmore  was  a  physician,  a  Sur- 
geon; Johnson  was  a  Confederate  Cap- 
tain, killed  at  Richmond,  1SG2;  Merritt 
was  a  teacher  of  repute,  State  Senator 
and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion for  Chatham  County,  also  a  journal- 
ist and  Trustee  of  the  University;  Mor- 
row was  a  Confederate  Captain,  killed  at 
Gettysburg:  Slade  is  a  teacher:  Waddill 
was   an    Episcopal   minister    in   Houston, 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Texas;  Charles  Bruce  died  two  years 
after  graduation;  William  Ballard  Bruce 
is  a  planter  in  Virginia;  Hines  was  a 
Confederate  Captain  and  proprietor  of  a 
hotel  in  St.  Louis;  Stevenson  a  lawyer 
and  Confederate  Lieutenant;  White  was 
a  physician  and  died  early. 

Of  those  who  obtained  no  honor,  Bur- 
well  was  a  teacher,  Dowd  a  Representa- 
tive in  Congress  and  President  of  a  bank, 
Collector  of  Internal  Revenue;  Drake 
and  Green,  Surgeons;  McQueen  a  minister 
of  the  Gospel;  Morgan  a  teacher  and 
soldier;  Munn,  Principal  of  an  academy; 
Owens  a  Colonel,  killed  in  service;  Pat- 
rick, Professor  U.  N.  C.  1869-70;  Saun- 
ders a  Major;  Williams,  teacher  and 
planter. 

I  give  the  most  known  of  those  who 
matriculated  with  the  graduates  of  1856. 
Owen  N.  Brown  was  a  Major,  killed  at 
Gettysburg,  a  lawyer;  Wm.  James 
Courts  a  physician  at  Reidsville,  and  a 
member  of  the  Legislature;  James  Fran- 
cis Craig,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
donors  of  the  University  site,  a  preacher 
of  the  Friends;  Henry  W.  Doss,  a  physi- 
cian, a  Major;  Jerome  J.  Hadley,  a  teach- 
er in  Tennessee;  A.  R.  McDonald,  State 
Solicitor;  Montfort  S.  McRae,  a  Sergeant, 
killed  in  battle;  Robert  Lee  Payne,  a 
physician,  President  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina Medical  Society;  John  M.  Springs,  a 
Captain;  Shubal  G.  Worth,  Captain, 
killed  in  battle;  George  W.  Arrington,  a 
teacher;  George  A.  Baxter,  a  lawyer, 
Captain;  Luther  Blue,  lawyer,  a  Captain; 
Omega  H.  Foster,  a  Lieutenant;  Frank  D. 
Foxhall,  a  Lieutenant;  Joseph  D.  Myers, 
a  Captain  and  merchant;  Cornelius  Rob- 
inson, a  Captain,  commission  merchant; 
James  J.  Speller,  a  Lieutenant;  Redding 
S.  Sugg,  a  druggist,  Lieutenant. 

Graduates  of  1857. 

John  Anthony Halifax  Co. 

Alphonso  C.  Avery Burke  Co. 

Benjamin  B.  Barnes Wilson  Co. 

Thaddeus  C.  Belsher.  .  .  .Pickensville,  Ala. 

Robert  Bingham Orange  Co. 

Robert  J.  Cannon Somerville,  Tenn. 

Thomas  H.  Christmas.  .Bolivar  Co.,  Miss. 

John  H.  Coble Guilford  Co. 

Gabriel  J.  Davie.  .Montgomery  Co.,  Tenn. 

Junius  B.  DeBerry Northampton  Co. 

John  E.  Dugger Warrenton. 

George  M.  Duskin Orange  Co. 

James  H.  Evans Marion  C.  H.,  S.  C. 


Andrew  J.  Flanner Wilmington. 

Hugh  W.  Gardner Wilmington. 

Benjamin  F.  Grady,  Jr Duplin  Co. 

Daniel  McL.  Graham Fayetteville. 

John  W.  Graham Hillsboro. 

Joseph  Graham  Hillsboro. 

George  H.  Gregory Washington. 

Jesse  Hargrave Wilmington. 

Hiram  P.  Harrell Bertie  Co. 

Pinckney  C.  Harrington,  Meadville,  Miss. 

Hubert  Harvey Saline  Co,,  Mo. 

Leonidas  N.  B.  Hayley,  Franklin    Co.,  Ala. 
William  H.   Hayley.  .  JTranklin  Co.,  Ala. 

Joseph  A.  Hill sT. .  .  Calhoun  Co.,  Ga. 

Thomas  N.  Hill.  V<\ Halifax  Co. 

Lewis  W.  Howard New  Hanover  Co. 

Eustace  Hunt Pittsylvania  Co.,  Va. 

John  C.  Jacobs Northampton  Co. 

Louis  M.  Jiggitts.  .  .Livingston  Co.,  Miss. 

Thomas  W.  Johnston Orange  Co. 

William  H.  Jordan Bertie  Co. 

Thomas   S.  Kenan Kenansville. 

John  M.  La  wing Mecklenburg  Co. 

W.  Jones  Lea Mobile,  Ala. 

Exum  Lewis  Chapel  Hill. 

John  E.  Logan Greensboro. 

George  M.  Lusher Memphis,  Tenn. 

John  McKinnon Cumberland  Co. 

John  C.  McLauchlin Cumberland  Co. 

Wm.  P.  McLean Cass  Co.,  Texas. 

Robert  S.  McLemore Gerenton,  Miss. 

Hamilton  McMillan Robeson  Co. 

Charles  A.  Mitchell Chapel  Hill. 

Norman  A.   Morrison Laurinburg. 

Henry  Mullins Fayetteville. 

Wm.  S.  Norment Lumberton. 

Cadwallader  Polk Columbia,  Tenn. 

Junius  N.  Ramsay Northampton  Co. 

Felix  R.  Roan Yancey ville. 

Julius  A.  Robbins Randolph  Co. 

Edwin  S.  Sanders Johnston  Co. 

Henry  W.  Sessions New  Orleans,  La. 

Felix  G.  Smith Gonzales  Co.,  Tex. 

Jonathan  L.  F.  Stewart,  Monroe  Co.,  Miss. 

Wm.  M.  Sutton Bertie  Co. 

Henry  C.  Thompson Chapel  Hill. 

Henry  R.  Thorp Nash  Co. 

Isaac  N.  Tillett Camden  Co. 

Joseph  Venable    Oxford. 

Nathan  P.  Ward Franklin  Co. 

Nathaniel  H.  Watson Chapel  Hill. 

James  L.  A.  Webb Maury  Co.,  Tenn. 

John  E.  Wharton Guilford  Co. 

Nathan  B.  Whitfield.  .  .Marengo  Co.,  Ala. 

Frank  S.  Wilkinson Edgecombe  Co. 

William  H.  Williams Greene  Co. 

William  E.  Wilson Elizabeth  City. 

George  L.  Wimberly Edgecombe  Co. 


APPENDIX. 


809 


Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Coble  was  a  Presbyterian  minister;  Dug- 
ger  a  Captain,  Principal  of  a  classical 
school  and  Superintendent  of  the  Graded 
Schools  of  Raleigh;  Harvey  died  in  ser- 
vice, a  Confederate  soldier;  McLauchlin 
was  a  lawyer  and  Clerk  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Anson  County;  Robbins  was  a 
Captain  C.  S.  A.,  killed  at  Mt.  Sterling, 
Ky.;  Smith  was  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice and  is  a  Civil  Engineer;  Stewart  is 
a  teacher,  a  Baptist  minister  and  a  law- 
yer; Thompson  was  a  teacher,  farmer 
and  Chief  Clerk  in  the  Revenue  Service; 
Wimberly  is  a  planter  of  high  standing; 
Daniel  W.  Graham,  a  physician,  a  Sur- 
geon in  the  Confederate  Army;  L.  N.  B. 
Hayley  was  a  physician,  as  also  was 
W.  H.  Hayley;  Mitchell  and  Thorp  were 
physicians  and  during  the  Civil  War 
Surgeons;  Ward  was  a  farmer;  Wilkin- 
kinson,  Principal  of  a  classical  school  of 
high  rank. 

W.  H.  Jordan,  whose  scholarship  was 
especially  mentioned  as  being  of  high 
rank,  after  service  as  Tutor  in  Wake 
Forest  College,  became  a  Chaplain  C.  S. 
A.,  a  Baptist  minister  of  power. 

Of  those  who  obtained  no  distinction, 
Anthony  was  a  lawyer,  a  corporal,  killed 
at  Malvern  Hill;  Christmas,  a  physician; 
Davie  a  teacher  and  Captain;  Gregory 
a  lawyer,  member  of  the  Legislature,  and 
Captain;  Joseph  Graham  an  able  physi- 
cian of  Charlotte,  and  Captain;  Hargrave 
a  lawyer  and  Colonel;  Thomas  N.  Hill  a 
leader  of  the  bar  in  Halifax;  Howard  a 
Civil  Engineer  C.  S.  A.  and  fruit  grower; 
Jacobs  a  physician;  Jiggitts  a  Surgeon; 
La  wing  was  a  physician;  Lea  a  Captain; 
Logan  a  pnysician;  Luther,  Civil  Engi- 
neer; McMillan  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, teacher,  lawyer,  author;  Mullins  a 
lawyer,  Captain,  killed  at  Williamsburg, 
1862;  Norment  a  Captain  and  Solicitor 
for  his  Circuit;  Roan  a  Captain,  Register 
of  Deeds;  Sanders,  Captain,  killed  in 
service;  Sutton,  a  prominent  physician; 
Tillett,  a  teacher,  lawyer,  Lieutenant; 
Whitfield,  Civil  and  Mining  Engineer  in 
the  Civil  War,  in  California  and  the 
Klondyke;  Williams,  farmer  and  mer- 
chant; Wilson,  killed  at  Roanoke  Island. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  in  1857  and 
did  not  graduate,  Rufus  Amis  was  a  Cap- 
tain, member  of  the  Legislature,  and  a 
journalist;  Thomas  ().  Closs  was  a  Cap- 
tain,   killed    at    Gettysburg;     Julius     T. 


Coit  was  a  Captain  and  merchant; 
Thomas  W.  Gattis  a  Methodist  minister; 
James  W.  Horn,  a  Surgeon,  died  in  ser- 
vice; Lord  was  killed  in  battle;  Benja- 
min R.  Moore,  Lieutenant-Colonel  and 
Solicitor  of  the  Criminal  Courts  of  New 
Hanover;  John  D.  M.  Rankin,  a  teacher 
and  Sergeant;  Oliver  P.  Taylor  a  Captain 
and  real  estate  dealer  in  Texas;  John 
Huske  Tillinghast,  Episcopal  minister 
and  Chaplain;  Nathan  B.  Whitfield,  of 
Lenoir,  a  Colonel,  Judge  of  Superior 
Court,  Representative  in  the  Legislature; 
Thomas  Benton  Wilkerson,  Surgeon,  au- 
thor; John  W.  Jones,  Surgeon,  President 
of  the  North  Carolina  Medical  Associa- 
tion and  Board  of  Health;  John  W.  May- 
field,  a  Lieutenant;  Charles  M.  Roberts, 
a  Lieutenant;  David  W.  Sanders,  a  law- 
yer, mayor;  John  V.  Stallings,  a  Baptist 
minister.  President  of  Thomasville  Fe- 
male College,  member  of  the  Convention 
of  1875. 

Graduates  of  1858. 

William  Adams .Greensboro. 

Edward  L.  Allen Fayetteville,  Tenn. 

Robert  W.  Anderson .  . .  .New  Hanover  Co. 

James  S.  Baker Jackson,  Fla. 

Jesse  S.  Barnes Wilson. 

Edward  S.  Bell Bladen  Springs,  Ala. 

Lemuel  C.  Benbury Edenton. 

John  H.  Bitting Germanton. 

Wm.  Bonner,  Jr Fayetteville,  Tenn. 

Samuel  M.  Brinson Newbern. 

Hugh   T.  Brown Wilkesboro. 

Joseph  A.  C.  Brown Davidson  Co. 

Wilkins  Bruce Halifax,  Va. 

John  D.  Buchannan Richmond  Co. 

Nevin  D.  J.  Clark Montgomery  Co. 

Samuel  W.  Clement Granville  Co. 

William  M.  Coleman Concord. 

Thomas  Cowan   Wilmington. 

Cader  G.  Cox Onslow  Co. 

Ambrose  Davie,  Jr., 

Montgomery   Co.,   Tenn. 

William  C.  Dowd . . .  .Wake  Co. 

Macon  T.   Dugger Warrenton. 

Peter  B.  Faison LaGrange,  Tenn. 

William  G.  Foreman Pitt  Co. 

John  P.  Gibson Concord. 

William  H.  Gibson Concord. 

John  A.  Gilmer.  Jr Greensboro. 

David  S.  Goodloe Madison  Co.,  Miss. 

Winter  H.  Goodloe Madison  Co.,  Miss. 

John  C.  Goodman Gates  Co. 

S.  DuPuy  Goza Carroll  Par.,  La. 

James  I.  Groover Thomas  Co.,  Ga. 


8io 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Oscar  F.  Hadly Sumpter  Co.,  Ala. 

William  M.  Hammond Wadesboro. 

Robert  T.  Harris MeKinley,  Ala. 

Thomas  B.  Harris Warrenton,  Ala. 

Addison  Harvey Canton,  Miss. 

Philip  T.  Hay Rockingham  Co. 

James  S.  Hill Stokes  Co. 

Louis  Hilliard   Nash  Co. 

William  W.  Humphries,  Jr., 

Columbus,  Miss. 

James  D.  Hunt Izard  Co.,  Ark. 

Stephen  W.  Isler Goldsboro. 

Francis  M.  Johnson Davie  Co. 

Robert  D.  Johnston Lincoln  Co. 

Zebulon  M.  Johnston Cabarrus  Co. 

Hamilton  C.  Jones,  Jr Rowan  Co. 

Wm.  L.  Kerr Alamance  Co. 

William  Little Raleigh. 

William  C.  Lord Salisbury. 

Nathaniel  P.  Lusher Memphis,  Tenn. 

Thomas  N.  Macartney Mobile,  Ala. 

Ruf us  B.  Mann Granville  Co. 

James  A.  Marsh Asheboro. 

Robert  H.  Marsh Chatham  Co. 

Thomas  W.  Mason.  .  .Brunswick  Co.,  Va. 

Leroy  M.  McAfee Shelby. 

Alexander  C.  McAlister.  .  .  .Randolph  Co. 

Joseph  L.  McConnaughey Rowan  Co. 

James  A.  Miller Rutherfordton. 

James  T.  Morehead,  Jr Greensboro. 

William  Murphy    Salisbury. 

John  M.  Perry  Beaufort. 

Frederick  Philips Edgecombe  Co. 

John  M.  Richmond.  .Fairfield  Dist.,  S.  C. 

Joseph  H.  Ringo Fayetteville,  Tenn. 

James  T.  Scales Henry  Co.,  Va. 

Richard  W.  Singletary Pitt  Co. 

Benjamin  G.  Smith Halifax  Co. 

Daniel  Stewart Richmond  Co. 

William  T.  Sutton,  Jr Bertie  Co. 

Richard  C.  Swain Chapel  Hill. 

Caldwell  C.  Swayze Opelouzas,  La. 

Edward  T.  Sykes Columbus,  Miss. 

-S.  Turner  Sykes Columbus,  Miss. 

Henrv  H.  Tate Gaston  Co. 

John  W.  Tate Gaston  Co. 

John  B.  Tatum Milledgeville,  Ga. 

William  S.  Twitty Rutherford  Co. 

Thomas  B.  Wade.  .Williamson  Co.,  Tenn. 

James  A.  Walker Wilmington. 

Augustine  B.  Washington, 

Memphis,  Tenn. 

James  S.  Watlington Caswell  Co. 

Samuel  E.  WTestray Nash  Co. 

William  Whitaker Davenport,  111. 

Joseph  M.  White Marianna,  Fla. 

Willie  W.  Whitehead Kenansville. 

Boaz  Whitfield Demopolis,  Ala. 


Thomas  S.  Whitted Bladen  Co. 

Joseph  Williams Yadkin  Co. 

John  W.  Williamson Caswell  Co. 

Julius  W.  Wright Wilmington. 

David  J.  Young Granville  Co. 

William  H.  Young Granville  Co. 

Of  the  members  of  this  class  who  won 
honors,  not  described  in  the  text,  Bell 
was  a  Lieutenant  C.  S.  A.,  killed  in  bat- 
tle; Buchanan,  a  planter;  R.  T.  Harris, 
Captain,  lawyer  in  Alabama;  Hay,  law- 
yer in  Mississippi,  killed  in  battle;  Hill, 
a  teacher  in  Tennessee  and  North  Caro- 
lina; Lusher  a  lawyer  in  Tennessee;  Ba- 
ker was  member  of  the  Legislature  and 
planter;  Brinson  a  lawyer;  Clark  is  a 
teacher;  Clement  also  is  a  teacher;  Good- 
loe,  Captain  and  a  preacher. 

Of  those  not  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Adams  was  a  Captain,  killed  in  battle; 
Barnes,  Captain,  killed  at  Seven  Pines; 
Benbury,  a  Captain,  Representative  in 
General  Assembly;  Hugh  Brown  a  Cap- 
tain, killed  in  battle;  Joseph  Brown,  a 
physician  in  Confederate  service;  Bruce, 
a  planter  and  Confederate  soldier;  Cow- 
an, Lieutenant,  killed  in  battle;  Cox,  a 
Surgeon;  Foreman,  a  planter  and  in  the 
Confederate  service;  Gibson,  physician 
and  druggist  in  Confederate  service;  W. 
Gibson,  Lieutenant,  killed;  David  Good- 
loe,  Captain,  minister;  Thomas  Harris, 
Adjutant;  Humphries,  Captain,  in  Legis- 
lature of  Mississippi;  Hunt,  Captain, 
killed  at  Corinth;  Little,  Surgeon;  Jas. 
Marsh,  Captain;  McAlister,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel;  Miller,  Lieutenant;  Singletary, 
Lieutenant-  Colonel,  Representative  in 
Legislature  and  Convention  of  IStiS; 
Smith,  Captain  C.  S.  A.;  Sutton,  Brigade 
Surgeon;  Swain,  Surgeon;  Edward 
Sykes,  Assistant  Adjutant-General;  Ta- 
tum, killed  in  service;  Washington,  killed 
at  Chicamauga;  Johnson,  a  merchant, 
member  of  the  Legislature,  and  Trustee 
U.  N.  C. ;  Stewart  was  a  Lieutenant  C.  S. 
A.,  killed  in  battle;  Twitty  was  a  nier- 
chant  and  Assemblyman;  Walker  was  a 
merchant  in  Wilmington;  Young,  Lieu- 
tenant; Westray  was  a  Captain  of 
Home  Guards,  captalist;  Whitaker  died 
in  service,  1862;  Whitfield,  planter  and 
physician ;  Williams,  manufacturer, 
Trustee  U.  N.  C;  Williamson,  Surgeon; 
Wright,  lawyer,  in  Confederate  service; 
David  Young,  killed  in  battle. 

Of  the  non-graduating  matriculates 
with    this    class,    Robert    L.    Allen    was 


APPENDIX. 


SlI 


killed  at  Sharpsburg;  Samuel  W.  Clem- 
ent, Principal  of  a  classical  school;  Peter 
F.  Doub,  Lieutenant;  Jonathan  Evans, 
Major,  on  Board  of  Agriculture;  John 
L.  Fuller,  physician,  died  in  service; 
Richard  C.  Gordon,  Captain,  planter; 
Henry  W.  Home,  lawyer,  Captain;  Henry 
W.  Ledbetter,  Civil  Engineer;  William 
S.  Richardson,  Methodist  minister  in 
Florida;  John  J.  Spann,  Major;  Jacob 
A.  Thompson,  Surgeon;  James  W.  Cole- 
man, Lieutenant ;  Edward  H.  Davis,  Lieu- 
tenant; Charles  M.  Graham,  lawyer,  Cap- 
tain; John  D.  Hawkins,  planter,  commis- 
sion merchant,  in  Confederate  service; 
Frederick  H.  Jenkins,  Captain,  died  in 
service. 

Graduates  of  1859. 

Peter  B.  Bacot Darlington  Dist.,  S.  C. 

Richard  C.  Badger Raleigh. 

Thomas  J.  Badgett Caswell  Co. 

John  W.  Ballard Wake  Co. 

jGeorge  B.  Barnes Northampton  Co. 

James  E.  Beasley.* Plymouth. 

Hugh  H.  Bein New  Orleans,  La. 

Thomas   P.  Bonner Washington. 

Jesse  T.  Boyce Clarksville,  Texas. 

John  S.  Boylan Raleigh. 

James  G.  Bustin Halifax  Co. 

iUmer  S.  Calloway Wilkesboro. 

James  P.  Coffin  .....*....  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

John  W.  Jole Richmond  Co. 

John  T.  Cook Warrenton. 

Andrew  J.  Costin Wilmington. 

C.  Stephens  Croom New  York  City. 

Henry  R.  Daniel Bladen  Co. 

Edward  H.  Davis Elizabeth  City. 

George  F.  Dickson Alamance  Co. 

John  Duncan,  Jr..  .Matagoria  Co.,  Texas. 

Mills  L.  Eure Gates  Co. 

Isaac  R.  Ferguson Randolph  Co..  Ga. 

Frederick  A.  Fetter Chapel  Hill. 

I    Joseph  H.  Field Columbus,  Miss. 

John  M.  Fleming.  .  t Wake  Co. 

Augustus  M.  Flythe.  .  .  .Northampton  Co. 

Wilbur  F.  Foster Tuskegee,  Ala. 

Lucius  Frierson Columbia,  Tenn. 

James  L.  Gaines Asheville. 

John  T.  Gatling Sunsbury. 

Benjamin   L.  <  i ill Franklin  Co. 

Joseph  L.  Granbery Macon,  Tenn. 

Berryman  Green    Danville,  Va. 

James  C.  Green Danville,  Va. 

Richard  F  Hamlin.  .  .  .Calloway  Co.,  Ky. 

Thomas  W.  Harris Chatham  Co. 

Thomas  S.  Hill Wilmington. 

Cooper  Huggins Onslow  Co. 

N.  Collin  Hughes Newbern. 


Simmons  H.  Isler Goldsboro. 

G.  Burgwyn  Johnston Edenton. 

Stuart  L.  Johnston Plymouth. 

George  D.  Jones Matagorda.  Tex. 

Reuben  F.  C.  Kolb Eufala,  Ala. 

Louis  C.  Latham Plymouth. 

Charles  Lesesne   Bladen  Co. 

Andrew  D.   Lindsay Greensboro. 

Frank  P.  Long Jackson,  Tenn. 

John  B.  Lynch Mecklenburg  Co..  Va. 

William  B.  Lynch Orange  Co. 

Charles  W.  McClammy.  Jr., 

New  Hanover  Co. 

George  C.  McConnaughey Rowan  Co. 

William  McDonald Moore  Co. 

Daniel  P.  McEachin Robeson  Co. 

William  G.  Mebane.  .  ..Fayette  Co.,  Tenn. 

James   A.   Miller Rutherfordton. 

Calvin  N.  Morrow.  .  » Alamance  Co. 

E.  Theodore  Morrow Chapel  Hill. 

Richard  W.  Nixon New  Hanover  Co. 

James  B.  Perkins Columbus,  Miss. 

George  M.  Pillow Columbia,  Tenn. 

Marshall  H.  Pinnix Caswell  Co. 

Edward  L.  Riddick Gates  Co. 

Franklin  C.  Robbins .Randolph  Co. 

James  L.  Robbins Randolph  Co. 

Isaac   Roberts    Carbonton. 

William  J.  Rogers Northampton  Co. 

Henry  L.  Rugeley.  .  .  .Matagorda.  Texas. 

Simpson  Russ Bladen  Co. 

Edward  F.  Satterfield Roxboro. 

Nicholson  B.   Shannon, 

Lake  Bolivar,  Miss. 

George  E.  Shepard New  Hanover  Co. 

William   W.    Sillers Clinton. 

John  A.  Sloan Greensboro. 

Sydney  Smith.  .H. Tallahatchie  Co..  Miss. 

John  Somervell Tipton  Co.,  Tenn. 

William  J.  Somervell,  Haywood  Co..  Tenn. 

Francis  D.    Stockton Statesville. 

James  P.  Taylor.  .  .n Pittsboro. 

Wells   Thompson.  .«  .  .Matagorda.   Texas. 

Timothy  Walton Dayton,  Ala. 

Thomas  L.  Watson Chapel  Hill. 

Richard  S.  Webb Alamance  Co. 

James  G.  Whitfield.  .  .* Lenoir  Co. 

John  Wilcox Todd  Co..  Ky. 

Joseph  A.  Williams Pitt  Co. 

Withers.  Elijah  B Caswell  Co. 

Woodburn,  John  A Guilford  Co. 

In  addition  to  the  honor  men  described 
in  the  text,  Ferguson  was  a  Presby- 
terian preacher;  Fetter  a  Tutor  U.  N.  ('., 
then  a  classical  teacher,  and  now  an 
Episcopal  minister:  Foster  was  in  the 
Confederate    service,    a    lawyer,    and    in 


812 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


the  Alabama  Legislature;  Gill,  a  Lieu- 
tenant, killed  in  battle,  and  J.  C.  Green 
a  Surgeon  C.  S.  A.;  Nixon  is  a  sound 
lawyer;  Robbins  is  a  strong  lawyer,  and 
State  Senator;  J.  L.  Robbins  was  killed 
in  the  Confederate  service;  Withers  was 
a  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  lawyer  of  note, 
member  of  the  Convention  of  18G5;  re- 
moved to  Danville,  Va.,  and  was  in  the 
Virginia  Legislature;  John  W.  Cole  and 
Robert  W.  Cole  were  Lieutenants  in  the 
army;  Cook  was  Sergeant-Major,  killed 
at  Chancellorsville;  Isler  is  a  Presby- 
terian minister;  Jones  was  a  planter, 
and  a  Confederate  soldier;  C.  Morrow  is 
a  Presbyterian  minister;  Pillow  was  a 
Lieutenant  and  a  lawyer,  died  early; 
Sillers  was  a  Lieutenant- Colonel,  killed 
in  battle;  Webb  was  a  Chaplain  and  is 
a  Methodist  minister;  Woodburn  is  a 
Presbyterian  minister  and  Principal  of 
an  Academy  for  boys. 

Of  those  who  were  not  reported  as  dis- 
tinguished, Bacot  was  a  Surgeon;  Bal- 
lard, a  Captain;  Barnes,  Quarter-Master, 
commission  merchant;  Beasley,  Lieuten- • 
ant,  general  insurance  agent;  Bonner, 
a  Surgeon;  Boyce,  killed  in  battle;  Cof- 
•  fin,  a  Captain,  Clerk  of  Circuit  Court; 
Daniel,  Lieutenant,  died  in  service;  Da- 
vis a  Lieutenant;  Dixon,  a  planter  in 
Arkansas,  in  Confederate  service;  Flem- 
ing, Deputy  Warden  State  Penitentiary; 
Fly  the,  Episcopal  minister;  Frierson,  a 
banker;  Gatling,  Adjutant  and  in  the 
Legislature;  Granbery,  a  Captain;  Ham- 
lin, in  Confederate  service,  President  of 
Blandville  College;  Hill,  killed  in  battle; 
Hughes,  Captain,  killed  at  Gettysburg; 
S.  Johnston,  a  Captain;  Kirkland,  Pres- 
byterian minister;  Lindsay,  Lieutenant; 
McDonald,  a  minister;  Mebane,  Captain; 
Miller,  a  Lieutenant;  Pinnix,  State  Rep- 
resentative and  Senator,  Trustee;  Rid- 
dick,  killed  in  service ;Rugeley,  Surgeon; 
Russ,  Surgeon;  Satterfield,  killed  in  ser- 
vice; Sloan,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  author 
of  Sketches  of  the  War;  John  Somervell, 
Sergeant-Major,  Superintendent  of  Mem- 
phis City  Schools;  Taylor,  teacher  in 
Texas;  Watson,  Lieutenant,  killed  at 
Chicamauga ;  Whitfield,  Sergeant-Major, 
planter  and  miller;  Williams,  Captain, 
killed  in  battle. 

Of  the  non-graduating  matriculates  of 
the  class,  John  C.  Brent  is  a  Methodist 
minister;  James  G.  Campbell,  Brigade- 
Surgeon;  Thomas  D.  Claiborne,  Lieuten- 


ant-Colonel, killed  at  Nottoway,  C.  H. ; 
Fenton  G.  Foster,  planter,  inventor; 
Alexander  H.  Galloway,  Captain;  Thos. 
S.  Galloway,  Colonel;  Rhydon  Grigsby, 
killed  in  battle;  William  M.  Holt,  Lieu- 
tenant, died  in  service;  Thomas  J.  Lee, 
journalist,  druggist,  in  Confederate 
army;  Wm.  Preston  Mangum,  Lieuten- 
ant, killed  at  first  Manassas;  Algernon 
R.  Morris,  collector  of  taxes  in  Travis 
County,  Texas,  Clerk  of  District  Court; 
Frederick  Nash,  Captain;  Robert  C.  Pear- 
son, Surgeon;  Alfred  B.  Pulliam,  Sur- 
geon; David  S.  Ryan,  telegrapher,  journ- 
alist; Andrew  J.  Ellis,  Captain;  Edwin 
D.  Foxhall,  Captain;  Alexander  Kirk- 
land, Presbyterian  minister;  Francis  D. 
Koonce,  Captain;  Richard  F.  Lewis,  phy- 
sician, member  of  the  Legislature;  John 
G.  Pureell,  Lieutenant;  Thomas  C.  Sin- 
gletary,  Colonel;  James  B.  Sugg,  Cap- 
tain; Joseph  T.  Waldo,  member  of  the 
Legislature. 

Graduates  of  i860. 

Robert  B.  Adams Yorkville,  S.  C. 

Sydenham   B.   Alexander Charlotte. 

Lawrence  M.  Anderson.  .Tallahassee,  Fla. 
Geo.  Washington  Askew,  Columbus,  Miss. 

Isaac  Taylor  Attmore Newbern. 

William  W.  Baird Person  Co. 

Algernon  Sidney  Barbee Chapel  Hill. 

Alexander  Barrett Carthage. 

Junius  Cullen  Battle Chapel  Hill. 

Lewis  Bond Brownsville,  Tenn. 

William  Henry  Borden Goldsboro. 

John  R.  Bowie Lake  St.  Joseph,  La. 

Sterling  H.  Brickell Halifax  Co. 

William  M.  Brooks Chatham  Co. 

Charles  Bruce,  Jr Halifax  Co.,  Va. 

George  P.  Bryan Raleigh. 

Richard  Alexander  Bullock, 

Williamsborough. 

Pierce  M.  Butler Edgefield,  S.  C. 

Alexander  T.  Cole Richmond  Co. 

Daniel  R.  Coleman Concord. 

Robert  English  Cooper,  Sumter  Dist.,  S.  C. 

Thomas  Watson  Cooper Bertie  Co. 

S.  Venable  Daniel Granville  Co. 

Samuel  C.  Davis Yadkin  Co. 

Thomas  Whitnall  Davis Louisburg. 

Edwin  L.  Drake Fayetteville,  Tenn. 

John  H.  D.  Fain Granville  Co. 

Horace  Ferrand Caldwell  Par.,  La. 

James  \j.  A.  Fogle Columbus,  Ga. 

Samuel  R.  Franklin.  .Marshall  Co.,  Miss. 

Woodson  L.  Garrett Greene  Co.,  Ala, 

Chas.  Edward  Gay,  Oktibbeha  Co.,  Miss. 


APPENDIX. 


813 


James  Augustus  Graham Hillsboro. 

Charles  Haigh    Fayetteville. 

Edward  Jones  Hale,  Jr Fayetteville. 

Edward  Jones  Hardin .  .  .  Columbia,  Tenn. 

Robert  B.  Hays Jackson,  Tenn. 

William  Joseph  Headen Chatham  Co. 

William  Wild  Henry,  Sunflower  Co.,  Miss. 

Samuel  A.  High  tower Homer,  La. 

Thomas  C.  Holliday Aberdeen,  Miss. 

Robert  Bruce  B.  Houston .  .  .  Catawba  Co. 

H.  Francis  Jones Thomasville,  Ga. 

Walter  Jeffreys  Jones Milton. 

James  Kelly  Moore  Co. 

John  B.   Kelly Carthage. 

William   John  King Louisburg. 

Jarvis  Buxton  Lutterloh. . .  .Fayetteville. 

Eugene  Stuart  Martin Wilmington. 

George  S.  Martin Columbia,  Tenn. 

James  Baxter  McCallum.  ..  .Robeson  Co. 

James  C.  McClelland Iredell  Co. 

Edwin  Turner  McKethan.  .  ..Fayetteville. 

Arthur  N.  McKimmon Raleigh. 

James  McKimmon,  Jr Raleigh. 

Cornelius  Mebane Mebanesville. 

John  Wood  Mebane.  .  .Fayette  Co.,  Tenn. 

Augustin  Micou   New  Orleans,  La. 

Thomas  S.  Mimms Todd  Co.,  Ky. 

William  Thorne  Nicholson.  .  ..Halifax  Co. 

Oliver  Winfield  Pearce Fayetteville. 

Reddin  Gresham  Pittman.  .  .  .Halifax  Co. 

Charles  Carroll  Pool Elizabeth  City. 

George  McD.  Quarles Minden.  La. 

Tims  Rial Caldwell  Par..  La. 

Iowa  Madison  Royster Raleigh. 

Edwin  Benjamin  Sanders Onslow  Co. 

Jos.  Hubbard  Saunders Chapel  Hill. 

Erasmus  Decatur  Scales,  Rockingham  Co. 

Farquhard  Smith,  Jr Harnett  Co. 

Norfleet  Smith Halifax  Co. 

Thomas  Lucius  Smith.  .  .  .Newport,  Tenn. 

Edward  G.  Sterling Greensboro. 

Hugh  Strong Chester  Dist.,  S.  C. 

Richard  Lycurgus  Sykes,  Columbus.  Miss. 

George  W.  Taylor Homer,  La. 

Samuel  M.  Thompson Florence,  Ala. 

John  Houston  Thorp Nash  Co. 

Vernon  Henry  Vaughan.  .Mt.  Meis;s.  Ala. 

James  Albert  Wallace Pitt  Co. 

Samuel  P.  Weir Greensboro. 

Cicero  Whitfield   Lenoir  Co. 

George  Lovick  Wilson Newbern. 

William  A.  Wooster Wilmington. 

Of  the  honor  men,  Cooper  was  a  Lieu- 
tenant, killed  at  Gettysburg;  Headen,  a 
teacher,  a  Lieutenant,  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  died  in  1SG5;  Kelly  is  a 
Presbyterian  minister;  King  was  a  Con- 
federate soldier,  a  lawyer  and  a  teacher; 


Scales  was  a  Captain  and  is  a  lawyer; 
Weir  was  a  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Gettys- 
burg; Baird  was  a  Lieutenant;  Borden 
a  Lieutenant  and  is  a  manufacturer; 
Bruce  was  a  Captain,  killed  in  battle; 
Daniel  was  a  Lieutenant;  Fain  was  a 
Captain,  killed  in  probably  the  last  bat- 
tle in  Virginia;  Foyle  was  in  the  Confed- 
erate service;  Graham  was  a  Captain, 
member  of  the  Legislature,  and  a  lawyer, 
also  Trustee  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina;  Hardin  was  an  Assistant  Ad- 
jutant-General and  is  a  merchant;  Mar- 
tin was  Lieutenant  and  is  a  lawyer;  Rial 
was  a  Confederate  soldier;  Thorp  was  a 
Captain,  member  of  the  Legislature,  a 
lawyer,  and  now  a  planter. 

Of  the  undistinguished,  L.  M.  Ander- 
son was  a  Captain  and  killed  at  Shiloh; 
Attmore  was  in  the  Confederate  service 
and  killed  at  Spottsylvania  C.  H.;  Bar- 
bee  was  a  Lieutenant  and  often  Mayor  of 
Chapel  Hill;  Barrett  a  Lieutenant;  Bowie 
a  Sergeant  and  planter;  Brickell  a  Cap- 
tain, killed  in  battle;  Bullock,  a  Ser- 
geant; Butler  a  Lieutenant;  Cole  a  Cap- 
tain; Coleman  was  in  the  Confederate 
service;  Cooper  a  Chaplain  C.  S.  A.;  S.  C. 
Davis,  Lieutenant;  Drake,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  physician,  journalist;  Ferrand 
in  C.  S.  Army;  Franklin  killed  in  Con- 
federate service;  Garrett  a  Lieutenant; 
Gay  a  Lieutenant  and  a  merchant; 
Haigh,  a  Sergeant-Major,  physician  and 
merchant;  Hays  was  in  the  Confederate 
service;  Henry  a  Captain  and  lawyer; 
Hightower  in  Confederate  service  and 
lawyer;  Holliday,  Assistant  Adjutant- 
General,  Killed  in  battle;  Houston,  a 
Lieutenant,  State  Representative;  H.  F. 
Jones,  Lieutenant,  killed  in  service:  W. 
J.  Jones,  in  Confederate  service,  teacher 
and  lawyer;  J.  B.  Kelly  in  Confederate 
service;  Lutterloh,  Lieutenant,  killed  in 
battle:  G.  S.  Martin,  Lieutenant  and 
Aide-de-Camp,  killed  in  service;  J.  B.  Mc- 
Callum, Lieutenant,  killed  at  Drurv's 
Bluff;  J.  C.  McClelland,  in  Confederate 
service,  teacher:  E.  1.  McKethan,  a 
Lieutenant:  A.  N.  McKimmon,  a  Con- 
federate soldier;  J.  McKimmon.  a  Lieu- 
tenant and  druggist;  C.  Mebane.  Adju- 
tant and  manufacturer;  J.  W.  Mebane, 
Captain,  killed  at  Kennesaw  Mountain; 
A.  Micou,  Lieutenant  C.  S.  A.;  Mimms, 
planter;  Nicholson,  Captain  and  Judge 
Advocate,  killed:  Pearce,  in  Confederate 
army;    R.    G.    Pittman,    Top.    Engineer; 


8i4 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Quarles,  C.  S.  A.,  killed;  E.  B.  Sanders, 
C.  S.  A.,  planter;  Jos.  H.  Saunders,  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel, planter;  Scales,  Captain, 
lawyer;  T.  L.  Smith,  killed  in  battle; 
Sterling,  killed;  Sykes,  physician;  Tay- 
lor, Captain,  merchant;  Thompson,  Colo- 
nel; Vaughan,  Adjutant,  Professor  of 
Mathematics,  Governor  of  Utah,  miner 
and  planter;  Whitfield,  Sergeant,  physi- 
cian;  Wallace,  in  Confederate  service. 

Of  the  matriculates  with  the  class  of 
18(30,  not  graduating,  were  Win,  T.  Allen, 
a  Lieutenant;  John  D.  Barry,  Colonel, 
journalist;  Thaddeus  C.  Coleman,  Tutor 
LT.  X.  C,  Civil  Engineer,  in  Confederate 
service;  Edwin  L.  Drake,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  physician,  journalist;  Thomas  C. 
Evans,  Captain,  journalist;  Thomas 
Branch  Harris,  Adjutant;  Wm.  Edwin 
Holt,  manufacturer;  Robert  H.  Lindsay, 
died  in  service;  Julius  A.  Little,  mer- 
chant, in  Confederate  service;  Charles  J. 
McDowell,  Sergeant;  Kenneth  M.  Mcln- 
tyre,  Presbyterian  minister;  James  G. 
McXab,  died  in  service;  Duncan  G.  Mc- 
Rae,  Captain,  killed  at  Chancellorsville; 
Benjamin  F.  Moore,  physician,  Lieuten- 
ant ;  Robert  P.  Nicholson,  Presbyterian 
minister;  W.  G.  B.  Pearson,  druggist,  in 
Alabama  Legislature;  Charles  Philips, 
real  estate  agent;  Thomas  J.  B,eid,  Sur- 
geon; David  A.  Settle,  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, Colonel,  U.  S.  Marshal;  Sydney 
Smith,  merchant,  Dallas,  Texas;  James 
H.  Taylor,  planter,  died  in  service;  John 
F.  Thompson,  Lieutenant,  died  in  ser- 
vice; James  M.  Wall,  Sheriff  of  Anson, 
in  Confederate  service;  David  C.  Allen, 
Colonel;  Benjamin  J.  Blount,  Lieutenant, 
C.  S.  A.;  Wm.  A.  Cherry,  Lieutenant; 
Wm.  Frierson,  Lieutenant-Colonel;  John 
H.  Hicks,  Surgeon;  Thomas  R.  Law- 
rence, teacher,  Lieutenant;  Thomas  Mc- 
Bryde,  Lieutenant;  James  L.  McCormic, 
Captain;  Robert  J.  McEachern,  Captain; 
Basil  Manly,  Colonel,  Mayor  of  Raleigh; 
Melville  J.  Shattock,  Adjutant;  Walter 
C.  Y.  Parker,  Captain;  Joseph  C.  Shej)- 
ard,  Surgeon;  John  R.  Tillery,  in  Con- 
federate service,  manufacturer. 

Graduates  of  1861. 

William  L.  Alford Trinity  College. 

Thomas  T.  Allen Windsor. 

James  L.  Anderson Winton. 

Calvin  Barnes   Wilson. 

Charles  H.  Barron Edgecombe  Co. 

Luther  R.  Bell Oxford. 


Joseph  C.  Bellamy Edgecombe  Co. 

William  R.  Bond Halifax  Co. 

Allen  T.  Bowie,  Jr.,  Lake  St.  Joseph,  La. 
Thomas  C.  Bowie.  .Lake  St.  Joseph,  La. 

John  Bragg,  Jr Raleigh. 

Edmund  G.  Brodie Granville  Co. 

George  jj.  Bullock Warren  Co. 

William  E.  Butler,  Jr Jackson,  Tenn. 

James  E.  Butts Columbus,  Ga. 

Robert  S.  Clark Upshur  Co.,  Tex. 

R.  Lawrence  Collin Pontotoc,  Miss. 

Benjamin  M.  Collins Warren  Co. 

John  D.  Currie   Bladen  Co. 

Thomas  B.  Davidson Mansfield,  La. 

Allen  Davies Orange  Co. 

Weldon  E.  Davis Warren  Co. 

John  H.  Dobbin Fayetteville. 

C.  Furman  Dowd Wake  Co. 

Andrew  K.  Edmondson, 

Fayetteville,  Tenn. 

James  A.  Everett Carroll  Co.,  Miss. 

Oliver  B.  Flowers Warren  Co.,  Miss. 

Noah  P.  Foard Concord. 

David  H.  Foy New  Hanover  Co. 

Franklin  Garrett Monroe,  La. 

Hamilton  C.  Graham Newbern. 

Madison  R.  Grigsby Canton,  Miss. 

John  W.  Hallyburton .  .  .Woodville,  Tenn. 

John  W.  Harris Chatham  Co. 

Paul  B.  Harris Lancasterville,  S.  C. 

John  L.  Haughton Jones  Co. 

Thomas  H.   Haughton Xewbern. 

Fabius  J.  Haywood,  Jr Raleigh. 

John  M.  Hicks Duplin  Co. 

James  M.  Hobson Davie  Co. 

Henry  J.  Hogan Chapel  Hill. 

Benjamin  R.  Holt Augusta,  Ga. 

William  A.  Horney Greensboro. 

George  B.  Hunt.  .  .Washington  Co.,  Miss. 

James  M.  B.  Hunt Townesville. 

Isaac  A.  Jarratt Yadkin  Co. 

James  P.  Jenkins Northampton  Co. 

Joseph  V.  Jenkins Edgecombe  Co. 

John  T.  Jones Caldwell  Co. 

James  G.  Kenan Kenansville. 

James  S.  Knight Rockingham. 

John  M.  Land Grenada,  Miss. 

John  F.  Lightfoot Tuscumbia,  Ala. 

James   C.  Marshall Wadesboro. 

Lewis  Maverick San  Antonio,  Texas. 

George  W.  McMillan.  .  .Xew  Hanover  Co. 

William   C.   Michie Bastrop,   La. 

J.  Turner  Morehead Greensboro. 

Robert  Murphy Sampson  Co. 

Guilford  Xicholson Halifax  Co. 

William  T.  Nuckolls Columbus,  Ga. 

James  Parker Gates  Co. 

James  P.  Parker.  .  .  .Haywood  Co.,  Tenn. 


APPENDIX. 


8i«5 


Oliver  T.  Parks Wilkes  Co. 

Robert  L.  Pugh.  .  .  .Assumption  Par.,  La. 

Preston  Roan Yancey ville. 

Jesse  G.  Ross De  Soto  Par.,  La. 

David  W.  Simmons,  Jr Onslow  Co. 

Charles  M.  Stedman Fayetteville. 

Massilon  F.  Taylor Granville  Co. 

Simon  H.  Taylor Marksville,  La. 

Andrew  M.  Thigpen Edgecombe  Co. 

Alfred  G.  Thompson.  .  .Franklin  Par.,  La. 

James  N.  Thompson Leasburg. 

William  P.  Timberlake,  Lexington,  Tenn. 
William  Van  Wyck,  Jr..  .Pendleton,  S.  C. 
Joel   P.    Walker, 

Lauderdale  Springs,  Miss. 
Benjamin  J.  Wesson.  .  .Calloway  Co.,  Ky. 

Spier  Whitaker,  Jr Davenport,  Iowa. 

Henry  G.  Williams Warren  Co. 

Nicholas  L.  Williams,  Jr Yadkin  Co. 

Elisha  E.  Wright Memphis,  Tenn. 

Joshua  G.  Wright,  Jr Wilmington. 

Besides  the  honor  men  mentioned  in 
the  text,  Butts  and  Knight  were  Lieu- 
tenants, killed  in  battle;  Dowd  a  physi- 
cian; Maverick,  a  Major,  died  from 
wounds  in  battle;  Van  Wyck.  a  lawyer 
and  capitalist  in  New  York  City;  Coffin 
was  a  Confederate  soldier  and  is  a  cotton 
factor:  Currie  was  a  Lieutenant,  in  the 
Legislature,  a  merchant,  and  Trustee  of 
the  University;  Davis,  a  Captain,  killed 
at  Kelly's  Ford,  1863:  Dobbin  was  a 
Confederate  soldier  and  died  in  service; 
Garrett  was  a  Captain  and  is  a  lawyer; 
Thomas  H.  Haughton  was  a  Captain  and 
is  an  insurance  agent;  Lightfoot,  a  Con- 
federate soldier,  killed  at  Shiloh;  Mar- 
shall was  a  merchant  and  is  an  insur- 
ance agent;  Nicholson  a  Lieutenant,  now 
a  planter;  Parks,  a  Lieutenant,  killed  in 
battle;  Ross  a  Confederate  soldier,  killed 
in  battle. 

Of  those  not  in  the  honor  list,  Barnes 
was  a  Captain;  Barrow  a  Captain  and 
physician;  Bell,  killed  in  battle:  Bellamy 
a  planter  and  Sergeant;  Bond  a  Lieuten- 
ant; A.  T.  Bowie  a  Captain;  Thomas  C. 
Bowie,  a  planter  and  in  the  Confederate 
service;  Bullock.  Captain;  Collins,  Cap- 
tain; Davidson,  killed  in  battle;  Foard, 
constructor;  David  H.  Foy,  died  in  ser- 
vice; Graham.  Captain,  Clerk  of  Circuit 
Court,  Selma,  Ala.;  John  W.  Harris  died 
in  service;  John  Lawrence  Haughton, 
Lieutenant,  killed  in  battle;  Haywood, 
Adjutant,  physician;  Holt,  Lieutenant; 
Hunt,  Major;  Jarrett,  a  Captain;  James 
P.  Jenkins,  Captain,  died  in  service;  Jo- 


seph V.  Jenkins,  died  in  service;  Jones, 
Lieutenant,  killed  in  the  Wilderness; 
James  G.  Kenan,  Captain,  member  of 
the  Legislature;  Land,  killed  at  Shiloh; 
Lightfoot,  killed  at  Shiloh;  McMillan, 
killed  in  service;  Michie,  Captain;  Nuck- 
olls, Captain,  killed  near  Richmond; 
Pugh,  Lieutenant;  Roan,  Surgeon;  Ross, 
killed  in  service;  Routh,  Captain;  Mas- 
sillon  F.  Taylor,  Captain,  killed  in  ser- 
vice; Simon  H.  Taylor,  Captain,  killed  at 
Culpepper  C.  H. ;  Thigpen,  Lieutenant; 
James  N.  Thompson,  killed  in  service; 
Walker.  Captain,  County  Attorney  in 
Mississippi,  member  of  the  Legislature; 
Henrv  G.  Williams,  Ensign,  killed  at 
Malvern  Hill. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  the 
class  of  1861,  but  did  not  graduate,  were 
John  Bradford,  killed  at  Seven  Pines; 
Felix  G.  Claiborne,  Lieutenant;  Robert 
E.  Cooper,  Presbyterian  minister;  Thos. 
Cowan,  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Fort  Fisher; 
Wm.  A.  Dunn.  Lieutenant,  died  in  Fort 
Delaware;  Jacob  F.  Foster,  killed  at 
Chancellorsville;  Algernon  M.  Lee,  phy- 
sician, in  Confederate  service;  Frank  P. 
Long,  in  Confederate  service,  railroad  offi- 
cer; Neill  E.  McCaskill,  in  Confederate 
service,  teacher;  Henry  B.  Pegram,  Lieu- 
tenant; George  M.  Pillow.  Lieutenant: 
Mitchell  S.  Prudhomme.  killed  at  first 
Manassas;  George  M.  Quarles,  died  in 
service:  Stephen  D.  Richmond,  Lieuten- 
ant, killed  in  service:  G.  Gordon  Sims, 
General  Manager.  Greenville,  Miss..  Im- 
provement Company;  John  J.  Ware,  Sur- 
geon; Louis  West,  Captain;  Nathan  B. 
Whitfield.  Captain,  killed  at  Spottsvl- 
vania  C.  H. ;  John  W.  Wilson,  Lieuten- 
ant, killed  in  battle;  Wm.  H.  Austin. 
Sergeant;  R.  E.  Ballard.  Lieutenant: 
Win.  W.  Cross,  Surgeon;  Wm.  A.  Hol- 
land. Major;  R.  P.  Howell.  Quartermas- 
ter; M.  J.  McSween,  in  Confederate  ser- 
vice, journalist:  William  W.  Martin,  Ma- 
jor; Louis  E.  Satterthwaite.  Captain; 
Charles  Walsh,  Jr..  Captain. 

Graduates  of  1862. 

Thomas  S.  Armistead,  Jr Plymouth. 

John  A.  Cameron Harnett  Co. 

Francis  M.  Carter Carter  Co..  Mo. 

Ovide  Dupre.  .  .  .St.  Martin's  Point,  La. 
Adolphus  L.  Fitzgerald.  .Rockingham  Co. 

Robert  F.  Fulton Fayetteville.  Tenn. 

Albert  B.  Gorrell Winston. 

Thomas  J.   Hadlev WilsoD 


8i6 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Sylvester  Hassell   Williamston. 

Robert  W.  Haynes Knoxville,  Tenn. 

Joseph  A.  Haywood Raleigh. 

James  D.  Jenkins Edgecombe  Co. 

William  W.  Jones Henderson. 

William  C.  Jordan Greenville. 

Frank  M.  Leigh Columbus,  Miss. 

Edward  A.  Martin Chapel  Hill. 

Archibald  McFadyen Cumberland  Co. 

John  M.  Mclver Moore  Co. 

Archibald  A.  McMillan Robeson  Co. 

John  K.  McQueen Floral  College. 

William  H.  H.  Mills Nashville,  Tenn. 

Walter  H.  Montague Wake  Co. 

J.  Edwin  Moore Martin  Co. 

Augustus  M.  Parker Gates  Co. 

John  Grant  Rencher.  .  .Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex. 

T.  Sidney  Scales Lowndes  Co.,  Miss. 

Reuell  M.  Stancill Carrollton,  Miss. 

Boaz  W.  Young Wake  Co. 

In  addition  to  those  named  in  the  text, 
Armistead  was  a  Lieutenant,  lawTyer  and 
journalist;  Fulton  was  killed  at  Chica- 
mauga;  Gorrell  was  Colonel  of  the  State 
Home  Guards,  and  a  prominent  mer- 
chant and  manufacturer;  Hadley  was 
a  Captain  and  prominent  merchant; 
Hassell  is  a  minister,  an  author,  and 
Principal  of  a  Collegiate  Institute; 
Haynes  was  a  member  of  the  Tennessee 
Legislature;  Haywood,  a  Lieutenant; 
Jones,  State  Solicitor;  Jordan  a  Captain 
and  physician;  McQueen  in  the  Confed- 
erate service  and  a  physician;  Parker, 
killed  in  service;  Rencher,  Captain  and 
lawyer;  Stancill  killed  in  service. 

Of  the  matriculates  not  graduating 
were  J.  Monroe  Anderson,  Captain;  Sam- 
uel J.  Andrews,  Presbyterian  minister; 
Edward  H.  Armstrong,  Captain,  killed  in 
battle;  Joseph  T.  Bason,  Sergeant,  died 
in  service;  John  Hicks  Bass,  in  Confed- 
erate service,  journalist;  Marsden  Bella- 
my, Paymaster;  Allen  T.  Bowie,  Cap- 
tain; Assistant  Postmaster,  Natchez, 
Miss.;  James  Adolphus  Cody,  Inspector; 
James  M.  Covington,  prominent  physi- 
cian; James  T.  Douglas,  Captain;  Ed- 
ward C.  Easterling,  in  Confederate  ser- 
vice, U.  S.  River  and  Harbor  service; 
David  S.  Ellington,  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature; Jacob  F.  Foster,  killed  at  Chan- 
cellorsville;  John  Charles  Gaines,  Cap- 
tain, killed  in  the  Wilderness;  Robert  T. 
Hailey,  Civil  Engineer;  Win.  H.  Johnson, 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  physician;  Wm.  D. 
Jones,  Captain;  Thomas  T.  Land,  lawyer 
and  planter  in  Louisiana ;  John  0.  Miller, 
Captain,  planter  in  California;  Albert  G. 


Moore,  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Fort  Repub- 
lic; Patterson  A.  Hill,  Sergeant,  mer- 
chant, Louisville,  Ky.;  James  H.  Polk, 
Captain,  live  stock  and  commission  mer- 
chant; Robert  J.  Powell,  Civil  Engineer, 
State  Senator;  Clement  S.  Richardson, 
Surgeon;  Benjamin  Junius  Rogers,  Cap- 
tain, Sheriff  of  Marlborough  County,  S. 
C;  Stephen  M.  Routh,  Captain;  Charles 
S.  Shorter,  Captain;  Jesse  W.  Siler, 
Lieutenant,  killed  in  service;  Rufus  S. 
Siler,  Lieutenant,  died  in  service;  James 
M.  Smitn,  died  in  service;  Araziah  C. 
Stewart,  member  of  the  Convention  of 
1861,  died  1861;  John  M.  Sutton,  Captain, 
died  from  consumption  contracted  in  ser- 
vice; Lawson  W.  Sykes,  Captain,  killed 
in  the  Wilderness;  Simon  H.  Taylor,  of 
Louisiana,  killed  at  Culpepper  Court 
House;  George  S.  Thompson,  Major; 
Henry  Clay  Wall,  author,  manufacturer, 
merchant,  Trustee;  Thomas  S.  Webb,  of 
Tennessee,  Major;  Thomas  L.  Williams, 
of  Tennessee,  Major;  Walter  S.  William- 
son, journalist,  planter  in  Texas;  Edwin 
Barnes,  Assistant  Surgeon;  Wm.  Biggs, 
Captain,  journalist,  lawyer;  James  J. 
Cherry,  Captain;  George  0.  Cherry,  Cap- 
tain; James  W.  Ferebee,  of  Virginia, 
Captain;  Wm.  M.  Fetter,  Captain;  Wm. 
H.  Green,  of  Alabama,  Lieutenant;  Julian 
A.  Latham,  Lieutenant;  James  A.  Law, 
Colonel;   Lyon  Harrison,  Lieutenant;   R. 

D.  McCother,  Lieutenant,  teacher,  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature;  Richardson  Mal- 
lett,  Lieutenant;  A.  J.  Moore,  Captain, 
Baptist  minister;  J.  A.  Murphy,  Ser- 
geant; Eugene  C.  Rhodes,  Captain;  Chas. 

E.  C.  Riddick,  Lieutenant;  Wm.  E.  Sat- 
terthwaite,  Lieutenant;  James  C.  Smith, 
steamboat  Captain;  Samuel  T.  Snow; 
Lieutenant;  Archibald  T.  Staton,  Lieu- 
tenant; M.  B.  Walker,  Captain,  member 
of   the    Mississippi   Legislature. 

Graduates  of  1863. 

Thomas  M.  Argo Wetumpka,  Ala, 

Thomas  T.  Broyles,  Anderson  C.  H.,  S.  C. 

Titus  M.  Carr Pitt  Co. 

John  L.  Carroll Kenansville. 

Edward  Hines Craven  Co. 

Matthias  M.  Marshall Pittsboro. 

Wm.  L.  Quarles Minden,  La. 

Warner  M.  Watkins Milton. 

Of  the  matriculates  with  the  clas3,  not 
named  in  the  text,  there  were  Leonard 
White  Bartlett,  of  South  Carolina,  Cap- 
tain,  killed   at   Savage   Station;    George 


APPENDIX. 


8l7 


F.  Bason,  Confederate  soldier,  lawyer, 
member  of  the  Legislature;  George  P. 
Bass,  of  Texas,  physician,  in  Confeder- 
ate service;  Wesley  Lewis  Battle,  Lieu- 
tenant, killed  on  Cemetery  Hili,  Gettys- 
burg; James  D.  Blanchard,  of  Missis- 
sippi, killed  on  Malvern  Hill;  R.  Warren 
Boyd,  of  South  Carolina,  in  Confederate 
service,  Presbyterian  minister;  Wm.  A. 
Brown,  of  Mississippi,  Captain;  Edward 
J.  Chilton,  of  Tennessee,  killed  at  York- 
town;  Wiley  Adams  Clement,  Captain, 
Clerk  of  Inferior  Court;  John  Cowan, 
Captain,  Clerk  of  Board  of  Audit  and 
Finance;  Reuben  J.  DeJarnette,  of  South 
Carolina,  killed  in  battle;  Thomas  J.  H. 
Douglass,  physician  and  planter;  Alcee 
Dupre,  of  Louisiana,  Captain,  member 
of  the  Legislature;  Wm.  Isaac  Everett, 
Quartermaster,  merchant,  State  Senator; 
James  H.  Exum,  Captain,  member  of  the 
Legislature;  Angus  N.  Ferguson,  Presby- 
terian minister;  Frederick  S.  Foard, 
Lieutenant  C.  S.  A.;  John  Garlington,  of 
bouth  Carolina,  killed  at  Fredericksburg; 
Wm.  Martin  Gunnels,  of  South  Carolina, 
Lieutenant,  died  from  wounds  in  ser- 
vice; Paul  B.  Harris,  died  while  a  stu- 
dent; Leonard  A.  Henderson,  Captain, 
killed  at  Cold  Harbor;  Joseph  J.  D. 
Hodges,  killed  at  second  Manassas;  Thos. 
P.  Hodges,  of  Tennessee,  Captain;  Ken- 
neth R.  Jones,  Captain;  John  M.  Kelly, 
Major,  killed  at  Fredericksburg;  Neill  R. 
Kelly,  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Drury's 
Bluff;  Hyder  Ali  Kennedy,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  Assistant  Assayer  LT.  S.  Mint  of 
New  Orleans;  Joel  G.  King,  Surgeon;  C. 
H.  Martin,  Captain,  planter  in  Louisiana; 
Edwin  A.  Martin,  Adjutant;  Julius  Csesar 
Mitchell,  of  Alabama,  Captain;  Augustus 
M.  Moore,  Lieutenant;  Bryant  P.  Moore, 
of  Louisiana,  Lieutenant;  Nathaniel  A. 
Ogilby,  of  Georgia,  killed  in  service;  Ed- 
ward R.  Outlaw,  Captain;  Benjamin  L. 
Perry,  Assistant  Adjutant-General;  Mark 
B.  Pitt,  Lieutenant;  Nymphas  E.  Price, 
in  Confederate  service,  Episcopal  minis- 
ter; William  J.  Robards,  Sergeant-Ma  - 
jor;  Samuel  Garland  Ryan,  in  Confed- 
erate service,  prominent  lawyer;  Philip 
H.  Sasser,  Lieutenant;  Joseph  Henry 
Scales,  of  Virginia,  Lieutenant;  Norman 
L.  Shaw,  Captain,  journalist;  Felix  Tank- 
ersley,  of  Alabama,  Lieutenant,  killed  in 
service:  G.  Edwards  Thurmond,  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools  in  California;  Edward 
J.    Timberlake,    of    Tennessee,    Clerk    of 

52 


Circuit  Court,  member  of  Legislature, 
banker;  James  N.  Ware,  of  Alabama, 
died  in  service;  Wm.  H.  Ware,  of  Ala- 
bama, killed  at  Fredericksburg;  Stephen 
K.  S.  Watkins,  of  Tennessee,  Lieutenant; 
Wm.  H.  Whitfield,  killed  at  Seven  Pines; 
Wm.  E.  Winston,  of  Alabama,  Lieuten- 
ant, stockbreeder  in  Texas. 

Graduates  of  1864. 

Albert  M.  Boozer.  .Lexington  C.  H,  S.  C. 

Walter  Mclv.  Clark Halifax  Co. 

James  C.  Gilmer.  .  .  .' Mt.  Airy. 

Wm.  A.  Guthrie Chapel  Hill. 

Alfred  C.  B.  Holt Augusta,  Ga. 

William  R.  Kenan Kenansville. 

John  P.  Rogers Wake  Co. 

James  Turner  Tate Gaston  Co. 

Augustus  Van  Wyck.  .  .  .Pendleton,  S.  C. 
J.  Buxton  Williams,  Jr Warren  Co. 

Of  the  matriculates  of  this  class  not 
mentioned  in  the  text  the  following  are 
the  more  noticeable:  Edwin  R.  Atkin- 
son, Assistant  Adjutant-General;  Wil- 
loughby  F.  Avery,  Captain  and  journal- 
ist; James  Barrett,  of  Georgia,  Lieuten- 
ant; Oetavius  H.  Blocker,  Captain;  De- 
Witt  C.  Buck.  n\  Missouri,  killed  near 
Vieksburg;  George  C.  Bynum,  a  Method- 
ist minister;  Seaborn  W.  Chisholm, 
killed  in  service;  George  M.  Clark,  Ma- 
jor, killed  at  Gettysburg;  Montraville  D. 
Clegg,  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Reams'  Sta- 
tion; Joseph  B.  Coggin,  Lieutenant;  Vir- 
vinius  Copeland,  Lieutenant;  George  Fer- 
dinand Farrow,  in  Confederate  service, 
member  of  Tennessee  Legislature;  Wm. 
P.  Gill,  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Malvern 
Hill;  Samuel  Wiley  Gray,  Captain, 
killed  at  Gettysburg;  Robert  W.  Haynes, 
member  of  the  Tennessee  Legislature; 
Adolphus  Lastrapes,  killed  at  first  Man- 
assas; Frank  M.  Leigh,  of  Mississippi, 
Captain,  a  manufacturer,  commission 
merchant;  Joseph  A.  McDermott,  of  Tex- 
as, Captain,  killed  at  Vieksburg;  Calvin 
Y.  Marshall,  Lieutenant;  John  W.  Mal- 
lett,  Adjutant;  Clarence  D.  Martin,  Ser- 
geant, died  from  wounds  at  Gettysburg; 
James  I.  Metts,  Captain;  Wm.  H.  H. 
Mills,  of  Texas,  died  in  service;  Randolph 
Mitchell,  of  Alabama,  killed  at  Freder- 
icksburg; Edward  V.  Nicholson,  Captain; 
John  H.  Parsons,  of  Mississippi,  bank 
cashier;  Rufus  J.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  in 
Confederate  service,  stock-breeder  in  Ar- 
kansas; Mungo  T.  Purcell,  of  Mississippi, 


HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


Lieutenant;  Lavender  R.  Ray,  Lieuten- 
ant, member  of  the  Legislature  of  Geor- 
gia; Wm.  James  Rhodes,  died  in  service; 
Stanly  M.  Riggsbee,  Sergeant-Major; 
Henry  Jasper  Robertson,  of  Tennessee, 
Captain,  planter  in  Missouri;  Wm.  T. 
Smith,  Sergeant,  teacher;  Henry  H.  Tay- 
lor, Captain,  Clerk  U.  S.  Circuit  Court; 
Charles  Vines,  Jr.,  Lieutenant;  W.  H.  G. 
Webb,  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Gettysburg; 
Benjamin  F.  Whitner,  Captain,  merchant 
in  Florida;  James  F.  Cooper  Williams, 
Captain,  planter  and  Judge  of  Probate 
Court  in  Georgia;  Stephen  Winstead,  of 
Arkansas,  Captain;  Earnest  L.  Whitick, 
of  Alabama,  Color-Sergeant,  killed  at 
Cold  Harbor;  James  B.  Young,  Captain; 
W.  H.  Young,  in  Confederate  Navy. 

Graduates  of  1865. 

Peter  Henry  Adams Greensboro. 

Abner  H.  Askew ; .  .Hertford  Co. 

Charles  J.  Austin Tarboro. 

Elias  H.  Bryan Haywood. 

John  S.  Henderson Salisbury. 

James  A.  Hodge Wake  Co. 

Rufus  A.  Hodge Wake  Co. 

William  Huff.  . ,  s.  .  .  .Brunswick  Co.,  Va. 

Henry  Armand  London Pittsboro. 

Alexander  Montague Wake  Co. 

Edmund  G.  Prout Williamsboro. 

William  C.  Prout Williamsboro. 

Milton  C.  Richardson Johnston  Co. 

Nathaniel  K.  Roan Yancey ville. 

Shepard,  John  R.  D Raleigh. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  this 
class,  without  graduating,  Wm.  H.  Call 
was  an  Orderly  Sergeant  and  Methodist 
minister;  -Joseph  W.  Chalmers  was  Drill 
Master,  and  since  a  teacher;  Alva  C. 
Hartsfield  died  in  service;  Robert  Cowan 
McRee,  Sergeant-Major,  killed  at  Spott- 
sylvania  C.  H. ;  Henry  C.  Miller,  of  South 
Carolina,  killed  at  Cedar  Creek,  Va.; 
Thomas  Lenoir  Norwood,  a  Captain, 
teacher  in  the  Bingham  School,  Profes- 
sor in  the  University  of  Texas;  Joseph 
H.  Adams,  of  Georgia,  Sergeant;  John 
A.  Baker,  Sergeant;  John  W.  Cotten  was 
a  Confederate  soldier,  Mayor  of  Tarboro, 
and  Colonel  of  State  Guards;  James  W. 
Draughon,  Lieutenant;  Henry  C.  Foscue 
0..  joined  the  army,  a  planter;  John  A. 
Green,  Sergeant;  Theophilus  H.  Holmes, 
Jr.,  Lieutenant;  Robert  W.  Joyner,  in 
Confederate  service,  a  physician;  John 
R.  Joyner,  joined  the  army,  is  an  Epis- 


copal minister;  Wm.  F.  Parker,  Lieuten- 
ant; Harry  H.  Price,  Adjutant;  Preston 
H.  Sessums,  Sergeant,  teacher,  Octavius 
A.  Wiggins,  Lieutenant,  manufacturer; 
Thomas  J.  ±,x.  Wiggins,  Lieutenant. 

Graduates  of  1866. 

Abner  Askew Hertford  Co. 

Wm.  C.  Reneher Chatham  Co. 

George  Slover   Newbern. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
there  were  of  the  matriculates  with  the 
class,  Wm.  W.  Adams,  of  Virginia,  in 
Confederate  Army;  Walter  Blow  Cham- 
bliss,  Lieutenant;  Henry  Embry  Cole- 
man, of  Virginia,  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice; John  Robert  Haughton,  died  in  ser- 
vice; John  W.  Lawrence,  died  from 
wounds  received  in  service;  John  Bur- 
gwyn  MacRae,  in  Confederate  Army; 
John  R.  Mason,  died  in  Northern  prison; 
Alexander  Montague,  a  physician;  Joseph 
Caldwell  Mickle  was  a  Confederate  sol- 
dier, a  Methodist  minister;  John  Taylor 
Rankin,  a  Lieutenant;  Wm.  Wyche  Wil- 
kins,  a  Civil  Engineer;  F.  Edgeworth 
Eve,  of  Georgia,  a  Captain;  George  W. 
Wallace,  a  physician. 

Graduates  of  1867. 

Willis  Alston Halifax  Co. 

Albert  G.  Carr Chapel  Hill. 

Winfield  S.  Guthrie Chapel  Hill. 

Robert  VV.  Means Cabarrus  Co. 

William   H.   Miller Shelby. 

James  Billingslea  Mitchell,  Glenville,  Ala. 

William  H.  Reeves Somerville,  Tenn. 

George  Mci<« .  Rose Fayetteville. 

James  M.  Wall Ansonville. 

Patrick  H.  Winston,  Jr Windsor. 

John  G.  Young Charlotte. 

Of  those  not  especially  mentioned  in 
the  text,  Alston  is  a  physician  of  repute, 
as  was  Albert  G.  Carr;  Miller  was  in 
the  Confederate  service,  is  a  journalist; 
Mitchell,  a  Lieutenant,  member  of  the 
Alabama  Legislature;  Young,  in  Confed- 
erate service,  is  a  Civil  Engineer  and 
merchant;  Reeves  and  Wall  were  both 
Confederate  soldiers. 

Edmund  DeBerry  Covington  was  in  the 
Confederate  army  and  is  a  turpentine 
operator  in  Georgia;  Frank  S.  Faison 
was  a  Captain;  John  B.  Hussey  was  a 
Confederate  soldier  and  a  journalist; 
George    P.    Burgwyn,    Hugh    M.    Caffey, 


k.e  ?#bcuu  it<*$. 


APPENDIX. 


819 


Joseph  Cotton,  M.D.,  Herbert  H.  Mallett, 
Frederick  Nash,  F.  S.  Norfleet,  James  J. 
Philips,  Alexander  H.  Smith,  M.  DeW. 
Stevenson  and  D.  B.  Webb  were  all  in 
the  Confederate  service. 

Senior  Class  of  1868. 

Julius  Shirley  Barlow Tarboro. 

Wm.  H.  S.  Burgwyn.  .  .Northampton  Co. 

Fabius  H.  Busbee Raleigh. 

William  H.  Craig Chapel  Hill. 

J.  William  Davies Chapel  Hill. 

Charles  Fetter Chapel  Hill. 

Augustus  W.  Graham Hillsboro. 

George  W.  Graham Hillsboro. 

James  W.  Harper Lenoir  Co. 

William  D.  Horner Granville  Co. 

W.  Clarence  Jones Wilcox  Co.,  Ala. 

George  Gray  Latta Robeson  Co. 

Thomas  A.  McNeill Robeson  Co. 

Paul  B.  Means Cabarrus  Co. 

Eugene  L.   Morehead Greensboro. 

William  S.  Pearson Morganton. 

J.  Edwin  Purcell Robeson  Co. 

Isaac  R.  Strayhorn Hillsboro. 

James  A.  Watson Chapel  Hill. 

Of  those  not  mentioned  in  the  text, 
Barlow  died  soon  after  graduation; 
Craig  was  a  teacher  and  then  a  lawyer 
in  Arkansas;  Davies  is  in  the  railroad 
service;  George  W.  Graham  is  a  medical 
specialist  and  an  author;  Purcell  was 
State  Senator;  Watson  is  a  physician 
in  Arkansas;  Barlow,  Craig,  George  W. 
Graham,  McNeill  and  Purcell  were  in  the 
Confederate  Army.  Horner,  whose  voca- 
tion is  not  given  in  the  text,  is  a  teacher. 

Of  the  non-graduating  matriculates 
may  be  specially  mentioned  Henry  Bond, 
banker  at  Chattanooga;  Thomas  Davis 
Meares,  in  the  railroad  service;  James 
Tillman  Smith,  State  Senator  and  Rep- 
resentative in  Texas;  Henry  Clay  Walk- 
up,  a  physician  in  Florida. 

Junior  Class  of  1868. 

Samuel  T.  Bitting Mt.  Airy. 

William  H.  Bledsoe Raleigh. 

Alfred  W.  Cochran Glenville,  Ala. 

George  V.  Cowper Hertford  Co. 

John  W.  Fries Salem. 

Alexander  Graham    Fayetteville. 

Edmund  Jones,  Jr Caldwell  Co. 

Walter  S.  Little Ansonville. 

James  B.  Mason Davie  Co. 

Willie  H.  Maverick.  .  .  .San  Antonio,  Tex. 
Charles  F.  McKesson Morganton. 


James  M.  Means Cabarrus  Co. 

Wm.  S.  Murchison Summerville. 

Franklin  Porter Tarboro. 

John  M.  Rose,  Jr Fayetteville. 

Millard  F.  Stancell Northampton  Co. 

John  M.  Webb Alamance  Co. 

Joseph  C.   Webb Hillsboro. 

Besides  those  mentioned  in  the  text, 
of  the  members  of  the  class  who  did  not 
obtain  honors,  Little  is  a  planter;  Mason 
a  lawyer  and  State  Senator;  Maverick, 
lawyer  and  real  estate  broker;  Mc- 
Kesson, lawyer,  journalist;  Means, 
Traveling  Passenger  Agent  of  the  South- 
ern Pacific  R.  R.;  Stancill,  physician; 
Webb,  merchant. 

Of  those  who  matriculated  with  these 
Juniors,  Thomas  Childs  DeRosset,  in  the 
Confederate  service,  was  an  insurance 
agent;  Isaac  H.  Foust  was  a  banker  and 
is  a  physician;  Lorenzo  A.  T.  Jobe  is  a 
minister;  Eugene  Thomas  Jones  was  Su- 
perintendent of  Public  Instruction  for 
Wake  County;  Jno.  McHhenny  is  a  drug- 
gist; Wm.  B.  Maness  was  a  Methodist 
minister;  John  Williams  Pearson,  Lieu- 
tenant, lost  at  sea;  Alonzo  Phillips,  mer- 
chant in  Chicago;  Henry  P.  Kingsbury, 
graduated  at  West  Point,  Lieutenant 
United  States  Army;  George  M.  Maver- 
ick, captalist  in  Texas,  in  the  Confeder- 
ate service;  Peter  M.  Wilson,  Assistant 
Clerk  U,  S.  Senate. 

Sophomore  Class  of  1868. 

Thompson  xinderson Nashville,  Tenn. 

Jacob  Battle  Edgecombe  Co. 

Wm.  Buchanan,  Jr Laurinburg. 

Charles  A.  Cook Warren  Co. 

Nelson  M.  Ferebee Camden  Co. 

Charles  E.  French Wilmington. 

Ralph  H.  Graves,  Jr Williamsboro. 

Walter  H.  Guthrie Chapel  Kill. 

John  W.  Jefferson Memphis,  Tenn. 

Edgar  Leary   Oxford. 

Richard  H.  Lewis Tarboro. 

Edward  V.  Lindsay Greensboro. 

James  K.  Livingston,  Madison  C.  H.,  Fla. 

Daniel  A.  Long Alamance  Co. 

Alexander  Malloy Richmond  Co. 

Wilson  J.  McKay Harnett  Co. 

David  E.  McKinne Wayne  Co. 

Americus  C.  Mitchell Glenville,  Ala. 

Levi  J.  Moore Lenoir  Co. 

Stephen  W.  Noble Lenoir  Co. 

John  W.  Philiphs Edgecombe  Co. 

Joseph  W.  Powell Edgecombe  Co. 

William  H.  Purcell Robeson  Co. 


820 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Joseph  K.  Rankin Lenoir  Co. 

Charles  A.  Reynold® Leaksville. 

James  P.  Rives Edgecombe  Co. 

Henry  M.  Shaw Currituck  Co. 

Reuben  C.  Shorter Montgomery,  Ala. 

William  A.  Shorter Eufaula,  Ala. 

John  D.  Sloan Pike  Co.,  Ala. 

Isaac  H.  Smith Halifax  Co. 

James  A.  Smith Robeson  Co. 

Richard  H.  Speight Edgecombe  Co. 

George  T.  Winston Windsor. 

James  B.  Yellowley Greenville. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the 
text,  Anderson  and  Lindsay  were  second 
in  all  but  Mathematics.  The  former  is 
a  merchant  in  Nashville,  Tennessee,  the 
latter  a  physician.  Yellowley  is  a  law- 
yer and  member  of  the  Legislature  of 
Mississippi. 

Of  those  of  this  class  who  did  not 
gain  honors,  Guthrie  is  a  Civil  Engineer 
and  machinist  in  Boston;  Jefferson  is  a 
lawyer  in  California;  Livingston  is  a 
lawyer  and  member  of  the  Legislature  in 
Florida;  McKay  a  minister;  Mclvinne, 
Adjutant,  merchant;  Noble,  Captain;  H. 
M.  Shaw,  physician;  R.  C.  Shorter,  law- 
yer, Alabama;  I.  H.  Smith,  in  Confeder- 
ate service,  planter;  J.  A.  Smith,  in  Con- 
federate service,  Baptist  minister. 

Of  those  not  graduating  who  matricu- 
lated with  this  class,  Alfred  W.  Cochran 
is  a  lawyer  in  Birmingham;  Henry  W. 
Connor  Avas   in   the   Confederate   service 


and  a  merchant;  Henry  Houston  Patter- 
son was  a  sharp-shooter  and  is  a  mer- 
chant. 

Freshman  Class  of  1868. 

Wm.  Plummer  Batchelor Raleigh. 

Edward  M.  Bledsoe Raleigh. 

Andrew  J.  Britton Northampton  Co. 

James  T.  Crocker Northampton  Co. 

Samuel  M.  Davidson Charlotte. 

John  K.  Gibson Richmond  Co. 

Robert  A.  Johnson Richmond  Co. 

Samuel  L.  Patterson Caldwell  Co. 

Peter  F.  Pescud,  Jr Raleigh. 

Robert  L.  Roan Yancey ville. 

Henry  L.  Staton,  Jr Edgecombe  Co. 

Hannis  Taylor    Raleigh. 

James  D.  Vinson Northampton  Co. 

Partial  Course  Students  of  1868. 

Melvin  E.  Carter Madison  Co. 

Robert  D.  Graham Mecklenburg  Co. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the 
text,  Peter  F.  Pescud  is  a  prominent  in- 
surance officer  in  New  Orleans;  Robert 
L.  Roan  is  a  merchant;  Henry  Logan 
Staton  is  an  influential  lawyer. 

Of  the  matriculates  contemporaneously 
with  the  class,  Quintus  Park  Siler  is  a 
merchant  in  Alabama;  John  D.  Sloan  is 
a  teacher  and  physician  in  Texas;  Ben- 
jamin F.  Bullock,  member  of  the  General 
Assembly;  George  M.  Whitesides,  law- 
yer. 


Kote.— Wherever  in  the  foregoing  lists  the  words  Colonel,  Major,  Captain, 
Lieutenant.  Sergeant,  Surgeon,  etc.,  etc.,  are  used,  they  apply  to  the  Confederate 
service,    (C.   S.   A.),  unless  stated  otherwise. 


APPENDIX.  821 

TRUSTEES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA,   1 789-1868. 

Began.  Residence.  Ended. 

1789  Samuel  Johnston,  LL.D Chowan    1801 

1789  James  Iredell Chowan   1790 

1789  Charles  Johnson Chowan   1792 

1789  Hugh  Williamson,  LL.D Chowan   1801 

1789  Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 1792 

1789  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Craven    1802 

1789  William  Blount Craven 1793 

1789  Benjamin  Williams Moore    1802 

1789  John  Sitgreaves  Craven    1802 

1789  Frederick  Harget Jones     1796 

1789  Robert  Whitehurst  Snead Onslow    1799 

1789  Archibald  Maclaine New  Hanover 1791 

1789  Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover 1798 

1789  Robert  Dixon Duplin    1790 

1789  Benjamin  Smith   Brunswick   1824 

1789  Samuel  Spencer,  LL.D Anson    1793 

1789  John  Hay Cumberland 1809 

1789  James  Hogg   Cumberland 1802 

1789  Henry  William  Harrington Richmond    1795 

1789  William  Barry  Grove Cumberland    1S18 

1789  Samuel  McCorkle,  D.D Rowan    1801 

1789  Adlai  Osborne Rowan   1814 

1789  John  Stokes   Stokes 1790 

1789  John  Hamilton Guilford   1S02 

1789  Joseph  Graham    Mecklenburg   1790 

1789  John  Williams   Granville  1799 

1789  Thomas  Person Granville 1795 

» 1789  Alfred  Moore  Brunswick   1807 

1789  Alexander  Mebane   Orange  1795 

1789  Joel  Lane   Wake  1795 

1789  Willie  Jones   Halifax 1799 

1789  Benjamin  Hawkins  Warren 1798 

1789  John  Haywood,  Sr Edgecombe   1827 

1789  John  Macon Warren    1792 

1789  William  Richardson  Davie,  LL.D Halifax    1807 

1789  Joseph  Dixon   Lincoln   1795 

1789  William  Lenoir  Wilkes    1S04 

1789  Joseph  McDowell,  Sr Burke    1790 

1789  James  Holland  Rutherford   1795 

1789  William  Porter Rutherford   1798 

1790  Alexander  Martin,  LL.D Guilford    1S07 

1790  James  Kenan    Duplin    1799 

1790  James  Glasgow  Glasgow    1801 

1790  Charles  Pettigrew,  D.D Tyrrell    1793 

1790  Joseph  McDowell,  Jr Burke 1794 

1790  William  Polk   Wake   1834 

1791  William  H.  Hill New  Hanover  1S09 

1792  David  Stone Bertie    1818 

1792  Thomas  Blount   Edgecombe   1812 

1793  John  Louis  Taylor Craven  1818 

1793  Thomas  Wynns   Hertford    1825 

1793  Josias  Collins   Chowan   1795 

1795  John  Moore Lincoln   1809 

1795  John   Skinner    Perquimans   1797 

1795  William  P.  Little Granville  1818 

1795  William  Hinton  Wake   1799 


822  HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Began.  Residence.                              Ended. 

1795     Walter  Alves Orange    1813 

1795     Waightstill  Avery Burke    1804 

1795     Wallace  Alexander  Lincoln   1804 

1795  John  Williss   Robeson    1801 

1796  John  Gray  Blount Beaufort   1802 

1798     John  Haywood,  Jr Halifax    1807 

1798  Alexander  Duncan  Moore New  Hanover  1807 

1799  Joshua  Granger  Wright New  Hanover  1811 

1799     Henry  Potter   Cumberland    1857 

1799     Evan  Alexander   Rowan   1809 

1799     John  Hill  New  Hanover  1812 

1799  Richard  Bennehan Orange 1804 

1800  Charles   Wilson  Harriss Cabarrus   1803 

1801  Gabriel   Holmes Sampson   1804 

1801     Durant  Hatch Jones    1807 

1801     Henry  beawell   Wake   1835 

1801     Nathanael  Alexander  Mecklenburg  1808 

1801  Robert  Montgomery  Hertford    1808 

1802  Duncan  Cameron  Orange 1838 

1802     Calvin  Jones  Wake   1832 

1802     Archibald  Debow  Murphey Orange 1832 

1802     Blake  Baker   Warren 1804 

1802     John  Churchill  Osborne,  M.D Rowan   1807 

1802  William  Gaston,  LL.D Craven 1844 

1803  William  Hawkins   Warren 1819 

1803  Robert  Williams Wake   1841 

1804  Joseph  Caldwell,  D.D Orange    1835 

1804     Edward  Jones Chatham   1841 

1804    Robert  Trov   Anson    1807 

1804     William  Cherry   Bertie    1809 

1804  James  Welborn Wilkes  1814 

1805  John  Steveley   Burke 1812 

1805     Peter  Forney  Lincoln   1808 

1805     Montfort  Stokes   Rowan   1838 

1805     Jesse  Franklin Surry   1817 

1805     Samuel  Lowrie Mecklenburg   1817 

1805     Thomas  Davis  Cumberland 1808 

1805     Robert  Cochran Cumberland 1821 

1805     Bryan  Whitfield Lenoir  1808 

1805     Edward  Harriss  Craven  1813 

1805     William  Hardy  Murfree Hertford 1818 

1805     William  Slade  Chowan   1813 

1805     William  Williams   Halifax    1812 

1805     Richard  W.  Freear Northampton 1808 

1805     Joseph  Thomas  Rhodes Duplin 1812 

1805     Thomas  King  Sampson 1813 

1807     Archibald  McBryde Moore    1837 

1807     Robert  Williams,  M.D Pitt   1820 

1807     Joseph  Winston Stokes 1813 

1807     John  Davis  Hawkins Warren 1857 

1807     Benjamin  Woods Craven  1808 

1807     Willie  William  Jones Halifax 1812 

1807     Frederick  Nash,  LL.D Orange 1858 

1807  James  Rhodes Wayne 1810 

1808  Robert  Hill  Jones Warren 1832 

1808     John  Spence  West Craven  1817 

1808     John  Winslow Cumberland 1820 


APPENDIX.  823 

Began.  Residence.  Ended. 

1808  Israel  Pickens   Burke 1817 

180S  Samuel  Russell  Jocelyn New  Hanover 1816 

1808  Jeremiah  Slade   Martin  1824 

1808  Natkanael  Jones   (White  Plains)   Wake 1815 

1809  Francis  Locke Rowan  1823 

1809  William  Edwards  Webb Halifax 1818 

1809  Joseph  Hunter  Bryan Bertie    1817 

1809  Thomas  Love Haywood   1834 

1809  Thomas   Brown,  Jr Bladen   1S26 

1809  Atlas  Jones  Moore   1825 

1S10  James  Wallis   Mecklenburg  1820 

1811  James  Mebane   Orange  1857 

1812  Robert  Hett  Chapman,  D.D Orange  1817 

1812  William  McPheeters,  D.D Wake   1842 

1812  John  Steele  Rowan   1815 

1812  Simmons  Jones  Baker,  M.D Martin  1853 

1812  James  Webb,  M.D Orange  1850 

1812  Thomas  Davis  Bennehan Orange 1847 

1812  Joseph  Blount  Littlejohn C'nowan   1817 

1813  James  West  Clark Edgecombe   1844 

1813  James  Iredell,  Jr Chowan   1853 

1813  Lewis  Williams    Surry   1842 

1813  Thomas  Ruffin   Orange  1831 

1814  William  Caldwell  Love Rowan   1818 

1814  John  Briggs  Mebane Chatham    1819 

1817  John  Branch  _ Halifax 1844 

1817  William  Miller  Warren 1826 

1817  John  Stanly   .' Craven  1S33 

1817  Leonard  Henderson Granville 1828 

1817  Kemp  Plummer Warren 1826 

1817  Bartlett    Yancey Caswell 1828 

1817  John  Witherspoon,  D.D Orange  1834 

1817  Gabriel  Holmes  Sampson   1829 

1817  Alfred  Moore  Brunswick   1837 

1818  Enoch  Sawyer  Camden   1827 

1818  James  Cathcart  Johnston Chowan   1863 

1818  George  Edmund  Badger,  LL.D Craven  1844 

1818  Joseph  Blount  Skinner Pasquotank  1851 

1818  Willie  Person  Mangum,  LL.D Orange 1859 

1818  William  Dozier  Martin Pasquotank 1834 

1818  John  DeRossett  Toomer Cumberland 1856 

1818  John  Burgess  Baker Gates   1S38 

1819  Lewis  De  Schweinitz Surry   1S22 

1819  Romulus  Mitchell  Saunders Caswell     1864 

1820  John  Owen    Bladen   1S41 

1820  Thomas  Pollock  Devereux Wake  1827 

1821  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Craven  1S50 

1821  Louis  D.  Henrv Cumberland 1846 

1821  Francis  Lister  Hawks,  D.D.,  LL.D Orange  1S28 

1821  Solomon  Graves Surry   1860 

1821  James  Strudwick  Smith,  M.D Orange  1S32 

1821  Leonard  Martin Hertford    1S26 

1821  Thomas  Wharton  Blackledge Beaufort 1830 

1821  Thomas  Burgess Halifax    1833 

1821  Archibald  Roane  Ruffin Stokes    1829 

1823  James  Martin,  Jr Rowan   1836 

1823  Daniel  Morgan  Forney Lincoln    1834 


824  HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Began.  Residence.  Fnded. 

1823  John  Heritage  Bryan Craven  1868 

1824  John  Scott  Orange 1836 

1824  Joseph  Hawkins   Warren 1827 

1826  Nathanael  Macon Warren 1828 

1826  Charles  Manly  Chatham  1868 

1826  James  Fauntleroy  Taylor Chatham  1828 

1826  William  Augustus  Blount Beaufort   1867 

1826  Thomas  Settle Rockingham  1857 

1826  Isaac  Groom Lenoir 1836 

1827  W  illiam  Julius  Alexander Mecklenburg   1856 

1827  Nicholas  John  Drake Nash    1831 

1827  William  Robards Granville    1843 

1827  Emanuel  Shober * Forsyth   1846 

1828  Hugh  Waddell Orange 1864 

1828  John  Giles Rowan   1847 

1828  John  Motley  Morehead Guilford   1866 

1828  John  Lancaster  Bailey Pasquotank  1868 

1828  William  Spivey  Mhoon Wake  1835 

1828  John  Robert  Donnell Craven 1864 

1831  Thomas  Gilchrist  Polk Rowan  1839 

1831  Joseph  Alston  Hill New  Hanover 1835 

1831  John  Bragg Warren    1835 

1831  William  Dunn  Moseley Lenoir  1839 

1831  Da   id  Lowry  Swain,  LL.D Buncombe  1868 

1832  Daniel  Moreau  Barringer Cabarrus  1868 

1832  Daniel  Williams  Courts Surry   1868 

1832  Charles  Lewis  Hinton Wake   1860 

1833  William  Horn  Battle,  LL.D Franklin    1868 

1833  John  Reaves  Jones  Daniel Halifax    1853 

1833  Hugh  McQueen   Orange  1845 

1834  Henry  Selby  Clarke Beaufort   1854 

lSo<±  William  Alexander  Graham,  LL.D Orange 1868 

1834  Owen  Holmes   New  Hanover 1840 

1834  Pleasant  Williams  Kittrell Granville    1836 

1835  Frederic  Jones  Hill,  M.D Brunswick   1860 

1835  James  West  Bryan Craven  1856 

1835  Matthias  Evans  Manly Craven  1868 

1835  William  Belvidere  Meares New  Hanover 1841 

1835  Samuel  Finley  Patterson Caldwell  1864 

1836  Andrew  Joyner Halifax 1856 

1838  Charles  Chalmers,  M.D Moore    1857 

1838  George  Franklin  Davidson Iredell 1868 

1838  William  Eaton,  Jr Warren 1868 

1838  Robert  Ballard  Gilliam Granville  .  / 1868 

1838  Michael  Hoke  Lincoln   1844 

1838  James   Turner   Morehead Guilford   1868 

1838  William  Biddle  Shepard Pasquotank  1852 

1838  Lewis  Dicken  Wilson Edgecombe   1840 

1840  Burgess  Sidnev  Gaither Burke    1868 

1840  Weston  Raleigh  Gales Wake   1848 

1840  Cadwallader  Jones,  Jr Orange  1857 

1840  George  Cameron  Mendenhall Guilford    1860 

1840  Bartholomew  Figures  Moore Wake   '. 1868 

1840  John   Campbell   Williams Cumberland 1868 

1840  Patrick  Henry  Winston Anson   1864 

1840  Jonathan  Worth   Randolph   1868 

1842  Thomas  Samuel  Ashe Anson   1868 


APPENDIX.  825 

Began.  Residence.  Ended. 

Thomas  Bragg Northampton  1868 

John  McClintock  Dick Guilford   I860 

George  Washington  Jeffreys Person   1S48 

Thomas  Ruffin,  LL.D Orange    1868 

William  Walton  Cherry Bertie 1S43 

Calvin  Graves Caswell 1S68 

Nicholas  Lanier  Williams Surry  1S68 

William  Henry  Washington Craven    1860 

Thomas  iNash  Cameron,  M.D Cumberland 1851 

Daniel  Williams  Courts Rockingham  1S68 

John  Adams  Gilmer Guilford    1868 

John  Kerr Caswell 1868 

Walter  Francis  Leak Richmond 1868 

Giles  Mebane Orange    1868 

James  Cochrane  Dobbin Cumberland 1857 

Cushing  Biggs  Hassell Martin  1868 

Lewis  Thompson   Bertie 1868 

William  Waightstill  Avery .' Burke    1864 

David  Settle  Reid Rockingham  1868 

Samuel  P.  Hill Caswell 1868 

Walter  Leak  Steele .' Richmond 1S6S 

John  Gray  Bynum Rutherford   1S57 

John  Wilson  Cunningham Caswell    1868 

Richard  Dillard,  M.D Chowan   1868 

James  F.  Eppes  Hardy,  M.D Buncombe  1S68 

William  Woods  Holden Wake   1866 

Thomas  Settle   Rockingham  1S68 

Robert  Ruf us  Bridgers Edgecombe   1868 

Paul  Carrington  Cameron Orange  1868 

Robert  D.  Hart Granville 1868 

Joseph  John  Jackson Chatham   1868 

William  Lander  Lincoln   1867 

Thomas  Smith  David  McDowell Bladen   1860 

Rufus  Lenoir  Patterson Forsyth    1868 

Matthew  Whitaker  Ransom Northampton 186S 

Alfred  Moore  Scales Rockingham 1868 

DeWitt  Clinton  Stone Franklin     1S68 

James  M.  Taylor Nash 1868 

Kemp  P.   Battle,   LL.D Wake   1868 

Neill  McKay,  D.D Harnett   1868 

Jesse  G.  Shepherd Cumberland 1868 

Francis  E.  Shober Rowan   1S68 

Leonidas  F.  Siler Macon   1868 

Edward  Warren,  M.D.,  LL.D Wake   1863 

Mason  L.  Wiggins Halifax    1868 

David  M.  Carter Beaufort    1S68 

Montfort  McGehee    Person 1S68 

Samuel  F.  Phillips,  LL.D Orange 1868 

John  Pool    Bertie    1864 

Luke  Blacknier  Rowan   1868 

William  P.  Bynum Lincoln   1S68 

John  W.  Cameron  Richmond 1866 

Dennis   D.    Ferebee Camden    1  S68 

William  A.  Jenkins Warren    1S68 

Seaton  Gales Wake  1S68 

William  A.  Jenkins Warren 1868 

William  N.  H.  Smith Hertford 1S68 


826 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


Executive  Committee. 

The  following  were  from  time  to  time 
members  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
chosen  out  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  an- 
nually, beginning  1835,  seven  each  year, 
the  Governor  being  ex  officio  Chairman: 
Duncan  Cameron,  George  E.  Badger,  Wm. 
McPheeters,  Charles  Manly,  Frederick 
Nash,  Wm.  A.  Graham,  Samuel  F.  Pat- 
terson, Charles  L.  Hinton,  Romulus  M. 
Saunders,  Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  John  H. 
Bryan,  Daniel  W.  Courts,  William  H. 
Battle,  Weston  R.  Gales,  Louis  D.  Henry, 
James  Iredell,  Bartholomew  F.  Moore, 
Daniel  M.  Barringer,  Jonathan  Worth, 
Kemp  P.  Battle,  Thomas  Bragg,  William 
W.  Holden. 

Of  these,  the  longest  in  office  were 
Charles  Manly,  Charles  L.  Hinton,  John 
H.  Bryan,  Daniel  W.  Courts,  B.  F.  Moore, 
R.   M.   Saunders. 

Presidents  of  Board  of  Trustees. 

Began.  Ended. 

1790  William  Lenoir  1792 

1792  Alexander  Martin   1793 

1793  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight 1795 

1795  Samuel  Ashe 1799 

1799  Benjamin  Williams 1802 

1802  William  Polk 1805 

1805  Nathaniel  Alexander  1807 

1807  Benjamin  Williams 1809 

1809  David  Stone   1810 

1810  Benjamin  Smith    1810 

After  this  the  Governors  were  ex  officio 
Presidents  of  the  Board. 

Secretaries. 
Began.  Ended. 

1790  James  Taylor  1791 

1791  Robert  Burton   1792 

1792  Thomas  Rogers   1795 

1795     Hugh  Williamson  1801 

1801     Gavin  Alves   1809 

1809     Robert  Williams   1821 

1821     Charles  Manly 1848 

1848     Charles  Lewis  Hinton 1850 

1850     Charles  Manly   1868 

Treasurers. 
Began.  Ended. 

1790     John  Craven   1795 

1795     Walter  Alves  1799 

1799     Gavin  Alves 1809 

1809     Robert  Williams    1821 

1821     Charles  Manly   1848 

1848     Charles  Lewis  Hinton 1850 

1850     Charles  Manly   1868 


Presidents. 
Began.  Ended. 

1804     Joseph  Caldwell,  D.D 1812 

1813    Robert  Hett  Chapman,  DD.,     1816 

1816     Joseph  Caldwell,  D.D 1835 

1835     David  Dowry   Swain,  LL.D.,     1868 

Cost  of  Buildings. 

The  Treasurer's  books  do  not  show  the 
exact  cost  of  each  building,  but  the  fol- 
lowing statement  will  enable  the  reader 
to  make  an  approximate  estimate: 

In  1793  and  1794  the  expenditures 

were    £3,448,  or $6,896 

In    1795    the    expenditures    were 

£2,082,  or  4,164 

Total 11,060 

In  1796-8-9  the  expenditures  were 

£560,  or   1,120 

Total 12,180 

This  amount  finished  paying  for  the 
Old  East  Building,  two  storied,  and  two- 
thirds  the  present  length,  the  President's 
house,   Steward's  Hall  and  Person  Hall. 

Then  work  began  under  Samuel  Hop- 
kins, in  1800,  on  Main  (South)  Building. 
There  was  paid  him  in  that  year  £4,900, 
or  $9,500. 

The  building  was  left  unfinished  for 
some  years.     In  1812  work  was  resumed. 

1812,  1814  and  1815  the  expendi- 
tures were  £4,513,  or $9,026 

1816-1817  the  expenditures  were.  .      7,863 


Total    $16,889 

In  1822  work  was  begun  on  the  Old 
West  Building,  Gerrard  Hall,  or  New 
Chapel,  and  making  the  Old  East  one 
story  higher.  The  expenditures  were, 
under  Wm.  Nichols,  Superintendent,  1822, 
1S23,  1826  and  1827,  $48,605.42. 

In  1841  there  was  paid,  principally  for 
Gerrard  Hall,  left  unfinished,  $2,575. 

In  1845  were  begun  the  lengthening  of 
the  Old  East  and  Old  West,  containing 
four  rooms  for  Society  halls  and 
Libraries.  The  enlargements  were  fin- 
ished in  1848,  costing  $10,182.53. 

In  1849  were  begun  the  Library,  or 
Smith  Hall,  the  remodelling  of  the  Presi- 
dent's House  (since  burnt),  and  many 
repairs  of  other  buildings.  Up  to  1853 
the  expenditures  were  $21,627,  of  which 
about  one-half  went  to  Smith  Hall. 


APPENDIX. 


827 


In  1857  began  the  construction  of  the 
New  East  and  New  West  Buildings  and 
erection  of  the  belfry  on  the  South  Build- 
ing. The  following  statement  shows  the 
progress  of  the  work:  1857,  $2,109.90; 
1858,  $2,259.11;  1859,  $18,565.54;  1860, 
$18,349.50;  $4,468.86;  1861,  $9,045.71. 
Total,  $54,798.62. 


It  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  this 
sum  includes  repairs  on  professors' 
houses  and  the  University  buildings. 

William  Pereival,  a  retired  officer  of 
the  British  army,  was  the  architect,  and 
Thomas  H.  Coates,  a  New  England  man, 
was  builder. 


SUBSCRIPTIONS   OBTAINED   IN    i793-'4. 


Halifax  District. 
Willie  Jones $100. 


Wm.  R.  Davie 

Nicholas  Long  

Robert  Hall   

John  Eaton  

Charles  Pasteur 

Wm.  Muir 

Good.    Davis    

Thomas  Amis 

Stephen  Burt 

John  B.   Ashe 

Lunsford  Long 

Mungo  Ponton   

Samuel  Peete 

George  McCulloch 

James  A.  Tabb  

Wm.  Gilmour 

Basil  Stith   

John  WMtaker  

John  Branch 

Matthew  Whitaker   .... 

Wilson  W.  Carter 

John  Drew 

James  Smith   

John  Dawson  

Louis  Dickens   

Blount  Joyner 

Drew  Smith   

Marmaduke  Norfleet 

Norfleet  Harris   

Thomas  Barnes 

Wm.  Drew 

Shadrack  Rutland 

John  Granberry  

Thomas  B.  Whitmill 

Robert  Armistead 

Marmaduke  Bell 

Thomas  Haynes   

ShadracK  Bell    

Eli  Joyner    

\v m.  Wiggins  

John  Drew  (Deep  Creek) 

Jonn  Alsibrook 

Francis  Young 

Wm.  Boykin 


100. 
100. 
40. 
40. 
40. 
20. 
10. 
20. 
20. 
70. 
20. 
40. 
30. 
20. 
40. 
40. 
60. 
40. 
40. 
40. 
20. 
64. 
40. 
32. 
80. 

8. 

8. 
64. 
24. 
10. 
10. 
10. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

1. 

1. 

4. 

2. 

6. 


Wm.  Bryan    

Josiah  Nelmes 

Jonathan  Joyner  .  . 
John  Haywood 

Lovat  Burgess  

John  A.  Irwin   

Benjamin  Edwards  . 

Robert  Freear  

Joseph  John  Alston. 
Richard  Freear 
James  C.  Williams. 
Willis  Alston 


40. 
40. 
20. 
20. 
60. 
30. 
30. 
40. 
40. 


Donations  in  the  Wilmington  District. 


Alfred  Moore 

Wm.  E.  Lord 

Edward  Jones    

James  Walker 

Griffith  John  McRee 

John  London   

Peter  Mallett    

Wm.  H.  Hill 

Nathaniel  Hill  

John  McKenzie   

Henry  Toomer 

Christopher  Dudley   

John  G.  Wright 

James  Moore  (Clerk) 

Robert  Whitehurst  Snead.  .  .  . 

Richard  Quince,  Jr 

Richard  Quince,  Sr 

Wm.  Wingate    

James  Flowers    

Samuel  Houston  

John  Hill 

Thomas  Brown   

Wm.  Campbell 

Hugh  Waddell  

Thomas  Moore 

Joshua  Potts  

Wm.  Hall  (Sheriff  of  Brun'k) 

Thomas  Hill 

J.  R.  Gautier 

Samuel  Ashe,  Jr 

James  Moore,  Sr 

Samuel  Hall 


$200. 
20. 
30. 
50. 
20. 
40. 
80. 
60. 
20. 
60. 
60. 
20. 
25. 
20. 
40. 
20. 
40. 
15. 
15. 
15. 
SO. 
30. 
60. 
30. 
60. 
15. 
20. 
40. 
60. 
30. 
50. 
10. 


828 


HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Thomas  .Ashe 50. 

Samuel  R.  Jocelyn 20. 

Alexius  M.  Forster  12. 

John  Fergus 25. 

Henry  d'  Herbe 8. 

Duncan  Stewart   25. 

James  Kenan 50. 

John  Burgwin  100. 

Samuel  Ashe   (son  of  the  Gen.),  60. 

Wm.  Green 15. 

Thomas  Wright 15. 

Anthony  Toomer   10. 

Frederick  Jones  30. 

John  Brown 5. 

Henry  Urquhart 10. 

John  Cathorda 10. 

Wm.  Cutlar  10. 

Michael  Sampson 20. 

John  James   20. 

James  Read   20. 

George  Davis   20. 

Wm.  Monfort   10. 

George  McKenzie   60. 

Nehemiah  ^arris   5. 

Spafford  Drevvry 10. 

William  Bingham 20. 

Daniel  McNeil 25. 

Marshall  Wilkings 10. 

George  Gibbs  8. 

Wm.  Davis 8. 

Hugh  Campbell 10. 

John  Allen   6. 

J.  Scott  Cray 20. 

John  Blakeley  20. 

John  Peter  Martin 10. 

John  Fulwood 10. 

John  Hall  15. 

John  A.  Campbell 30. 

James  Spiller 60. 

John  Lord 10. 

John  Campbell  5. 

Amariah  Jocelyn   10. 

$2,222. 

Subscriptions  in  the  Hillsboro  District. 

Walter  Alves,  including  part  of 

a  legacy  from  Johnston,  $200. 

Wm.  Watters 50. 

Absalom  Tatom   40. 

David  Ray   40. 

Spencer  C.  Vaughan 20. 

Wm.  McQuiston 20. 

Thomas  Watts   20. 

Thomas  O'Neil   10. 

Henry  Thompson   20. 

John  Taylor   .  .  . . 80. 

Joseph  Dixon   10. 


Wm.  Courtney,  Sr 40. 

Frederick  Taylor 10. 

James  H.  Keys 20. 

Wm.  Rider  4. 

Samuel  Thompson  10. 

John  Thompson 20. 

Samuel  Benton   40. 

John  Latta 10. 

Wm.  Cain 200. 

John  Cain 50. 

John  Cabe  40. 

Wm.  Cabe   40. 

John  Piper   10. 

Wm.  Lytle  40. 

Wm.  Hooper  40. 

Joseph  Moore    10. 

John  Allison  10. 

David  Streyhorn 6. 

Gilbert  Streyhorn  10. 

'  James  Strain 6. 

John  G.  Rencher 20. 

George  Johnston 20. 

John  Gattis   4. 

John  Caldwell   20. 

Jesse  Nevill 100. 

Wm.  Partin 20. 

Job  Pendergrass  10. 

Wm.  Watts  Green 40. 

Matthew  Colter 10. 

George  Daniel   60. 

Charles   Collier   10. 

Ezekiel  Trice  2. 

Robert  Campbell 20. 

Wm.  Riggins   4. 

Samuel  Daniel 10. 

John  Moore   10. 

Jesse  Hunter  5. 

John  Strayhorn 5.40 

James  Hart   6. 

James  Nelson 6. 

Alexander  Borland   6. 

Alexander  Strain   10. 

John  King  10. 

B.  Collins 10. 

Anderson  Hunt  16. 

Donations  in  Newbern  District. 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight $100. 

Joseph  Leech  100. 

Daniel  Carthy   100. 

John  Council  Bryan 50. 

John  Davis  50. 

John  Devereux   40. 

Wm.  Good   40. 

Wilson  Blount   100. 

James  McKenlay    50. 

John  Green 40. 

John  C.  Osborne 40. 


APPENDIX. 


829 


George  Ellis  40. 

George  Pollok   100. 

Spier  Singleton 40. 

Thomas  Tomlinson  40. 

John   Starkey    20. 


$950. 

Donations  in  Fayetteville  District. 

John  Louis  Taylor $50. 

Win.  Barry  Grove 70. 

John  Sibley   50. 

$170. 

Subscriptions  Obtained  in  i8o3-'o6. 
Jones  County. 

Durant  Hatch   $12. 

Lewis  Bryan   5. 

Enoch  Foy   2. 

Archibald  McAlop    .25 

Rhodes  Harrard   2. 

Samuel  Hatch  10. 

John  Becton 5. 

Richard  West 4. 

Frederick-  Foscue   1. 

$41.25 
Hertford  County. 

Thomas  Wynns $25.25 

Robert  Montgomery    20. 

Daniel  Van  Pelt  5. 

$50.25 
Chowan  County. 
Samuel  Johnston   $100. 

Craven  County. 

John  S.  West $20. 

Isaac  Taylor    10. 

Joseph  Shute  10. 

James  Gatlin 10. 

Charles  Bates    5. 

Edward  Griffith   10. 

R.  D.  Stanly 5. 

Wm.  Tignor 5. 

$75. 
Lenoir  Co. 

Benajah  White   $20. 

Wm.  Hurst 5. 

$25. 


Caswell   Co. 

John  McAden    $4. 

Archibald  E.  Murphey 2. 

Hugh  Shaw   5. 

Wm.  S.  Webb  15. 

Henry  Atkinson   5. 


$31. 

Howell  Tatum,  Agt. 
1S04— Of  Joshua  G.  Wright, 

Robeson  County. 
John  Peter  Martin    $5. 


Bladen  County. 


Uriah  Flowers  . 
James  L.  Purdie 
Benjamin  Lock  . 
Matthew  Bvrne 


Perquimans  County. 

Wm.  Creecy   

John  Harvey   

Wm.  Blount  

John  Clary 

Philip  Pointer   

Gabriel  White   

Samuel  Xixon   

Caleb  Goodwin   

John  H.  Reed 

Charles  Moore  


$5. 
5. 
5. 
5. 


Warren  County. 
Philemon  Hawkins    

$20. 
$30. 

Nash 
John  Hilliard 

County. 

$25. 

Robert  C.  Hilliard. 
James    Hilliard.  . .  . 

25. 
25. 

Henrv  Hines    

10. 

Isaac  Hilliard    .... 

mty — Salem. 

25. 

Stokes  Coi 

John  Riijtotz   

Conrad  Preusser  .  . 

$110. 

$0.50 
0 

Rud.  Christ   

Fred.  Becher    

.25 
50 

Henrv  Herbert  .... 

.50 

G.  Shober   

Emanuel  Shober  .  . 

2. 
.62 

$5. Si 


$5. 
Hi. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

5. 

9. 

4. 
4. 


83o 


HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


Joseph  Sutton 

Samuel  W.  Ludlow. 

Will  Blount   

Robert  Wheaton  .  . . 


Wake  County. 


Carteret  County. 
Brian  Holten  


Granville  County. 


Thomas  Brown   

Leonard  Edwards 
Thomas  Falconer 
Thomas  B.  Littlejohn. 

Samuel  Goodwin 

James  Hamilton 

James  Vaughan    

James  Lyne   

Francis  W.  Burton . . . 

Stephen  Snead  

Wm.  Dickens   

John  Hare    

Henry  Lyne   

Wm.  Robards    

Lewis  Reaves 

Wm.   Pannel    

Henry  Yancey 

Charles  Lewis   

Mica,  j  ah  Bullock   

Elijah  Mitchell   

Richard  Inge    


$58. 
$3. 

$5 
2 
2 
5 
5 

10 

10 

10 

S 

10 

5 

5 

4 

4 

2 

2 


Wm.  Peace 

Wm.  Hamilton 
Cargill  Massenburg 
John  D.  Hawkins  . . 
Robert  Williams   .  . 

Peter  Casso   

David  Glass   

Charles  Parish   .... 

Joseph  Peace 

Simon  Turner   

Theophilus  Hunter 
Sherwood  Haywood 
Wm.  H.  Haywood  . 
Robert  Raiford 

John  Hall  

John  C.  Russell 

Robert  Taylor 

John  Nuttall   

John  W.  Guion 
Jacob  Willfong 
Wm.  Boy  Ian    


Orange  County. 


$10. 
10. 
10. 
10. 
10. 

2. 

5. 

2. 

5. 

4. 
10. 

5. 

5. 

5. 

5. 

5. 

5. 
20. 

5. 

2. 
10. 


Wm.  Bond,  merchant. 
John  Green 

1804. 
Duncan  Cameron 
Wm.  Norwood 


$145. 


$10. 
5. 


10. 


Thomas  D.  Bennehan,  50  bushels  ovster 

$99.  shells,  delivered. 

SUBSCRIBERS  TO  THE  COMPLETION  OF  THE  MAIN   (SOUTH)   BUILDING, 
i8og-'n.     Other  sums  were  obtained  afterwards  by  Dr.  Caldwell. 


The  range  of  subscriptions  was  much 
higher  than  heretofore,  showing  increase 
of  prosperity  in  the  State  and  greater 
confidence  in  the  institution.  There  were 
15  of  $200  each,  the  highest  amount  by 
one.    They  were: 

David  Stone  Bertie  Co. 

Wm.  Polk Raleigh. 

John  Haywood Raleigh. 

Joshua  G.  Wright Wilmington. 

Wm.  Gaston    Newbern. 

Archibald  D.  Murphey Orange  Co. 

Joseph  Caldwell Orange  Co. 

Duncan  Cameron Orange  Co. 

Willie  W.  Jones Halifax  Co. 

Francis  Locke Rowan  Co. 

John  Taylor,  Sr Orange  Co. 

Benjamin  Smith  Brunswick  Co. 

Wm.   Campbell    Wilmington. 

John  Lord Wilmington. 

John  Devereux  Newbern. 


The  next  largest  subscribers  gave  $100 
each,  as  follows: 

Samuel  Lowry Mecklenburg. 

Robert  Williams Raleigh. 

Robert  H.  Jones Warren  ton. 

Halcott  Jones  Pride Halifax. 

Frank  N.  W.  Burton Williamsboro. 

Andrew  Flinn Charleston,  S.  C. 

Leonard  Henderson Williamsboro. 

John  Hall  Warrenton. 

William  Norwood   Hillsboro. 

Archibald  Henderson Salisbury. 

Oliver  Fitts   Warrenton. 

Alfred  Moore,  Jr Brunswick  Co. 

James  P.  Somerville Warrenton. 

Richard  Bullock  Warren  Co. 

Wm.  Boylan  Raleigh 

Benjamin  Williams   Moore  Co. 

Samuel  Jocelin  Wilmington. 

John  Hill    Wilmington. 

George  Hooper  Wilmington. 


APPENDIX. 


83I 


John  Burgwin   Wilmington. 

John  Grange   Wilmington. 

A.  Duncan  Moore Wilmington. 

James  W.  Walker Wilmington. 

John  Waddell   Wilmington. 

Hugh  Waddell Wilmington. 

Samuel  Ashe   Wilmington. 

John  L.  Taylor Newbern. 

Geo.  H.  B.  Burgwin Newbern. 

John  S.  West Newbern. 

Wm.  McKenzie Williamston. 

John  R.  Donell,  of  Newbern,  gave  $75. 
Wm.  Hall,  of  Wilmington,  gave  $60. 

The  $50  subscribers  were : 

Joseph  Gales    Raleigh. 

Beverly  Daniel   Raleigh. 

Wm.  J.  Cowan Bladen  Co. 

John  Cameron Fayetteville. 

John  Owen Bladen  Co. 

Isaac  Williams   Cumberland  Co. 

James  Campbell Cumberland  Co. 

Robert  Campbell   Cumberland  Co. 

John  Williams  Cumberland  Co. 

Wm.  Giles  Wilmington. 

David  Anderson   Fayetteville. 

A.  F.  McNeill Wilmington. 

Robert  Cochran   Wilmington. 

Carlton  Walker Wilmington. 

Will.  Richardson   Elizabeth. 

John  R.  London Wilmington. 

Hanson  Kelly    Wilmington. 

R.  Mitchell  .' Wilmington. 

John  Bradley Wilmington. 

John  L.  Haslin Newbern. 

John  G.  Blount Washington. 

Thos.  H.  Blount Washington. 

David  Clark    Williamston. 

The  following  gave  $40: 

Samuel  Hall Brunswick  Co. 

A.  J.  DeRosset Wilmington. 

Thomas  F.  Davis Wilmington. 

Thomas  Cowan Wilmington. 

The  following  contributed  $30  each : 

Wm.  Shaw   Raleigh. 

Alex.  Hostler Wilmington. 

John  Mitchell    Wilmington. 

L.  H.  Toomer Wilmington. 

Edward  B.  Dudley  Wilmington. 

Henry  B.  Harward Wilmington. 

The  following  $25  each: 

Sherwood  Haywood Raleigh. 

Wm.  L.  Turner Raleigh. 

Henry  Potter Raleigh. 


Evan  Jones    Wilmington. 

John  D.  Toomer  Wilmington. 

John  Hogg   Wilmington. 

Ls.  Leroy    Wilmington. 

The  $20  subscribers  were: 

Sterling  Wheaton    Raleigh. 

Wm.   Peace    Raleigh. 

Jonathan  Smith  Fayetteville. 

George  Cameron  Wilmington. 

Will.  Wilkinson   Wilmington. 

John  Cathorda Wilmington. 

Thomas  Wright   Wilmington. 

John  Poisson   Wilmington. 

Gilbert  Geer Wilmington. 

Will.  Mitchell   Wilmington. 

James  Dixon   Wilmington. 

W.  H.  Williams   Wilmington. 

Wm.  Guthrie  Wilmington. 

John  Marshall,  of  Raleigh,  gave  $15, 
and  the  following  $10  each: 

Wm.   Glendenning    Raleigh. 

Charles   Parish    Raleigh. 

Jesse  Wingate   Wilmington. 

Will.  C.  Kemp Wilmington. 

John  M.  Gabi .Wilmington. 

Jethro  Darden  Wilmington. 

O.  Kenan Wilmington. 

John  Hall   Wilmington. 

Em'l  C.  Bittencourt Wilmington. 

Jos.  G.  Swift Wilmington. 

D.  A.  Tarbe Wilmington. 

Robert  W.  Brown Wilmington. 

Joseph  Shute  Wilmington. 

Jesse  Wingate   Wilmington. 

The  $5  subscribers  were: 

Richard   Smith    Raleigh. 

Robert  Scott   Wilmington. 

Thomas  Swan  Wilmington. 

The  amounts  from  the  different  locali- 
ties were,  besides  Charleston,  S.  C,  $100: 
New  Hanover,  principally  Wilmington, 
$2,700;  Orange,  principally  Hillsboro, 
$900;  Wake,  principally  Raleigh,  $SS5; 
Craven,  principally  Newbern,  $825;  War- 
ren, principally  Warrenton,  $500;  Bruns- 
wick, $340;  Cumberland,  principally  Fay- 
etteville, $320;  Rowan,  principally  Salis- 
bury, $300;  Halifax,  principally  Halifax, 
$300;  Granville,  principally  Williams- 
boro,  $200;  Bertie,  principally  Windsor, 
$200;  Beaufort,  principally  Washington, 
$180;  Bladen,  principally  Elizabeth,  $150; 
Martin,  principally  Williamston,  $150; 
Moore,  $100. 


832 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


THE    FOLLOWING    LIST,    MADE    BY    HON.    WALTER    MURPHY    IN    1899, 

SHOWS   THE   PUBLIC   OFFICES  HELD  BY  THE  ALUMNI  OF 

THE   UNIVERSITY. 


National  United  States  Officials. 

Tennessee:  James  Knox  Polk,  Presi- 
dent. 

Alabama:  William  Rufus  King,  Vice- 
President. 

Presidents  of  the  United  States  Senate. 

North  Carolina:  Willie  P.  Mangum, 
1842-45. 

Alabama:  William  Rufus  King,  1835- 
41,  1849-53. 

Speaker  of  the  National  House. 
Tennessee:    James  Knox  Polk,  1835-39. 

Secretary  of  State. 
Virginia:    John  Y.  Mason. 

Secretary  of  War. 
Tennessee:    John  H.  Eaton,  1829-31. 

Secretaries  of  the  Navy. 
North  Carolina:    John  Branch,  1829-31. 
Virginia:    John  Y.  Mason,   1844-45-46- 
49. 

North  Carolina:  William  A.  Graham, 
1850-52;  James  C.  Dobbin,  1853-57. 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
Mississippi:    Jacob  Thompson,  1857-61. 

Postmaster-General. 
Tennessee:    A.  V.  Brown,  1857-59. 
North   Carolina:    Kerr  Craige,  Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General,  1893-97. 

Attorney-General. 
Virginia:    John  Y.  Mason,  1845-46. 

Solicitor-General. 
North   Carolina:     Samuel   F.   Phillips, 

1873-85. 

Foreign  Ministers  and  Consuls. 

To  France:  Wm.  R»  King,  minister, 
1844-46;  John  Y.  Mason,  minister,  1853- 
59. 

To  Spain:  John  H.  Eaton,  minister, 
1836-40;  R.  M.  Saunders,  minister,  1S46- 
50;  D.  M.  Barringer,  minister,  1850-53; 
Hannis  Taylor,  minister,  1S93-98. 

To  Mexico:  Thos.  C.  Manning,  min- 
ister, 1S86-87;  Matt.  W.  Ransom,  min- 
ister, 1894-97. 

To  Greece:  Eben  Alexander,  Professor 
TJ.  N.  C,  minister,  1893-97. 


To  Peru:  Thomas  Settle,  minister, 
1871-73. 

To  Guatemala:  Wm.  Miller,  charge" 
d'affaires,  1825;  Thos.  N.  Mann,  charge" 
d'affaires,  1826. 

To  Portugal:  Abram  Rencher,  charge" 
d'affaires,  1843-47. 

To  Naples:  Wm.  H.  Polk,  charge" 
d'affaires,  1845-48. 

To  Venezuela:  J.  G.  A.  Williamson, 
consul  general,  1830-42. 

To  Italy :  E.  J.  Mallett,  consul  general, 
1858-62. 

To  China :  W.  P.  Mangum,  Jr.,  consul 
general,  1861-81. 

To  Japan:  W.  P.  Mangum,  Jr.,  consul 
general,  1861-81. 

To  Paris:    D.  K.  McRae,  consul. 

To  Shanghai:  A.  D.  Jones,  consul, 
1893. 

To  Manchester:  E.  J.  Hale,  consul, 
1885-89. 

To  Rio  Janeiro:  O.  H.  Dockery,  consul, 
1889-93. 

To  Buenos  Ayres:  A.  M.  Slade,  con- 
sul,  1836-40. 

To  Montevideo:  E.  J.  Hill,  consul, 
1887-89. 

To  Tegucigalpa:  Wm.  H.  Little,  con- 
sul. 1893-98. 

To  Palermo:  W.  S.  Pearson,  consul, 
1873. 

To  Matanzas:  D.  W.  Courts,  consul, 
1839-41. 

To  Cadiz:   T.  T.  Tunstall,  consul,  1856. 

To  San  Salvador:  T.  T.  Tunstall,  con- 
sul,  1888. 

To  Vera  Cruz:  John  A.  Cameron,  con- 
sul, 1829-31. 

United  States  Senators. 

From  North  Carolina :  John  Branch, 
1823-29,  served  6  years;  Bedford  Brown, 
1829-41,  served  12'years;  Willie  P.  Man- 
gum, 1837-53,  served  16  years;  William 
A.  Graham,  1841-44.  served  3  years;  Wil- 
liam H.  Haywood,  1843-46,  served  3 
years;  Thos.  L.  Clingman,  1857-60,  served 
3  years;  John  Pool,  1867-73,  served  6 
years;  M.  W.  Ransom,  1873-96,  served  23 
years;  Z.  B.  Vance,  1879-94,  served  16 
years;  Marion  Butler,  1894-01. 


APPENDIX. 


833 


From  Missouri:  Thos.  H.  Benton.  1820- 
50,  served  30  years;  F.  P.  Blair,  1870-73, 
served  3  years. 

From  Alabama:  Wm.  11.  King,  1819- 
53,  served  30  years. 

From  Tennessee:  John  H.  Eaton,  1818- 
29,  served  11  years:  A.  O..P.  Nicholson, 
1840-01,  served  4  years. 

From  Louisiana :  Thos.  C.  Manning, 
1880-86,  served  <>  years. 

Representative  in  Congress. 

From  North  Carolina:  Lemuel  Sawyer, 
seated  in  1807,  served  10  years;  Wm. 
Rufus  King,  seated  in  1811,  sarved  0 
years;  Bartlett  Yancey,  seated  1813, 
served  4  years;  W.  H.  Murfree,  seated 
in  1813,  served  2  years;  Lewis  Williams, 
seated  in  1815.  served  27  years;  W.  C. 
Love,  seated  1815,  served  2  years;  Thos. 
H.  Hall,  seated  in  1817,  served  10  years; 
H.  G.  Burton,  seated  1819,  served  5 
years;  R.  M.  Saunders,  seated  in  1821, 
served  10  years;  R.  D.  Spaight,  Jr., 
seated  in  1823,  served  2  years;  Alfred 
M.  Gatlin,  seated  in  1823,  served  2  years; 
Willie  P.  Mangum,  seated  in  1823.  served 
3  years;  John  H.  Bryan,  seated  in  1825, 
served  4  years;  John  diles,  seated  1829, 
served  2  years;  W.  B.  Shepard,  seated  in 
1829,  served  10  years:  John  Branch,  seat- 
ed in  1831,  served  2  years:  M.  T.  Haw- 
kins, seated  in  1831.  served  10  years; 
Ebenezer  Jfettigrew,  seated  in  1835, 
served  2  years;  Chas.  B.  Shepard,  seated 
in  1837,  served  4  years;  John  Hill,  sealed 
in  1839,  served  2  years;  J.  11.  J.  Daniel, 
seated  in  1841.  served  12  years;  Ander- 
son Mitchell,  seated  in  1842,  served  2 
years;  D.  M.  Barringer,  seated  in  1843, 
served  8  years;  Edward  Stanly,  seated 
in  1837,  served  10  years;  Thos.  L.  Cling- 
man,  seated  in  1843,  served  8  years; 
James  Graham,  seated  in  1833,  served  12 
years;  James  C.  Dobbin,  seated  in  1845, 
served  2  years;  H.  S.  Clark,  seated  in 
1845.  served  2  years;  It.  S.  Donnell, 
seated  in  1847,  served  2  years;  David 
Outlaw,  seated  in  1847,  served  0  years; 
J.  T.  Morehead,  seated  in  1851,  served  2 
years;  Burton  Craige,  seated  in  L852, 
served  9  years;  Sion  K.  Rogers,  seated 
in  185.'!.  served  4  years:  Thos.  Ruffin, 
seated  in  1853,  served  8  year-:  L.  O'B. 
Branch,  seated  in  1855,  served  <;  years; 
Warren  Winslow,  seated  in  1855.  served' 
0  years;  A.  M.  Scales,  seated  in  1857, 
served    12   years;    Z.   B.   Vance,   seated  in 

53 


1858,  served  3  years;  O.  H.  Dockery, 
seated  in  1807,  served  4  years;  F.  E. 
Shober,  seated  in  1809,  served  4  years; 
R.  B.  Gilliam,  seated  in  1870;  John  Man- 
ning, seated  in  1871,  served  2  years;  A. 
M.  Waddell,  seated  in  1871,  served  4 
years;  Chas.  R.  Thomas,  seated  in  1871, 
served  4  years;  J.  J.  Davis,  seated  in 
1875,  served  4  years;  Thos.  S.  Ashe, 
seated  in  1872,  served  4  years;  W.  L. 
Steele,  seated  in  1877,  served  4  years; 
Clement  Dowd,  seated  in  1883,  served  4 
years;  John  S.  Henderson,  seated  in  1885, 
served  10  years;  L.  C.  Latham,  seated 
in  1887,  served  4  years;  Thos.  D.  John- 
ston, seated  in  1885,  served  4  years; 
Thos.  G.  Skinner,  seated  in  1883,  served 
4  years;  W.  A.  Branch,  seated  in  1891, 
served  4  years;  B.  F.  Grady,  seated  in 
1891,  served  4  years;  C.  W.  McClammy, 
seated  in  1887,  served  4  years;  S.  B. 
Alexander,  seated  in  1891,  served  4 
years;  W.  T.  Crawford,  seated  in  1891; 
John  E.  Fowler,  seated  in  1895,  served  2 
years;  W.  W.  Kit  chin,  seated  in  1897; 
Chas.  R.  Thomas,  seated  in  1898. 

From  Virginia :  John  T.  Epps,  Mark 
Alexander,  Joel  Hollemon,  John  Y.  Ma- 
son, George  C.  Dromgoole.  Geo.  W.  L. 
Marr. 

From  Tennessee:  James  K.  Polk, 
Aaron  V.  Brown. 

From  Missouri:  Thos.  H.  Benton, 
Francis  ir.  Blair. 

From  Alabama:  John  Bragg,  Gaston 
A.  Robbins. 

From  Texas:  Wm.  P.  McLean,  Olin 
Wellborn. 

From  South  Carolina :    A.  D.  Sims. 

From  Mississippi:    Jacob  Thompson. 

From  Louisiana:    Alfred  B.  Irion. 

United  States  District  Judges. 

For  North  Carolina:    Robt.  P.  Dick. 

For  Virginia:  Berryman  Green,  John 
Y.  Mason. 

For  Florida :  John  A.  Cameron.  Thomas 
Settle. 

For   Louisiana:   R.   N.   Ogden. 

For  Alabama:    H.   Y.    Webb. 

United  States  Court  of  Land  Claims 

Judge. 
Thos.  C.  Fuller. 

United  States   District  Attorneys. 
For  North  Carclina:    H.  C.  Jones,  Jr., 
R.   C.   Badger.   R.   P.  Dick.  Jas.   B.   Shep- 
herd, F.  H.  Busbee.  C.  B.  Avcoek. 


834 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OP1   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


For  Florida:     John  K.   Campbell. 
For  Alabama:    Geo.  M.  Duskin. 
For  Washington:    P.  H.  Winston. 

State  Officials — Governors. 

North  Carolina:  William  Miller,  1814- 
17;  John  Branch,  1817-20;  H.  G.  Burton, 
1824-27;  John  Owen,  1828-30;  David  L. 
Swain,  1832-35;  R.  Dobbs  Spaight,  1835- ' 
37;  J.  M.  Morehead,  1841-45;  W.  A.  Gra- 
ham, 1845-49;  Charles  Manly,  1849-51; 
Warren  Wihslow,  1854-55;  John  W.  Ellis, 
1859-61;  Henry  T.  Clark,  1861-62;  Z.  B. 
Vance,  1862-65;  Tod  R.  Caldwell,  1870-74; 
Z.  B.  Vance,  1876-79;  A.  M.  Scales,  1885- 
89;  Thos.  M.  Holt,  1891-93;  Elias  Carr, 
1893-97;  Daniel  L.  Russell,  1897-1901; 
C.  B.  Aycock,  1901-05. 

Tennessee :  James  K.  Polk,  A.  V. 
Brown. 

Florida:    W.  D.  Mosely. 

Mississippi:    Jacob  Thompson. 

Florida:  John  H.  Eaton,  territorial; 
John  Branch. 

Utah:     Vernon  H.   Vaughn. 

New  Mexico:    Abrarn  Rencher. 

Presidents  of  the  Senate  and  Lieutenant- 
Governors. 

North  Carolina:  John  Branch,  1815- 
17;  Bartlett  Yancey,  1817-28;  Bedford 
Brown,  1829;  D.  F.  Caldwell,  1830;  W.  D. 
Mosely,  1832-36;  Hugh  Waddell,  1837; 
Calvin  Graves,  1848;  Warren  Winslow, 
1853-54;  W.  W.  Avery,  1856;  H.  T.  Clark, 
1859;  Giles  Mebane,  1862;  M.  E.  Manly, 
1866;  Tod  R.  Caldwell,  1868;  C.  M.  Sted- 
man,  1885-89;  Thos.  M.  Holt,  1889-91; 
Rufus  A.  Doughton,  1893-97;  Charles  A. 
Reynolds,  1897. 

Texas:     Wells  Thompson. 

Florida:    William  D.  Barnes. 

Virginia:    Geo.  C.  Dromgoole. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of 
Representatives. 

North  Carolina :  William  Miller,  R.  M. 
Saunders,  James  Mebane,  John  D.  Jones, 
Alfred  Moore,  W.  J.  Alexander,  Wm.  H. 
Haywood,  Wm.  A.  Graham.  Calvin 
Graves,  R.  B.  Gilliam,  Jas.  C.  Dobbin. 
Jesse  G.  Shepherd,  Thos.  Settle,  Wm.  A. 
Moore,  R.  S.  Donnell,  M.  S.  Robbins. 
S.  F.  Phillips,  Jos.  W.  Holden,  John  M. 
Moring,  Geo.  M.  Rose,  Thos.  M.  Holt, 
Rufus'A.  Doughton,  Z.  V.  Walser.  S.  M. 
Gattis. 


Louisiana:    Robert  N.  Ogden. 
Alabama:    Jas.  W.  McClung. 
Tennessee:    Lewis  Bond. 
Georgia:    R.  A.  T.  Ridley. 
Iowa:    James  Grant. 
Mississippi:    James  P.  Scales. 
Alabama:    Willner  F.  Foster. 

Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

North  Carolina:  Archibald  D.  Mur- 
phey,  1822;  John  D.  Toomer,  1829;  Jo- 
seph J.  Daniel,  1832-48;  William  H.  Bat- 
tle, 1848-68;  Richmond  M.  Pearson  (C. 
J.),  1848-78;  M.  E.  Manly,  1859-65;  W.  B. 
Rodman,  1808-78;  Root.  P.  Dick,  1868-72; 
Thos.  Settle,  1868-72;  John  H.  Dillard, 
1872-76;  Thos.  S.  Ashe,  1878-87;  Thos. 
Ruffin,  Jr.,  1881-89;  J.  J.  Davis,  1887-92; 
A.  C.  Avery,  1888-96;  J.  E.  Shepherd  (C. 
J.),  1888-96;  Walter  Clark,  1889. 

Tennessee:  A.  O.  P.  Nicholson  (C.  J.), 
Thos.  L.  Williams,  Edward  A.  Keble, 
Thos.  J.  Haywood. 

Louisiana:  Thos.  C.  Manning  (C.  J.), 
Alfred  B.  Irion. 

Alabama:  Arthur  F.  Hopkins,  Ed.  G. 
Pasteur. 

Florida:    Walker  Anderson  (C.  J.). 

Georgia:    Samuel  Hall  (C.  J.). 

Maryland:    Wm.  S.  Bryan. 

Virginia:   Waller   R.    Staples. 

Arkansas:    Robt.  T.  Fuller. 

Mississippi:    Tim  Erwin  Cooper. 

New  York:    Augustus  Van  Wyck. 

Superior  Court  Judges. 

North  Carolina :  Joseph  J.  Daniel,  Rob- 
ert H.  Burton,  John  D.  Toomer,  Archi- 
bald D.  Murphey,  John  R.  Donnell,  Wil- 
lie P.  Mangum,  James  Martin,  David  L. 
Swain,  R.  M.  Saunders,  Edward  Hall, 
John  M.  Dick,  John  S.  Bailev,  R.  M. 
Pearson,  D.  F.  Caldwell,  M.  E.  Manly, 
V  .  H.  Battle,  John  W.  Ellis,  Augustus 
Moore,  Samuel  J.  Person,  Jesse  G.  Shep- 
herd, James  W.  Osborne,  Geo.  Howard, 
Thos.  Ruffin.  Jr.,  Robt.  B.  Gilliam,  Wm. 
M.  Shipp,  David  A.  Barnes,  Anderson 
Mitchell,  Chas.  R.  Thomas,  Wm.  A. 
Moore,  Wm.  J.  Clarke,  D.  L.  Russell, 
Ralph  P.  Buxton,  C.  C.  Pool,  A.  A.  Mc- 
Coy, A.  C.  Avery,  0.  P.  Meares,  Mills  L. 
Eure,  John  A.  Gilmer,  Jas.  E.  Shepherd, 
Fred.  Phillips,  Walter  Clark,  W.  J.  Mont- 
gomery, Henry  R.  Bryan.  Spier  Whita- 
ker,  Robt.  W.  Winston.  A.  W.  Graham, 
A.  L.  Coble,  H.  R.  Starbuck,  Thos.  A. 
McNeill,  Thos.  J.  Shaw,  Geo.  V.  Strong, 


APPENDIX. 


835 


Louis  Hilliard,  Jacob  Battle,  Win.  X. 
Mebane,  Dossey  Battle. 

Alabama:  W.  D.  Pickett.,  W.  S.  Chap- 
man, Wm.  P.  Webb,  Thos.  M.  Arlington, 
John    Bragg. 

Arkansas:  Isaac  Baker,  Robert  T.  Ful- 
ler, Thos.  J.  Lacev,  Jos.  W.  Townsend. 

Florida:  Alfred  C.  Whitner.  Daniel  B. 
Baker,  Enoch  J.  Vann. 

Virginia:  John  Y.  Mason,  Fleming 
Sanders. 

Tennessee:  1ST.  W.  Williams.  Alfred  G. 
Merritt,  B.  S.  Ridley,  Calvin  Jones,  Wm. 
M.  Inge. 

Louisiana :  F.  S.  Goode.  Jonathan  Os- 
borne. Thos.  B.  Graham. 

Iowa :     James  Grant. 

California:    S.  A.  Holmes. 

Texas:    W.  P.  McLean. 

Nevada:    A.  L.  Fitzgerald. 

Number  of  Members  State  Legislatures. 

North  Carolina,  411:  Tennessee,  21; 
Alabama,  19;  Texas.  10;  Virginia,  9; 
Florida,  7;  Louisiana,  7;  Georgia,  7; 
Mississippi,  7;  Arkansas,  4;  Missouri.  4; 
South  Carolina,  4;  Washington,  2;  Cali- 
fornia, 2;  New  York,  2;  Iowa,  1.  Total, 
517. 

Secretaries  cf  State. 

North  Carolina:  Charles  R.  Thomas, 
1864-66;  Jos.  A.  Engelhard,  1877-79;  W. 
L.  Saunders,  IS/ 9-91. 

Texas:    A.  W.  Speight. 

State  Treasurers. 

North  Carolina:  Robert  H.  Burton, 
1839;  William  S.  Mhoon,  1830;  D.  W. 
Courts,  1837-51 ;  Charles  S.  Hinton,  1845 : 
Kemp  P.  Battle,  1866. 

State  Comptrollers — Auditors. 

North  Carolina:  Joseph  W.  Hawkins, 
.John  L.  Henderson,  W.  J.  Clarke.  S.  F. 
Phillips,  Richard  H.  Battle. 

Florida :    William  D.  Barnes. 

Tennessee:    James  L.  Gaines. 

Attorney-Generals. 

North  Carolina:  Wm.  Miller.  H.  G. 
Burton,  James  F.  Taylor,  R.  M.  Saun- 
ders, J.  R.  J.  Daniel,  Hugh  McQueen, 
Spier  Whitaker,  Edward  Stanly,  B.  F. 
Moore,  Wm.  Eaton,  Jr.,  M.  W.  Ransom, 
J.  B.  Batchelor.  Wm.  A.  Jenkins,  Sion 
H.  Rogers.  W.  M.  Coleman,  W.  M.  Shipp, 
Thos.  S.  Kenan.  Z.  V.  Walser. 


Washington:    Patrick  H.  Winston. 
Florida :    Joseph  Branch. 
Louisiana :    F.  S.  Goode. 

Commissioners  of  Agriculture. 

North  Carolina :  Montf ord  McGehee, 
S.  L.  Patterson,  P.  M.  Wilson. 

Tennessee::  R.  Mc.  Hord,  J.  B.  Kille- 
brew. 

Alabama:    R.  F.  C.  Kolb. 

Superintendents  of  Public  Instruction. 

North  Carolina :    C.  H.  Wiley. 
Tennessee:  J.  B.  Killebrew. 

Reporters  Supreme  Court. 

North  Carolina:  Archibald  D.  Mur- 
phey,  Francis  L.  Hawks,  W.  H.  Battle, 
Perrin  Busbee,  Quentin  Busbee,  H.  C. 
Jones,  S.  F.  Phillips,  J.  M  .McCorkle, 
W.  M.  Shipp,  Thomas  S.  Kenan.  Ralph 
P.  Buxton. 

Prosecuting  Attorneys — Solicitors. 

North  Carolina :  J.  W.  Ferguson, 
Larry  I.  Moore,  A.  L.  Brooks,  E.  W. 
Pou,  T.  M.  Argo,  H.  F.  Seawell,  Colin 
McLean,  W.  S.  Norment,  F.  N.  Strud- 
wick,  W.  J.  Montgomery,  I.  R.  Stray- 
horn.  E.  D.  CarterT  B.  R.  Moore,  C.  A. 
Webb. 

New  York:    Geo.  Gordon  Battle. 

Confederate   States   Government — Attor- 
neys-General. 

North  Carolina:  George  Davis,  Thos. 
Bragg. 

Confederate  States  Senate. 

North  Carolina:  George  Davis.  W.  W. 
Avery,  Wm.  A.  Graham. 

Members  of  Confederate  Congress. 

North  Carolina :  Thomas  Ruffin.  Thos. 
D.  S.  McDowell,  John  M.  Morehead.  Bur- 
ton Craige,  R.  R.  Bridgers,  Thos.  S. 
Ashe,  Josiah  Turner. 

Georgia:    D.  N.  Lewis. 

Virginia :    Waller   R.   Staples. 

Generals  in  Confederate  Army. 

Louisiana:    Lieut.-Gen.  Leonidas  Polk. 

North  Carolina:  Maj.-Gens.  Bryan 
Grimes,  R.  C.  Gatling;  Brig.-Gens.  Geo. 
B.  Anderson.  Rufus  Barringer,  L.  0*B. 
Branch,  M.  W.  Ransom,  R.  D.  Johnston, 


836 


HISTORY    UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


A.  M.   Scales,   W.  G.  Lewis,  J.  Johnston 
Pettigrew,  Thos.  L.  Clingman. 

Alabama:  Brig.-Gen.  lsham  W.  Gar- 
rott. 

Mississippi:  Brig.-Gen.  Chas.  W.  Phi- 
fer;   Inspector-General  Jacob  Thompson. 

Texas:    Brig.-Gen.  A.  W.  Speight. 

Louisiana:  Brig.-Gen.  Thos.  C.  Man- 
ning. 

Colonels:  Number.  71;  Lieutenant- 
Colonels,  31;  Majors,  52;  Captains,  21(5; 
Lieutenants,   126. 

Alumni  in  the  Confederate  Army,  1.017. 

Killed  in  battle  and  died  from  wounds, 
308. 

Miscellaneous. 

Generals  in  Union  Army:  Ma j. -Gens. 
Francis  P.  Blair;  E.  J.  Mallett,  Pay- 
master  General. 

Judge  of  International  Court,  Alexan- 
dria,  Egypt:   Victor   Clay   Barringer. 

Bishops  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church. 

Wm,  Mercer  Green,  of  Mississippi, 
1849-87;  Cicero  S.  Hawks,  of  Missouri, 
1844-68;  Leonidas  Polk,  of  Arkansas  and 
Louisiana,  1838-64;  James  H.  Otey,  of 
Tennessee,  1834-63;  Thos.  F.  Davis,  of 
South   Carolina,   1853-71. 

Presidents  of  Colleges  and  Universities. 

David  L.  Swain,  Solomon  Pool,  Kemp 
P.  Battle,  George  T.  Winston,  Edwin  A. 
Alderman,  Presidents  of  the  University 
of  North  Carolina. 

Geo.  T.  Winston,  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Texas. 

Geo.  T.  Winston,  President  of  the 
North  Carolina  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical College. 

Robert  H.  Morrison,  President  of  Da- 
vidson College. 

A.  M.  Shipp,  President  of  Wofford  Col- 
lege. 

William  Hooper,  President  of  Wake 
Forest  College. 

John  Witherspoon,  President  of  Mi- 
ami College. 

Daniel  A.  Long,  President  of  Antioch 
College. 

D.  W.  Lewis,  President  of  Georgia  Ag- 
ricultural and  Mechanical  College. 

Charles  D.  Mclver,  President  of  State 
1  formal  and  Industrial  College. 

Alumni  of  the  University  have  been 
professors  in  Yale,  Harvard,   University 


of  New  York,  Annapolis,  West  Point, 
Vanderbilt,  University  of  Indiana,  Uni- 
versity of  Texas.  University  of  Tennes- 
see, University  of  Alabama,  Smith  Col- 
lege, University  of  Missouri,  University 
of  Arkansas,  University  of  Georgia,  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina,  University  of 
South  Carolina,  Trinity  of  Connecticut, 
Trinity  of  North  Carolina,  Davidson  Col- 
lege, Wake  Forest,  and  Randolph-Macon. 

Johnston  Blakely,  of  the  class  of  1801, 
Captain  United  States  Navy,  captured 
the  "Reindeer"  and  "Atalanta"  from  the 
British,  in  the  War  of   1812. 

Presidents  of  Conventions:  National, 
John  Owen,  Harrisburg  Convention, 
1840;  Thos.  Settle,  Republican  Conven- 
tion, 1872;  John  M.  Morehead,  President 
of  Whig  Convention,  1848. 

General  Summary. 

Number  of  Governors,  28.  Governors 
of  North  Carolina,  1810-1899,  33.  Alumni 
20,  or  60  per  cent. 

United  States  Senators,  17.  Senators 
from  North  Carolina,  1810-1899,  25. 
Alumni   11,  or  44  per  cent. 

Members  of  United  States  Congress, 
78.  Members  from  North  Carolina,  1810- 
1899,  135.     Alumni  61,  or  45  per  cent. 

Speakers  of  Senate  and  Lieutenant- 
Governors,  20.  Of  North  Carolina,  1815- 
1899,  24.     Alumni  17,  or  70  5-6  per  cent. 

Speakers  of  the  House,  31.  Of  North 
Carolina,  1810-1899,  46.  Alumni  24,  or 
53  per  cent. 

Secretaries  of  State,  4.  Of  North  Car- 
olina, 1810-1899,  9.  Alumni  3,  or  33  1-3 
per  cent. 

Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  31.  Of 
North  Carolina.  1810-1899,  31.  Alumni 
16,  or  52  per  cent. 

Judges  of  the  Superior  Court,  82.  Of 
North  Carolina,  1810-1899,  129.  Alumni 
57,  or  43  2-5  per  cent. 

Attorney-Generals  21.  Of  North  Caro- 
lina, 1810-1899,  26.  Alumni  18,  or  70 
per   cent. 

Reporters  of  the  Supreme  Court,  11. 
Of  North  Carolina,  1810-1899,  17.  Alumni 
11,  or  64  per  cent. 

State  Treasurers,  5.  Of  North  Caro- 
lina, 1810-1899,  14.  Alumni  5,  or  3(5  per 
cent. 

Comptrollers  and  Auditors,  7.  Of 
North  Carolina,  1810-1899,  14.  Alumni  5. 
or  36  per  cent. 

WALTER  MURPHY. 


Note. — Now  Foust  succeeds  President  Mclver,  deceased.     Edwin  A.  Alderman  is  President  of 
the  University  of  Virginia,  after  being  President  of  Tulane  University. 


INDEX. 


A.  Page. 

Adams,   John    Q 510 

Adams,  Joseph  A 712,  S18 

Adams,  Peter  H 73S,  747,  748,  818 

Adams,  Robert  B 812 

Adams,  Wiley   817 

Adams,   William    630,  S09 

Adams,  William  W 818 

Addresses,    (See   Commencement   Ex- 
ercises). 

Alderman,  E.  A 836 

Alderman,  William  F 670,  671,  807 

Alexander,  Charles   E 791 

Alexander,  Charles  W.  H 792 

Alexander,  Cyrus  A 789,  790 

Alexander,   Eben    271, 832 

Alexander,  Elam    791 

Alexander,   Evan    .  .    140,  159, 162,  333,  822 

Alexander,  Lawson  H 789 

Alexander,  Mark   186,  189,  215,  833 

Alexander,  Nathaniel   182,  822,  826 

Alexander,  Nathaniel  W 285,  790 

Alexander,  Richard  II 789 

Alexander,  Sydenham  B....    705,712, 

812, 833 

Alexander,  Wallace   129.  159,  822 

Alexander,  William  J 32,  248,  352, 

357, 520, 789, 824, 834 
Alexander,  William  L 626,  640, 

641,690,749,805,814 

Allen,  Albert  V 300,  301,  791 

Allen,  David   C 814 

Allen,  Edward  L 809 

Allen,  John    788, 828 

Allen,  Robert  L ;  .  .    641,  810 

Allen,  Thomas  T 685,  699,  722, 

723, 814 

Allen,    Vine    A 634,  636,  804 

Allen,  William    747 

Allen,  William   P 814 

Allison,  David    623 

Allison,  John  828 

Allison,  John  R 791 

Allison,  Joseph    353 

Allison,  Julius  E 805 

Allison.    Richard    284, 7S9 

Allison,  Richardson   333 

Allison,  Robert  G 792 

Alsobrook,  S.  B 314 

Alsobrook,  John  827 

Alston,  Alfred 507.  508. 586 


Page. 

Alston,  Alfred,  Jr 800 

Alston,  Alfred  T 752,  772 

Alston,  Benjamin  H 791 

Alston,  Edward,  Jr 02S,  803 

Alston,  Kemp  P 433,  796 

Alston,  Nicholas   586 

Alston,  Philip   228 

Alston,  Philip  W 177,  323,  511,  793 

Alston,  Rachel    33 

Alston,  Solomon  W 651 

Alston,  William   85 

Alston,  William  C 73 

Alston,  Willie  761 

Alston,  Willis    18,  818,  827 

Alston.  Willis  W 791 

Alumni  Association 482,  491, 

501,  510,  521,  618,  624,  627,  628, 

635, 639, 649,  674,  692,  712 

Alves,   Gavin 128,  638,  826 

Abes,  Johnson   286 

.Alves,  Samuel  J 790 

Alves,  Walter   51,  62,  116,  122, 

159, 162,  188,  199,  205,  300,  301, 

638,  791,  822,  826,  828 

Amis,  James  S 499,  500,  800 

Amis,  Rufus 809 

Amis,  Thomas    827 

Amis.  Thomas  G 165,  787 

Amusements,  Students'    588 

Anderson,  Albert  G 356,  795 

Anderson,  Cameron    799 

Anderson,  Daniel    418 

Anderson.  David 831 

Anderson.  Edwin  E 356 

Anderson,  Geo.  B.  .  .  508,  525,  749,  750,  835 

Anderson,  James  L S14 

Anderson,    J.    M . .   816 

Anderson,   Lawrence    M 677,  812 

Anderson,    Robert    W 651,  686, 

687, 690,  749.  809 

Anderson,  Thompson    771. 819 

Anderson.   Walker 259.  263,  264, 

348, 355, 357-359,  362,  415.  418. 

422,  426.  5S6,  636,  674,  789,  834 

Anderson,  William   J 315 

Anderson.  William  E 697.  791 

Andrews.  Clinton  M 617,  805 

Andrews,  Ethan   A.,  275,287,298.319.417 

Andrews.  John  B 617.  624,  805 

Andrews,  S.  J 709,  816 


838 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Andrews,  Silas  M 315,  421,  792 

Anecdotes  of  University  Life....   218, 

573-587 
Anthony,  John   ....   637,  639,  648,  673,  808 

Anthony,  William   263,  264 

Apparatus     292,  294,  429,  430,  442, 

443,  475,  719 

Archdale,   John 210 

Archibald,  Robert 59 

Argo,  Thomas  M...   730,731,784,816,835 
Armies      (Union     and     Confederate) 

in  Chapel  Hill 741-743,746,748 

Armistead,  Richard 169, 172,  787 

Armistead,  Robert 827 

Armistead,  Thomas  S.  Jr 727,  815 

Armistead,  Edward  H. 688,  816 

Armstrong,  James  W 792,  793 

Armstrong,    John 382 

Armstrong,   Martin 382 

Armstrong,  Martin  W.  B. .  .   237,  238, 

261,  264,  265 

Armstrong,  Thomas  L ■.  . . .   421,  794 

Armstrong,  Thomas  P 338 

Arnett,  Elizabeth   132 

Arnold,  Mrs.  Conway  H 160 

Arrington,  Archibald  H 706 

Arrington,  George  W 808 

Arrington,  Richard  P 804 

Arrington,    Thomas    M.,  497,522,802,835 

Aso-ill,  605 

Ashe,  John  B 62,  827 

Ashe,  Richard   J 482,  683,  713,  79S 

Ashe,  Samuel....   3,4,6,19,33,48,77, 

99, 102,  821, 826, 82S,  831 

Ashe,  Samuel,  Jr 140,  827 

Ashe.  Samuel  A 4 

Ashe,  Samuel  P 186 

Ashe,  Thomas  S. . .  .   308,  324,  345,  422, 

623,  627,  764,  794,  824,  828,  833,  834 

Ashford,  Street 140 

Ashley,  Henry  M 741 

Ashurst,  John  M 796 

Askew,  Abner 818 

Askew,  Abner  H. .  .  .  727,  730,  747,  753, 

754, 818 

Askew,  Andrew  J 797 

Askew,  George  O '. 332 

Askew,  George  W 812 

Astor,  John  J 754 

Athletics    588-590 

Atkins,  Benjamin  F 472,  473,  482,  797 

Atkins,  Smith  D 743,  744 

Atkins.  Edward  R 712 

Atkins,  Edwin  R 817 

Atkinson,  Henry 829 

Atkinson,  Joseph  M 670 


Page. 

Atkinson,  Thomas 648,  649,  726,  728 

Attmore,  Isaac  T 672,  812 

Attorneys 351 

Atwater,  Jeremiah  246 

Austin,  Charles  J...   730,747,748,753,818 

Austin,  Robert  H 794 

Austin,  William  H 677,  815 

Averitt,  James  B 805 

Averitt,  James  L 807 

Averitt,  Jesse  617, 629 

Averitt,  John  A 508,  803 

Avery,  Alonzo  C 648 

Avery,  Alphonso  C 675,  676,  808,  834 

Avery,  Clarke  M 422,  459,  750,  796 

Avery,  General  759,  760 

Avery,  Isaac  E 508,  750,  803 

Avery,  Isaac  P 486 

Avery,  John   354 

Avery,  Thomas  L 635,  797 

Avery,  Waightstill  2, 15,  822 

Avery,  William  W 356,  433,  615, 

796,  825,  834,  835 

Avery,  Willoughby  F 720,  817 

Aycock,  Charles   B 833,  834 

B. 

Bachus,  Aze\  250 

Backhouse,  Allen  421 

Backhouse,  John  A 324,  325,  793 

Bacon,  David  F 421,  423 

Bacot,  Peter  B 811 

Badger,  George  E   251,  280,  295> 

304,  326,  350,  353,  356,  384,  394, 
395. 419,  449,  526.  527,  S23,  826 

Badger,  Richard   C 634,653,702, 

703,  811,  S33 

Badger,  Thomas 731 

Badgett,  Thomas  J 811 

Badham,  William 640 

Badham,  William  J 640,  641,  805 

Bahnson,  G.  F 746 

Baillv,  Charles   301 

Bailey,  John  L 259,  351,  824,  834 

Bailey,  William    626, 807 

Baile'v,  William  E 246,  788 

Baird,  William  W 711,  812 

Baker,  Blake 822 

Baker,  Daniel  B..  .  .   24S,  286,  622,  791,  835 

Baker,  Daniel  W 296,  297 

Baker,  Isaac 791,  835 

Baker,  James  S 687,  S09 

Baker,  John  A 818 

Baker,  John  B 153,  181,  280,  352,  823 

Baker,  Joseph  H 628 

Baker,  Lawrence  126 


INDEX. 


839 


Page. 
Baker,  Simmons  J 246,  252,  280, 

287,  323,  339,  352.  526.  527,  S23 

Baker,  W.  J 622 

Baker,  William   S 794 

Balch,    Alfred .  .  .  383,  387,  38S,  391,  397,  398 

Ball,  S.  C 502 

Balls,  — 572 

Ballanfant,  John   472,  484,  4S5,  799 

Ballard,  John  W 641,  811 

Ballard,  R.  E 815 

Banks,  James   633 

Banks,  John  T 802 

Barbee,  Algeron  S 812 

Barbee,  Allen  J 791 

Barbee,  Chesley  P.  F 798 

Barbee,    Christopher.  ...    23,  29,  30.  46, 

194. 272,  273 

Barbee,  William   30,  190,  194, 

272. 309,  599,  607 

Barbee  William.  Jr 310 

Barbee.  William  F 4S4,  799 

Barbee,  Willis 30 

Barham,  David 601,  695 

Barksdale,  John  N 439,  448,  458, 

496,  796 

Barlow,  Julius  S 819 

Barnes,  Benjamin  B 808 

Barnes,  Calvin    814 

Barnes,  David  A 457,  471,  797,  834 

Barnes,  Edwin    S16 

Barnes,  Elias   - 139 

Barnes,  George  B 811 

Barnes,  Jesse  S 641.  64S,  669,  809 

Barnes,  John  P 800 

Barnes,  Thomas   S27 

Barnes.  William  D 521,  615,  632, 

803,  834,  835 

Barnett.  William  E 800 

Barr.  Absalom  K 317 

Barr,  Absalom  K 792 

Barrett.  Alexander    812 

Barrett,  James   817 

Barrett,  Robert  G 671,  810 

Barringer.  Daniel  M 315.333.41S. 

689,  707,  727,  735,  736,  740. 755, 

764,  783,  792.  824.  820, 832, S33 
Barringer,  Rufus   .  .   199,  469,  477,  478, 

511,  622,  750,  760,  770,  79S,  835 
Barringer,  Victor  C.  .  .  .   514,515,556, 

801,836 

Barringer.  William  434 

Barron;  Charles  H 814 

Barrow,  William  L 797 

Barry,  John  B 750,  813 

Barshall,  Thomas  S 474 

Bartlett,  Leonard   W 706,  816 


Page. 
Baskerville,  George  T.  . .   495,  514,  750,  801 

Bason,  George  F 817 

Bason,  Joseph  H 688 

Bason,  Joseph  T 816 

Bass,  Edward  F 706 

Bass,  George  P 817 

Bass,  John  H 698,  709,  816 

Batehelor,  Joseph  J.  B 494.  495, 

622, 800,  835 

Batehelor,  William  P 767,  773,  820 

Bate.  James  H 796 

Bates,  Charles    S29 

Battle,    Christopher   C 348,  349, 

413, 422,  795 

Battle,  Cullen   181 

Battle,  Dossey   728 

Battle,  George  G 835 

Battle,  Henry  L 626,  807 

Battle,  Herbert  B 749 

Battle,  Isaac  L 796 

Battle.  Jacob 771,  819,  835 

Battle,  James  S 181,  762 

Battle,  Jeremiah  168 

Battle,  Joel   169, 269 

Battle,  Joel  D 507.  S00 

Battle,  Junius  C.  .  .   072,673.710,711, 

733,  744,  812 
Battle,  Kemp  P.  .  .  .    420,  514.  522,  523, 
624,  652,  729,  735,  753,  760,  763, 
704,  785,  802.  825,  826,  835,  836 

Battle.  Richard  H.  (1) 318,  793 

Battle,  Richard  H.  (2)  .  .   640,  641,  649, 

651,  661,  675,  680,  716.  805,  835 

Battle,  Turner  W 499,  S00 

Battle,  Wesley  L.  .  .   706,  709,  733.  744, 

751,  817 
Battle,  William  H.  .  .  29, 1S2,  222,  268, 
269. 274, 2S3. 284, 406. 482, 483, 488, 
492, 493,  495, 496,  501,  503,  521.  526. 
527, 549,  580, 003,  610. 611, 617. 618. 
033. 636, 659. 664, 675, 689, 694. 700, 
703, 713, 714.  725,  729,  738,  740,  740, 
747,  753,  700.  703,  704,  784,  789.  790, 

804. 824,  820.  834 

Battle,   William   H.,   Jr 036.804,805 

Battle,  William  S 484.  485,  799 

Baxter,  George  A 1S9,  630,  808 

Baxter,  J 622 

Beall,  Robert  L 628,  629,  S03 

Beard,  Lewis   150 

Beard,  William  H 301 

Beasley,  James  E 695,  Sll 

Beauford,  John  M 139 

Becher,  Fred 829 

Becton,  John  829 

Beene,  Benjamin  Y 674,  802 


840 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Behavior  of  Students 194-197 

Bein,  Hugh  H 695,  703,  811 

Bell,  Bythell    139 

Bell,  Edward  S.   (1) 034,  087,  809 

Bell,  Edward  S.   (2) 641 

Bell,  James  F 524,  628,  629,  803 

Bell,  J.  F 805 

Bell,  Joseph  M 634,  805 

Bell,  Luther  R 688,  814 

Bell,  Marmaduke  827 

Bell,  Mary 319,  320 

Bell,  Samuel  S 791 

Bell,  Shadrack  827 

Bell,  William  A 477,  478,  798 

Bell,  William  H 506 

Bellamy,  Charles  E 508,  803 

Bellamy,  Edward  C 791 

Bellamy,  Joseph  C 814 

Bellamy,  Marsden   816 

Bellamy,  Richard  B 806 

Bellamy,  William  C 803 

Belsher,  Thaddeus  0 675,  676,  808 

Belt,  Thomas  W 792 

Benbury,  John  A 482,  483,  801 

Benbury,  Lemuel  C 809 

Benbury,  Richard   18 

Benjamin,  Joseph   800 

Bennehan,    Richard...    53,65,124,162, 

199,  205, 405,  822 
Bennehan,  Thomas  D 05,  73,  76, 

165,  280,  298,  326,  352,  511,  787, 

823, 826,  830 

Benners,  Augustus    427,  433,  434,  796 

Benners,  Lucas   371 

Bennett,  Marks    807 

Benton,  James  199 

Benton,  Samuel   62, 140,  82S 

Benton,  Thomas  H.  .   62,  169,  194,  783,  833 

Berry,  Geo.  W 800 

Berry,  John   617 

Bettner,  George  S 286,  289,  290, 

421, 791 

Bettencourt,  E.  C 831 

Betts,  Alexander  D 635,  650,  806 

Biddle,  Samuel  S 338,  794 

Biggs,  A 623 

Biggs,  William   709,  816 

Bingham,  Archibald   422 

Bingham,  Anne  J.  S 167 

Bingham,  Robert.  . .    167,  675,  676,  677,  808 

Bingham,  William  (1) 38,  69,  123, 

166-168,  170, 174 

Bingham,  William    (2) 638,670, 

671, 765,  807,  828 
Bingham,   William    J...    167,300,301. 

340,  346,  355,  422,  618,  648,  694,  791 


Page. 
Bingham,   William  J....    167,300,301, 

340,  346,  355,  422,  618,  648,  694,  791 

Bird,  Thompson   421 

Bitting,  John  11 809 

Bitting,  Samuel  T 760,  771,  819 

Black,  Alexander  R 634 

Black,  Archibald  R 631,  636,  804 

Blackledge,  Benjamin  F 286,  790 

Blackledge,  Richard   18 

Blackledge,  Thomas  W 280,788,823 

Blackledge,  William  S 246,  788 

Blackman,  William  S 185 

Blackmer,  Luke   825 

Blair,    Francis   P 474,797,833,836 

Blake,  Joel  C 500,505,510,751,802 

Blake,  Samuel  R 355,  421,  795 

Blake,  William  K 499,  500,  556,  800 

Blakeley,  John   828 

Blakely,  Johnston   165, 836 

Blanch'ard,  James  D 706,  817 

Blasinghame,  John   182 

Bledsoe,  A.  T 696 

Bledsoe,  Edward  N 820 

Bledsoe,  William  H 760,  819 

Blocker,  Octavius  H 817 

Bloodworth,  Timothy  18, 142 

Blount,  Benjamin  1 651.  814 

Blount,  Charles  W 140 

Blount,  Edmund   15 

Blount,  John  G 134,  822,  831 

Blount,  Thomas   37,  141,  159,  821 

Blount,    Thomas    H 34,35,104, 

134, 831 

Biount,  Will   830 

Blount,  William    3,  6,  12,  821,  829 

Blount,    William    A 352,469,472, 

799, 824 

Blount,  Wilson   123,  828 

Blue.  Luther   808 

Bhime,  Benjamin  B 248,  791 

Blue,  Benjamin  J 351 

Biythe,  Joseph   182 

Boarding  Houses    273,  430,  431 

Bobbitt,  John  B 184,  788 

Boniford,  J.  W 759,  760,  762 

Bond,  Henrv   819 

Bond,  Hugh*  L 611 

Bond,   Lewis    710,711,812,834 

Bond,  Nancy   131 

Bond,  Robert  C 792 

Bond,  Thomas   248,  296,  791 

Bond,  William   830 

Bond,  William  P.  .  .    355,  356,  421,  795,  814 

Bonner,   Henrv   S 139 

Bonner,  Thomas  P 811 

Bonner,  William  J 809 


INDEX. 


84I 


Page. 

Boon,  William  A 788 

Booth,  Daniel    40 

Booth,  Edwin  G 318,  793 

Booth,  Robert  H 248,  296,  791 

Boothe,  Ben 602 

Boozer,  Albert  M 738,  739,  817 

Borden,  David  W 332 

Borden,  John  B 651,  799 

Borden,  William  H 711,  812 

Borland,  Alexander  828 

Bowie,  Allen  T 810 

Bowie,  Allen  T.,  Jr 814 

Bowie,  John  R 705,  812 

Bowie,  Thomas   C 814 

Bowman,  James   288,  790 

Boyce,  Jesse  P 095,  811 

Boyd,   James  McC 798 

Boyd,  R.  W 817 

Boyden,  Nathaniel 035 

Boyden,  Nathaniel  A 806 

Boykin,  William   827 

Boylan,  Alexander  3,1 290,  791 

Boylan,  James    797 

Boylan,  John   S 811 

Boylan,  William  134,  830 

Boylan,  William  P 300,  791 

Bozman,  Joseph  L 480,  800 

Bracken,  Julius  S.  C 33S 

Bradford,  Edward.  Jr 805 

Bradford,   John 677,  685,  686,  700,  815 

Bradford,  Richard    626,  640,  805 

Bradley,  Daniel   227 

Bradley,  J    140 

Bradley,  John 831 

Bradley,  Lieutenant 748 

Bradley,  Philip  E 015 

Bradley,  Richard 799 

Bragg,  John 297,  333,  783.  791, 

824, 833,  835 

P.rag?,  John,  Jr 814 

Bragg,  Thomas 623.  655,  658,  668, 

675,  677,  679,  681,  700, 707, 

755,  764,  783,  825, 826, 835 

Branch, 464 

Branch,  John 165,  196,  215.  280, 

456,  464. 504,  628,  639,  670, 

783. 787, 823, 827, 832-834 

Branch,  Joseph   434,  835 

Branch,  Joseph  H 723, 727 

Branch,  Lawrence  O'B 441.  469. 

646,  749,  750,  833,  835 

Branch,  William  A.  B 752,  833 

Brearley,  Henry  M 806 

Breckenridge,  J.  C 755 

Brehon,  James  G- 791 

Brent,  O.   J 620 


Page. 

Brent,  John  C 812 

Brett,  George  A 028,  803 

Brevard,  Alexander  F 499,  800 

Brevard,  Ephraim  J 802 

Brewer,  Fisk  P 404,  409 

Brickell,  Sterling  H 072.  812 

Bridgers,  John  L 4S0.  481,  022,  784 

Bridgers,  Robert  R....   472,473,482, 

022, 797,  825,  835 

Brinson,  Samuel  M 687,  809 

Britton,  Andrew  J 707,  708,  772,  820 

Broadfoot,  Charles  W 731 

Broadus,  John  A 721 

Brodie,  Edmund  G 814 

Broadnax,  John  W 482,  797 

Brooks,  A.  L 835 

Brooks,  Daniel    805 

Brooks,  Iverson  L 789 

'hooks,  William  N 710,  711,  812 

Brower,  Abraham   332 

Brown,  A.  A 500 

Brown,  Aaron  V 234.  246,  639, 

677, 783, 788, 832-834 

Brown,  Ashbel  G 499,  469.  480, 

481, 486, 492, 496,  514,  526,  528, 

552, 561, 058, 659, 662, 665, 798 
Brown,  Bedford    234,  249,  457, 

783, 832,  834 

Brown,  Benjamin   W 673 

Brown,  Henry  1 315 

Brown,  Henry  T 634 

Brown,  Hugh  T 641,  809 

Brown,  John    59, 171,  828 

Brown.  John  B 183,  214,  510,  787,  791 

Brown,   John   P 322,323,793 

Brown,  Joseph  A.  C 809 

Brown,  Livingston 797 

Brown,  Owen  N 630,  635.  636,  750,  808 

Brown,  Peter   431, 432 

Brown,  Robert  W 831 

Brown,  William   A 817 

Rrown,  William  F 427,  448,  506,  796 

Brown,  William  G 514 

Brown,  William   L 3S7,  38S,  391 

Brown,  William  S 383 

Brown,   Thomas 169.  171,  172,  280. 

787. 827.  830 

Brown,  Thomas,  Jr 823 

Brown,  Thomas  H 795 

Browne,  Ridlev   497 

Brownrigg,  Richard  P 189 

Broyles,  McBurnev    741 

Broyles,  Thomas  T 730.  731.  816 

Bruce,  Charles   705.  711,  800 

Bruce,  Charles.  Jr 072.  812 

Bruce.  James    049,  071,  S07 


842 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Bruce,  James  C 300,  301,  791 

Bruce,  Wilkins   809 

Bruce,  William  B G71,  807 

Bryan,  Charles  F 803 

Bryan,  Carney  J 727 

Bryan,  Elias  H 747,748,753,818 

Bryan,  Francis  P 477,  478,  798 

Bryan,  Frederick   139 

Bryan,  George  P 634,  672,  686, 

710,711,719,749,812 

Bryan,  Henry  R 634,  638,  649, 

670,  671,  807,  834 

Bryan,  James  H 788,  823 

Bryan,  James  W 248,296,297, 

622, 791,  824 

Bryan,  Jesse  G 797 

Bryan,  John  76 

Bryan,  John  A 800 

Brvan,  John  C 828 

Bryan,  John  H 247,  325,  326,  352, 

449,  450,  484,  493,  506,  520,  526, 
527,  586,  622,  633,  655,  658,  668, 
692,  707,  711,  714,  735,  799,  824, 

826,  S33 

Brvan,  John  P 802 

Bryan,  Joseph  B 510,  803 

Bryan,  Joseph  H 280,  382,  383,  391 

Bryan,  Josiah  E 474 

Bryan,  Lewis  829 

Bryan,  Nathan  142 

Bryan,  William  586.  827 

Bryan,  William  S 499,  800,  834 

Buchanan,  — 464 

Buchanan,  James   .  .   534,  698-700,  703,  705 

Buchanan,  John  B 686,  687 

Buchanan,  John  D 809 

Buchanan,  Pleasant 338 

Buchanan,  William   759,  760,  768, 

771, 772, 819 

Buck.  DeWitt  C 712,  817 

Buck,  0.  A 590 

Buildings  33, 124. 125,  133,  134, 

"  253, 280-282,  297,  302,  325,  361, 
431,  435, 511-513,  617,  652,  659,  660 

Bullock,  George  B 814 

Bullock,  James  M 636,  795,  804 

Bullock,  Hohn  H.  M 640,  805 

Bullock,  Micajah 830 

Bullock,  Richard  830 

Bullock,  Richard  A 812 

Bunch,  Joseph  N 469 

Buncombe,  Edward   124 

Bunn,  Elias   706 

Bunn,  William  H 626,  805 

Bunting,  Thomas   792 

Burgess.  Abridg-eton  S.  H 185 


Page. 

Burgess,  Dempsey   142; 

Burgess,  Lovat  827 

Burgess,  Thomas   181,  280,  823 

Burgevin,  A 426,  432,  696 

Burgvvin,  George  H 831 

Burgwyn,  Hazell  W 433,  439,  796 

Burgwyn,  Henry  K.,  Jr (Ji'7,  750 

Burgwyn,  Hill 485 

Burgwyn,  John 123,  828,  831 

Burgwyn,  Thomas  P 338,  795 

Burgwyn,  W.  H.  S 562,  558,  752, 

768-770,819 

Burgwyn,  George  P 818 

Burke,  Andrew  46,  47 

Burke,  James  M 433,  511 

Burke,  Mary  L 501 

Burke,  Thomas    9,  16.  501,  535 

Burkhead,  L.  S 620 

Burnett,  Charles  J 606 

Burns,  Otway  371 

Burney,  John  R 671,  807 

Burt,  Stephen    827 

Burton,  Alfred   214 

Burton,  A.  G 748 

Burton,  Andrew  J 738,  747,  762 

Burton,  Francis  W.  N 53,  64,  65, 

67,  73,  76,  85,  89,  90, 161,  405,  787,  830 

Burton,  Franky 310' 

Burton,  Hutchins  G 64,  65,  67, 

73,  76,  85,  783,  833,  834,  835 

Burton,  Hutchins  G.,  Jr 161,  384, 

515,615 

Burton,  Mrs 273 

Burton,  Peter   G 494,  511,  800 

Burton,  Robert 14,  83, 182,  797,  826 

Burton,  Robert  H.,  Jr.  . .  .   64.  65, 150, 

152. 351,  834 

Burton,  Thomas  B 521,  632,  803 

Burwell,  Blair 752,  772 

Burwell,  William  H 638,  649,  807 

Busbee,  Thaddeus  H 738,  752, 

753,  769,  770,  819,  833 
Busbee,  Perrin    ....   423,  433,  434,  796,  835 

Busbee,  Quentin   835 

Bustin,  James  G 651,  811 

Butler,  Pierce  M 199,  685,  705.  812 

Butler.  William  E.,  Jr S14 

Butler,  Marion   832 

Butts,  James  E 677,  6S5,  722.  814 

Buxton,  Jarvis    439,  458,  459.  796 

Buxton.  Jarvis  B 346 

Buxton,  Ralph  P 494.  495.  834,  835 

Bvnum,  George  C 817 

Bynum,  John  B 508,  514.  801 

Bvnum,  John  G 338.  353.  354, 

704, 794.  825 


INDEX. 


843 


Page. 

Bynum,  William  P 825 

Byrd,  Thompson    317, 792 

Byrne,  Matthew   S29 

C. 

Cabarrus,  Stephen  4,  6, 12,  16,  821 

Cabe,  John  140,  828 

Cabe,  William 828 

Caffey,  Hugh  M 818 

Cain,  James  A 214 

Cain,  James  F— 802 

Cain,  John   828 

Cain,  William    62,  122,  828 

Caines,  Edmund  J 650 

Caldwell,  Archibald  H 438,  439, 

622, 797 

Caldwell,  A.   J 616,  802 

Caldwell,  David   38.  42,  67,  186 

Caldwell,  David  F 234,  249,  789,  834 

Caldwell,  G.  W 622 

Caldwell,  James  A 798 

Caldwell,  John   46, 828 

Caldwell,  Joseph  3S,  43, 

98,  108-118,  125,132,137,138, 
142,  143,145-149,155-100,162, 
163, 165, 167,  170, 173-175,  180- 
182,  187,  1S8,  190,  195,  197,  198, 
202,203,205,  206,  213,  217,  220- 
222, 225-227.  230,  231,  233, 240, 
245,  246,  248,  249,  253-255,  262, 
266,  271,  273,  279,  280,  283, 287, 
291-295,  298,  304,  307,  318,  323, 
326,  331,  334-336,  352,  353,  355, 
356-359,  362-304,  366,  378,  404, 
406,  408, 410-415,  417,  419.  421, 
422,  426,  429, 452, 488, 497, 502, 
505,  506,  510,  517,  527,  530,  537, 
538,  552, 586, 691-694,  776,  777, 

822, 826, 830 
Caldwell,  Mrs.  Joseph .  .   253,  310,  336, 

337,413,414,436.501-503 

Caldwell,  November 601,  695 

Caldwell,  Pinekney 332 

Caldwell,  Richard'  A 801 

Caldwell,  Samuel  C 186 

Caldwell,  Samuel  P 649,  807 

Caldwell,  Tod  R 432,  445,  470,  511, 

622, 797,  834 

Caldwell,  W.  P 622 

Caldwell,  Wilson  S 535,  095 

Call,  William  H 727,  818 

Callaway,  Abner  S 695,  811 

Calloway.  Elizabeth  160 

Calvert,  Samuel  J 800 

Cameron.  Duncan 129. 173,  181, 

199,  201,  202,  234,  239,  279,  298, 


Page. 
304,  326,  328,  332,  352,  378,  384, 
418,  423,  424,  448,  527,  533,  696, 

697,  822,  826,  830 

Cameron  George 831 

Cameron,  John   150, 831 

Cameron,  John  A..    181,727,728,787, 

815,  832,  833 

Cameron,  John  B 797 

Cameron,  John  W 432,  439,  447, 

448,  457,  470,  493,  508,  514, 

623,  797,  801,  825 

Cameron,  Mary  R 418 

Cameron,  Mildred  C 756 

Cameron,  Paul  C...    35,205,220,295, 
315,  536,  674,  692,  693,  726, 

729,  738,  760,  764,  825 

Cameron,  Thomas  1ST 825 

Campbell,  Archibald   46 

Campbell,  Duncan  C 182,  183 

Campbell,  Duncan  G 787 

Campbell,  Green  H 171,  176,  214 

Campbell,  Hugh    828 

Campbell,  James    650,  806,  831 

Campbell,  James  G 793, 811 

Campbell,  James  W .   469,  496,  798 

Campbell,  John  A 828 

Campbell,  John  K 793,  834 

Campbell,  John  X S01 

Campbell,  Robert  183,  787,  82S,  831 

Campbell,  Rufus  M 798 

Campbell,   William    214,  827,  830 

( lampbell,  William   S 793 

Canby,  General  E 774 

Cannon,  Henry  J 794 

Cannon,  Joseph  F 513 

Cannon,  R.  H 799 

Cannon,  Robert  J SOS 

Cannon,  William  J 4S0,  800 

Cansler,  Alexander  J S00 

Capehart,  Baldy  A 624.  804 

Carmichael,  Doctor   719 

Carmichael,  L.  D 623 

Carney,  Jane   132 

(  a  it.  Albert  G 738, 747,  748,  761,  818 

Ca'rr,  Elias  703,834 

Carr,  John  W 607,  611,  647 

( 'a  it.  Julian   S 608,  730.  753 

Carr.  Titus  W 730,  731.  S16 

<  'arrigan,  Alfred  H 802 

Carrigan,  Robert  A 806 

Carrigan,  William  M 521,  524,  S04 

Carrigan,  Isaac  C 180 

<  larrigan,  John  46 

Carrigan  Tucker    258 

Carrigan,  William  M 615 

Carroll.  John  L 730,  731,  S16 


844 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


/'age. 

Carson,  Robert    791 

Carter,  Archibald  G 285,  789 

Carter,  David  M 430,  510,  581,  025, 

803,  825 

Carter,  E.  B 835 

Carter,  Francis  M 815 

Carter,  Jesse    791 

Carter,  Melville  E 773,  820 

Carter,  William  B 795 

Carter,  William  C 356 

Carter,  William  F .'.  .    800 

Carter,  Wilson  W 827 

Carthy,    Daniel    123, 828 

Caruthers,  Abraham    723 

Caruthers,  Eli  W 644 

Casso,    Margaret 131 

Casso,  Peter   830 

Caswell,  Richard   131,  489,  493,  501 

Cathorda,  John   828,  831 

Cattell,  — 295 

Catron,  John    393 

Cave,  Belfield  W 30,  310,  497,  801 

Chalmers,  Charles   794,  824 

Chalmers,  David    792 

Chalmers,  James    508, 803 

Chalmers,  James  R 250,  262,  264,  265 

Chalmers,  John  G 792 

Chalmers,  John  L 795 

Chalmers,  Joseph  W 818 

Chalmers,  William  M 730 

Chambers,  234 

Chambers,  Edward  C 616,802 

Chambers,  Henrv 183,  195,  196, 

199,  208,  209,  213,  216 

Chambers,  John  F.  A 626,  805 

Chambers,  Maxwell   184,  216,  788 

Chambers,  Robert  A 636,  804 

Chamberlain,  Josephine 106 

Chambliss,  Walter  B 818 

Chapel    518,  519,  713-716 

Chapel  Hill   270-272,  336,  337,  607-614 

Chapman,   Hannah    240, 241 

Chapman,  Jedediah    231 

Chapman,  Margaretta  B 240 

Chapman,  Robert  H 231-235,  239- 

241, 243. 246,  261,  262,  823,  826 

Chapman,  Samuel  E 315,  792 

Chapman,  William   S...    289,290,791,835 

Charter    6,  7,  279 

Cherry,  George  0 816 

Cherry,   James   J 688,  816 

Cherry,  Joseph  B 441 

Cherrv,  Josenh  D 688 

Cherrv,  William    162,747,787.822 

Cherry,  William  A 705,  814 

Cherrv,  William  W 497.  825 


I' age. 

Cheshire,  Joseph   B.,  Jr 72 

Childress,  John  W 792 

Chilton,    Edward   J 706,  817 

(hisholm,  Seaborn  W 712,817 

Christ,'  Bud    829 

Christmas,  Nathaniel    46 

Christmas,  Thomas  H 673,  808 

Christmas,   William    152 

Chnnn,  A.  B 796 

Church,  William   L 739 

Churches — 

Baptist    647 

Episcopal    479 

Methodist    619 

Presbyterian    519 

Claiborne,  B.  W.  L 618,  625 

Claiborne,   Felix   G 815 

Claiborne,  Richard  H 501, 797 

Claiborne,  Thomas  D 651,  812 

Claiborne,  W.  C.  C 104 

Claiborne,  Watkins  L 803 

Clancy,  John  D 791 

Clark,   Charles    105 

Clark,  Colin  M.    . 792 

Clark,  David    831 

Clark,  George  M 712, 750, 817 

Clark,  Henrv   S 318,  793,  824.  833 

Clark,  Henrv  T.  .  .  .   315,  760,  7S2,  792.  S34 

Clark,  James  W 280.  823 

Clark,  Nevin  D.  J 687.  809 

Clark,  Robert  S.  .  .  .   685,  699,  722,  723,  814 

Clark,  Thomas  C 807 

Clark.  Walter   [McK.] 165,  738. 

739, 749, 817.  834 

Clark,  William   McK 76,165,787 

Clarke,  William  J 138,  457.  472, 

473. 482, 496, 797, 834.  S35 

Carv,  John    829 

Clay,  John  R 442,  475,  496,  644 

Clegg,  Montraville  D 712,  S17 

Clement,  Henrv  L 798 

Clement,  R.  A.   797 

Clement.  Samuel  W 687,  809.  811 

Clements.  Peyton 283 

Cleveland,    Benjamin 9. 16 

Clinch,  Daniel  L 800 

Clinch,  John  H.  McT 799 

Clingman.  Thomas  L 52.  338,  345, 

541, 680. 721,  749,  794,  832,  833,  836 

Clinton,  Richard  S 791 

Clarkton,  Abner  W.  . .  .    184,185,195, 

230,241.272.283.311.788 

Close,  John 134 

Closs.  Thomas  O 637.  751.  809 

Cloud,  J.  M 623 

Coates,  Thomas  H 660.  827 


INDEX. 


845 


Page. 

Cobb,   Collier    47 

Cobb.  Frederick  H 804 

Cobb,   Jesse loo 

Cobb,  Needham  B 041,  805 

Cobb,  Robert    22 

Cobb,   William    105 

Coble,  A.  L 834 

Cobie,  .john  H 675,  070,  808 

Cochran,  Alfred  W 819,  820 

Cochran,  Robert 822,  831 

Coekrell,    Samuel  W 800 

Cody,  .lames  A S10 

Coffin,  James  K 009,  075,  741,  742,  811 

Coffin,  Ruins  L 722,  814 

Coggin,  Joseph  B 712, 817 

Coit,   Julius    T 809 

Cole,  Alexander  T 073,  812 

Cole,  Q.  L 069,703 

Cole,  John  W 702 

Cole,  R.  W 695 

Coleman,  Daniel  R 073,  080,  812 

Coleman,  David 682,  798 

Coleman,  George  S 798 

Coleman,  Harry  E 248,  296,  791,  818 

Coleman,  James  YV 811 

Coleman,  John   183,  184,  787 

Coleman,   John   C 507,  801 

Coleman,   Thaddeus   C 662,  813 

Coleman,  Thomas  G 260 

Coleman.  William  M.  .  .    034,048,669, 

687, 6S8. 716, S09. 835 

Collier,    Charles 46,  828 

Collier,   Isaac   J 513 

Collier,  James    139 

Collier,  Robert   214 

Collins  B 828 

Collins,  Benjamin  M 814 

Collins,  Josiah 713,  821 

Colt  on,  James  A 635,  649,  800 

Colton,    Simeon 500,  649 

Columbian  Repository,  The 377 

Commencement  Exercises.  .  .  .  69.  102, 
116. 153, 161. 102, 164,  168. 169. 
171.  176,  181-186.  246-249.  258, 
208.  283-287.  280.  -290.  290.  297, 
300,  314-310,  322,  324,  338.  353. 
355, 421, 426, 432, 438,  450.  468, 
471 ,  475, 477,  480, 483. 493,  497. 
5(15,  509.  514.  520.  615.  624.  627, 
634. 638. 047.  607.  672,  685,  69S, 
707.  721.  726,  729,  737.  746.  752. 

759, 767 

Council  v.  Thomas 23.  33 

Conner.'  John  L 209,  210,  214 

Connor,  Henry  W 820 

Connor,  Robert  J.  F 673 


Pagt . 

(  minor.   Samuel    793 

v.  minor,  Stephen  W 139 

C  00k,   Charles  A 772,  819 

L  00k,  David 85 

Cook,  John  T 051,  669.  075.  702,  811 

Cooke,  Willie  D 632 

Cooper,  Robert  E 812,  815 

Cooper,   Tim  E 834 

Cooper,  Thomas  W 053,  710,  711, 

750,  812 

Copeland.   Virginius 712,  817 

Corbett,  John  j\ 802 

Corner-stone    of    Old    East    Building, 

Laying  of 33-40 

Costin,  Andrew  J 811 

Gotten,  John  W 818 

Cotten,  Joseph    819 

Cotter.  Matthew    828 

Couch,   Leroy    607 

Course    of    Study,    (see    Studies    and 

Requirements). 

Courtney,  William   828 

Courts,  Daniel  W. .  .   289,  290.  520,  649, 

600,  668,  707,  735. 791. 824-826.  832 

Courts.  William   J 808 

Covington,  464 

Covington,  Edmund  DeB.  .  .    4S7.490. 

501,  799,  818 
Covington,  Harrison  W.  421.482,521,795 

Covington,  James  M S16 

Covington,  Thomas  A 798 

Cowan,  David  S 805 

Cowan,   John 469,  472,  799,  817 

Cowan,  Robert    286 

Cowan.  Robert  H.  .  .  409.  472.  484,  4S7. 

496, 750,  790,  799 

Cowan.  Thomas 677,  809,  815.  831 

Cowan,   Thomas.   Jr 641 

Cowan,  William    214 

Cowan,  William  D 799 

Cowan,  William  J 183,  699,  787,  S31 

Cowper,  George  V 752.  771.  819 

Cowper,  Thomas  L 035       346 

Cox.  Cader  G 809      '      " 

Cox.  William   R 754.  755  Tt^C  .Jv*att 

(  ruddock.  Charles  F 790 

( Ira  ig,  Andrew  N 79  °i  faC*s 

(  'raig,  Elizabeth    479  " 

( 'raig,  James 23,  32,  171,  759 

(  nt  ig,  James,  Jr 32 

( Iraig,  James  A 283.  789 

(  raiy.  James  F 32,  33.  80S 

Craig,  John  }f 479 

Craig,  William  H 23,819 

Craige,  Burton   [F.]  ....    322.  323.  793. 

833. 835 


846 


HISTORY  UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Craige,  Kerr 731,  832 

Craighead,  George   789 

Craven,  Braxton    627 

Craven,  James    326 

Craven,  John 14,  62,  126,  638,  826 

Crawford,  John  C. .  . 635 

Crawford,  William  D 161,  787,  792 

Crawford,  W.  T 833 

Cray,  J.  S 828 

Creeey,  Richard  B .  .  355, 366, 422,  633,  795 

Creeey,  William 129,  829 

Crenshaw,  William  N 353,  354,  794 

Crichton,  James  E 427,  428,  795 

Crocker,  James  T 772,  820 

Croom,  Bryan  S 286,  790 

Croom,  Cicero  S 669,675,701,811 

Croom,  Hardy  B 789 

Croom,  Isaac 247,  788,  824 

Croom,  Richard 139 

Croom,  Richard  S 315,  792 

Cross,  Joseph   636 

Cross,  William  W 815 

Crump,  Thomas  S 630,  807 

Grumpier,  Thomas  N 624,  626,  805 

Cunninggim,  J.  A 620 

Cunningham,  John  W 471,  797,  825 

Cunningham,  Alexander 802 

Curriculum,     (See    Studies    and    Re- 
quirements). 

Currie,  Daniel  B 470,  628,  797 

Currie,  John  D 723,  814 

Currie,  Shelby  S 797 

Curtis,  Moses  A 517,  630,  685 

Cuthbert,  Green  M 423,  439,  496,  796 

Cutlar,  DuBrutz 636,  804 

Cutlar,  Frederick  J 286,  790 

Cutlar,  William 828 

D. 

Dabney,  Charles  W 241 

Dalton,  Pleasant  A 484,  485,  799 

Dancy,  David    189 

Dancy,  Edwin   794 

Dancy,  Francis  L 165,  522,  787 

Dancy,  John  S 473,  797 

Dancy,  Leonidas  L 797 

Dancy,  William  F 457,  472,  473 

Daniel,  Beverly 134,  831 

Daniel,   Chesley 169,170,787 

Daniel,  George 61,  828 

Daniel,  Henry  R 651,  811 

Daniel,  John 23,  30,  46 

Daniel,  John  N" 483,  800 

Daniel,  J.  R.  J 285,  790,  824,  833,  835 

Daniel,  Joseph  J 176,  834 

Daniel,  Napoleon    559 


Page. 

Daniel,  Nathaniel    789 

Daniel,  Samuel   828 

Daniel,  Samuel  V 711,812 

Daniel,  William  A 493,  800 

Darden,  Jethro   831 

Dargan,  Atlas  J 33,  170 

Davenport,  Samuel   332 

Daves,  Mary   131 

Davidson,  AT 622 

Davidson,  George  F 290,  493,  496, 

712,791,824 

Davidson,  George  P 520 

Davidson,  Samuel  M 767,  772,  820 

Davidson,  Thomas  B 688,  722,  814 

Davie,  Allen  J 73,  76,  103 

Davie,  Ambrose  J 809 

Davie,  Gabriel  J 673,  808 

Davie,  Hyder  A.  .   73,  76, 103, 171,  195,  196 

Davie,  William  R 3,  5, 12, 17,  20, 

26,  33-36,  51,53,60,62,67,70, 
71,  93,  94,  96,  97,  99, 100, 102- 
104,  115-117,  122,  123.  125,  133. 
137, 140, 142, 143, 153, 177-179, 

199,211-213,405,821,827 

Davies,  Allen  814 

Davies,  F.  A 647 

Davies,  John  L 288,  790 

Davies,  J.  W 819 

Davies.  William  B 288,  790 

Davis,  A.  J 512,  513,  525,  617,  652 

Davis,  Edward  H 637,  811 

Davis,  George   828 

Davis,  George  [R.] 228,  427,  433, 

439. 440,  648,  796,  S35 

Davis,  Good   827 

Davis,  Gooderum   789 

Davis,  Hayne  E 805 

Davis,  J.  N 623 

Davis,  Jefferson 733,  755 

Davis,  John    828 

Davis,  John  Z 797 

Davis,  Joseph  J 833,  834 

Davis,  Matthew  S 650,  806 

Davis,  Miles 619,  620 

Davis,  Rebecca 228 

Davis,  Samuel  C 812 

Davis,  Stephen 176, 182,  183,  787 

Davis,  Thomas 171,  822 

Davis,  Thomas  F...    15,228,288,493, 

496.  636,  783,  790,  800,  831, 836 

Davis,  Thomas  F.,  Jr 494,  495 

Davis,  Thomas  W 685,  705,  812 

Davis,  Washington   600 

Davis,  Weldon'  E 688,  723,  814 

Davis,  William    828 

Davis,  William  W 796 


INDEX. 


847 


Page. 

Dawson,  John    S27 

DeBerniere,  Johnston  M CIS,  S02 

DeBerry,  Junius  B 64S,  G73,  SOS 

Deems,  Charles  F..   492,510,517,519, 

521,  528,  548,  549,  020,  090,  097,  73S 

Deems,  Theodore  D 517,  548 

Deems  Fund 517 

Defence,  President   Caldwell's...    145-149 

DeJarnett,  Reuben  R.  J 712,  817 

Delk,  James  A 472,  473,  797 

Delphian  Society,   (See  Literary  So- 
cieties). 
Delveaux,  Nicholas..   71,100,115,117,160 

Dennis,  John  M 015,  804 

Dennis,  Thomas  C 805 

DeRossett,  Armand  J..    134,297,713, 

746,  791,  831 

DeRossett,  John   248 

DeRossett,  Moses  J 789 

DeRossett,  Thomas  C 752,  819 

DeRossett,  William  L 805 

Devereux,  Fanny   132 

Devereux,  John  828,  830 

Devereux,  Thomas  P.  .  .   250,258,280, 

351,  3S4,  549,  823 

Dewey,  Charles  F 799 

Dewey,  Thomas  von  W 801 

Dews,  Thomas 296,  791 

Dialectic  Society,    (See  Literary   So- 
cieties). 
Dick,  John  M.  .  321,  332,  333,  351,  825,  834 

Dick,  Robert  P 409,480,481,775, 

799, 833, 834 

Dick,  William  A 802 

Dickens,  Louis   827 

Dickens.   Samuel...    385-387,389,391, 

393, 401,  403 

Dickens,  William    830 

Dickenson,  —   387 

Dickie,  David    796 

Dickson,  George  E 811 

Dickson,  James  H 286,  289,  290, 

635, 791 

Dickson,  John  A 682 

Dickson,   Joseph    4,  12 

Dickson,  Lewis    76 

Dickson,  Robert 4,  6, 12 

Dickson,  Robert  D 797 

Dickson,  William 73,  76,  85 

Dillard,  John  H 474,  834 

Dillard.  Richard 825 

Discipline    187,  201-218,  225,  233, 

230, 274-279,  290,  291,  298,  299, 
304-307,  309,  322,  464-466,  531- 

533.  560-565 
Dismukes,  John  L 628,  629,  804 


Page. 

Dismukes,  Thomas  T 636,  804 

Dixon,  James 831 

Dixon,  Joseph 821,  828 

Dixon,  Joseph,  Jr 20 

Dixon,  Robert 13,  821 

Doak,  David  G 794 

Dobbin,  James  C. .  .  345,520,615,783, 

794, 825,  832,  833,  834 

Dobbin,  John  H 688,  699,  723,  814 

Dockery,  Oliver  H.  .  514,  515,  801,  832,  833 

Dod,  Albert  B 485 

Dodson,  Charles  R 795 

Doggett,  David  S 698 

Donaldson,  Andrew  J 428 

Donaldson,  Robert 414,  789 

Donnell,  John  R 152,  176, 182,  787, 

824,  831,  834 
Donnell,  Richard  S 134,  458,  459, 

622,  796,  833,  834 

Donnell,  Washington   791 

Donnelly,  James  B 616 

Donoho,  Charles  D 284,  789 

Donoho,  T.  P 275 

Dortch,  William  B 522,  802 

Dortch,  William  T 623 

Dorsey,  LawTrence  A 76,  85 

Doss,  Henry  W 808 

Doub,  Peter  E 620,  811 

Doughton.  Rufus  A 834 

Douglas,  J.  L 711 

Douglas,  James  T 815 

Douglass,  Thomas  J.  A 817 

Dowd,  Clement 634,  638,  671,  807,  833 

Dowd,  Cornelius  F 722,  814 

Dowd,  William  C.  .    669,687,690,707,809 

Downey,  John  A 42S,  795 

Downey,  James  W 799 

Drake,  Edwin  L 812 

Drake,  Nicholas  J 285,  790,  824 

Drake,  William  G 649,  807 

Drane,  Robert  B 485 

Draughon,  James  W 818 

Drew,  John   827 

Drew,  William   827 

Drewrv,  Spofford   828 

Drisdale,  William  E 015,  S04 

Dromgoole,   Edward 494,  800 

Dromgoole,  George  C.  . .   234,236,239, 

258, 343,  833,  834 

Dromgoole,  Peter   343  L, 

Dudley,  Christopher   827 

Dudley,  Edward   134 

Dudlev,  Edward  B 422,447,448, 

450,  460,  831 

Dudlev.  William   H 447,  797 

Duffy,  William 315 


848 


HISTORY    UNIVERSITY   OP1   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Dugger,  John  E 075-1577,  808 

Dugger,  Macon  T 809 

Duke,  James  W 015 

Duke,  Lewis 172,  214 

Duke,  William  J 800 

Dulany,  Thomas  W 322,  703 

Dunbibin,  Junius  C 703 

Duncan,  John,  Jr 811 

Dunn,  William  A 077,  815 

Dusenbery,  William  13 223,  804 

Dupre,  Alcee 817 

Dupre,  Daniel 280,  038 

Dupre,  Ovide 728,  815 

Durham,  Bart  A 042 

Dusenbery,  Edwin  L 482,  800 

Dusenbery,  Henry  McR 802 

Dusenbery,  James  L 798 

Dusenbery,  William  B 223,  804 

Duskin,  George  M 808,  834 

Duval,  Harvie  S 807 

Dwight,  251 

E. 

Eagles,  Richard 04,  05,  73,  70,  153,  101 

Earle,  George  W 182 

Easburn,  Manton   287 

Easterling,  Edward  C 810 

Eaton,  John  H 183,  301,  391,  783, 

827, 832-834 

Eaton,  William 299,  308,  322,  323, 

510,    511,034,775,793,824,835 

Eckles,  John  D 351 

Edwards,  Benjamin   827 

Edwards,  Captain    22 

Edwards,  John  H 324,  793 

Edwards,  Jonathan    258 

Edwards,  Leonard    830 

Edwards,  Leonidas  C...   409,485,487,799 

Edwards,  Weldon  N 154 

Edmondson,  Andrew  K 814 

Ehringhaus,  J.  C.  B 623,  796 

Eigenbrodt,  Dr 251 

Eliott,  Jared   250 

Eliott,   John    250 

Eliott,  Phoebe    250 

Ellenwood,  H.  S 240 

Ellerbee,  John  C 791 

Ellington,  David  S 816 

Elliott,  Henry  B 315,  792 

Elliott,  Jesse'  D 445 

Elliott,  John  G 288,  790 

Ellis,  Amaryllis  132 

Ellis,  Andrew  J 812 

Ellis,   George 140,  829 

Ellis,  John  W 473,  700,  707,  7S3, 

797, 834 


1'agc. 

Eliis,  Warren  G 770 

Ely,  John  R 722 

Lnimons,  Ebenezer 541,  719 

Empie,  Adam    323 

"iLnglehard,  Joseph   A...    029,  034,  040, 

041,  654,  805,  835 

Englehardt, 574 

Epps,  John  T 833 

Erwin,  A.  L 023 

Erwin,  John  B 671,  807 

Erwin,  John  S 472,  473,  797 

Erwin,  Samuel  E 800 

Erwin,  Samuel  J 507 

Escheats    150,  151,  152, 319-321 

Escheators  of  the  LTniversity 622 

Estes,  George  H 759 

Eure,  Mills  L 653,  701,  811,  834 

Evans,  577,  022 

Evans,  David  76 

Evans,  James  H 808 

Evans,  Jonathan    811 

Evans,  Joseph  W.  .  .  427,  433,439,651,  796 

Evans,  Peter  G 482,  801 

Evans,  Richard 140,  791 

Evans,  Thomas  A.  E 024,  025,  803 

Evans,  Thomas  C 075,  814 

EVe,  F.  E 818 

Everett,   James   A 814 

Everett,  William  1 817 

Ewing,  James  W 806 

Executive  Committee    299 

Expenses    230, 773 

Exum,  James  H S17 

Ezzell,  Robert  A 400 

F. 

Faculty  Protest 305-308 

Faculty  Recommendations 359-306 

Faddis,  Thomas  J 189,  788 

Fain,  John  H.  D 677,  711,  812 

Fairley,  Archibald 788,  789 

Fairley,  J.  L 792 

Faison,  E.  L 805 

Faison,  Frank  S 818 

Faison,  H.  W 799 

Faison,  Julius  F 800 

Faison,  Peter  B 809 

Faison,  Solomon  J 800 

Faison,  William  A 800 

Falconer,  James  T 226,  227 

Falconer,  Thomas    830 

Falkener,  William    154 

Fare   of   Students 51,  52,  53,  224,  2^:5 

Farrier,  James   788 

Farrow,  George  F 817 

Fearn,  Richard  L 791 


INDEX. 


849 


Page. 

Fenner,  William  K 789 

Ferebee,  Dennis  D 427,433,439, 

445,  458,  459,  511,  522,  790,  825 

Ferebee,  James  W 077,  816 

Ferebee,  Nelson  M 759,  768,  819 

Ferebee,  Thomas  C 140,  636,  8U4 

Fergus,  John    828 

Ferguson,  Angus  N 817 

Ferguson,  Isaac  R 701,  811 

Ferguson,  J.  W 835 

Ferrand,  Horace 705,  812 

Ferrand,  William  T 183,184,214, 

511,787 

Ferrell.  Leonidas  C 485,  493,  802 

Fetter,  Charles 769,  770,  819 

Fetter,  Frederick  A 701,  702,  707, 

724,725,736,752,811 

Fetter,  Manuel 451,  479,  527,  529, 

530,  543-545,  552,  561,  57  6,  654,  601, 

697,  716,  740,  764,  779,  780,  784 

Fetter,  William  M 698,  709,  S16 

Field,  Joseph  H 703,  811 

Financial  Affairs 9-11,14,16,17, 

327,  32S,  329,  332,  333,  334,  389, 
390,  402,  432,  441,  460,  461,  706, 

707,   754-757,779 

Fisher,  Dr 133 

Fisher,  George 137 

Fisher,  J.  L 620 

Fitts,  James  H 626,  807 

Fitts,  Oliver 830 

Fitzgerald,  Adolphus  L 72S,  815 

Flack,  John  F 469 

Flanner,  Andrew  J 637,  808 

Fleming,  John  M 811 

Fleming,  William  W 761 

Flinn,  —    155 

Flinn,  Andrew 134,135,161,787,830 

Florence,  John  L 794 

Flowers,  James    827 

Flowers,  Oliver  B 814 

Flowers,  Uriah    829 

Flvthe,  Augustus  M 811 

Foard,  Noah  P 722,  814 

Foard,  Frederick  S 817 

Fogle,  James  A 711 

Fogle,  James  O.  A 812 

Foord,  Elias    216 

Footman,  Richard  M 712 

Forbes.  Edward  McC 497 

Forbes,  Edwin  M 713 

Forbes.  Richard  N.  .  483,  493,  497,  499,  800 

Foreman.  William  G 809 

Fornev.  Daniel    214 

Fornev.  Daniel  M 184,  823 

Forney,  Peter   139, 822 

54 


Page. 

Forster,  Alexius  M 828 

Forsyth,  Benjamin   298 

Forsyth,  James  N 298 

Foscue,  Frederick    829 

Fosque,  Henry   C 818 

Foster,  Alexius    171 

Foster,  Albert  G 484,  485 

Foster,  Alfred  G 799 

Foster,  Andrew  M 792 

Foster,  Augustus  J 421,  422,  795 

Foster,  Fenton  G 812 

Foster,  Jacob  F 688,  815,  816 

Foster,  Murphy  J 106 

Foster,  Omega.  H 808 

Foster,  William  F 701 

Foster,  Wilbur  F 811,  834 

Fourney,  George    802 

Foust,  Isaac  H 752,  753,  819 

Foust,  Julius  1 836 

Fowler,  John  E 833 

Foxhall,  Edwin  D 812 

Foxhall,  Francis  D 630,  808 

Foy,  David  H S14 

Foy,  Enoch   829 

Franklin,   Jesse    S22 

Franklin.  Meshack 140 

Franklin,   Samuel  R 812 

Fraternities    .  .261,  476,  621 — Introduction 

Frazier,  Ethan   46 

Freear,  Richard  W 822 

Freear,  Robert   827 

Freeman,  George  W.  • 460 

French,   Charles   E 768,771,772,819 

Frensley,  590,  705 

Frierson,  Erwin  J 296,  791 

Frierson,  L.  M 695 

Frierson,   Lucius    811 

Frierson,   William 695,  814 

Fries,  John  W 771,  S19 

Frost,  S.  M 620,  628,  629,  804 

Frov,  David  H 677 

Fuller,  Bartholomew. .  . .   521,  624.  625.  803 

Fuller,  Edwin  W 344,  752,  753 

Fuller,  John  L 641.  811,  815 

Fuller,  Robert  T.  .  .   472,  4S4,  485,  799,  S35 

Fuller,  Thomas   C 832 

Fulton,  371 

Fulton.  Robert  F 688,  815 

Fulwood,  John   828 

G. 

Gabi,  John  M • 831 

Haines.  Edmund  J 650,  806 

Gaines,  James  L 653,  701.  811,  S35 

Gaines.  John  C 688,8.16 

Gaither,  Basil    145 


Sso 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

G'aither,  Burgess  S 824 

Gales,  Joseph 134, 149,  220,  831 

Gales,  Mrs.  Winifred   130 

Hales,   Seaton 497,  514,  515,  556, 

764, 801,  825 
Gales,  Weston  R.  .  .   493,  526,  527,  824,  826 

Gallaway,  John  M 640,  641,  805 

Gallier,  James    493 

Galloway,  Alexander  H 812 

Galloway,  Rawley 324,  793 

Galloway,  Robert  M. 790 

Galloway,  Thomas  S 812 

Gapins,  Stephen   46 

Gardner,  Hugh  W 637,  808 

Garlington,   John 706,  878 

Garnett,  Henry  S 286 

Garnett,  Henry  T 790 

Garrett,  Franklin • 723,  814 

Garrett,  Thomas  M.  . .  .   515,624,625,803 

Garrett,  Woodson  L 812 

Garrott,  Isham  W 434,  447,  448, 

458,  474,  511,  749,  750,  797,  836 

Gaskins,  Adam   140 

Gaston,   Siisan    132 

Gaston,  William...  133,139,151,173, 
251,  280,  326,  328,  344,  346,  350, 
435,  488,  489,  492,  506,  526,  527, 

697,  822,  830 

Gaston,  Mrs,  William  221 

Gatlin,  Alfred 183,  787,  833 

Gatlin,  J.  S.    318 

Gatlin.  James    .  . ." 829 

Gatlin,   Mrs 501 

Gatlin,  Richard  C 319,749,750,835 

Gatling,  James    140 

Gatling,  James  R 650,  806 

Gatling,  John  T 811 

Gattis,   John    828 

Gattis,  S.  M 45,834 

Gattis,  Thomas  W 809 

Cause,  John  P 318,  793 

Gautier,  Joseph  P 53,  405 

Gautier,  J.  R 827 

Gay,  Charles  E 812 

Gay,  John  L 795 

Gee,  John  M 300,  791 

Oeer,  Gilbert   831 

George,  Fourney   522 

George,  Marcus 69,  71, 154, 174, 175 

Gerrard,  Charles...    124,125,328,350, 

385, 401 

Gholson,  Thomas 428,  795 

Gibbs,   George    828 

Gibbs,  Henrv  S 624,  805 

Gibson,  John  K 767.  768. 772,  820 

Gibson.  John  T 809 


I 'age. 

Gibson,  Tobias    673 

(iibson,  William  A 641,  751,  809 

Gibson,  William  N. 791 

Gifts   13,27,28,29,118-120,124, 

130,   131-133 

Gilchrist,  Rev.  493 

Gilchrist,  Archibald    315,792 

Gilchrist,  John 184,  185,  788 

Gilchrist,  William 189,  788 

Giles,   John 352,  501,  788,  824,  833 

Giles,  Milo  A 791 

Giles,  William    831 

Gill,  Benjamin  L 677,  701,  811 

Gill,  William  P 712,  817 

Gillaspie,  James  S 43,  67,  116,  118, 

155,156,158-160,202 

Gillaspie,   John    118 

Gillespie,   Daniel 62,  118 

Gillespie,  David 76,  77,  85, 161 

Gillespie,  Joseph 76,  85 

Gilliam,  A.  H 622 

Gilliam,  Edward  W 650,  806 

Gilliam,  John  B 806 

Gilliam,  Robert  B..   286,289,290.493, 

520,  622,  649,  704,  791,  S24,  833,  834 

Gilliam,  Thomas  H 521,  615,  628, 

629, 632.  804 

Gilmer,  James  C 729,  817 

Gilmer,  John  A.  .  .  .   520,  536,  648,  669, 

687,  688,  825,  834 

Gilmer,  John  A.,  Jr 809 

Gilmer,  Thomas  W 488 

Gilmore,  John  T 671,  807 

Gilmour,  Alexander   214 

Gilmour,  William 214.  827 

Glascock,  — 238 

Glascock,  William 301,  319 

Glasgow,  James 70,  382,  821 

Glass,  David   830 

Glaze,  Richard  H 626,  807 

Glendenning,  William    831 

Glenn,  John  W 796 

Gloster,  Dr 154 

Glover,  William  W 650,  806 

Goggin,  John  O.  L 427 

Good,  William    828 

Goode,  Flavillus  E 628,  S35 

Goode,   John    165 

Goode,   Thomas    214 

Goodlow,  David  S 687,  809 

Hoodlow,  Winter  H 669,  809 

Goodman,  John  C 809 

Goodrich,  Professor   287 

Goodwin,  Caleb  829 

(Goodwin,    Samuel    830 

Gordon.  Richard  C 811 


INDEX. 


1'lKJC. 

Gordon,  Robert    78S 

Gore,  J.  W 43,  294,  420 

Goree,  Mrs 309 

Gorrell,  Albert  B 727,  815 

Gorrell,  Julius  L 802 

Gorrell,  Ralph  P 536,  622,  791 

Goza,  S.  DuP 809 

Grady,  Benjamin  S 675-677,808,833 

Graham,  Albert  K 805 

Graham,  Alexander 760,  771,  819 

Graham,  Augustus  W.  .   752,769,770, 

819, 834 

Graham,  Charles  S 438,  797 

Graham,  Charles  M 811 

Graham,   Chauncey  W 797 

Graham,  Daniel 189,  391,  397,  788 

Graham,  Daniel  McL 648,  675,  818 

Graham,  Elizabeth    132 

Graham,  George  S 247,  788 

Graham,  George  W 771, 819 

Graham,  Hamilton  C 814 

Graham,  Henry  W 799 

Graham,  James 788,  833 

Graham,  James  A 711,  813 

Graham,  John  E 789 

Graham,  John  W. .    673,675,676,707, 

719, S08 

Graham,  Joseph   (1)    4 

Graham,  Joseph   (2) 487,633.808,821 

Graham,  Joseph  M 799 

Graham,  Robert   D 709,  820 

Graham,  Samuel  L 346 

Graham,   Stephen    622 

Graham,  Thomas  B 650.  806,  835 

Graham,  Thomas  G 289,  90,  791 

Graham,  William  A.  .  .  .  266,  296,  482- 
484, 487,  492,  493,  496,  497,  501, 
504,  510,  511,  513,  520,  521.  524, 
526,  527,  534,  536,  619,  639,  649, 
659,  669,  712,  726,  729,  735, 741, 
742,  746,  753,  757,  764,  765, 767, 
.   783,  791,  824,  826,  832, 834, S35 

Grammar   School 71,  283 

Granbery,   Joseph 675,  81 1 

Granbery,  John    827 

Granbery,   Thomas    18 

Granbury,  Josiah  T 792 

Grange,  John    831 

Grant,  Eliza  N 682 

Grant.  James 299.  324,  339.  346, 

794, 834,  835 

Grant,  Richard  S 803 

Grasty,  J.  S 100 

Graves,  Augustus  S 497,  505 

Graves,  Calvin 317,  520.  536, 

704. 825,  834 


Page. 

Graves,  Edward  C 333 

Graves,  Elijah    246 

(haves,  George  W 795 

Graves,  Henry  L 422,  795 

Graves,  Jesse  D 797 

Graves,  John  A 506 

Graves,  John  L 788 

Graves,  John  W 640,  641,  788,  805 

Graves,  Ralph  H 65,366,427,428, 

482,  486,  496,  528,  550,  712,  795 

Graves,  Ralph  H.,  Jr 550,  771,  819 

craves,   Solomon 280,  823 

Gray,  Preston  L 167 

Gray,  Samuel  W. 712,  817 

Gray,  Wiley    751 

Gray,  William  H 792 

Green,  Allen 73,  76 

Green,  Ashbel 189 

Green,  Benjamin  T 636,  804 

Green,  Berryman 701,  703,  811,  833 

Green,   Charlotte   S 479 

Green,  James  C 701,  811 

Green;  James  S 479,  800 

Green,   John 828,  830 

(h-een,  John  zi 818 

Green,  John  H 712 

Green,  John  S 651 

Green,  Joseph 89,  91 

Green,  Mary  W 479.  596 

Green,  Nathan    723 

Green,  Plummer  W 804 

Green,  Solomon  P 638,  807 

Green,  Stephen  S 479,  482,  501,  798 

Green,  Thomas  J...  289,310,504,509,789 

Green,  William 183,  214,  82S 

Green,  William  H 816 

Green,  William  M.  .  .  47,  237-239,  251, 
258, 339, 340,  436,  455,  472,  475,  478, 
479,  482, 483, 492. 496, 501, 504, 506, 
511,  513,  518,  519,  524,  528, 546-548. 

589,  617,  697,  783,  789.  836 

Cireen,  William  M.   Jr 479 

Green.William   S 482,  797 

CJreen,  William  W 797,  828 

Oreen,  Willis  L 806 

Oegory,  George  H 639.  808 

Gretter,  Bernard    583 

Gretter,  John  A 510 

Oretter,  John  B 628,  629.  804 

Orier,  Ebenezer    799 

Griffith,  Edward   829 

(;iiggsbee,  Madison  R 814 

f:'iggsbee,  Rhvdon 651.  812 

Grimes,  Bryan    (1) 234,  259,  260,  515 

Grimes,  Bryan   (2).   560,749,789.801,835 
Grimes,  John  G.  B 805 


852 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Grimes,  William  799 

Griscom,  J.  H 429 

Grist,  Frederick   140 

Groover,  James  1 687,  809 

Grove,  William  B.  .  .   4,  6,  19,  123,  129, 

130,  133,  142,  821,  829 

Grundy,  Felix 382,  383,  384,  387,  388 

Guion,  Ben 584 

Guion,  Benjamin  F 625,  801 

Guion,  Bernard  B 805 

Guion,  Haywood    366 

Guion,  Haywood  W....   413,421,422, 

622, 623, 795 

Guion,  John  A 507 

Guion,  John  0 801 

Guion,  John  W 830 

Guion,  Julius 625,  803 

Gunn,  William  P 355,  795 

Gunnels,  William  M 706,  817 

Guthrie,  Daniel  B 470 

Guthrie,  Hugh  B 612,  673 

Guthrie,  John   30 

Guthrie,  Walter  H 819 

Guthrie,  William  '. .   831 

Guthrie,  William  A 727,  730,  738, 

739  817 

Guthrie,  Winfield  S 747,  748,  76l'  818 

Gwynne,  Walter    536 

H. 

Hackney,  Brantley  J 647 

Hadley,   James    806 

.Hadley,  Jerome  J 635,  808 

Hadley,  John  L 796 

Hadley,  Oscar  F 687,  810 

Hadley,  Thomas  J 727,  815 

Haigh,   Charles    813 

Haigh,  George  H 804 

Haigh,  Thomas  B 522,  523,  802 

Haigh,  William  H 477,  478,  798 

Hailey,  Robert  P 816 

Hairston,  George 339,  794 

Hairston,  Peter 433,  434 

Hairston,  Peter  W 796 

Hairston,  Robert  A 802 

Hale,  Edward  J 710,  711,  813,  832 

Hale,  Peter  M 522,  523,  802 

Hall,  Anne  C 479,  611 

Hall,  David  C 804 

Hall,   Dr 410 

Hall,  Edward 247,  788,  834 

Hall,  Edwin  D. 705 

Hall,  Eli  W 483.  493,  801 

Hall,  Isaac 791 

Hall,   James 123, 149,  186.  405 


Page. 

Hall,  James  D 318,  793 

Hall,  James  G 288,  790 

Hall,  John 129,  479,  828,  830,  831 

Hall,  John  H 792 

Hall,  Judge   134 

Hall,  Martin    61 

Hall,  Mary  W 479 

Hall,  Robert 296,  827 

Hall,  Pvobert  P 796 

Hall,  Robert  T 479,  799 

Hall,  Samuel 438,474,827,831,834 

Hall,  Thomas  C 801 

Hall,  Thomas  H 169,  833 

Hall,  Thomas  P 316,  792 

Hall,  William 479,  827,  831 

Hall,  William  A 288,  790 

Hall,  William  H...    629,635,649,650,806 

Hall,  William  P 169,  787 

Halliburton,  John  W 722,  723,  814 

Hamberlin,  L.  B 344 

Hamilton,  James    830 

Hamilton,  John 4,  6, 12,  21,  821 

Hamilton,  William    830 

Hamlet,  James  T 428,  795 

Hamlin,  Richard  F 634,  653,  811 

Hammond,  William  M 686,  687 

Hampton,   John    460 

Haralson,  Paul  A 259 

Harbinger,  The 367-377 

Hardeman,  William    790 

Hardie,   Henrv 510,  616,  802 

Hardin,   Edward  J 711, 813 

Hardin.   William  H.  .  .  .    258,285,789,790 

Harding,  ISTehemiah  A 318,  471 

Hardy,  James  F.  E 825 

Hare,"  John    830 

Hargett,  Frederick 4,6,12,19,21, 

22,  34,  35,  37,  821 

Hargrave,  Jesse 310,  607,  620,  673,  808 

Hargrave,  Mrs.  Jesse   45 

Hargrave,  John  S 324 

Hargrave,  William  F 30 

Hargrove,  John  L 338,  794 

Hargrove,   Tazewell    739 

Hargrove.  William  T 712 

Harman,  Pantnareup   22 

Harnett,   Cornelius    535 

Harolson.  Herndon    140 

Harper,  James  W.  .   752,769,770,771.819 

Harrard.  Rhodes    829 

Harrell,  Hiram  P 808 

Harrington.   Cyrus 636,  804 

Harrington,  Henrv  W 4 

Harrington,  James  A.  .  .   183, 184,  214,  788 

Harrinarton.   Pincknev   C 808 

Harrington,  William'  H 1S4,  821 


INDEX. 


853 


Page. 
Harris,  Charles  W..    38,42,50,66,68, 

69,  72,  75,  76,  81,  92,  100,  101, 
103, 107,  108,  111, 114-116,  125, 
129,  133,  156,  161,  162,  168,  501,  822 

Harris,  Edward S22 

Harris,   Edwin  R 318,  793 

Harris,  John  B.  S 793 

Harris,  John  T 709,  721 

Harris,  John  W 677,  814 

Harris,   Livingston    791 

Harris,   Nathaniel    790 

Harris,    Nehemiah    828 

Harris,   Norfleet    827 

Harris,  Paul  B 814,  817 

Harris,  Robert 68,  161 

Harris,  Robert  P 051,  686,  687,  810 

Harris,  Robert  W 116 

Harris,   Sarah    254 

Harris,   Shakespeare    797 

Harris,   Thomas  B 810,  814 

Harris,  Thomas  W.    338,700,701,794,811 

Harris,  William  S 66 

Harriss,  Will  W 798 

Harrison,  Atlas  0 438,457,472,797 

Harrison,  Frederick  W 300,  301,  791 

Harrison,  Gessner  W 419 

Harrison,   Lyon    816 

Harrison,  William  J 789 

Hart,   Franklin    799 

Hart,  James    828 

Hart,  Robert  D 825 

Hartsfield,  Alva  C 723,818 

Hartwell,  Charles  T 798 

Harward,  Henry  B 831 

Harwell,    Stephen    140 

Harvey,  Addison 672,  687.  688,  810 

Harvey,  Hubert 672,  675,  808 

Harvey,  John 14,  829 

Haslin,  John  L 831 

Hassell,  Gushing  B 659,  678,  760,  825 

Hassell,  Sylvester 728,  816 

Hassler,  Ferdinand  R 419 

Hatch,  Durant 129,  139,  521,  822,  829 

Hatch,   Durant,  Jr 181,  787 

Hatch,  Lemuel   788 

Hatch    Samuel    829 

Hatch,  Samuel  D 247 

Hauehton,  John  H 338,  345,  622,  728 

Haughton,  John  L 688,  814 

Haughton,  John  R 814 

Haughton,  Jonathan  H 792 

Haughton,  Malachi   624 

Haughton,   Thomas    723 

Haughton,  Thomas  B 151 

Haughton,  Thomas  G 338,355,795 

Haughton,  Thomas  H 794,  814 


Page. 

Hauser,   Samuel  T 261,  789 

Hawes,  John  R 799 

Hawkins,  Alexander  B 800 

Hawkins,   Benjamin 4,  15,  20,  821 

Hawkins,  Benjamin  F 176,  787 

Hawkins,  Francis    788 

Hawkins,  Frank 189,  796 

Hawkins,  George  W 788 

Hawkins,  John  D 129,  165,  280, 

323,  326,  351,  480,  482,  483,  492, 
493,  496,  526, 622,  649,  651,  787, 

811,822,830 

Hawkins,  John  D.,  Jr 797 

Hawkins,  John  H 176,  198,  789 

Hawkins,  Joseph 169,  824 

Hawkins,  Joseph  W 176,  787,  835 

Hawkins,  Madison   802 

Hawkins,  M.  T 833 

Hawkins,  Peter  B 797 

Hawkins,   Philemon 1S4,  214,  788,  829 

Hawkins,  Philemon  B 799 

Hawkins,  Thomas   171 

Hawkins,  William 231,  822 

Hawkins,  William  J 474 

Hawks,  Cicero  S.  .  .   324,  325,  783,  793,  836 
Hawks.  Francis  H.  .   438,457,470,471,797 
Hawks,  Francis  L.  .  234,247,248,280, 
298, 418, 501, 634,  635,  673,  675, 
685,  686,  693, 696, 788, 823, 835 

Hawks,  John  S 351,  622 

Hawks,  Julia  A 132 

Hawks,  Phebe  R 418 

Hav,  David   - 171 

Hay,   John 4,6,19,48,159,821 

Hay,   Miss 221 

Hav,  Philip  T 672,  810 

Haves,  William    46, 214 

Haves,  William  J 798 

Havlev,  Leonidas  N.  B 676.  808 

Havlev,  William  H 639,  676.  808 

Ha'vnes,  Robert  W 816,  817 

Haynes,  Thomas    827 

Hays,  Robert  B 813 

Havwood,  Adam   72 

Haywood,  Benjamin  F 288,  790 

Havwood,  Edmund  B 508,  750.  769 

Haywood,  E.  G 758 

Havwood,  Eliza   131 

Haywood,  Fabius  J 288,  790 

Haywood,  Fabius  J.,  Jr 814 

Havwood,  Francis  P 793 

Havwood,   George  W 286.  790 

Hay  wood,  John .  4, 15, 16,  20,  34-36,  51, 

'  62,  71.  06.   104,  127,  133,  145, 153. 

162, 175, 176.  211,  225,  231,  244,  245, 


854 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

254,  255,  279,  286,  315,  384,  380,  419, 

431,  508,  821,  827,  830 

Haywood,  John,  Jr 822 

Haywood,  John  L 792 

Haywood,  John  S 789 

Haywood,  Joseph  A 816 

Haywood,  Nancy    131 

Haywood,  Richard  B 575,  797 

Haywood,  Rufus    286 

Haywood,   Sherwood. . .  .    129, 188,  830,  831 

Haywood,  Thomas  B 421,  791 

Haywood,  'i nomas  J 234,248,834 

Haywood,  William  D 315,  323 

Haywood,  William  H. .  .    129,  259,  264, 

265,  275,  471,  623,  783,  789,  830,  832,  834 

Holmes,  Theophilus  H 723,  735,  818 

Haywood,  William  H.  Jr 492,  496 

Headen,  Isaac  B 797 

Headen,  James  H 427,  433,  438,  796 

Headen,  Samuel 285,  790 

Headen,  William  J 673,710,711,813 

Heartt,  Alice  C 503 

Heartt,  Dennis    503 

Heartt.  Leopold    795 

Heath,  Robert  R 703 

Hedrick,   Benjamin   S...   624,625,643, 

644,  654-657,  660, 803 

Hedrick,  Mary  E 656 

Heflin,  Rufus  T 620 

Heiley,  R.  L 711 

Hemkin,  Bernard  B 672 

Henderson,  586 

Henderson,  Alexander  M 793. 

Henderson,  Archibald..  .    134,  193,  500,  830 

Henderson,  Eliza 261,  264,  272 

Henderson,  Elizabeth  W 193 

Henderson,  Fannie   160 

Henderson,  James 181,  310,  787 

Henderson,  James  M 183,  632 

Henderson,  John  L 162,  787,  835 

Henderson,  John  S 730,  738,  747, 

748, 818,  833 

Henderson,  Lawson  F 792 

Henderson,  Leonard 53, 134,  162, 

193,  280,  549,  823,  830 

Henderson,  Leonard  A 706,  817 

Henderson,  Mark  M 789 

Henderson,  Philo   651 

Henderson,  Philo  P 799 

Henderson,  Pleasant 53,159,183, 

193,  197,  205,  233,  272, 273, 286, 

310,  313,  790 

Henderson,  Pleasant,  Jr 310 

Henderson,   Richard 166,169,193, 

206,  313,  787 
Henderson,  Richard  B 624 


Henderson,  William  H. 


Page. 

Henderson,  Samuel 160,  193 

Henderson,   Sarah  M 183 

Henderson,  Tippoo  S 310,  788 

Henderson,   Thomas 385 

Henderson,  William 172,183,187, 

310,  788 
433,  447,  448, 

409,  470,  797 

Hepburn,  Andrew  1) 695,  696,  707, 

734,  735,  758,  760,  763,  765 

Hepburn,  Samuel    695 

Henry,  Louis  D 280,  326,  332,  351, 

486, 493,  823,  822 

Henry,  Robert  W 413,  795 

Henry,  Rufus   799 

Henry,  William  W 813 

Henson,  John  McK 510,  803 

Hentz,  306, 474 

Hentz,  Caroline  L 502 

Hentz,  Nicholas  M 323 

d'Herbe,   Henry    828 

Herbert,  Henry  829 

Herring,  James  J..    472,480,494,495,800 

Herring,  Needham  W 440,  796 

Herrisse,  Henri.   524,644,655,657-659,668 

Hicks,  Edward  H 480,  483,  800 

Hicks,  James  W 801 

Hicks,  John  H 814 

Hicks,  John  M 814 

Hightower,  Samuel  A 813 

Hill,  Arthur  J 789 

Hill,  Atherton  B 806 

Hill,  Charles  A 248,  789 

Hill,  Edward    247 

Hill,  E.  J 832 

Hill,  F.  C 500 

Hill,  Frederick  J 804,  824 

Hill,  James  S 686,  687,  810 

Hill,  John 139,  284,  333,  480,  482, 

483,  506,  511,  651,  788,  802,  822, 

827, 830,  833 

Hill,  John  H 805 

Hill,  Jordan    139 

Hill,  Joseph  A..   36,333,348,351,354, 

486, 808,  824 

Hill,  Joseph  B 405 

Hill,  Nathaniel    827 

Hill,  Patterson  A 816 

Hill,  Richard  D 469 

Hill,  Richard  K 324,  325,  793 

Hill,  Robert  S 788 

Hill,  Samuel  P 689,  825 

Hill,   Thomas 333,  790,  805,  827 

Hill,  Thomas  B 339,  712,  794 

Hill.  Thomas  N 808 

Hill,  Thomas  S 677,811 


INDEX. 


855 


Page. 

Hill,  Whitmill    535 

Hill,  William    799 

Hill,  William  E 497,  802 

Hill,  William  G 792 

Hill,   William  H.  . .  .    15, 19,  21,  22,  30, 

40, 123, 202,  354,  405,  S21,  827 

Billiard,  David   807 

Billiard,  Francis  W 740 

Hilliard,  Isaac    829 

Hilliard,   James    829 

Hilliard,  John    829 

Hilliard,  Louis 088,  810,  835 

Hilliard,  Nancy 505,  580,  597,  012, 

013,073 
Hilliard,  Bobert  C.  T.  S 109,499, 

800,  829 

Hines,  Edward 730.  731,  810 

Hines,  Elias  C 482,  493,  022,  801 

Hines,   Henry    829 

Hines,  Jesse  D 799 

Hines.  John  S 071,  807 

Hines,  Peter  E 522,  523,  750,  802 

Hines,  Richard 505,  015,  024,  703 

Hines,  Richard,  Jr 510,  802 

Hinsdale,  John  W 709,  731 

Hinton,  Charles    482 

Hinton,  Charles  L.  .   217,234,240,270, 
287, 470,  492,  493,  490,  520,  055, 

092, 093, 707,  788,  824,  820 

Hinton,   David    801 

Hinton,  Eugene  J 472,  480,  800 

Hinton,  John  H 241,  242,  240,  788 

Hinton,  Ransom 184,  213 

Hinton,  Robert 247,  788 

Hinton,    Samuel 85,  153,  787 

Hinton,  Samuel  S 792 

Hinton,   William 102,  159,  214,  821 

Hinton.  William  H 485,  487,  799 

Historical    Society    of    North    Caro- 
lina      485, 024,  085 

Hitchcock,  Colonel   528 

Hobart,  John  H Ill,  114, 141 

Hobson,  Benjamin  M...   433,439,440,790 

Hobson,  James  M 722,  723,  S14 

Hodge,  Abraham 53,  405 

Hodge.  James  A 727,  747,  818 

Hodge,  Rufus  A 747,  818 

Hodge,  William  H 300,  792 

Hodges,  Joseph  J.  D 700,  817 

Hodges,  Philemon    01 

Hodges,  Thomas  P 700,  817 

Hogan,  Alexander  M 074,  807 

Hogan,  Henrv  J 700,  814 

Hogan,  John*. 23,  27,  61 

Hoe;an,  John  A 790 

Hogan,  John  R 629,  635,  806 


Page. 

Hogan,  Joseph  A 288 

Hogan,  J.  T 047 

Hogan,  William   611 

Hogan,  William  J 673 

Hogg,  Gavin 176,  182,  272,  787 

Hogg,  Helen 436,  502 

Hogg.  James...    4,12,13,15,19,21-23, 
62,    70,    96,    99,  116,  117, 123, 162, 
189, 272,  310, 501,  502,  638,  788,  821 

Hogg,  John 831 

Hoke,  John  F 473,  622,  750,  797 

Hoke,  Michael 65,  660,  824 

Hoke,  Robert  F 65,  660 

Holbrook,  Levi 248 

Holden,  Joseph  W 753,  834 

Hoklen,  William  W 707,  746,  775, 

777, 825,  826 

Holland,  James 4,  6,  12,  821 

Holland,  William  A 815 

Hollemian,  Joel 286,  287,  288,  496, 

790,  833 

Holley,  George  S 433,  790 

Holliday,  Thomas  C 688,  813 

Holmes',  Gabriel 280,  805,  822,  823 

Holmes,  Hardy  L 351,  789,  791 

Holmes,  James 480,  800 

Holmes,  John  L 800 

Holmes,  John  W 804 

Holmes,  Joseph  A 118,  375 

Holmes,  Lucian 483,  493.  677.  800 

Holmes,  Owen 264,  789,  824 

Holmes,  Owen  D 472,  480,  800 

Holmes,  Peter  J 457,  798 

Holmes,   Samuel    77,  100 

Holmes,  Samuel  A...    71,155-158,101. 

412, 025, 787, 803,  835 

Holmes,  T.  C 623 

Holmes,  Thomas  H 493.514,801 

Holt,  — 249 

Holt,  Alfred  C.  B 739,  740,  817 

Holt,  Archibald  M 792 

Holt,  Benjamin  R 706,  814 

Holt,  James  R 33S 

Holt,  John  R 795 

Holt,  Michael  W 324.  338,  794 

Holt,  Pleasant  A 800 

Holt,  Samuel  L 792 

Holt,  Thomas  M 637,  834 

Holt,  William    134 

Holt,  William  E 814 

Holt,  William  M 651,  S12 

Holt,  William  R 789 

Holt,  Mrs.  William  R 27 

Holten,  Brien    830 

Hooker,  Erasmus  R 801 

Hooker,  Octavius  W 800 


856 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Hooper,  Archibald  M 479,  633,  034 

Hooper,  Charlotte   479 

Hooper,  Duponceau 437 

Hooper,  Edward  J 437,  79G 

Hooper,  Elizabeth   437 

Hooper,  George    830 

Hooper,  James  H 247,  788 

Hooper,  John 172 

Hooper,  John  DeB.  .  308,  324,  338,  339, 

349,  408,  421, 437, 451-453,  468, 

"      474,  479,  482,  492,  496,  502,  517, 

527,  534,  545,  546,  794 

Hooper,  Mrs.  Fanny   437 

Hooper,   Johnston    546 

Hooper,  Joseph  C 437 

Hooper,  Mary  E 437,  479 

Hooper,  Thomas  C 189,  437,  502,  788 

Hooper,  William    (1) 436,  437,  502 

Hooper,  William  (2)  .  .  .  .  32,  170,  171, 
179, 184, 185,  190.  195,  220,  221,  223- 
225,  241,  242,  249,  266,  271,  287,  294, 
307,  316,  322,  340,  346,  347,  355,  358, 
362, 363, 367,  36S,  403,  412,  418,  420, 
421,  424,  426,  436-438,  462,  464,  479, 
500,  502,  503,  517,  568,  592,  615.  634, 

677, 696, 697,  699,  788,  828,  836 

Hooper,  William    (3) 437 

Hooper,  Mrs.  William   (2) 43 

Hooper,  William  M 462 

Hooper,  William  W.  .  .  .    427,  428,  482,  795 

Hopkins,  Arthur  F 217,  789,  834 

Hopkins,  Professor   235 

Hopkins,  Samuel 46,  61 

Hopkins.  Samuel  G 198 

Horn,  James  W 637,  809 

Home,  Henry  W 811 

Horner,  James  H.  .    484,521,550,555, 

712, 765,  799 

Horner,  William  D 752,  769,  770,  819 

Horney,  William   A 814 

Horton,  George  M 603 

Horton,  James   603-605 

Hoskins,   Thomas   S 315,  792 

Hostility  to  University 137-145,  434 

Hostler,  Alexander   831 

Houston,  Robert  D 653,  813 

Houston,  Samuel 388,  827 

Houston,  William 73,  85,  153,  787 

How,  Thomas  Y 115 

Howard,  Alvin  B 727 

Howard,  George 786,  834 

Howard,  Lewis  W 808 

Howell,  R.  P 815 

Howerton,  William  M.  .  493,507,508, 

513, 569, 586.  801 
Howze,  Benjamin  1 428,  482,  795 


Page. 

Hubbard,  Albert  G 439,  440,  622,  796 

Hubbard,  Forbyee  M.  .  .   408,409,498, 
518,  624,  626,  633,  634,  662,  668,  700, 

709,  716,  724,  725,  760,  764,  784 

Hubbell,  Ransom   285 

Hudson,  H.  T 620 

Huff,  William   747,  748,  818 

Hufliam,  George  W 794 

Hul'ham,  J.  B 794 

Huggins,   Cooper    811 

Hughes,  Archbishop 667,707-709 

Hughes,  "Father"    311 

Hughes,  James  B 804 

Hughes,  N.  Colin 651,  750,  811 

Hull,  Robert  J 791 

Hull,  William  H.  . .  .* 650 

Humphreys,  William  W.  Jr 810 

Hunt,  Anderson   828 

Hunt,  Eustace 808 

Hunt,  George  B " 814 

Hunt,  James  D 672,810 

Hunt,  James  M.  B 685,  814 

Hunt,  Thomas 76,  386,  639 

Hunt,  Thomas  D 162,  787 

Hunter,  Benjamin  B 214 

Hunter,  James   792 

Hunter,  Jesse    828 

Hunter,   Theophilus 129,  830 

Hurd,  D.  M 835 

Hurst,   William    829 

Huske,  Benjamin  R 508,  510,  616,  802 

Huske,  John  W 792 

Huske,  Joseph  C 469,  480,  481,  799 

Huske,  Walter  A 433.438,458,796 

Hussey,  John  B :  .   818 

misted,  Delano  W 617,  805 

Hutchins,  James  A 422,  795 

Hutchins,  John  F 804 

Hutchins,  John  R 27.  647,  804 

Hvman,  John  D 804 

Hyman,   Joseph   H 650.  806 


I. 


Inge,  William  M 286.  289,  835 

Tnge,  Haley  I 214 

Tnere,  Richard    830 

Iredell,  James   (1) 3.821 

Iredell,  James  (2)  .  .   182,  246,  280,  326, 
327,  352.  384,  456,  485,  520,  526, 

527, 533,  823,  826 

Iredell,  James  J 485.  801 

Tredell,  Samuel  T 802 

Irion,  Alfred  B 650,  806,  833.  834 

Irving-,  T.  P 69 

Irwin,  James  P 799 


INDEX. 


857 


Page. 

Irwin,  John  A 827 

Isler,  Simmons  II 702,  811 

Isler,  Stephen  W 810 

Ives,  Levi  S...   350,479,483,486,488, 

505,  596 
Ivy,  Virginius 4S0,  800 

J- 

Jack,  John  F 798 

Jackson,  Andrew 387,  391,  428,  457 

Jackson,  Joseph  J..  427,433,439,440, 

796, 825 
Jackson,  Samuel  S.,  Jr.  .  624,  640,  641, 

661,  690,  716,  805 

Jacobs,  James.  W 805 

Jacobs,  Jesse  C 807 

Jacobs,  John  C 808 

Jacobs,  Thomas  S 795 

Jacocks,  Thomas  S 428 

James,  Hinton.  .  .    63,  64,  70,  72,  73,  76, 

85,153,511,787 

James,  J.  J 647 

James,  John    828 

James,  Robert  E 630,  635,  650,  806 

Jarratt,  Isaac  A 814 

Jasper,  John  B 214 

Jefl'erson,  John  W 819 

Jeffries,  Mrs.  Evan  105 

Jeffrevs,  George  W 789,  825 

Jeffre'vs,  J.  G 617,  624,  805 

Jenkins,  J.  W 620 

Jenkins,  Frederick  H 641,  811 

Jenkins,  James  D 816 

Jenkins,  James  P 688,  814 

Jenkins,  Joseph  V 677,  814 

Jenkins,  William  A 497,  514,  515, 

556,  801, 825,  835 

Jerkins,  Alonzo  T 793 

Jiggitts,  Louis  M SOS 

Jobe.  Lorenzo  A.  T 769,  819 

Jocelin,  Samuel    830 

Jocelvn,  Amariah    828 

Jocelyn,  Samuel  R 150,  151,  823,  827 

Jole,  John  W 811 

Jones,  Mrs.  479 

Jones,  A.  D ' 832 

Jones,  Alfred    351 

Jones,  Mrs.  Adam    67 

Jones,  Allen  C 794 

Jones.  Alpheus 458,459,  482,  651,  797 

Jones,  Atlas 33,169,170,172,174, 

231,  246,  280,  7S7.  823 

Jones,  Aurelius  C 688,  698,  709 

Jones,  Calvin 129,188,231,246, 

280, 302, 308, 338,  339,  371,  405, 

794, 807,  822,  835 


Page.  . 
Jones,  Cadwallader 171,  299,  339, 

345,  536,  794 

Jones,  Cadwallader,  Jr....- 482,824 

Jones,   Edmund 23,  33,  46,  47,  333,  354 

Jones,  Edmund,  Jr 752,759,772,819 

Jones,  Edmund  W 623,  794 

Jones,  Edward 202,280,405,437, 

608,  822,  827 

Jones,  Eugene  T 819 

Jones,   Evan 73,  76,  77,  85,  831 

Jones,  Fannie  P 437 

Jones,  Frederick   828 

Jones,  George  D 702,  811 

Jones,  Gustavius  A 799 

Jones,  Hamilton  C.    (1) 193,  237, 

239.  258,  261,  264,  266,  421,  789,  835 
Jones,  Hamilton  C.   (2).   636,687,688,833 

Jones,  H.  F 677,  813 

Jones,  Henry   789 

Jones,  James   140 

Jones,  John    214 

Jones,  John  D S34 

Jones,  John  H 793 

Jones,  John  T 688,  814 

Jones,  John  W 809 

Jones,  Johnston  B 222.  422,  479, 

608,    610,011 

Jones,  Joseph  P 805 

Jones,  Joseph  S 163,  485,  487 

Jones,  Kenneth  R 817 

Jones,  Nathaniel   (1) 22, 823 

Jones,  Nathaniel   (2) 797 

Jones,  Nathaniel  C 615,  804 

Jones,  Norman    806 

Jones,  Pride 482,  796 

Jones,  Proteus  E.  A 353,  354,  794 

Jones,   Richard  P 469,480,481,799 

Jones,  Robert  H.  .  .    151,  246.  280,  S22,  830 

Jones,  Robin,  Cap 469,  471,  472,  799 

Jones,  Sallie  R 572 

Jones,   Susannah    132 

Jones,   Thomas 427,  428,  795,  796 

Tones,  Thomas  F 324,  338,  623,  794 

Jones,  Thomas  W.  .   185,  186,  670,  788,  807 

Jones,   Tignal    22 

Jones,  Tom    601 

Jones,  W.  C 769,  770 

Jones,  Walter  J 685,  813 

Tones,  W.  C 819 

Jones,  William  D 288,  790.  816 

Jones,  William  H 497,  505,  802 

Tones,  William  M 698 

Jones,  William  W 64,  709,  727,  816 

Jones,  Willie 4,  6.  20-22,  33,  99, 

104.116,122,123,821,827 


858 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Jones,  Willie  W....   169,170,172,787, 

822, 830 
Johnson,  Andrew...  .    32,  131,  534,  754, 

757,  758, 759-762,  774,  775 

Johnson,  Charles   821 

Johnson,  Daniel 630,  634,  639,  670, 

671,807 

Johnson,  Francis  M 687,  810 

Johnson,  James  C 280 

Johnson,  James  M 522,  523,  802 

Johnson,  Joseph   634 

Johnson,  Lucius  J 427,  790,  797 

Johnson,  Robert  A 820 

Johnson,  William 175,  189,  788 

Johnson,  William  H 816 

Johnson,  William  L 478 

Johnston,  Charles 4,  6,  12,  599 

Johnston,  Cyrus   636 

Johnston,  David  S 499,  800 

Johnston,   Frank    571 

Johnston,  Gabriel    721, 731 

Johnston,  George 46,  47,  190,  828 

Johnston,  George  B 195, 634, 651, 

701, 719,  726,  732,  736,  749,  811 

Johnston,  James  511 

Johnston,  James  A 322,  793 

Johnston,  James  C 352,  823 

Johnston,  James  D 340,348,354, 

355, 421 

Johnston,  James  F 803 

Johnston,  James  S.   484,485,487,521,799 

Johnston,  John    139 

Johnston,  John  McA 802 

Johnston,  John  W 615, 624, 804 

Johnston,  Joseph  L 799 

Johnston,  Robert  H 768,  772 

Johnston,  Robert  B 640,  641,  805 

Johnston,  Robert  D 686-688,  750, 

755, 810,  835 

Johnston,  S.  L 634 

Johnston,    Samuel 3,  4,  6, 16,  129, 

159,162,821.829 

Johnston,  Samuel  T 315,  649,  746.  792 

Johnston,  Sidney  X 322,  323.  793 

Johnston,  Stewart  L 811 

Johnston,  Thomas  D 728,  733 

Johnston,  Thomas  T 318,  793 

Johnston,  Thomas  W 808 

Johnston,   Thompson    286 

Johnston,   William 471,  511,  750.  797 

Johnston,  William  H...  .  505,  616.  624,  802 

Johnston,  W.  S 800 

Johnston,  Zebulon  M S10 

Johnston   Zena.s    301 

Jordan,  George  R 792 

Jordan,  James  B 641 


Page. 

Jordan,  John  }l 727 

Jordan,  Joseph    140' 

Jordan,  Simon  P. . .   254,259,263,264, 

421, 789 

Jordan,  William   C 698.  753,  816 

Jordan,  William  H 258,  639,  676,  808 

Joyner,  Andrew 511,  526,  527,  824 

Jo Vner,  Blount    827 

Joyner,  Eli    827 

Joyner,  John  R 818 

Jovner,  Jonathan    827 

Joyner,  Robert  W 818 

K. 

Kearney,  Henry :  72,  76,  77,  85 

Keeble,  Edwin  A 792 

Keble,  Edward  A 834 

Kelly,  Angus  R 472,  623,  797 

Kelly,  Hanson   831 

Kelly,   James 710,  711,  813 

Kellv,  John  B 813 

KellV,  John  M 706,  817 

Kellv,  Nicholas  Y 651,  804 

Kellv,  Neill  R 706,  817 

Kemp,  Will  C 831 

Kenan,  Daniel  L 797 

Kenan,  James 13,  821,  828 

Kenan,  James  G 814 

Kenan,  Mrs.  Mary  45 

Kenan,  0 831 

Kenan,  Thomas  S 676,  808,  835 

Kenan,  William  R.  .  .  30,  730,  739,  740,  817 

Kennan,  Richard    22 

Kennedy,  Hyder  A 817 

Kennedy,  John   140 

Kennedv,  Warren  E 354,  794 

Kenned v,  William  L 324.  793 

Ker.  David  (1) 38,  42.  43,  53,  61, 

63,  66,  67,  90.  92.  100, 103-105. 

107, 109,  156,  405 

Ker,  David   (2) 105, 106 

Ker,  Mrs.  David   107 

Ker,  Eliza    105 

Ker,  J.  B 10fr 

Ker,  John    (1) 105,  106 

Ker,  John    (2) 106 

Ker,  John    (3) 106 

Ker,  Lewis  D 106 

Ker,  Martha    105 

Ker,  Mary  S 106 

Ker,  Sarah   '•  •   105 

Ker,  William  B 106 

Ker,  William  H 106 

Kerr,  James    333 

Kerr,  James  E 322.  793 

Kerr,  John 332.  622.  825 


INDEX. 


859 


Page. 

Kerr,   Samuel    790 

Kerr,  Washington  C 510,  616.  656, 

754,  802 

Kerr,  William  L 810 

Keys,  James  H 828 

Killebrew,  J.  B 351,  634,  659.  665, 

671.807,835 

Kilpatriek,  General  748 

Kimberley,  John 500,  529,  660, 

716, 736.  785 

Kinehen.  Henrv    73. 76 

Kindred,  John"  J 507,  508,  801 

King.  James  A 315,  792 

King,  Joel  G 817 

King.  Junius  B 353,  354,  628,  794 

King.  John   S28 

King.  Michael  A 799 

King.  Mitchell  D 703 

King,  Xaney    264 

King.  Xat    31 

Kino-,  Robert  R 247.249.250.254. 

263. 264.  421,  788 

King,  Thomas    422 

Kino-.  Thomas  D 165,  787 

King.  William  J 710,  711.  813 

Kino-.  William  R.  .  .    165.  176.  196.  783. 

832. 833 

Kingsbury.  Henry  P 819 

Kingsbury.  Theodore  B 625 

Kirk.  Lewis:    46 

Kirkland.  Alexander 669.  675.  711,  812 

Kitchen.  W.   W 833 

Kittrell.  Benjamin  A 521,  804 

Kittrell.  George  W , 309 

Kittrell,  Pleasant  W 288,  790,  S24 

Kittrell,  Sarah  W 309.  312,  313 

Knight.  James  S 688,  722.  814 

Knight.  William    614 

Knight,  William  H 807 

Knox.  —  234 

Knox.  William  B 796 

Kolb.  Reuben  F.  C 703.  811,  835 

Kollock.  Henrv    254 

Kollock.  Sarah    254 

Kollock.  Shepard   254 

Kollock.  Shepard  K 253.  254.  255 

Koonce,  Francis  D 812 

L. 

Lacey.  Thomas  J 286,  522.  790.  835 

Lacy.  Alexander    630 

Lac'v.  Drury  460 

Lacy.  J.  H    804 

Lamb.  Cornelius  G..  Jr 804 

Lancaster.  James  W 481.  799 

Land.    —    529 


Page. 

Land.  John  McD 677,  S14 

Land,  Thomas  T S16 

Lander.   William    825 

Lands.'.  .  .     11.  44-47.  124.  136.  244.  245. 

350, 351,  378-399,  401,  402 

Lane,  Caroline    425 

Lane,  Jesse    425 

Lane.    Joel 4,  6, 19,  22,  24.  51,  62. 

425, 821 

Lane,  Joseph    425 

Lane,   Ralph    425 

Lane,  Thomas  H 441,  798 

Lane.  William  W 804 

Lanier,  John    18 

Lanier.  Robert    9 

Lankford,  Menalcus 511,  S01 

Lastrapes,  Adolphus 712.  S17 

Latham,  Julian  A 816 

Latham.  Lewis   C 703.  811,  833 

Latta,  George  C 752,  770, 819 

Latta,  George  G 752.  819 

Latta.  John" 828 

Law  Department    495 

Law.  James  A 816 

Lawing.  John  M 808 

Lawrence.  Adolphus  A.  ....  .   670-672,  807 

Lawrence.  Alexander  W 676,  804 

Lawrence.  John  W 728,  818 

Lawrence.  Thomas  R S14 

Lea,  George  G 324.  793 

Lea.  James    324 

Lea.  Lorenzo 316.  317.  421,  792 

Lea,  Solomon 324.  353.  354.  794 

Lea.  W.  J 808 

Lea.  William   284 

Lea.  William  McN 7S9.  790 

Lea.  Willis  M 285.  790 

Leach,  J.  M 622 

Leak,  James  A 481.  799 

Leak,  Thomas  C 615.  804 

Leak.  Walter  F 259.  520.  689.  825 

Leak.  Walter  J 804 

Learv.  Edgar 768.  771.  772.  819 

Ledbetter.  Henrv  W 811 

Ledbetter.  William  L 805 

Lee.  Algernon  M 815 

Lee,  Henry  C 675 

Lee.  Robert  E 755 

Lee.  R.  H 729 

Lee.  Thomas  J S12 

Leech.  Joseph 123.  828 

Lees,  David  McM 322.  793 

Leetch,  James  K 290,  791 

Leigh.  Frank  X 728,  816,  817 

Leigh,  Hesekiah    696 

Leitch.  Giles    803 


86o 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Paye. 

Legislation   0-11,332,333,750,774 

LeGrand,  Nash   790 

Lenoir,  Thomas  1 798 

Lenoir,  Walter  W 481,  622,  799 

Lenoir,  William 4,  6,  12,  13,  10, 

51,  480,  821,  826 

Lente,  Frederick  D 494,  495,  800 

Leroy,  L 831 

Lesesne,  Charles   811 

Letters  of  Students 259-270 

Levy,  Lionel  L 483,  493,  507,  801 

Lewis,  Augustus  M 801 

Lewis,  Charles    830 

Lewis,  B.  N 835 

Lewis,  David  W 790,  836 

Lewis,  Edward  B 484,  485,  799 

Lewis,  Edward  1 501 

Lewis,   Exum    808 

Lewis,  G.  F 757 

Lewis,  1 139 

Lewis,  Ivy  F 805 

Lewis,  John  S 617 

Lewis,  Joseph  W 804 

Lewis,  Kenelin  H 440,  796 

Lewis,  Richard  F 695,  812 

Lewis,  Richard  H.   (1) 316,  317,  793 

Lewis,  Richard  H  (2) 628,  629,  804 

Lewis,  Richard  H.   (3) 771-773,  819 

Lewis,  Robert  G 804 

Lewis,  Warner   629 

Lewis,  William  F 477,  478,  798 

Lewis,  William  G 650,  750,  806 

Library    54,  129,  292,  294, 295, 

404-411,456 

Life  at  Chapel  Hill 259-270,  309- 

314,  526, 593-599 

Lightfoot,  John  F 688,  723,  814 

Liles,  Edward  R 807 

Lillington,  John  A 433,  438,  457, 

469, 470,  622,  651,  797 

Lilly,  General    736 

Lindsay,  Andrew  D '.  .  .    811 

Lindsay,  Edward  0.  771 

Lindsay,  Edward  V 819 

Lindsay,  Gavin  H 524,  804 

Lindsay,  Harper  J 792 

Lindsay,  James  E 676 

Lindsay,  Jesse  H 316,  317,  624, 

625, 793,  803 

Lindsav,  Jonathan   333 

Lindsay,  Robert  H 672,  814 

Literary   Societies 72-85,  230,  366, 

446-451,  459,  511-513,  557,  565- 

569,  571,  617,  653,  762, 785 

Little.  Blake   789 

Little,  Julius  A 814 


Pay  e. 

Little,  Walter  S 819 

Little,  William    810 

Little,  William  II 832 

Little,  William  V 62,  821 

Littlcjohn,  Joseph  B 162,  823 

Littlejohn,  Sarah  B 254 

Little'john,  Thomas  B 254,  830 

Livingston,  Hugh  G 636,  804 

Livingston,  James  K 759,  760,  819 

Lloyd,  Joseph  R 351,  789 

Loader,  534 

Location  of  University  19 

Lock,  Benjamin   829 

Locke,  Francis   280,  823,  830 

Locke,  Matthew    142 

Locke,  Robert 153,  787 

Logan,  John  E , 808 

Logan,  William    797 

London,  Henry  A 323,  730,  738, 

747, 748,  818 

London,  John    827 

London,  John  R 168,  831 

Longstreet,  James  250 

Long,  188 

Long,   Alexander    246 

Long,  Benjamin  S 792 

Long,  Daniel  A 759,  772,  819,  836 

Long,  Frank  P 695,  811,  815 

Long,  George  M 647 

Long,  George  W 73,  76,  77,  85, 

161,787 

Long,  James  A 472,  473,  797 

Long,  John  D 469 

Long,  Joh«  W 799 

Long,  Lunsf  ord   827 

Long,   Nicholas 73,  76,  85-87,  123,  827 

Long,  Nicholas  M 805 

Long,  Osmond  F 322,  793 

Lon<r,  Thomas  R 637,  807 

Long,  William  J 433,  440.  623,  796 

Long,  William 640,  805 

Lord,  Frederick  J -. 799 

Lord,  J.  B 623 

T  ord,  John 788,  830 

Tord,  William  A 637,  809 

Lord,  William  C.  .  .    634,  641,  686,  6S7.  810 

T  ord,  William  E 827 

T  oring,  Thomas    491 

Totteries    126.127 

T  ove,  Emmanuel    210 

Love,  James  L 741 

T  ove,  Mrs.  James  L 741 

T  ove,   Robert    623 

Love,   Samuel 193.  225 

T  ove,  Thomas 182,  2S0,  352.  381 .  823 

Love,  William  C.  .  .    181,  193,  194,  823.  833 


INDEX. 


86l 


Page. 

Love,  William  J 806 

Lovejoy,  Jefferson  M 518 

Lowe,  Thomas  G 639 

Lowrie,  Samuel 134,  822,  830 

Lowther,  Charles  E 522,  802 

Lucas,  George    22 

Lucas,  Joseph  B 644,  652,  659,  662,  716 

Lucas,  William 507,508,801 

Ludlow,  Samuel  W 830 

Lusher,  George  M 808 

Lusher,  Nathaniel  P 686,  687,  S10 

Lutterloh,  Jarvis  B 677,  813 

Luttrell,  James  C 723 

Lynch,  Bishop   708 

Lynch,  James  D 542 

Lynch,  John  B 811 

Lynch,  William  B.  .    167,  653,  700,  701,  811 

Lyne,  James   830 

Lyne,  Henry    830 

Lyon,  Harrison  P. 688 

Lyon,  Martin  A 497 

Lytle,  Archibald 62,  165,  194,  787 

Lytle,  William 62,  828 

Lytle,  William  F 791 

M. 

McAden,  Henry    790 

McAden,   John    829 

McAdoo,  Albert  Y 798 

McAdoo,  William  C 738 

McAfee,  Leroy  M 648,  669,  686, 

687, 688,  810 

MeAlister,  Alexander  C m. 810 

McAllister,  David 355,  356,  421, 

426, 696,  795 

McAllister,  Hector 472,  797 

McAlop,  Archibald    829 

McBee,  Vardrv  A 438,  797 

McBee,  William  P 798 

McBrvde,  Angus    326 

McBryde,  Archibald 280,  323,  822 

McBrvde,  Thomas   814 

McCain,  Nathaniel  H 324.  325,  793 

McCallum,  James  D 672,  813 

Macartnev,  Thomas  N 687.  688,  810 

McCaskill,  Neill  E 677,  815 

McCaulev,  Charles  M.  P 28,  440,  796 

McCaulev,  David   608 

McCauley,  Matthew 23,  27,  28,  314 

McCaulev,  Matthew   (2) 28 

McCaulev,  Samuel   28 

McCaulev,  Samuel  S 800 

McCauley,  William 23,  27,  29,  314 

McCauley,  William   (2) 28 

McCaulev,  Mrs.  William 431 


Page. 

McClammy,  Charles  W 634,  669, 

675,  701-703,  811,  833 

McClees,  Joseph 481,  799 

McClelland,  James  C 677,  813 

McClennahan,  James  T 524,  805 

McClennahan,  Samuel   404 

McClung,  James   521 

McClung,  James  W 248,  7S9,  S34 

McClung,  Matthew 247,  788 

McConnaughey,  George  C 811 

McConnaughey,  Joseph  L S10 

McCorkle,  George   38 

McCorkle,  James  M 495,  835 

McCorkle,   Samuel    821 

McCorkle,  Samuel  E 4, 15,  20,  33, 

35,  37-40,  51,  54,  60,  61,  69, 
99,  100.  107, 123,  125,  137,  405 

McCormick,  James  L 651,  672,  814 

McCotter,  R.  D 816 

McCoy,  Almand  A 523.  S34 

McCulloch,   Alexander 76,  85 

MeCulloch.  George   827 

McCulloch,  Henry  E 136 

McCutchen,  Robert  G 428,  795,  796 

McDaniel,  James    760 

McDade.  Alphonzo  J.   . 806 

McDade,  John  H 515.  751.  804 

McDade,  Joseph  A 712,  721,  817 

McDonald,  A.  R 808 

McDonald,  William    811 

McDonald,  William  G 799 

McDougald,  Daniel 630,  650,  806 

McDowell,  Charles  J 814 

McDowell,  Joseph '  4,  6, 16, 18, 142,  821 

McDowell,  Joseph,  Jr 18,  821 

McDowell,  John 254,  258 

McDowell,  Thomas  G.  S 481,799, 

825,  835 
McDuffie,  Malcolm  J. .  .   510,  521,  624. 

625, 803 

McEachern,  Robert  J 672.  814 

McEachin,  Calvin  A S06 

McEachin,  Daniel  P 811 

McEachin,  Peter  A 624.  804 

McEachin,  Peter  H 515.  801 

McFadven.  Archibald 727,  728.  816 

McHehee.  Montfort.   474.764,797.825.835 

McGehee.  Thomas   333 

McGilvarv,  John  H 709 

MeGnffey,  William  H 695,  729,  765 

Mcllhennv,  John    819 

Mellhenny.  Thomas  C 800 

Mclnnis.  Duncan    788 

Mclntvre,  Kenneth  M 814 

McTntvre.  William  A 674,  804 

Mclveir.  Alexander 631,  636.  785,  804 


862 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Mclver,  Charles  D 836 

Mclver,  Evander  J 050,  051,  800 

Mclver,  John  M 727,  816 

McKay,  Daniel  McN 030,  804 

McKay,  James  J 332 

McKay,  John  A 636,  804 

McKay,  Neill 521,  825 

McKay,  Neill,  Jr 510,  025,  803 

McKay,  Wilson  J 79,  700,  708,  819 

McKethan,  Edwin  T 813 

McKethan,  John  C 805 

McKethan,  Margaret   131 

McKethan,  William  R 712 

McKenlay,  James    828 

McKesson,  Charles  F 700,  819 

McKee,  James    731 

McKenzie,  George    828 

McKenzie,  John   827 

McKenzie,  William 139,  831 

McKimmon,  Arthur  N 813 

McKimmon,  James,  Jr 813 

McKinlay,  Mary   132 

McKinne,  David  E 819 

McKimmon,  John   808 

McKinnon,  William  B 641 

McKoy,  Spruce   37 

Maclaine,  Archibald 4,  6,  821 

McLauchlin,  Archibald   807 

McLauchlin,  John  C 675,  676,  808 

McLaurin,  Joseph    799 

McLean,  Colin   835 

McLean,  Murdoch 189,  788 

McLean,  Nathaniel   802 

McLean,  William  "P.  .  .  .    676,  808,  833,  835 

McLemore,  Robert  S 808 

McLeod,  William  H 438,  458 

McLeod,  Willis    797 

McLin,  Henrv  1 354,  794 

McLin,   William    214 

McMillan,  Andrew   797 

McMillan,  Archibald  A 727,  728,  816 

McMillan,  George  W 677,  814 

McMillan,  Hamilton   808 

McMillan,  Henry  W 035,  806 

McNab,  James  G 672,  814 

McNair,  Dugald  P 807 

McNair,  Duncan  E 630,  050,  806 

McNair,  John  C 522,  523,  802 

McNair,  Malcolm 522,  802 

McNair,  Rory   806 

McNairy,  Ba'rtlett  Y 799 

McNeery,  Father  708 

McNeil,  Daniel   828 

McNeil,  Angus  C 458,  459,  797 

McNeill,  A.  F 831 

McNeill,  George 800 


Page. 

McNeill,  H.  J 806 

McNeill,  James  A 804 

McNeill,  James  H 471,  799 

McNeill,  John  Q 789 

McNeill,  Thomas  A 770,  819,  834 

McNider,  Virginius  St.  C.  .  .   752,759, 

760,  772 
McPheeters,  William.  .  .   259,  280,  323, 
326,  340,  346,  355,  358,  414, 

415,419,428 

McPheeters,  William  M 439,448, 

450, 474,  823,  826 

McPheeters,  Samuel  B 797 

McPherson,  Francis   294 

McQueen,  Archibald 189,  788 

McQueen,  Hugh ....   288,  377,  457,  824,  835 

McQueen,  James  A 807 

McQueen,  John  K 816 

McQuiston,  William   828 

McRae,  —   577 

McRae,  Cameron  F 323 

McRae,  Duncan  G 672,  814 

McRae,  Duncan  K 427,  459,  698, 

699, 832 

McRae,  John  B 730,  752,  753,  818 

McRae,  Montf ort  S 030,  808 

McRae,  R.  S 271 

McRae,  William    488 

McRee,  Andrew 472,  797 

McRee,  Griffith,  J 500,  827 

McRee,  James    186 

McRee,  Robert  C 723,  727,  818 

McSween,  M.  J 815 

MeWilliarls,  Frederick  M 427,  795 

Mackey,  Alexander 316,  793 

Macon,  John 4,  14,  19,  62,  821 

Macon,  Nathaniel...    37,142,266,301,824 

Maer,  Abraham    789 

Magazine,  The  University.  ...487,  632-634 

Mallett,  Edward 495,  751,  802 

Mallett,  Edward  J..   258,  268,  789,  S32,  836 

Mallett,  Herbert  H 738,  819 

Mallett,  John  W 817 

Mallett,  Peter 733,  827 

Mallett,  Richardson 688,  751.  816 

Mallett,  Sallie   611 

Mallett,  W.  P 47.  580 

Malloy,  Alexander 771,772,819 

Malready,  Colonel   193 

Maner,  Neverson  C 712 

Manners,  William  B 819 

Mangum,  A.  W 620 

Mangum,.  Priestly  H.  .  .  .  247,  249,  421,  788 

Mangum,  William  P 651,  S12 

Mangum,  Willie  P 234,  247,  280, 


INDEX. 


863 


Page. 
309,  326,  352,  496,  783, 788, 

823,  832,  833,  834 
Mangum,  Willie  P.,  Jr..  514,515,801,832 

Manly,  Basil,  Jr 669 

Manly,  Basil  H 814 

Manly,  Charles 234,  246,  247,  286, 

287,  323,  326,  384,  401-403,  436, 
438,  441,  443,  447-450,  460,  480, 
482,  483,  493,  496,  513,  520,  526, 
618,  622,  638,  639,  649,  658,  668, 
689,  692,  707,  726,  729,  733, 735, 
738,  741,  756,  763,  775,  776,  779, 

783, 788, 824,  826,  834 

Manly,  Charles  (2) 800 

Manly,  John  H 482,  530 

Manly,  Langdon  C 800 

Manly,  Matthias  E 296.  351.  419, 

421,  709,  714,  715,  728,  729^735, 

738,  784,  791,  824,  834 

Manly,  William  T 483,  493,  507, 

508,511,557,801 

Mann,  James  X 789 

Mann,  Rufus  B 648,  810 

Mann.  Thomas  X z36-238,  259,  832 

Manner,  Andrew  J 639 

Manning,  Alonzo  T 557 

Manning,  John 510,  616,  802 

Manning,  Joseph  A 521,  515,  804 

Manning,  Thomas  C 500,  750,  S32-835 

Marey,  Charles 451,  452,  474 

Marr,  George  M 161 

Marr,  George  W.  L 833 

March,  James  A 810 

Marsh,  Robert  H 686-688,  810 

Marshall,  Calvin  Y 817 

Marshall,  Clement 333,  351 

Marshall,  Fred.  W 130 

Marshall,   James    723 

Marshall,  James  C 814 

Marshall,  John 344,  489,  831 

Marshall,  Matthias  M 730,  731,  816 

Martin,  Alexander....  13,19,129,130, 

133, 142, 162, 193, 199, 489,  821,  826 

Martin,   Andrew    61 

Martin,  Benjamin  T 791,  792 

Martin,  C.  H 817 

Martin,  Clarence  D 712.  817 

Martin,  Edward  A 728,  816,  817 

Martin,  Edward  L 791 

Martin,  Eugene  S 711,  813 

Martin,  George  S 677,  685,  813 

Martin,  Henry    266 

Martin,  James 181,193,266,300, 

496,  787,  792,  834 

Martin,  James,  Jr 823 

Martin.  James  F 285,  789,  790 


Page. 

Martin,  James  P 790 

Martin,  John  P 828,  829 

Martin,   Leonard 280,  823 

Martin,  Robert  G 266,  288,  790 

Martin,  Sarah    193 

Martin,  William  D 280,  823 

Martin,  William  F 457,477,478,798 

Martin,  William  J 684.  696,  719, 

723, 724, 726,  736, 737,  749,  763,  765 

Martin,  William  W 677,  815 

Mason,  Andrew    605 

Mason,  James  B 819 

Mason,  John  R 728,  818 

Mason,  John  Y 32,  234,  248,  468, 

475,  496.  504-506,  509,  704.  783, 789 
832,  833,  835 

Mason,   Martha    30 

Mason,  Mary  E 30,  414 

Mason,  Richard  H 494,  495,  649,  800 

Mason,  Richard  S 713 

Mason,  Robert  H 288,  790 

Mason,  Thomas  AY.   634,669,686.687,810 

Mason,  Varina    30 

Mason,  William  S 677 

Massenbnrg,  Cargill    830 

Massey,  Samuel  B 433,  796 

Masters,  Joseph    139 

Maultsby,  John  A..   447,458-460.469,662 

Maury,  Abram    383 

Maury,  Matthew  F 504,505,508, 

509, 630 

Maverick,  George  M 819 

Maverick,   Lewis 706,  722,  814 

Maverick,  Willie  H 752,772,795.819 

May,  Philip  T 686,  687 

May,  Pleasant  H 789 

Ma'vfield,  John  W 637.  809 

Means,  James  M 752,  760,  772,  819 

Means,  Paul  B 729,  730,  752,  769, 

770. 819 
Means,  Robert  W.  .   738,747,748,753.818 

Meares,   Gaston 441,  798 

Meares,  John  L 469.  481,  799 

Meares,  Oliver  P 497.  801.  834 

Meares,  Thomas  D 427,  433.  438, 

439,  447,  450.  451.  456.  458.  459, 

482,  483,  797,  819 

Meares,  Walker 615,  631,  804 

Meares,  William  B 171,  181,  214, 

333,  493,  800,  824 

Mears,  Winifred   131 

Mebane,  Alexander   (1)  .  .  .  4,  6, 12.  19, 

21,22,34,35,37,62.821 

Mebane.  Alexander   (2) 794 

Mebane,  Benjamin  F 801 

Mebane,  Cornelius    813 


864 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 
Mebane,  Giles.  .  .   66,  167,  308,  338,  339, 

421,  520,  536,  622,  669,  794,  825,  834 
Mebane,   James 65,  72,  73,  75,  161, 

280,  323,  326,  334,  352,  493,  513, 

670, 674,  823,  834 

Mebane,  John    22 

Mebane,  John  B 184,  185,  788,  823 

Mebane,  John  W 672,  705,  813 

Mebane,  William  A 286 

Mebane,  William  G 811 

Mebane,  William  K 790 

Mebane,  William  N 338,353,354, 

421,  739,  769,  794,  835 

Mebane,  William  T 800 

Mendenhall,  Delphina  E 79 

Mendenhall,  George  C 333,  824 

Mendenhall,  James  R 802 

Mentoe,  John    22 

Mercer,  John  R 799 

Meroney,  Philip    22 

Merrimon,  Augustus  S 580,  682 

Merritt,  A.  H.  .   634,  635,  639,  670,  671,  807 

Merritt,  Alfred  G 636,  637,  804,  835 

Merritt,   Chesley 602,606,607 

Merritt,  Jack 602,  606,  607 

Merritt,  Leonidas  J 617,624,634, 

640. 641,  805 

Merritt,  William  H 647 

Metts,  James  1 817 

Mhoon,  William  S .  .  285,  384,  496,  790,  824 

Michie,  William  C 814 

Mickle,  Andrew 647,  725 

Mickle,  John  M 626,  807 

Mickle,  Joseph  C 730,  818 

Micklejohn,  George   59 

Micou,  Augustin    813 

Middleton,  Henry    182 

Miller,   George    793 

Miller,  Henry  C 723,  818 

Miller,  Henry  W 356,  565,  674,  795 

Miller,  James  A 810,  811 

Miller,  John  F 688 

Miller,  John  0 816 

Miller,  Pleasant  M 387,388,391, 

393,  396,  397 

Miller,  William 181,246,280,783, 

823,  832,  834,  835 

Miller,  William  H 761,  818 

Miller,  William  R 802 

Miller,  Willis  L 803 

Mills,   Benjamin    140 

Mills,  Wiliiam  H.  H 712,  816,  817 

Mimerall,  William   230 

Minims,  Thomas  S 813 

Minor,  John  E 765 

Mitchell,  Abner    250 


Page. 

Mitchell,  Americus  C 819 

Mitchell,  Anderson  W..   259,285,351, 

4ix,  790,  833,  834 

Mitchell,  Charles  A 648,  676,  808 

Mitchell,  Elijah    830 

Mitchell,  Elisha,  125,  181,  223,  242,  249, 
250,  251,  255,  271,  272,  281,  287,  288, 
295,  298,  302,  303, 305-307,  310,  335, 
340,  353,  355,  357,  358,  362,  368-370, 
372,  374,  377,  407-409,  417,  420,  422, 
423,  425,  426,  428-431,  436,  441-446, 
462,  463,  466,  468,  475,  503,  518,  519, 
527,  536-541,  549,  556,  601,  612,  638, 
655,  663, 673, 679-684,  687,  689,  690, 

696,  697,  716,  781 

Mitchell,  Mrs.  Elisha   253 

Mitchell,  George  H 797 

Mitchell,  James  B 761,  818 

Mitchell,  John    831 

Mitchell,  Julius  C 709,  817 

Mitchell,  Margaret    682 

Mitchell,  R 831 

Mitchell,  Randolph 712,  817 

Mitchell,  Stokeley  D 247,  788 

Mitchell,  Will    831 

Mitchell,  William    421 

Molie,  P.  C 166,197 

Montf ort,  William   828 

Monitors    201,  203,  204 

Montague,  Alexander 747,  753,  818 

Montague,  Walter  H 706,  816 

Montgomery,  F.  N 835 

Montgomery,  James  A 805 

Montgomery,  James  N 514,  801 

Montgomery,  John  C 176,  214,  787 

Montgomery,  John  R 182 

Montgomery,  Robert.  .  .    129, 140,  202, 

822,  829 

Montgomery,  William  J 651,  806,  834 

Moore,  Albert  G 688,  816 

Moore,  Alexander  D.  .  . .   140,  555,  800, 

822,  831 
Moore,  Alfred   (1)  .  .  .  .   3,  15,  19,  46,  48, 
70.  104,  120,  122,  124,  133,  280, 

304, 488,  827 

Moore  Alfred   (2) 64,73,76,318, 

326,  340,  346,  352,  485,  823, 830, 834 

Moore,  Andrew  J 698,  816 

Moore  Augustus .  .  .    248,  287,  296,  297, 

791, 834 

Moore,  Augustus  M 817 

Moore.  Bartholomew  F..   284,398,408, 
520,  622,  631,  655,  658,  707,  712,  735, 
755,  769,  775,  790,  824,  826,  835,  836 

Moore,  Benjamin  F 814 

Moore,  Benjamin  R 809 


INDEX. 


865 


Page. 

Moore,  Bryant  P 817 

Moore,  Charles    829 

Moore,  Dave    606 

Moore,  Duncan   120 

Moore,  George 479,  609,  610 

Moore,  Godwin  C 792 

Moore,  Hugh    393 

Moore,  J.  J.  C 634 

Moore,  James  (1)    228 

Moore,  James   (2) 228,  608 

Moore,  James   (3) 228,  827 

Moore,  James   (4) 827 

Moore,  James   (5) 300,  792 

Moore,  James  C 624,  626,  805 

Moore,  James  E 727,  728,  816 

Moore,  John 140,  159,  821,  828 

Moore,  John  S 804 

Moore,  John  W 804 

Moore,  Joseph   828 

Moore.  Junius  A 227,  228,  789 

Moore,  Larrv  1 835 

Moore,  Levi  J 819 

Moore,  Matthew   247 

Moore,  Matthew  R 788 

Moore,  Maurice    (1) 228 

Moore,  Maurice   (2) 64,  73,  75,  76, 

120,  139,  161 

Moore,  Robert    117 

Moore,  Roger    77 

Moore,  T.  L 479 

Moore,  Theophilus  W 807 

Moore,  Thomas   827 

Moore,  William    189 

Moore,  William  A 521,  804.  834 

Moore,  William  H 523 

Moran,  R.  S 768 

Mordecai,  George  W 756 

Morehead.  Abraham  F 355,  356, 

421,  795 

Morehead.  Eugene  L 769-771.  819 

Morehead.  James  T 259,265,522, 

686, 687, 722. 723, 760. 789. 810, 

814.  824,  S33 

Morehead,  John  H 524.  637 

Morehead.  John  L 636.  637.  804 

Morehead.  John  M 248,249,326, 

352,  421, 436, 477, 480,  482, 483. 491- 
493, 496,  501,  526,  536,  565,  594,  628, 
639. 649, 669, 700,  729,  753,  783,  789, 

824, 834.  835 

Morehead,  Joseph  M 723 

Morehead.  Robert  L 805 

Morgan.  Allen    32 

Morgan,  George  T 637.  807 

Morgan.  Hardy 23,  31,  34,  46.  47 

Morgan.  John   30 

55 


Page. 

Morgan,  Mark 23,  30 

Morgan,  Samuel   31 

Morgan,  Samuel,  Jr 31,  32 

Morgan,   Solomon 30,31,414 

Moring,  John  M 739,  834 

Morisey,  James  J 457 

Morisey,  Samuel  B 510 

Morisey,  Thomas  J 477,  478,  798 

Morphis,  James  M 602,  801 

Morphis,  Sam 602,  603 

Morris,  Algernon  R 669,  812 

Morris,  Thomas  A 454,  455,  696 

Morrison,  Columbus   792 

Morrison,  Elam  J 789 

Morrison,  James  E 232,  240-242, 

247,788,792 

Morrison,  John  M 640,  805 

Morrison,  Xorman  A 673,  808 

Morrison,  Robert  H 258,  789,  836 

Morrison,  Washington 351,  790 

Morrow,  Alexander  796 

Morrow,  Calvin  X 702,  811 

Morrow,  E.  G 630,  635.  636,  639, 

670,  671,  707,  719,  749,  750,  811 

Morrow,  George  W 315,  792 

Morrow,  Richard  A 706 

Morrow,  William  H 804 

Mosely,  James  L S01 

Mosely,  Palmer   214 

Moselev.  William  D 237,  249.  258. 

271-273.  274.  333.  351.  421,  486. 

783, 789, 824.  S34 

Muhlemburg,  William  A 451 

Muir.  William   827 

Mullins.  Henrv 637,  639.  SOS 

Mullins.  William  S 466.  469,  477. 

478,  496.  798 

Munn,  Angus    S07 

Murchison.  Kenneth  M 804 

Murchison.  William  E 771 

Murchison.  William  S S19 

Murdoch.  James  H 789 

Murfree.  Hardy 165,  801 

Murfree,  Marv  X 165 

Murfree.  William  H 165.  787.  S22.  833 

Murphev.  Archibald  D.  .  5.11,36.42. 
117.  144. 151, 154. 155,  161. 162-164, 
166. 201-203.  231,  239.  246.  255.  257, 
279.  2S6.  316. 317. 3S2-384.  3S6.  387, 
391,398.  412.  4S7.  500.  535.  633,  787, 

S22. 830.  834.  835 

Murphev.  Archibald  E 829 

Murphev.  William  D 790 

Murphv,  Charles  B 672 

Murphy,  J.  A 816 

Murphy,  Jeremiah  W __, 496 


866 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Paye. 

Murphy,  Robert  P 814 

Murphy,  Victor  M 791 

Murphy,   Walter 787,83.6 

Murphy,   William    810 

Murray,  Hugh   786 

Murray,  Lemuel   795 

Muse,  John  B 793 

Muse,  William  P 445 

Myers,  George  B 803 

Myers,  John  G.  B 799 

Myers,  Joseph  D 808 

Myers,  R.  L 797 

Myrick,  John  D 801 

N. 

Nash,  Abner   489 

Nash,  Francis    493 

Nash,  Frederick   (1)....   182,232,280, 
323,  326,  340,  346,  352,  366,  414, 

424,  520,  526,  636,  822,  826 

Nash,  Frederick   (2) 348,  795 

Nash,  Frederick   (3) 728,812,819 

Nash,  Henry  K 428,  482,  795 

Nash,   Mary    132 

Neal,  F 622 

Neal,  James  N 338 

Neal,  John   805 

Neale,  John  184 

Neathery,  John  B 632 

Neil,  William 240,  245 

Nelms,  Charles  G 346,  796 

Nelms,   Josiah    827 

Nelson,   James    828 

Nelson,  John  S 140 

Nesbitt,  James  K 318,  793 

Neville,  Jesse 46, 123,  828 

Newby,  Nathan 628,  629,  804 

Newby,  Thomas  M 800 

Newman,  Daniel    162 

Newton,  George   424 

Nichols,  William 282,  297 

Nichols,  William  C.   634,637,641,805,826 
Nicholson,  Alfred  0.  P.  .  316,317,783, 

793, 833, 834 

Nicholson,  David  S 77 

Nicholson,  Edward  A.  T 712 

Nicholson,  Edward  V 817 

Nicholson,   Guilford....    685,699,722, 

723, 814 

Nicholson,  Hunter 651,  806 

Nicholson,  Robert  P 814 

Nicholson,  Thomas  W 796 

Nicholson,  William  T..    672,673,685, 

707, 813 

Nixon,  John  140 

Nixon,  Richard  W 701,  702,  811 


Page. 

S  ixon,  Samuel    829 

Noble,  Stephen  W 759,  819 

Norcom,  Edmund  H 801 

Norcom,  Thomas  J 521,  803 

Norcott,   Joseph   J 438, 457 

Norfleet,  F.  S 819 

Norfleet,  Marmaduke  827 

Norfleet,  Stephen  A 797 

Norment,  William  S 808,835 

North,  Erasmus  D 314,  792 

North,  Maria  S 251 

North    Carolina    Historical    Society, 
(See  Historical  Society  of  N.  C.)- 

Norwood,  Hazell    801 

Norwood,  James  H 248,  286,  296, 

421,651,791 

Norwood,  John  W 248,  286,  296, 

297,  351,  482,  536,  623,  791 

Norwood,  Thomas  L 818 

Norwood,  Walter  A 340 

Norwood,  William..   129,315,627,792,830 

Nuckolls,  William  P 688,  814 

Nunn,  199 

Yann,  Wm 200 

Nunn,   Elizabeth 272,273,399,613 

Nunn,  Ilai 310,  314 

Nunn,  William  613 

Nutt,  Henry   64 

Nutt,  Prentiss    105 , 

Nuttall,  John   830 

0. 

Oakes,  Thomas  J 318,  793 

Gates,  David  T 635 

O'Brien,  Lawrence    789 

O'Brien,   Spencer 333,  790 

O'Bryan,  Ann   131 

Observatory    334,  335 

O'Daniel,  Spencer  A 624,  804 

Ogden,  Robert  N...   286-288,712,790, 

833  834 

O'Gilbv,  Nathaniel  A 706',  817 

Olmsted,  Denison 250,252,253, 

255,  271,  287,  289,  292,  299,  300, 

317,  417,  680 

O'NeiL  Thomas   828 

Opening  of  University  61 

Orators,    (See   Commencement  Exer- 
cises). 
Osborne,  Adlai ....   4, 15,  20,  51,  67,  76, 

97, 116,  136, 168,  199,  202,  821 

Osborne,  Adlai  L 168,  787 

Osborne,  Alexander 72,  85, 153,  787 

Osborne,  Edwin  J 72,  73,  76,  85, 

118, 153,  787 
Osborne,  Elizabeth   132 


INDEX. 


867 


Page. 

Osborne,  James  W 324,  325,  505, 

500,  023,  793,  S34 

Osborne,  John  C S22,  828 

Osborne.  Jonathan 508,  835 

Osborne,  Robert  D 728,  730 

Osborne,  Spruce  M 170,  787 

Osborne.  Thomas  A 72 

Otev.  James  H 272,  2S4,  2S5,  421, 

598, 073,  075,  080,  703,  7S3, 790,  S3G 

Outbreaks  of  Students 198-200, 

233-238.  290,  291,  298.  299,  309,  444, 

452-454,  019,  630,  631,  653,  690,  691 

Outlaw,   David 287,296.297,791,833 

Outlaw,  Edward  R 817 

Overton,  John 3S0,  387,  396 

Overton,  Thomas    287 

Owen,  H.  L 647 

Owen,  John ....    134,  184,  213,  214,  2S0, 
323,  326,  332,  352,  384,  456. 

783,  823,  831,  834,  836 

Owen.  Thomas  R 794 

Owen.  William  H 324,  338,  354. 

408,  409,  421,  426,  456,  482,  527, 

550,  696,  794 

Owens.  Napoleon  B 723 

Owens,  William  A 630,  807 

P. 

Paddison,  Hannah   .  .  . 131 

Paine.   James    76 

Paisley,  John 501,  795 

Palmer,  Beniamin  M 647 

Palmer,  Matt.  A 284 

Palmer.  Matthias  B.  D 259.  790 

Pannel.  William   830 

Pannell,  Betsy 310,  598 

Pannell.  Mrs.". 272,  273 

Parish,   Charles 830,  831 

Parish,   Susannah    131 

Park,  James    806 

Parke,  James  D 797 

Parker,  Augustus  M 688,  816 

Parker,  Charles    623 

Parker.  James    814 

Parker,  James  P 723.  814 

Parker.  John  H 308,  345,  794 

Parker,  Walter  C.  Y 672,  814 

Parker.  William  F 727,  818 

Parks,  Oliver  T 688,  700,  723,  815 

Parsons.  John  H 817 

Partin,  William    828 

Parton,  Bennett   242 

Partridge,  Isaac  C 367 

Pasteur,  Charles   827 

Pasteur,  Edward  G 285,  790,  834 

Paterson,  Cheslev  P 46 


Page. 

Patton,  David    414 

Patton,  James  A.  .  .   521,  624,  025,  083,  803 

Patton,  John   ' 182 

Patrick,  David  S 807 

Patterson,  H.  H 271,  820 

Patterson,  James 34,  40,  47 

Patterson,  John 237,  248,  789 

Patterson,  Alalloy   806 

Patterson,  Rufus  L 510,  521,  803,  825 

Patterson,  Samuel  F...   435,520,526, 

527,  735,  824,  826 
Patterson,  Samuel  L....   767,773,820,835 

Paxton,  524 

Payne,  Robert  L 808 

Peace,  Joseph   830 

Peace,   William 129,134,162,830,831 

Pearce,  Lucius  R.  A 677 

Pearce,  Oliver  W 813 

Pearson,  Francis  M 438,457,472, 

473,  797 

Pearson,  John  W 685,  686,  819 

Pearson,  Richmond   169 

Pearson,  Richmond  M.  .    169,  289,  290, 

486,  635,  636,  758,  784^  791,  797,  834 

Pearson,  Robert  C 812 

Pearson,  W.  G.  B 814 

Pearson,  William   S 752,769,770, 

819,  832 

Peck,  William   582 

Peebles,  — — —   234 

Peebles,  Robert  B 720,  721,  731 

Peebles,  William  W 636,  S04 

Peete,  Samuel   827 

Pegram,  Henry  B 815 

Pegues,  William    214 

Peirce,  Benjamin   508 

Pender,  Lorenzo  D 508,  801 

Pendergrass,  Job   828 

Penn,  Abraham    792 

Percival,  William    827 

Perkins,  Caleb    333 

Perkins,  David   15 

Perkins,  James  B 695,  811 

Perkins,  James  J 648 

Perrin,  103 

Perry,  Benjamin  F 424 

Perry,  Benjamin  L 817 

Perry,  John  M 686,  687,  810 

Perry,   Samuel    800 

Perry,  Theophilus 558,  626,  805 

Person,  Jesse  H 712,  751 

Person,  Thomas 4,  6,  12.  14,  19,  62, 

120-122,138.821 

Person,  Thomas  J 508.  514,  509.  801 

Person,  Samuel  J...  480,481,649,799,834 
Pescud,  Peter  F 820 


868 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Pettigrew,  Caroline  85 

Pettigrew,  Charles 60,68,85,91,821 

Pettigrew,  Charles  L 427,  428,  795 

Pettigrew,  Ebenezer . . .  .    65,  73,  76,  91, 

92,  93,  161,  833 
Pettigrew,  James  J .  .   65,  93,  482,  504, 
505,  507,  508,  590,  729,  749,  750,  801,  836 

Pettigrew,  John 76,  91,  92,  93, 161 

Pettigrew,  William  S 433,  769,  796 

Pharr,  Walter  W 471 

Phifer,  Caleb   139 

Phifer,  Charles  W.  .  637,  641,  749,  805,  836 

Phifer,  George    169 

Phifer,  John 161,  501,  787 

Phifer,  John  F 185 

Phifer,  Martin  L 797 

Philanthropic  Society,   (See  Literary 
Societies). 

Philips,  200 

Philips,  Charles    814 

Philips,  Frederick..    200,265,688,810,834 

Philips,  James  J 819 

Philips,  John  J 731 

Philips,  John  W 768,819 

Phillips,  Alonzo 752,  772,  819 

Phillips,  Ethelred    265 

Phillips,  Charles .  . .  336,  408,  444,  472, 
473,  482,  491,  492,  496,  500,  511,  519, 
521, 528, 550,  551, 552,  579, 596,  633, 
634,  643,  644,  656,  673,  679,  680,  713, 
716,  721,  725,  734,  736,  742,  752,  758, 
763, 764, 765,  769,  780,  781,  785,  797 
Phillips,  James.  . .  .  299,  317,  323,  335, 
340,  355,  358,  363,  403,-  408,  418,  419, 
426,  436,  460,  463,  464,  467,  476, 527, 
542,  543,  549,  550,  555,  611,  627,  662, 

683, 692, 696, 716,  736,  740,  758,  760 

Phillips,  Mrs.  James   476 

Phillips,  Samuel  F.   450,472,473,482, 
487,  496,  501,  510,  513,  514,  521,  550, 

764,  797,  825,  832,  834,  835 

Phillips,  William  B 682,  785 

Pickens,   Israel 150,  823 

Pickens,  Israel  L 798 

Pickens,  Samuel 247,  788 

Pickett,  William  D 288,  790,  835 

Picot,  Peter  0 238,  260,  789 

Pillow,  George  M 702,  811,  815 

Pillow,  Gideon  J.  Jr 806 

Pinckney,  Henrv  L 427 

Pinkard,  Thomas  C 493 

Pinkston,    Johnson 189,  217,  788 

Pinnix,  Marshal  H 811 

Piper,  Alexander 23,  33 

Piper,  John   / 828 


J'aye. 

Pipkin,  Thomas  H 792 

Pitchford,  Thomas  J 338,339,794 

Pitt,  Mark  D 817 

Pitt,   William    271 

Pittman,  Keddin  G 813 

Plummer,   Edward  H 650, 806 

Plummer,  Henry  L 247,  788 

Plummer,  Kemp 237,  280,  823 

Plummer,   William 236,  237,  238 

Pointer,  Philip   829 

Poisson,  John    831 

Polk,  Andrew  J 799 

Polk,   Cadwallader 673,808 

Polk,  Charles    140 

Polk,  Horatio  N 797 

Polk,  James  H 709,  816 

Polk,  James  K.  .  29,258,274,300,455, 
496,  504-506,  509,  615,  783,  789, 

832,  833,  834 

Polk,  Mrs.  James  K 509 

Polk,   Leonidas 285,  749,  783,  835,  836 

Polk,  Lucius  J 258,  288,  492,  496,  790 

Polk,  Marshall  T 300,  792 

Polk,  Rufus  J 817 

Polk,  Samuel    151 

Polk,  Sarah    131 

Polk,  Thomas  G...    184,185,788,800,824 
Polk,  William...    19,127-129,151,153, 
159,  162, 198,  199,  202-205,  245,  246, 
255,  279,  280,  304,  334,  350,  351,  384, 

385,  419,  821,  826,  830 

Polk,  William  H 428,  832 

Polk,  William  J 189,  246,  788 

Pollock,   George 123,  828 

Pollock,  Thomas    795 

Ponton,  Mungo   827 

Pool,  Charles  C 710,  711,  813,  834 

Pool,  John 483,  493,  507,  508,  709, 

712, 801,  825,  832 

Pool,  Solomon 626,  636,  637,  644, 

652,  654,  662,  689,  713,  716,  719, 
725, 752, 753, 758, 785,  804,  836 

Pool,   Stephen  F 493.  800 

Pool,  William  G 522,  802 

Popleston,  Samuel  W 792 

Porter,  Franklin 771,  819 

Porter,  Robert    51 

Porter,  S.  W 131 

Porter,  William .    4,  12,  20,  21,  153,  159,  821 
Potter,  Henry.  .   127,  129,168.  231,244- 

246,  279,  384,  419,  526,  822,  831 

Potts,  John  W 286,  791 

Potts,  Joshua  827 

Pou,  E.  W 835 

Powell,  Joseph  W 819 

Powell,  Lemuel  B 338,  339.  794 


INDEX. 


869 


Faye. 

Powell,  Robert  J 816 

Powell,  William  H 636,  804 

President,  Election  of..    1(3,231,245,423 

Preusser,  Conrad   829 

Price,  Harry  H 720,818 

Price,  James  A 798 

Price,  Jonathan 152,  153 

Price,  Mary  33 

Price,  Nymphaa  E 817 

Price,  Thomas  S 048 

Pride,  Halcott  J 830 

Prince,  Oliver  H 427,  790,  797 

Prince,  Thomas  McC 793 

Prince,  Mrs.  W.  B 105 

Pritehard,  Thomas  H 709 

Proctor,  Albert  G 790,  797 

Proctor,  Samuel  J 471,  797 

Prudhomme,  J.  A 711 

Prudhomme,  Mitchell  S 077,  815 

Protest  of  Faculty 305,  308 

Prout,  Edmund  G 747,  748,  818 

Prout,  William  C 727,  740-748,  818 

Puckett,  Betsy    263 

Puekett,  Mrs.  "John 271 

Pugh,  Joseph  H 214 

Pugh,  Robert  L 815 

Pugh,  Whitmell  H 794 

Pufliam.  Alfred  B 812 

Punishments    58,  194-197 

Purcell,  Archibald   797 

Purcell.  J.  E 819 

Purcell,  John  G 051,  812 

Purcell,  Malcolm  G 285.  790 

Purcell,  Mungo  T 817 

Purcell,  William  H 819 

Purdie,  James  L 829 

Purefov,  George  W 047,  743 

Purvear,  Henry  S 685.  080 

Puttiek,  John  M 635,  049.  650.  806 

Q- 

Quarles,  George  MeD 700.  813,  815 

Quarles,  William  L 599,730,731.816 

Quince,  Xathaniel  H 477.  478,  798 

Quince,   Richard    827 

Quince,  Richard,  Jr 827 

R. 

Raiford,  Robert   830 

Rains,  John 290,  791 

Ramsey,  Ambrose   22 

Ramsey,  John  A 186,  189,  788 

Ramsey,  Joseph   333 

Ramsey,  Junius  M 673,  808 

R-amsey,  Matthew    22 

Ramsey,  Nathan  A 801 


Page. 

Rand,  Oscar  R 040,  805 

Kandall,  Alexander  W 759,  700,  762 

Kandall,  P.  M.  C 534 

Randolph,  John    185 

Rankin,  Jesse   656 

Rankin,  John  C 459 

Rankin,  John  D.  M 637,  809 

Rankin,  John  T 730,  818 

Rankin,  Joseph  K .768,  820 

Ransom,  Matthew  W.  .  .   504,  507,  513, 
556,  557,  579,  623,  609,  070.  750, 

784, 801,  825,  832,  835 

Ravenscroft,  John  F 290 

Ray,  David 139,  828 

Rau,  Lavender  R 818 

Read,  Clement  C 259,  264,  789 

Read,  James   828 

Read,  Thomas  E 284,  790 

Reade,  Edwin  G 438,  023,  754 

Readen,  William  J 634 

Reaves,  Lewis    830 

Rebellions    155,  188,  189,  203-21S 

Recommendations   of   Faculty...    359-300 
Reconstruction  and  the  University..   774 

Redmond,  Frank  P 730 

Reed,  John  H 829 

Reese,  John  J 799 

Reeves,  William  H 709,  753,  761,  818 

Reid,  David  S 622,  639,  825 

Reid,  James 53,  405 

Reid,  Xuma  F 753 

Reid.  Thomas  J 814 

Removal  of  University  Discussed .  . . 

352, 353 
Rencher,  Abram 40,  286,  288,  783, 

790,  832,  834 

Rencher,  John  G 46,  727,  816,  828 

Rencher,  William  C 753.  754,  818 

Reynolds,  Charles  A 768,  772,  820,  834 

Rhea,    Andrew 179,180,182,187, 

100. 241,  242 

Rhodes,  Eugene  C 816 

Rhodes,  James   822 

Rhodes.  Joseph  T 794,  822 

Rhodes,  William  J 712,  818 

Rial.   Tims 711.813 

Richards.    William 71.  77 

Richards,  W.  A 84.115,117.118. 

154. 156,  161 

Richards,  W.  C 617 

Richardson.  Clement  S 816 

Richardson,  Edward  L 723 

Richardson.    Lunsford    794 

Richardson.  Milton  C   747.  748.  818 

Richardson,  Will   831 

Richardson,  William  M 625.803 

1  •  i»,  **n 


870 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Richardson,   William   S 811 

Richardson,  William  T.  634 

Richmond,  John  M 688,  810 

Richmond,  Stephen  B 677,  815 

Ricks,  Benjamin  S 791 

Riddick,  Charles  E.  C 688,  816 

Riddick,  Edward  L 651,  811 

Riddiek,  W.  D 429 

Riddle,  Thomas    '.    792 

Rider,  William    828 

Ridley,  Bromfield  L 248,  296,  297, 

791  835 

Ridley,  Robert  A.  T 317,  793'  834 

Riggins,   William    828 

Riggsbee,  Stanly  M 818 

Rigtotz,   John    829 

Ringo,  Joseph  H 810 

Risque,  Ferdinand  W 315,  792 

Rives,  James  P 820 

Roan,  Felix  R 808 

Roan,  Nathaniel  K 738,  747,  748, 

753, 818 

Roan,  Preston   815 

Roan,  Robert  L 820 

Robards,  Henry  J 795 

Robards,  Horace  L 795 

Robards,  William..    323,326,384,824,830 

Robards,  William  J 817 

Robards,  William  S 352 

Roberts,  Charles  M 808 

Roberts,  Isaac    811 

Roberts,  John  J.  . .  .  440,  474,  475,  479,  796 

Roberts,  Joshua    351 

Roberts,  Major   497 

Roberts,  Stephen  C 804 

Robeson,  David  G 640,  805 

Robins,  Marmaduke  S.  .   670-672,807,834 

Robinson,  Cornelius    808 

Robinson,  Gilbert  N 807 

Robinson,  John 186,  323 

Robinson,  Thomas  J 505,  522,  523, 

577, 802 

Robinson,  William  A 804 

Robbins,  Franklin  C 701,  702,  811 

Bobbins,  Gaston  A 835 

Robbins,  James  C 702 

Robbins,  James  L 653,  672,  811 

Robbins,  Julius  A 641,  675-677,  808 

Robertson,  Henry  J 818 

Rodman,  William  B 366,  413,  427, 

428,  726,  795,  834 

Rogers,  Benjamin  J 816 

Rogers,  John   283 

Rogers,  John  P 739,  740,  817 

Rogers,  Sion  H 499,  800,  833,  835 

Rogers,   Thomas    826 


I'age. 

Rogers,  William  J 702,  811 

Roscoe,  John  H 800 

Rose,  Charles  G 284,  790 

Rose,  George  McN 753,761,818,834 

Rose,  John  M.,  Jr 771,  819 

Rose,  William  A 422,  795 

Roseborough,  Rufus  M 339,  794 

Ross,  Jesse  G (588,  723,  815 

Rose,  William    270 

Roulbac,  John   151 

Roulhac,  John  G 788 

Roulhac,  Joseph  B.  G 189,  217,  788 

Roulhac,   William    214 

Rounsaville,  Benjamin  D 183,  184,  788 

Rounsaville,  Peter  K 799 

Routh,  Stephen  M .* 700,  816 

Rowan,  Robert    502 

Rowan,   Susan    502 

Royall,   Ann    336, 337 

Royall,  William    284,790 

Royster,  Iowa  M.  . .  672,  673,  685,  686, 

710, 711,  719, 732,  749,  751, 813 

Ruffin,  Archibald  R 280,  823 

Ruffin,  Ethelred 508,  803 

Ruffin,  George  M 441 

Ruffin,  George  W 798 

Ruffin,  Havwood   76 

Ruffin,  Lamon   515, 804 

Ruffin,  James    73 

Ruffin,  James  H 789 

Ruffin,  James  S 800 

Ruffin,  John  K 640,  805 

Ruffin,  Peter  B 586.  798 

Ruffin,   Samuel  H 422.  795 

Ruffin,  Thomas 154,  260,  280,  298. 

316, 326,  328,  330,  356,  384,  448. 

526, 527, 631,  649, 685,  704,  735, 

764, 823,  825 

Ruffin,  Thomas,  Jr 485,  583,  797.  834 

Ruffin,  Thomas  (of  Wayne) 434. 

474,  799,  833,  835 

Ruffin,  William  K 324.  793 

Rugeley,  Henry  L 669,  675.  811 

Rules  and  Regulations ...   56,  57, 190- 

193. 201, 244, 302, 303.  357, 436. 

645-647,  676-678 

Russ.  Simpson    811 

Russell.  Daniel  L 739.  834 

Russell.  John  C 830 

Rutland,   Shadrack    827 

Rvan,  David  S 812 

Ryan,  Samuel  G 817 

S. 

St.  Lawrence,  Patrick  22 


INDEX. 


87I 


Page. 
Salaries 190,  242,  243,  359,  456, 

467,  652,  654,  689,  725,  731,  735,  740 

Sampson,  James    789 

Sampson,  Michael   828 

Sanders,  Claudius  B 510,  521,  624, 

625,  803 

Sanders,  David  W 809 

Sanders,  Edwin  S 637,  808,  813 

Sanders,  Fleming 169,  835 

Sanders,  Isaac  B 802 

Sanders,  Lucian  H 800 

Sanders,  Marion   790 

Sanders,  Robert  A 799 

Sanders,  Willis  H 481,  799 

Sandford,  John  W.,  Jr 805 

Sandford,  Robert  H 802 

Sanford,  J.  W 637 

Satterfield,  Edward  F 651,751,811 

Satterthwaite,  F.  B 623 

Satterthwaite,  Louis  E 815 

Satterthwaite,  William  E 816 

Satterwhite,  Horace  B 185,  214 

Sasser,  Philip  H 817 

Saunders,  David  M 791 

Saunders,  James 428,  522,  795 

Saunders,  Joseph  H 267,  285,  298, 

409,  421,  790,  813 

Saunders,  Reuben  T 793 

Saunders,  Richard  B 647,  805 

Saunders,  Romulus  M.  .   246,280,326, 

332,  384,  450,  565,  655,  668,  714, 

823, 826,  832,  833,  834,  835 

Saunders,  William  J 635,  649,  807 

Saunders,  William  L. .  .    640,  641,  785, 

805,  835 

Sawyer,  Enoch   280,  823 

Sawyer,  Frederick    791 

Sawyer,  Julian  E 324,  338,  354,  794 

Sawyer,  Lemuel 169,  833 

Sawyer,  Matthias  E 791 

Scales,  Alfred   286 

Scales,  Alfred  M.  . .   523,  635,  750,  791, 

825, 833, 834,  836 

Scales,  Erasmus  D 710,  711,  813 

Scales,  James  P 522,  802,  834 

Scales,  James  T 810 

Scales,  John  L 803 

Scales,  Joseph  H 817 

Scales,  Junius  I 624,  634,  636,  637,  804 

Scales,  N.  E 636,  804 

Scales,  Peter  P 626,  806 

Scales,  T.  S 816 

Scott.  Caroline   431 

Scott,  Edward  M 485,  802 

Scott,  James  G 799 

Scott.  John 323,  326,  352.  824 


Page. 

Scott,   Lawrence 427,  428,  506,  795 

Scott,  Robert   831 

Scott,  Ruf us   805 

Scott,  T.  H 438 

Scott,  Thomas  B 788 

Scott,  William  L 624,634,640,641 

Schweinitz  von,  Lewis 245,  280,  823 

Searcy, 199 

Sears,  Doctor    660 

Seawell,   Henry 127,140,246,280, 

822, 835 

Seawell,  Joseph  J 803 

Seawell,  William   792 

Secession  of  Students 200-218 

Seddon,  James  A 733,  734 

Sellars,  Duncan 433,  797 

Sermons,   (See  Commencement  Exer- 
cises). 

Servants  of  the  University 600-607 

Sessions,  Coleman 634,  671,  672,  807 

Sessions,  Henry  W 808 

Sessums,  Preston  H 818 

Settle,  David  A 814 

Settle,  Thomas   (1) 824 

Settle,  Thomas  (2) 616,  764,  802, 

825,832-834 

Seward,  William  H 534,  759,  760-763 

Seymour,  Thomas  H 768,  769 

Sibley,  John    829 

Sickles,  Daniel  E 759,  760,  762 

Siler,  D.  W 623 

Siler,  Jesse  W 6S8,  816 

Siler,  Leonidas  F.  .  .   628,  629,  631-633, 

804,  825 

Siler,  Quintus  P 759,  760 

Siler,  Rufus  S 68S,  816 

Siler,  Thaddeus    575 

Sillers,  William  W 651,  702,  811 

Sills,  Gray 792 

Simeson,  James  H 789 

Simmons,  David  W 677,  722,  723 

Simmons,  David  W.,  Jr 815 

Sims,  Alexander  D 289,  833 

Simms,  Edward  D.  .  296,  319.  421.  496.  791 

Simms,  G.  G 815 

Simms,  Lawrence   76 

Simms.  Richard....    71,72,73,85,161.434 

Simms,  William  D 792 

Singletary,  George 250,  321 

Singletary,  G.  B 623 

Singletary.  Richard  W 810 

Singletary,  Thomas  C 812 

Singleton,  Spier  829 

Singleton.  Thomas  J 186 

Sitgreaves.  John ...    3.  19,  33.  144.  145, 

405,  821 


872 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Shannon,  Nicholson  D 8ll 

Sharpe,  John  P 501,  797 

Sharpe,  Thomas  1 482,  483,  801 

Shattoek,  Melville  J 814 

Shaw,  Colin 440,  796 

Shaw,  Henry  M 768,  820 

Shaw,  Hugh  829 

Shaw,  John  B 640,  805 

Shaw,  M 622 

Shaw,  Norman  L 709,  817 

Shaw,  Priscilla    131 

Shaw,  Thomas  J 834 

Shaw,  William 286,  831 

Shaw,  William  A 790 

Shepard,  Charles  B 316,  317,  793,  833 

Shepard,  George  E 811 

Shepard,  James  B 338,  355,  356, 

366,  488,  795,  833 

Shepard,  John  R.  D 730,  747,  748,  818 

Shepard,  Joseph  C 814 

Shepard,  Richard  M 323 

Shepard,  Wlliiam  A 499 

Shepard,  William  B 236,  238,  239, 

249, 438,  459,  520,  824,  833 

Shepherd,  Frederick  A 499,  800 

Shepherd,  James  E 786,  834 

Shepherd,  Jesse  G 472,473,735, 

797, 825, 834 

Sherard,  Christopher  C 804 

Sherard,   Gabriel    333 

Sherard,  John  V 800 

Sherman,  William  T 528,  743,  775 

Shine.  Daniel   86 

Shipp,  Albert  M 433,  469,  470, 

524.  617,  663,  675,  696,  697,  716- 

719,  797,  836 

Shipp.  Bartlett    333 

Shipp  William  M 433,  469,  470, 

623, 682,  797.  834,  835 

Shober,  Charles  E 735,  801 

Shober.  Emmanuel 129,  824,  829 

Shober.  Gotlieb   130, 829 

Shober,  Francis  E 520,  578,  579, 

625,  760,  764,  803,  825.  833 

Shorter,  Charles  E 816 

Shorter,  Eli  S 700 

Shorter.  Henrv  R 804 

Shorter,  Reuben  C 494,  495,  635, 

759, 768,  800, 820 

Shorter.  William  A 759.  820 

Shuck.  Lewis  H 703 

Shute.  Joseph 829.  831 

Skinner,  Henry   333 

Skinner,  John ' 821 

Skinner,  Joseph  B 280,  366,  823 

Skinner,  Thomas  E 508,  583.  801 


Page. 

Skinner,  Thomas  G 709,  728,  833 

Skinner,  Tristram  L 474 

Slade,  Alfred  M 238,  259,  262 

Slade,  Ebenezer   18 

Slade,  James  B 511,  615,  790,  804 

Slade,  James  J 521,  804 

Slade,  Jeremiah 140, 178,  280,  649, 

806,  823 

Slade,  Jeremiah  J 628,  629,  632,  804 

Slade,  Thomas  B .  .  .  259,  263,  264,  284, 

670,  671,  790 

Slade,  Thomas  B.,  Jr 807 

Slade,  Thomas  T 474,  800 

Slade,  William 145,  822 

Slaughter,  Lewis  G 651,  793 

Sloan,  John  A 811 

Sloan,  John  B 771,772,820 

Sloan,  Robert  M.,  Jr 637,  805 

Slover,  George 734,  753,  754,  818 

Small,  Joseph  W 628,  802 

Small,  Nathan  B 669 

Smallwood,  Edward  F 799 

Smedes,  Abraham  K 753 

Smedes,  Aldert   644 

Smith,  James  T 734 

Smith.  Alexander  H 819 

Smith,  Alexander  R.  . .  .   628,  629,  632,  804 

Smith,  Archibald  A.  T 794 

Smith,  Archibald  D 674 

Smith,  Benjamin 3,  12,  13, 118- 

120, 139.  159.  279,  320.  328,  385,  401. 

404,  617,  821,  826,  830 

Smith.  Benjamin  G 810 

Smith.  Benjamin  M 339,  799 

Smith,  Burton 674,  806 

Smith.  Drew    827 

Smith,  Eleanor  H.  P 131 

Smith.  Farquard.  Jr 813 

Smith,  Felix  G 675,  808 

Smith,  Francis  J 796 

Smith,  Franklin  L 322,  323,  793 

Smith.  G.  C 711 

Smith,  Henrv  G 421 

Smith.  Hoke 65,  660 

Smith.  Hosea  H.  .  .  .  659,  660.  663,  736,  764 

Smith.  Isaac  H 820 

Smith,   James 323,  827 

Smith.  James  A 759,  760,  820 

Smith.  James  C 422,  795.  804.  816 

Smith.  James  M 650,  688,  806.  816 

Smith.  James  S.  . .  .  280.  297,  298.  304, 

326, 352,  427,  493. 796.  823 

Smith.  James  T 819 

Smith,  Jesse  P 472,  480.  494.  495.  800 

Smith,  John  A 651 

Smith.  John  B 457,  798 


INDEX. 


8/3 


Page. 

Smith,  John  C 792 

Smith,  Jonathan   831 

Smith,  Mary  B 660 

Smith,  Mary  R 27,  796 

Smith,  Maurice  T 626,  750,  807 

Smith,  Nicholas    393 

Smith,  Xorfleet    813 

Smith,  Peter  E 625,  803 

Smith,  Richard 134,  831 

Smith,  Richard  H.  .   299,  339,  345,  709, 

712, 794 

Smith,  Richard  1 284,  790 

Smith,  Richard  L 616,  802 

Smith,  Robert 72,  75,  76,  85 

Smith,  Robert  W 161 

Smith,  Samuel   356 

Smith,  Samuel  H 285,  790 

Smith,  Samuel  P 807 

Smith,  Stanhope    67 

Smith.   Sidney 695,711,811,814 

Smith.  Thomas  L 677,  685,  813 

Smith,  Thomas  McG 626,  807 

Smith,  William    324 

Smith,  William  1 818 

Smith,  William  H 804 

Smith,  William  X.  H 622,  825 

Smith,  William  R 791 

Sneed,  Archibald  H 181 

Sneed,  James 169,170,172,787 

Sneed,  James  W 795 

Sneed,  John    351 

Sneed,  Nathan  J 723 

Sneed,  Robert  W 4,  6,  821,  827 

Sneed,  Samuel  F 791 

Sneed,  Stephen 247,  830 

Sneed,  William   521 

Sneed,  William  M 64,  65,  73,  85, 

161, 333, 787 

Snow,  Samuel  T 688,  816 

Societies,  (See  Fraternities,  Histori- 
cal Society,  and  Literary  Socie- 
ties). 

Somervell,  John   811 

Somervell,  William  J 811 

Smnerville,  James 427,  433,  439,  796 

Somerville,  James  P 830 

Sorsbv,  Stephen  S 338, 794 

Spaij/ht,  Ashlev  W 457,  477,  750, 

798, 835, 836 

Spaight,  Charles  G 284,  790 

Spaight,  Mary  L 70 

Spaight,  Richard  D  (1)  .  .  .  .   19.  62,  69, 

103,  123, 143,  284,  821,  826,  828 

Spaight,  Richard  D.  (2) 247,280, 

333.  456,  628,  783,  788,  823,  833,  834 
Spann,  John  J 811 


Page. 

Spear,  William  W 324,  794 

Speight,  Richard  H 772,  820 

Speight,  Seth  B 712 

Speller,  James  808 

Spelman,  John   704 

Spencer,  Cornelia  P 251,612,740, 

741,  751 

Spencer,  James  M 615,  624,  631, 

634,  636,  637,  640,  740,  804 

Spencer,  Julia   7 741 

Spencer,   Samuel 4,  214,  821 

Spencer,  William  H 634,637,640,805 

Spidey,  Aaron  J 324,  793 

Springs,  Adam  A 153,  787 

Springs,  John  M 808 

Spruill,  Peter  E.  . .  .  626,  629,  631,  635, 

636,  662,  716,  749,  806 

Spruill,  Thomas  H 469,  470,  496,  497 

Stafford,  James 285,  790 

Stallings,  John  V 809 

Stallings,   Josiah 354,  794 

Stamps,  Thomas  L 428,  795 

Stamps,  William  L 428 

Stancell,  Millard  F 819 

Stancill,  Rouell  M.  .  648,  669,  688,  709,  816 

Standford,  Richard 142 

Stanfield,  Stephen  A 484,  799 

Stanlv,  Edward 833,  835 

Stanlv,  Elizabeth   132 

Stanly,  Frank    793 

Stanl V,  John 280,  823 

Stanly,  R.  D 829 

Stanley,  Wright  C 151 

Staples,  Abraham    261 

Staples,  Waller  R 472,  495,  824,  835 

Starbuck,  H.  R 622,  834 

Starke,  John  M....  259,265,285,790,829 

Staton,  Archibald  1 688,  816 

Staton,  Henry  L.,  Jr 820 

Stedman,  Charles  M 700,  722,  723, 

815, 834 

Stedman,  Elisha  B 324,  793,  794 

Stedman,  J.  M 325 

Stedman,  James  0 324,  338.  794 

Steele,  John 100, 182,  208,  823 

Steele,  Walter  L.  .  .   469,  484,  485,  529, 

669, 678, 764,  799.  825,  833 

Stephens,  Samuel  B 338,  794 

Sterling,  Edward  G 672,  813 

Steveley,  John   822 

Stevenson,  Joseph  W.  . .   635,  639,  670, 

671,  807 

Stevenson.  Mark  D.  W 730.  819 

Steward.  Azariah  C 722,  816 

Stewards   193,  194 

Stewart,  Daniel 651.  687,  810 


874 


HISTORY    UNIVERSITY    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Stewart,  Duncan  828 

Stewart,  Jonathan  L.  F 675,  676,  808 

Stewart,  Samuel    791 

Stewart,  William  B 30 

Stickney,  John  C 636,  804 

Stickney,  Joseph  B 803 

Stirewalt,  John 794 

Stith,   Abner 242,  264,  788 

Stith,  Basil   827 

Stockton,  Francis  D 634,  701,  811 

Stokes,  Hugh  M 788 

Stokes,  John 3,6,  12,  821 

Stokes,  John  R 216,  788 

Stokes,   Montford.  .    182,  231,  280,  384, 

456, 822 

Stokes,  Thomas   22 

Stone,  David 18,21,22,48,51,99, 

104,  125,  130,  145, 162,  188,  231, 

821,  826,  830 

Stone,  David  W 265,  266,  285,  521,  790 

Stone,  DeWitt  C 472,  800,  825 

Stone,  John  H 482 

Strain,  Alexander   828 

Strain,  James    828 

Strange,  Alexander  R 510 

Strange,  John  K. . .   493,497,508,635,801 

Strange,  Robert 433,  457,  474,  797 

Strayhorn,  Isaac  R.   752,769-771,819,835 

Strayhorn,  John   828 

Street,  William  B. 792 

Streyhorn,  David   828 

Streyhorn,  Gilbert   828 

Strong.  George  V 494,495,800,834 

Strong.  Hugh 710,  711,  813 

Strowd,  Robert  F 31 

Strowd,  Robert  W 414 

Strudwick,  Frederick  N 637 

Strudwick,   w  illiam  F 346 

Strudwick,  William  S 637 

Stubbs,  J.  R 623 

Studies  and  Requirements .  48,  49,  55, 
93,  168,  170, 174,  180, 255-257,  358, 
359, 451, 462-463,  464,  474,  531,  542, 
546,  547,  549,  551-558,  642,  643, 661- 

665, 764-767 

Swain,  Annie    780 

Swain,  David  L 336,  346,  349,  352, 

357,  366,  384,  385,  403,  408-410,  413, 
421,  423, 424-426,  431,  435,  436,  443, 
444, 448,  452, 454,  455,  456, 460, 462- 
466,  475,  480,  485-487,  491-493,  497, 
504,  505,  511-513,  520,  526-536,  549, 
555,  562, 564,  573,  575,  581,  586,  610, 
611,  615, 617, 618, 622-624,  628,  633, 
639,  648, 651-654,  659,  666-668.  677, 
691,  694,  696,  699,  700,  701,  707, 715, 


lJaye. 
716,  720,  721,  724,  725,  729,  730,  732, 
738,  740-743,  746,  751,  753-757,  759, 
760,  762-765,  767,  775-784,  824,  826, 834 

Swain,  David,  Jr 780 

Swain,  Mrs.  David  L.  . .  455,487,534,535 

Sawin,  George    425 

Swain,  Richard  C 575,  810 

Swan,  Thomas    831 

Swann,  Alexander   433 

Swayze,  Caldwell  C 810 

Sweeney,  Joe   596 

Swift,  Joseph  G 120,  134,  831 

Swindell,  James  H 669 

Subscriptions    17,  22,  23,  122,  123, 

128, 129 

Sugg,  James  B 812 

Sugg,  Redding  S 808 

Sullivan,  i>±ilton  A 515,  802,  803 

Summerell,  A.  W 477, 478 

Summerell,  Joseph  J 798 

Sumner,  Benjamin 286-288,  517,  790 

Sumner,  David  E 788 

Sumner,  Edmund  B 802 

Sumner,  James  E 807 

Sumner,  Jethro 288 

Sumner,  Thomas   791 

Sumner,  Thomas  E 140 

Sumner,  Thomas  J 290,  494,  495,  800 

Sutton,  Joseph   830 

Sutton,  John  M 688,  816 

Sutton,  Stark  A 630,  806 

Sutton,  William  M 808 

Sutton,  William  T 794 

Sutton,  William  T.,  Jr 810 

Sykes,  Edward  T 810 

Sykes,  Laws-on  W 688,  816 

Sykes,  Richard  L 813 

Sykes,  S.  T 810 

Syme,  Andrew    356 

T. 

Tabb,  James  A 827 

Tankersley,   Felix 706,  817 

Tarbe,  D.  A 831 

Tarry,  George  P 790 

Tate,  Henry  H 810 

Tate,  James    59 

Tate,  James  T 730,  738.  739,  817 

Tate,  John   339 

Tate,  Robert  H 530,  801 

Tatum,  Absalom 51,  140,  145,  828 

Tatum,  Howell   829 

Tatum,  John  B 810 

Tayloe,  David  T 480,  800 

Tavlor,  George  W 813 

Tavlor.  Frederick  828 


INDEX. 


875 


Page. 

Taylor,  Hannah  132 

Taylor,  Hannis 773,  820,  832 

Taylor,  Henry  H 818 

Taylor,  Isaac   829 

Taylor,  James 14,  51,  72,  286,  826 

Taylor,  James  F.  .  .   185,  186,  215,  384, 

472, 788,  798, 824,  835 

Taylor,  James  H 672,  790,  814 

Taylor,  James  L 793 

Taylor,  James  M 825 

Taylor,  James  P 811 

Taylor,  Jane   132 

Tavlor,  Jeremy    608 

Taylor,   John ....    37,  52,  53,  64,  65,  73, 
76,  88,  134,  171, 193,  194.  196, 

197,  488,  828,  830 

Taylor,  John  C 284,  790 

Taylor,  John  D 750,  804 

Taylor,  John  L 62,  176,  182,  318, 

424,  787,  821,  829,  831 

Taylor,  John  T 524,  558,  615,  624, 

636,  637,  804 

Taylor,  Lewis    788 

Taylor,  Leonard  H 433,  434,  796 

Taylor,  Leonidas   800 

Taylor,  Massilon  F 677,  815 

Taylor,  Oliver  P 809 

Taylor,  Robert    830 

Taylor,  Simon  H 688,  815,  816 

Taylor,  Thomas 46, 139 

Taylor,  Thomas  E 33S,  794 

Taylor,  Thomas  H 303.  308,  357 

Taylor,  Thomas  W 709 

Tavlor,  Tom    271 

Taylor,  William  A 791 

Tenny,  Abdel  K 605,  748 

Tenny,  John  B 431 

Tenny,  Oregon    29 

Terrell,  John   390 

Terry,  Abner  C 797 

Terry,  Benjamin  F 324.  793 

Terry,  Charles  C 510,  521,  605,  803 

Thigpen,  Andrew  M 815 

Thorn,  Addi  E.  D 338,  354,  794 

Thomas,  Charles  R 505,  522,  523, 

802, 833. 834,  835 

Thomas,  Charles  R.  Jr 833 

Thomas,  George  C 770 

Thomas,  Martha  C 806 

Thomas,  Phillip  H 284,790 

Thomas,  William  H 321,  322 

Thompson,  273 

Thompson,  Alfred  G 706,  815 

Thompson,  Basil  M 521,  615,  651,  804 

Thompson.  Edwin  G 797 

Thompson.  George   804 


Page. 

Thompson,  George  S 816 

Thompson,  George  W 168 

Thompson,  Henry 46,  82 

Thompson,  Henry  C 271,  639,  648, 

675, 808 
Thompson,  Jacob .  .  .   324,  338,  339,  421, 
534,  699,  701,  705,  750,  783,  794, 

832,  833,  834,  836 

Thompson,  Jacob  A 811 

Thompson,  James  N 677,  815 

Thompson,  James  Y 793 

Thompson,  John 796,  828 

Thompson,  John  C 795 

Thompson,  John  F 672,  814 

Thompson.  Lewis 317,  649,  704, 

793,  825 

Thompson,  Lewis  T 807 

Thompson,  O.  W.   .  ., 421 

Thompson,  Richard   264 

Thompson)  Samuel   828 

Thompson,  Samuel  M 813 

Thompson,  Walter  A 647 

Thompson,  Wells 675,  703,  811,  834 

Thompson,  AVilliam 438,  656,  797,  805 

Thompson,  William  H 805 

Thompson,  William  J 791 

Thornton,  Francis  A 234 

Thornton,  George  W 787 

Thornwell,  J.  H 550 

Thorp,  A.  J 270 

Thorp,  Henry  R 676,  808 

Thorp,  John'H 711,813 

Thurmond,  G.  E 817 

Tignor,  James   214 

Tignor,  William    829 

Tillerv,  John  R 814 

Tillett,  Isaac  N.  . .  .   439,  458,  673.  797,  808 

Tillinghast,  John  H 639,  809 

Timberlake,  Edward  J 817 

Timberlake,  William  P 815 

Tompkins,  John  S 799 

Tomlinson,  James  N 688 

Tomlinson,  Ruffin  W 496,  798 

Tomlinson,  Thomas    829 

Toole,  Henry  I.   (1) 72 

Toole,  Henry  I.  (2) 318,  6^:8,  793 

Toole,  Houston    76 

Toole,  Lawrence 72.  73.  85 

Toomor,  Anthony   828 

Toomer,  Frederick  A 625.  803 

Toomer,  Henrv   S27 

Toomer.  John'  DeR 168,  280,  352, 

823, 831,  834 

Toomer,  L.  H 831 

Torrence.  Charles  L 285.  790 

Torrence.  Henrv  T 804 


876 


HISTORY   UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Torrenee,  Richard  A 806 

Tooles,  Daniel  T 802 

Townsend,  Joseph  B 794,  835 

Treadwell,  Lowndes 625,  803 

Treadwell,  Oliver  W 315,  421,  792 

Trice, —   272 

Trice,  Ezekiel 828 

Trigg,  William   801 

Trimble,  James 382,  383,  387,  388 

Troy,  Matthew 169,  170,  220,  787 

Troy,  R.  E 623 

Troy,  Robert   822 

Trustees- 
First  Board 3,  4,  5 

Meetings   12-15,19-21,50,51, 

103,  201,  202,  231,  280,  326,  422, 

423, 763, 764, 775, 776 

Members  since  organization   821 

Tucker,  Joseph  J.  W 801 

Tucker,  Rufus  S 530,  801 

Tull,  John  G ♦  ... .   795 

Tunstall,  Thomas  T 799,  832 

Tunstall,  Whitmell  P 793 

Tuomey,  Michael    515 

Turner,  James    140 

Turner,  James  N 630,  650,  806 

Turner,  Josiah   500, 835 

Turner,    Samuel    151 

Turner,  Simon   830 

Turner,  Thomas  H.  0 799 

Turner,  William  L 186,  831 

Turney,  J.  B 414 

Turrentine,  John  A 802 

Tutwiler,  Henry 697 

Twitty,  William  J 791 

Twittv,  William  L 687 

Twitty,  William  S 810 


University  Magazine,  The.  .  .  487,  632-634 

Upsher,  Abel  P 488 

Urquhart,  Henry    828 

Utlev,  Benton    612 

Utlev,  Gabriel   611 


Vance,  David    18 

Vance,  Zebulon  B .  .   528,  539,  540,  577, 
580,  581,  632,  634,  651,  680,  682, 729, 

735,  738,  753, 755,  783,  832-834 

Vanderbilt,  William  H 517 

Vanhook,  Robert   333 

Vann,  Enoch  J 640,  641,  805,  835 

Van  Pelt,  Daniel   829 

Van  Wyck,  Augustus .  .  .  727,  730,  738, 

739,  817,  834 


Page. 

Van  Wyck,  William  722 

Van  Wyck,  William,  Jr 815 

Vainer,  Herbert  M 698 

Vaughan,   James    830 

Vaughan,  Spencer  C 828 

Vaughan,  rVenon  H 634,  685,  705, 

813, 834 

Venable,  Francis  P 299,  300,  543 

Venable,  Joseph   675,  676,  808 

Yermeule,  Cornelius  P 323,  420 

Verner,  John  S 785 

Vines,  Charles,  Jr 712,  818 

Vinson,  James  D 772,  820 

Yiser,  James  H 472,  473,  798 

W. 

Waddell,  Alfred  M 637,  793,  833 

Waddell,  Catherine  S 479 

Waddell,  Francis  N 789 

Waddell,  George  H 803 

Waddell,  Haynes   479 

Waddell,  Hugh 237,  258,  326,  482, 

491-493,  496,  520,  789,  824,  827,  831,  834 

Waddell,  Hugh  Y 792 

Waddell,  James  F 800 

Waddell,  John    831 

Waddell,  Leigh  R 521,  804 

Waddell,  Mary  F 479 

Waddell  Maurice  Q 792 

Waddell,  O.  R 629 

Waddell,  Owen  A 626,  807 

Waddill,  John,  Jr 803 

Waddill,  John  C 670,671,807 

Waddill,  John  R 508 

Wade,  Thomas  B 810 

Wadsworth,  E 455 

Waitt,  Kendal  B 431,  513,  600 

Waitt,   Thomas 414,  417,  431 

Waldo,  Joseph  T 812 

Walker,  Carlton   831 

Walker,  James    827 

Walker,  James  A 687,  810 

Walker,  James  W 831 

Walker,  Joel  P 685,  815 

Walker,  Joshua  C 805 

talker,  M.  B 816 

Walker,  Piatt  D 752,  759,  772 

Walker,  Thomas  O.  D 481,  799 

Walker.  William  M 515,  804 

Walker,  William  R 427,433,439, 

623, 651,  796 

Walkup,  Henry  C 819 

Walkup,  Samuel  H 474,  797 

Wall,  Henry  C 698,  709,  816 

Wall,  James  M 761,  814,  818 

Wall.  Richard  R 322,  323,  793. . 


INDEX. 


877 


Page. 

Wallace,  George  W 730,  818 

Wallace,  James  A 813 

Wallis,  James 149,  186,  823 

Wallis,  William  B.  A 789 

Walser,  Zebulon  V 834,  835 

Walsh,  Charles,  Jr 686,  815 

Walton,  T.  G 713 

Walton,  Timothy    811 

War,  University  in  the 749-751 

Ward,  Edward   333 

Ward,  James  R 499,  500,  800 

Ward,  Nathan  P 639,  648,  676,  808 

Ware,  James  N 706,  817 

Ware,  John  J 815 

Ware,  William  H 706,  817 

Waring,  R.  F •   623 

WTarren,  Edward 735,  825 

Washington,  Augustin  B 651,  810 

Washington,  G.  F 709,  721 

Washington,  George 497,  801 

Washington,  James  A..  289,290,511, 

635, 791,  803 

Washington,  Thomas   404 

Washington,   William    387 

Washington,  William  H 520,  622,  825 

Watkins,  Stephen  K.  S 711,  817 

Watkins,  Warner  M 730,  731,  816 

Watlington,  James  S 810 

Watson,  A.  A. 769 

Watson,  George  W 803 

Watson,  James  A 769,  819 

Watson,  John  H 272,  348,  602,  725 

Watson,  John  T 799 

Watson,  Jones    272 

Watson,  Nathaniel  H 808 

Watson,  Thomas  E 493,  497 

Watson,  Thomas  L 811 

Watters,  Henry   214 

Watters,  Henry  H 185,  219 

Watters,  John  *W 792 

Watters,  Samuel  P 806 

Watters,  William 15,  598,  828 

Watts,  Leander  A 651,  792 

Watts,  Robert  B 796 

Watts,  Thomas  W 315,  792,  828 

Waugh,  Alfred  S 414 

Waugh,  Jesse  A 794 

Weaver,  Richard  T .   483,  499,  500,  555,  800 

Webb,  C.  A 835 

Webb,  D.  B 819 

Webb,  Henrv   Y.  .  .    183,  213,  214,  495,  833 
Webb,  James.  ...    77,  85,  161,  280,  298, 

304, 323, 326,  334  352, 493,  526, 527, 833 

Webb,  James  L.  A 676,  808 

Webb,  John  M 771,  819 

Webb,  Joseph   0 752,759,772,819 


Page. 

Webb,  Richard  S 620,  702,  811 

Webb,  Robert  D 794 

Webb,  Thomas  S 698,  801,  816 

Webb,  William  E 118, 155,  162, 

189, 788,  823 

Webb,  William  H.  G 740,  751,  818 

Webb,  William  L.  A 675 

Webb,  William  P...  348,349,413,421, 

422, 795,  835 

Webb,  William  R 739 

Webb,  William   S 161,639,787,829 

Webster,  Daniel   393 

Weeks,  Stephen  B 209,  749,  750,  783 

Weir,  Samuel  P.  .  . .  634,  672,  710,  711,  813 

Welbourn,  James 145,  822 

Welborn,  Olin 721,  739,  833 

Weller,  J.  H 700 

Wesson,  Benjamin  J 815 

West,  John  S 129,  822,  829,  831 

West,  John  T 151 

West,  Louis 685,  815 

West,  Richard    829 

Westray,  Samuel  E 810 

Wetmore,  George  B.  .  .  .   484,  485,  487,  799 

Wetmore,  Ichabod    - 384 

Wetmore,  Thomas  B 472,  797 

Wetmore,  William  R.  .  .   640,641,652,805 

Wharton,  Jesse  R.  . 650,  806 

Wetmore,- William  R.  . .    640,641,652.805 

Wharton,  Samuel  D 800 

Wharton,  John  E..    639,648,675-677,808 
624,  648,  664,  675,  685,  686,  700, 

707,716,718,719 
Wheat,  John  T .  . .  .    524,  581,  617,  618. 

Wheat,  Leonidas  P 698 

Wheat,  Mar    598 

Wheat,  Robeteau    718 

Wheat,  Selina  B.  P 719 

Wheaton,  Robert    830 

Wheaton,  Sterling   831 

Wheeler,  John  H 319,  333,  633,  730 

Wheeler,  Joseph 741,  742 

Wheeler,  Junius  B 615,  637 

Whitaker,  Benjamin  F 800 

Whitaker,  Carey 168,  617,  787,  805 

Whitaker,  Charles 650.  806 

Whitaker,  David  C 651 

Whitaker.  Exum  L 484,  485.  511,  799 

Whitaker.   Fannie  DeB 294 

Whitaker.  James  H 624.  804 

Whitaker,  John 15, 151,  827 

Whitaker,  John  H 482.  801 

Whitaker,  Matthew    827 

Whitaker,  Spier 285.,  723,  834,  835 

Whitaker,  Spier,  Jr 815 

Whitaker,  William  H 641.  810 


87S 


HISTORY    UNIVERSITY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


Page. 

Whitaker,  Wilson  C 803 

Whitaker,  Wilson  W 440,  790 

White,  Anna 131 

White,  Benajah   829 

White,  Gabriel  829 

White,  George  N...  015,634,630,637,804 

White,  Joseph  M 648,  009,  810 

White,  Philip  S 581 

White,  Stuart 039,  071,  807 

White,  Thomas 139 

White,  Wille  H 788 

White,  William   126 

White,  William  J 709 

Whitehead,  Willie  W 810 

Whitesides,  Jenkins   382, 387 

Whitfield,  Boaz  810 

Whitfield,  Bryan...   497,617,640,805,822 

Whitfield,  Bryan  W 802 

Whitfield,  Cicero    813 

Whitfield,  George 791,  805 

Whitfield,  George  W 286 

Whitfield,  James  B 323 

Whitfield,  James  G 811 

Whitfield,  James  H 649,  650,  806 

Whitfield,  John  A 522,  523,  802 

Whitfield,  Nathan  B.   (1)...  648,677,808 

Whitfield,  Nathan  B.   (2) 809 

Whitfield,  Nathan  B.   (3) 815 

Whitfield,  Needham  B 522,  802 

Whitfield,  Owen  H 480,483,499, 

500,511,800 

Whitfield,  Richard  H 590,  010,  802 

Whitfield,  Samuel  E 505,  510,  802 

Whitfield,  Theodore 040,641,805 

Whitfield,  William  B 706 

Whitfield,  William  E 817 

Whitick,  Ernest  L 818 

Whitmill,  Thomas  D 827 

Whitner,  Alonzo  C 739 

Whitner,  Alfred  C 835 

Whitner,  Benjamin  F 818 

Whitted,  John  McK 685,  686 

Whitted,  Levi  214 

Whitted,  Thomas  S 810 

Whyte,  Andrew   393 

Whyte,  Thomas  E 494,  495,  800 

Whyte,  Thomas  W 344 

Whyte,  William  J 802 

Wiggins,  Mason  L 259,  729,  735,  825 

Wiggins,  Octavius  A 818 

Wiggins,  Thomas  J.  M 818 

Wiggins,  William  827 

Wilcox,   John    811 

Wilder,  Gaston  H.  .   427,440,441,511,796 

Wilder,  Hillory  M 333,  615,  800 

Wiley/Calvin  H. . . .  445,  457,  471,  797,  835 


I'ayi. 

Wiley,  Philip  B 354 

Wiley,  Samuel  H 672 

Wilkerson,  Thomas  B 809 

Wilkes,  Burwell  B 300,  792 

Wilkins,  Edmund  T 234,  788 

Wilkins,  Edmund  W 803 

Wilkins,  Marshall    828 

Wilkins,  William  W 818 

Wilkinson,  Frank  S 070,  808 

Wilkinson,  Will,    831 

Willeford,  Marandy  R 709 

Williams,  Alexander   789 

Williams,  Benjamin 3,16,19,116, 

127,  134, 159,  214,  821,  826,  830 

Williams,  David   265 

Williams,  Eliza    131 

Williams,  Henry  C 284,  790 

Williams,  Henry  G.   214,493,677,802,815 

Williams,  Henry  H 588,  593 

Williams,  Isaac 831 

Williams,  James  B 807 

Williams,  James  C 827 

Williams,  James  F.  0 818 

Williams,  James  H 797 

Williams,  John ....  4, 19,  34,  35,  37,  53, 

07,  90,  104,  116,  214,  403,  405,  821,  831 

Williams,  John  B 343,  795 

Williams,  John  B.,  Jr..   730,737,740,817 
Williams  John  C.  . .   184, 185,  788,  797,  824 

Williams,  Joseph    810 

Williams,  Joseph  A 651,  811 

Williams,  Lewis..  . .    183,  187,  190,  246, 

280, 352, 393, 788, 823, 833 

Williams,  Matilda  A 479 

Williams,  Nathaniel  W.  .  83, 153, 165,  835 
Williams,  Nicholas  L.  . .   493,  510,  520, 

685, 722,  791,  825 

Williams,  Nicholas  L.,  Jr 815 

Williams,  Rebecca    131 

Williams,  Robert. .  .    129,  142,  187, 188, 
190,  231,  232,  243,  246,  280,  286, 

638,  822,  826,  830 

Williams,  Bailie   609 

Williams,  Samuel 355,  795 

Williams,  Samuel  A 339,  794 

Williams,  Thomas  D 806 

Williams,  Thomas  L. . .  .   183,  788,  816,  834 

Williams,  Thomas  J 356,  795 

Williams,  William 214,  822 

Williams,  William  D 803 

Williams,  William  H 808,  831 

Williams,  William  P 333 

Williams,  William  W 214 

Williamson,  Hugh 3,  6, 12, 15, 19, 

48,  54,  104, 145,  405,  821,  826 
Williamson,  James  M 794 


<St        •** 


INDEX. 


879 


Page. 
Williamson,  Juim  G.  A -249,  »32 

Wiiiiuuisou,  juuu  l 1  yy 

Williamson,  John  R 793 

Williamson,  John   VV 810 

Williamson,  .Robert  P 791 

\\  llliamson,  Thomas  L 804 

W  illiamson,  Walter  S 810 

Willis,  John    822 

Willis,  R.  A 020 

Willfong,  Jacob  830 

Wills,  William  L 791 

Wilson,   Alexander 400,470,049 

\\  ilson,   Alexander   E 790 

Wilson,  Charles  C 338,  700,  794 

Wilson,  Eugene   700 

\\  dson,  George  L 034,  053,  080, 

710,711,813 

Wilson,  James  P 189 

W  ilson,  James  W 544,  028,  029 

Wilson,  Jane   470 

Wilson,   John 514,515,801 

\\  ilson.  John  McK 180,  323 

Wilson.  John  W 077,815 

Wilson,  Louis  D 333,  824 

\\  ilson,  Norval  W 740 

Wilson,  Peter  M. .  .   752,759,772,819,835 

W  ilson,  Richard  D 409,  530,  798 

Wilson,  Robert  W 801 

Wilson,  Thomas    404 

Wilson,  W.  C 020 

Wilson,  William  E 037,  808 

Wimberly,  George  L 675,  808 

Wimbish,  James  A 799 

Winborne,  Robert  H 507,508,801 

Windham,  Thomas  A 807 

Wingate,  Jesse   831 

WTingate,  William   827 

Winslow.  John 246,022,822 

Winslow,  Warren..   317,075,783,793, 

833, 834 

Winstead,  Stephen 818 

Winston,  Francis  D 178 

Winston.  George  T..  35,602,768,771, 

772,  820,  836 

Winston.  John  W 793 

Winston,  Joseph   4,  6,  822 

Winston,  Patrick  H.,  (of  Anson) 

288,  622,  714,  824 
Winston.  Patrick  H.,  (of  Bertie) .... 

786,  835 
Winston.  Patrick  Henry   (3) 738, 

761, 818,  834,  835 

Winston.  Robert  W 834 

Winston.  William  E 817 

Winns.  Thomas   279 

Wise,  Henry  A 760 


Page. 

Wise,  M.  W 015 

Withers,  Elijah  B 701,  702,  811 

Witherspoon,  John 185,  ISO,  280, 

283,  323,  320,  352,  051,  78S,  823,  S36 

Womack,  James  G 433,  434,  796 

Wood,  William  H.  R 338 

Wood'burn,  John  A 782,  811 

Woodhn,  J.  W 622 

Woodiin,  X.  W 622,623 

Wooding,  William  H 793 

Woods,  Benjamin   822 

Woods,  James 634,  636,  637,  804 

Woods,  Sarah   132 

Wooster,  John  L 803 

Wooster,  William  A.  . . .  672,  710,  711,  813 

Wooten,  Council  333 

Worth,  David  G. . . .  015,  024,  636,  637,  804 

Worth,  Jonathan 333,  526,  527, 

753,  760,  763,  765,  824,  826 

Worth,  Shubal  G 630,  808 

Wortham,  George  W 800 

Wright,  Adam  E 804 

Wright,  Caroline  L 420 

Wright,  Charles  J 189,  788 

Wright,  Clement  G 400,  799 

Wright,  Elisha  E . .   677,  699,  700,  722, 

723, 815 

Wright,  James  A 626,  640,  805 

Wright,  James  M 220,  792 

Wright,  John   420 

Wright,  John  G 827 

Wright,  John  L 791 

Wright,  Joseph  H 805 

Wright,  Joshua   140 

Wright,  Joshua  G.  .   129,  159,  822,  829,  830 

Wright,  Joshua  G.,  Jr 815 

Wright,  Joshua  W 634 

Wright,  Judge  220 

Wright,  Julius  W 648,  669,  810 

Wright,  Thomas 828,831 

Wright,  Thomas  H.  258,  284,  521,  515,  790 

Wright,  William  A 300,  623,  746,  792 

Wright,  William  B 792 

Wyche,  John  J 300,  301,  421,  792 

Wynns,  James  M 807 

Wynns,  Thomas 139, 159,  821,  829 

y. 

Yager,  William  L 706 

Yancev,  Bartlett.  . .    185,  280,  302,  304, 

308,  412,  823,  833,  834 

Yancey,  Charles    610 

Yancey,  Henry   830 

Yancey,  Lemuel  610 

Yancey,  Rufus  A 308,  323,  793 

Yancey,  Sterling   140 


880                              HISTORY   UNIVERSITY  OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Page.  Page. 

Yancey,  Tryon  N 788      Yerger,  George  S 387,  391 

Yarborough,  Henry    793      Young,  Boaz  W 727,  728,  816 

Yarborough,  John  B 635      Young,  David  J 641,  810 

Yarborough,  Neill  S 671,  807      Young,  Elisha 298,  421 

Yarborough,  Richard  F 807      Young,   Francis    827 

Yatney,   Yes,   Sir 606      Young,  George  V 802 

Yeargin,  Benjamin.  . .    23,  29, 197,  274,  589      Young,  James 181,  214 

Yeargin,  H.  H.  L 29      Young,  James  B 818 

Yeargin,  L.  H 29      Young,  John  G 727,  753,  818 

Yeargin,  Mark  M 29      Young,  John  N 795 

Yellowley,  Charlton 635,  650,  806      Young,  John  S 214 

Yellowley,  Edward  0 799      Young,  Robert  W 761 

Yellowley,  James  B.  .  . .    759,  768,  771,  820      Young,  William  H 687,  810.  818 


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